Question No.

01
List the five factors of the H.W. Heinrich’s Domino Theory of incident causation. What is the
significance of word Domino here. Explain?
Domino theory:
Heinrich's Domino Theory defines that failures result from a chain of consecutive occasions,
allegorically like a line of dominoes falling over. At the point when one of the dominoes falls, it
activates the next one, and the next . Be that as it may, expelling a key factor, (for instance, a
dangerous condition or a hazardous demonstration) prevents the beginning of the chain response.
As indicated by Heinrich, all accidents legitimately identify with hazardous conditions and acts
because of risky execution of people.
There are main five factors of this theory which will be discussed here
 Social Environment and Ancestry
 Fault of person
 Unsafe Act and unsafe condition
 Accident
 Injury
Social Environment and Ancestry
This first domino in the succession deals with specialist character. Heinrich clarifies that
unfortunate character qualities, for example, hardheadedness, voracity, and recklessness can be
"went along through legacy" or can be created from an individual's social condition, and that
both legacy and condition (what we for the most part allude to now as "nature" and "sustain")
add to responsibility of person.
Fault of Person
The subsequent domino likewise defines the specialist character attributes. He simplifies that
inherent or got character faults, for example, terrible temper, impoliteness, numbness, and
wildness contribute at one evacuate to accident causation. As per Heinrich, common or natural
blemishes in the laborer's family or life cause these optional individual imperfections, which are
themselves supporters of Unsafe Acts, or and the presence of Unsafe Conditions
Unsafe act and unsafe condition
The third domino manages Heinrich's immediate reason for accidents. As referenced above,
Heinrich characterizes these components as things like "beginning apparatus without notice ...
what's more, nonattendance of rail monitors. " Heinrich felt that perilous demonstrations and
dangerous conditions were the focal factor in forestalling occurrences, and the most
straightforward causation factor to cure, a procedure which he compared to lifting one of the
dominoes out of the line.
Accidents
Heinrich says, "The occurrence of a preventable injury is the natural culmination of a series of
events or circumstances which invariably occur in a fixed and logical order." He defines
accidents as, "events such as falls of persons, striking of persons by flying objects are typical
accidents that cause injury."
Injury
Injury that are the happens from accidents, and some common types of injuries Heinrich defines
in his "Explanation of Factors" are cuts and broken bones”.

Significance of word “Domino”:

Herbert W. Heinrich was a pioneering occupational safety researcher, who publish the book that
were related to industrial accident prevention in 1931. His work was based on the investigation
of accident that occurred by common mistakes and he collected the data by the help of his boss.
This work recognized causal elements of modern mishaps including "risky demonstrations of
individuals" and “unsafe mechanical or physical conditions” that proceed for thirty years.

Heinrich is generally popular for beginning the idea of the security pyramid. He additionally
built up the "five domino model" of mishap causation, a successive mishap model which has
been persuasive on word related security thinking

His “domino theory” shows an accident sequence that tumble in a series of chain reaction same
as a causal series of events. The fall of the first domino leads to the fall of the second, followed
by the third, etc.
Heinrich saw the event of a "preventable injury" as the zenith of a progression of occasions that
structure a succession, like a column of dominos set with the goal that the bringing down of a
first domino thumps down the following, which makes the third tumble down, etc until the whole
line is brought down. In the event that this arrangement is hindered by the disposal of even one
of the few factors that involve it, the injury won't happen

Question NO.02
How did the world wars affect the occupational safety and health movement? Explain.
Effects of world wars:
At the flare-up of war the strength of the workforce had been required to decrease despite the
fact that involvement with the First World War had indicated that the strength of the workforce
had been improved by regard for such things as comfort and prosperity through the arrangement
of emergency treatment, flasks and cloakrooms, and some type of word related wellbeing
administration. With the help of the new government responsibility, it is apparent that usage of
controls dependent on the information about dangers has made the present workplaces by and
large a lot more secure spots than at the end of World War II.
One notably important point of occupational health throughout the war was the difficulty of the
Factories (Medical and Welfare Services) Order, 1940, by the Ministry of Labor and service in a
shot to safeguard the health of these engaged within the arms production drive. The Order
enabled the Chief Inspector to want the availability of medical, nursing and welfare services in
essential works, together with the medical direction of staff. Medical direction had already
been needed underneath laws for staff exposed to variety of hazards together with lead, TNT,
irradiation, pitch and tar, nickel, and a few intermediates employed in the manufacture
of artificial dyes. The new order, however, widened the scope for direction usually. the
foremost impediment to implementing it absolutely was the shortage of trained doctors and
nurses, however leaders appear to own recognized the worth of such medical and nursing
personnel as were out there and a minimum of within the middle amount of the war it had not
been necessary for the body to direct any employer to appoint a doctor or a nurse. Indeed, the
embryo industrial health service that was created it might be perceived to be thus winning that
Merewether wrote in his 1942 report that it absolutely was unimaginable that it would be
allowed to disappear when the war had complete
Various government offices made their own occupational health services, chief of which was the
Royal Ordnance which had its own full-time clinical assistance also, was singled out for acclaim
commonly in the Annual Reports of the Chief Inspector of Industrial facilities. There were
around forty arms production lines around Manchester during the war also, R S F Schilling, who
was in the clinical inspectorate toward the beginning of the war, recalls the standard of care as
being of a high request
Improvements in Occupation safety and health movement:
Following World Wars, enhancement in the control of wellbeing dangers related with work
prompted a satisfying pace of decrease in some business related issues, for example,
uncontrolled or insufficiently controlled asbestos presentation. As of late there has been a
proceeding with development of the information concerning wellbeing dangers at work and their
control. This information has brought about part from extended endeavors coordinated at
understanding business related sickness combined with inventive improvements in designing
controls and the substitution of some dangerous materials (for example asbestos and benzene).
These advancements have happened with regards to new word related wellbeing and security
laws, particularly the Occupational Safety and Health Act. A lot of experience has been picked
up in the structure of guidelines and the usage of implementation endeavors
Foundation of ILO:
The ILO was founded in the aftermath of the First World War as an agency of the League of
Nations, both creations of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, to give expression to growing
international concern for social, labor and economic reform. The post-War agenda for
international action enclosed awareness of the necessity for the protection of employees from the
risks to their safety and health at work.

Question No.03

Name and briefly explain the three classical anti labor laws, that were overturned in time mainly
by the contribution of the organized labor.

Labor Law:

The fluctuated assortment of labor law applied to such issues as business, compensation, states of
work, worker's organizations, and modern relations. In its most thorough sense, the term
incorporates government managed savings and inability protection also. In contrast to the laws of
agreement, misdeed, or property, the components of work law are fairly less homogeneous than
the guidelines overseeing a specific lawful relationship.
Role of organized labor in terms of anti labor laws:
Organized labor has played an important role in the safety movement in the United States. When
the industrial revolution had been started, organized labor has fought for more secure working
conditions and proper compensations for laborers harmed at work. A considerable lot of the most
punctual advancements in the security development were the after effect of long and hard-took on
conflicts by sorted out work. Despite the fact that the job of associations in advancing wellbeing
is commonly recognized, one way of thinking takes the contrary view. Advocates of this
contradicting view hold that association contribution really eased back the improvement of the
security development. Their hypothesis is that associations permitted their requests for more
secure working conditions to get trapped with their requests for better wages; subsequently, they
met with obstruction from the executives. Despite the perspective, there is no doubt that working
conditions in the most punctual long periods of the wellbeing development were frequently
intelligent of a harshness toward security worries with respect to the board.
Anti labor laws
Among the most important contributions of organized labor to the safety movement was their
work to overturn antilabor laws relating to safety in the workplace.

 Fellow servant rule

 contributory negligence
 concept of assumption of risk

Fellow servant rule:

The fellow servant rule decide held that businesses were not at risk for working environment
wounds that came about because of the carelessness of different representatives. For instance, if
specialist X slipped and fell, crushing his spirit all the while, in light of the fact that laborer Y
spilled oil on the floor and left it there, the business' obligation was evacuated.

The fellow servant rule is a customary law regulation that decreased the measure of cash a
harmed representative could recoup against a business if a physical issue was caused exclusively
by the carelessness of a kindred specialist. A harmed worker needed to bring a reason for activity
against the kindred representative causing the injury, not the business. It exculpates a business
from obligation to one occupied with his/her work for wounds brought about or endured
exclusively as the aftereffect of the carelessness, imprudence, or offense of other people who are
in the administration of the business and who are occupied with a similar normal or general work
as the harmed representative. Laborers Compensation laws have invalidated the standard for
work related wounds.

Contributory negligence:
In addition, if the activities of representatives added to their own injuries, the business was
acquitted of any risk. This was the principle of contributory negligence. Truly the principle
became out of doubt of juries, which have for the most part been increasingly thoughtful to
offended parties in close to home injury claims. The strategy of not allocating risk between
gatherings to claims (that is, accusing every one of some part of the fault) likewise empowered
the principle

Concept of assumption of risks:

The idea of assumption of risks depended on the hypothesis that individuals who acknowledge a
vocation accept the dangers that go with it. It says representatives who work willfully ought to
acknowledge the outcomes of their activities at work instead of accuse the business. Since the
dominant part of modern mishaps include carelessness with respect to at least one specialists,
businesses had little to stress over. In this manner, they had minimal motivating force to advance
a sheltered workplace. Sorted out work assumed a critical job in carrying regrettable working
conditions to the consideration of the overall population. Open mindfulness and, now and again,
shock in the long run prompted these business one-sided laws being toppled in all states aside
from one. In New Hampshire, the fellow servant is still applies.
Question No.04

What is the significance of the industrial revolution in terms of occupational safety and health?

Occupational safety and health:

The safety movement has developed in the united states steadily since the early 1900s.At that
time industrial accidents were common due to the unsafe behavior of the people. For
example,3200 people were killed in 1907 in mining accidents. Today working conditions for
industrial employees has been improved. There are less chances of accidents that were occurred
at work place. According to the National Safety Council (NSC), the current death rate from
work-related injuries is approximately 4 per 100,000 or less than this rate.

Developments before industrial revolution:

After Industrial Revolution the method of producing goods has been changed.This change can be
summarized as follows

 Introduction to steam power to replace animal and people power

 Replacement of people with machines
 Establishment of new method for producing a product
 Organization and specialization of work, resulting in a division of labor.

These changes are focusing on the health and safety of employees. As the steam power increase
the life threatening injuries. The new methods that are used for converting raw materials also add
the new risks of accidents.

Tragedies that change the safety movement:

The pace of the safety and wellbeing development in the United States has been quickened by
the event of work environment disasters. These catastrophes could have been forestalled had
suitable wellbeing and wellbeing measures been followed. Lamentably, they were most certainly
not. This area sums up a portion of the more huge of these work environment catastrophes;
disasters that have lastingly affected the wellbeing and wellbeing development

Hawk’s Nest Tragedy

People began to take notice about the health problems that are caused by the contamination of
hazards chemicals in 1930s. Due to the inhalation of silica chemical, people were suffering from
the lung diseases and they were facing the problems related to unemployment. After these
problems people were giving more importance to the safety.

Asbestos Menace:

A few years ago asbestos considered a “miracle” fiber. It was widely used material, but in 1964
Dr. Irving J. Selikoff studies its biological effects on human beings. In this conference he said to
400, asbestos was related to lung cancer and respiratory diseases.
Bhopal Tragedy

In 1984 methyl isocyanate and other lethal gases, including hydrogen cyanide were leaked into
the northern end of Bhopal that were killing more than 3,000 people. After this accident it was
observed that the protective equipment was not in working condition. Due to shut down of
refrigeration system and scrubbing system, vapors are not properly absorbed and pressure in the
system becomes high due to problem that are related to flare system.

Development of safety organizations:

After the industrial revolution, there are number of organizations were created for the safety of
employees.

National safety council (NSC):

NSC is the largest organization that devoted to safety and health practices and procedures in the
United States. The main purpose of this organization is to eliminate accidents and to prevent the
workers from losses.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA):

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is the government’s administrative
arm that are founded in 1970. The main agenda of OSHA is to sets and revokes safety and health
standards, conducts inspections, investigates problems, issues citations, assesses penalties,
petitions the courts to take appropriate action against unsafe employers, provides safety training,
provides injury prevention consultation, and maintains a database of health and safety statistics.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH):

Another governmental organization is the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH). This organization is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of
the Department of Health and Human Services. NIOSH is required to publish annually a
comprehensive list of all known toxic substances. NIOSH will also provide on-site tests of
potentially toxic substances so that companies know what they are handling and what
precautions to take.

Chemical Safety Board (CSB):

CSB is a federal agency charged that has the responsibility to investigate industrial chemical
accidents. The CSB conducts root cause analyses of chemical accidents that occur at fixed-site
facilities. CSB is independent of these and other regulatory agencies, so its investigations can be
used to measure the effectiveness of regulations that are relating to chemical safety.
Occupational Safety And Health Movement today:

The occupational safety and health movement has made some amazing progress since the
Industrial Revolution. Today, there is boundless comprehension of the significance of giving a
protected and sound working environment. The tone was set during and after World War II when
all the different professionals of word related wellbeing and security started to see the
requirement for agreeable endeavors. These experts included security engineers, wellbeing
directors, modern hygienists, word related wellbeing medical attendants, and doctors.
Reconciliation has prompted better sharing of information among these specialists worried about
security and medical issues in the working environment, offered a more prominent degree of
mastery as a powerful influence for assessing the reasons for wellbeing and medical issues,
created a huge and developing database of accommodating data about security and medical
issues, improved the attention on mishap anticipation, and urged managers to focus on wellbeing
and wellbeing.