Solar Photovoltaic:: Fundamentals, Technologies and Applications

Solar Photovoltaic:
Fundamentals, Technologies and

Applications
Lecture 25: Solar PV System

Design
Prof. C.S. Solanki
Department of Energy Science and Engineering
[email protected]
Contents
Applications of PV system
- Lighting, irrigation, telecommunications, etc.
Types of PV system
- DC, AC, Hybrid
Energy flow in a PV system
Design of a PV system
- Load, battery sizing, PV panel sizing
© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 2

Solar PV module: some facts
• Solar PV converts sunlight directly into electricity

• Power output is proportional to sun light intensity
• Solar PV gives DC output
• Solar PV systems are modular
• Solar module does not cause any pollution while in operation
• Solar PV modules can live up to 20 to 30 years
• Electricity produced PV module is 3 to 5 times expensive
• Solar PV module can be used for any electrical application
• There are several manufacturer’s of PV modules in India

Various types of Solar PV modules
Module Components
Various PV modules

PV Module Applications
Solar PV modules used for rural electrification
Solar PV modules used in solar lanterns
Grid connection
Solar PV modules used in grid connected PV power plant

Building integrated Solar PV modules
Transparent Solar PV modules
Long strip of Solar PV modules
6.1 kW thin film solar PV module
Transparent Solar PV modules
Huge 18 MW Solar PV plant, Nevada Desert
Parabolic concentrator, heat pipe cooling, III-V solar cell, 400x

PV Systems and Design
Types of PV Systems
Directly connected systems
 Simplest possible PV systems

DC
PV  Example: A DC fan, water pumping
Load
Panel system etc.
Systems with battery storage

 Battery used vary widely as a
storage medium
PV Charge DC  Battery regulated voltage,
Panel Controller Load suppresses transients, can provide
higher current than PV array
capability
Battery
 Charge controller is required to
protect overcharging or over-
discharging of battery
Types of PV Systems
Systems with both AC and DC loads
AC  Inverter is required to convert DC

DC-AC
converter Load into AC current
 Inverter efficiency is in the range of
Charge DC
90-95%
PV
Panel Controller Load
Systems connected with grid / generator

Battery
Utility DC-AC AC
grid converter Load
 Back-up or additional energy source Charge DC

PV
can be used with in a PV system, Panel Controller Load
 A back-up can be a DG set
 PV System can also take of give Generator Battery
power to utility
Which PV system configuration?
The choice of the system configuration mainly depends
on the following parameters:
― load requirements
― resource availability
― performance of the system
― reliability of the system, and
― cost of the system
PV System Design
- Approximate design
- Precise design

Design of PV powered Fan
• Unregulated performance
PV
PV • Non-optimum performance
module
Panel • Day time operation
DC fan
Design is trivial
Load power should
match with PV power

Energy flow in PV systems
 Battery is considered in the design for non-sunshine hour load operation
Electronic control
circuit Load
PV (MPPT, Charge
module (AC /DC)
controller, DC to AC
converter)
Energy storage
(Typically batteries)
 For designing a PV systems, each component in the path of energy flow should
be considered
 Consideration for specifications, efficiency, rating, autonomy, etc.

PV system sizing
• System sizing to determine the size of array for a given requirement
Steps of PV system sizing:

 Step 1: Determine daily/weekly/seasonal load
AC load, DC load, inverter size, inverter efficiency, total load
 Step 2: Determine the battery bank size

Battery choice, battery efficiency, no. of batteries, battery
configuration, charge controller
 Step 3: Determining PV array size

Selecting array, maximum current and voltage, battery
efficiency, number of modules, module configuration,
geographic location

System load worksheet: AC load
Step -1: Determine daily Amp-hr load  both AC and DC
1-b: Calculate AC loads
Name Watts Hr/day
Watt-Hr
50 8 400
Panel load
70 8 560 Inverter
Efficiency (90-95%)
200 2 400
0 0 0 Correction for the inverter
Total Watt-hr/day 1360 loss, factor of 1.1 to 1.15 =
Watt-Hr/day Correction factor Watt-Hr/day (Corr.)

1360 1.1 1496
DC Systems voltage, usually 12V or 24 V

Therefore, daily Amp-Hr AC load =
Watt-Hr/day System voltage Amp-Hr/day

1496 24 62.3333333
System load worksheet : DC load
Step -1: Determine daily Amp-hr load  both AC and DC
1-a: Calculate DC loads Note: You may need to calculate

the monthly or seasonal loads in
Name Watts Hr/day
Watt-Hr case of large variation
1 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
Total daily Amp-Hr
0 0 0 load
Total Watt-hr/day 1
DC Amp-Hr/day 0
AC Amp-Hr/day 0
DC Systems voltage, usually 12V or 24 V
Therefore, daily Amp-Hr DC load = Total Amp-Hr/day 0
Watt-Hr/day System voltage Amp-Hr/day

1 1 1

Battery sizing worksheet
1. Total Amp-Hr load per day required from solar array 1
2. Maximum number of continuous days of cloudy weather 1
3. Total Amp-Hr required including autonomy 1
4. Useful battery charge, upto 20% DoD, 80% useful 1

5. Effective (optimum) Amp-Hr required 1
6. Choose battery, 50Ah, 100Ah, 150Ah, 200Ah 1

7. Number of batteries required in parallal 1
8. Round-off to a higher number 1
9. Divide system voltage (24V) by battery voltage (12V) 2
(Number of batteries required in series)
10. Total number of batteries required (series x parallal) 2

Battery bank connections
Battery

Array sizing worksheet
1. Total Amp-Hr per day from the system loads worksheet 1
2. Accounting for battery loss during charge/discharge 1
3. Total Amp-Hr after battery loss 1
4. Average number of sun hours per day in your region 1

5. Total solar array Amp required, = #3/#4 1
6. Optimum or peak Amp of solar module used 1

7. Total number of solar modules required in parallel, 5/6 1
8. Round off to the next highest whole number 1
9. Number of modules in series sufficient for battery 2

Charging (Two for 24 volt system)
10 Total number of modules required, #8 x #9 2
PV module array
PV
Module

Design of PV irrigation system
MPPT
/inverter
Motor & pump Storage tank
PV module
Battery storage is not required, instead water storage can be used

Estimating total dynamic head
Elevation
Water tank
Ground
Standing
water level
drawdown
Total dynamic head (TDH) =

Total vertical lift + frictional
Well losses (typically 5%)

Step-1: Determine Total daily water requirement
Daily water requirement 25 m3/day
Step-2: Determine total dynamic head
Total vertical lift 12 m
Frictional losses 5% of the total vertical lift
Total dynamic head (TDH) =12*0.05= 0.6 meter
= 12+0.6 =12.6 m
Design of Water Pumping System
Step-3: Determine the hydraulic energy required per day

Hydraulic energy required to raise water level = mass*g*TDH
Note: Potential energy of the water is raised due to =density*volume*g*TDH
pumping, which must be supplied to the pump =(1000kg/m3)(25m3/day)(9.8 m/s2)*12.6
(multiply by 1/3600 to convert second in hours)
=857.5 Watt-hour/day
Step-4: Determine solar radiation data
Solar radiation data in terms of equivalent of peak = 6 hours/day (peak of 1000 W/m2 equivalent),
sunshine radiation (1000 W/m2), varies actual day length is longer
between about 5 to 8 hours. For exact hours (this is equivalent of solar radiation of 180000
meteorological data should be used. watt-hours/month at a given location)
Step-5: Determine the number of PV panel and pump size
Total wattage of PV panel = Total hydraulic energy / no. of hours of peak sun
shine/day
= 857.5 / 6 = 142.9 Watt
Considering system losses = total PV panel wattage /(pump
efficiency*mismatch factor)
= 142.9 / (0.3*0.85) = 560 Watt
Consider operating factor for PV panel = Total PV panel wattage after losses / operating
factor
=560 / 0.75 = 747.3 Watt
Number of solar PV panel required of 75Wp each = 747.3 / 75
=9.96 ≈ 10 (round figure)
Power rating of the motor = 747.3 /746 ≈ 1 HP motor
PV module power variation
maximum power factor ~ 0.4

to 0.5%/oC
Cell Temp Coefficient Module Temp Coefficient

Voc -2.15 mV/oC -0.072 V/oC
Isc +2.06 mA/oC ~-0.2 mA/oC
Vmp -2.18 mV/oC -0.071V/oC
Imp -4.3 mA/oC -3.25 mA/oC
Pmax -9.5 mW/oC -0.2 to 0.3 W/oC
Energy flow in PV systems
E4=1.22kWh E1=1kWh
Electronic control
circuit Load
PV (MPPT, Charge
module (AC /DC)
controller, DC to AC
converter)
E3=1.2kWh E2=1.02kWh
Energy storage
(Typically batteries)
Battery efficiency ~ 85%

Charge controller efficiency ~ 98%
No. of batteries? Size?
No. of panels? Size?

Design of Home Lighting System
Step-1: Find out total energy requirement of the system (total load)
Total connected load to PV panel system = No. of units*rating of equipments
= 2*18+2*60 = 156 watts
Total watt-hours rating =total connected load load (watts)* operating Hours
= 156*6 = 936 watt-hours
Step-2 : Find out the number of PV panels required
Actual power output of a PV panel = peak power rating*operating factor
= 40* 0.75 = 30 Watt
The power used at the end use is less (due to lower = Actual power output of a panel * combined efficiency
combined efficiency of the system) = 30 *0.81 = 24.3 watts (VA)
= 24.3 Watts
Energy produced by one 40Wp panel in a day = actual power output * 8 hours/day (peak equivalent)
Note: though the day length can be longer, we consider = 24.3*8 = 194.4 Watt-hour
light equivalent to number of peak hours (1000
W/m2) for which solar panel is characterized. For
exact value one need to look at meteorological data
for given location.
Number of solar panels required to satisfy given = total watt-hour rating (daily load) / daily energy produced
estimated daily load (from step-1) by a panel
Note: for system of voltage higher than 12 (lets say 24), = 936/194.4 = 4.81 ≈ 5 (round figure)
24/12=2, two module should be in series to provide
24 Volt (while total number of panels should be
same)

Step-3 : Find out the battery requirement
Total Amp-hour required (total charge to be stored), = Total Amp-hour rating / (combined efficiency * battery
(Note: battery size should be higher than the actual voltage)
useful energy due to less combined efficiency of the = 936 / (0.72*12) =108.33
system)
Note: One can also decide to design a system with 24
Volt or 48 Volt. Since typically PV panels and
battery are designed to give 12 Volt, series-parallel
combination of panels and batteries will be required
to get higher PV systems voltages.
Number of batteries required =Total Amp-hour rating / battery rating under use
=108.33/120 = 0.9 ≈ 1(round figure)
Step-4: Find out inverter size
Inverter rating (watts or VA) Total connected load to PV panel system = 156 watts = 156
VA
Inverter are available with rating of 100, 200, 500 VA etc. Therefore the choice of the inverter should be 200 VA
Cost calculation
A) Cost of Arrays = No. of PV modules* Cost /module
= 5*8000 (for a 40 Wp panel @ Rs 200/Wp))
= Rs 40000/-
B) Cost of Batteries = No. of Batteries* Cost/battery
= 1*7500
= Rs 7500/-
C) Cost of Inverter = No. of inverters*Cost/inverter
= 1*5000
= Rs5000/
Total Cost System = A+ B+ C
= 40000+7500+5000
= Rs 52500/-
Cost Analysis
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Life cycle cost analysis is useful to compare different energy systems
It takes initial cost, recurring cost and replacement cost in account
ITEMS Photovoltaic Diesel
Initial Cost PV Array, Battery, Genset

DC/AC Converters,
Installation
O&M Taxes, Insurance, Daily diesel
Maintenance, Recurring requirements, oil & filter
Costs change,
decarbonisation, engine
overhaul
Non-recurring Battery Replacements Engine replacement,
Expenses battery

Life Cycle Analysis of PV systems
It is about the economics

LCC Co  OM pv  Rpv
Life Cycle Cost (LCC) is the cost of the system for

operating it during its life time
= Initial capital cost + replacement cost + recurring cost
The LCC is calculated to compare different systems for the

same job
Annualized LCC can be used to find out the cost of

electricity generated from PV in its lifetime

Present worth of future investment
There are two phenomena that affects the value of money over time:
Inflation rate, i, (indicates the decrease in the purchasing power of the money)
Discount rate, d, (indicates the interest that can be earned on the principle that is
saved)
N (n)  N 0 (1  d ) n N(n) how your money will grow

C(n) how the cost will grow
C (n)  C0 (1  i ) n
n
 1 i 
Fi   
Fi - Present worth factor
PW –present worth
1 d 
PW  Co * Fi
Present worth of recurring cost
Regular expenses for operation and maintenance, fuel cost, etc.
Present worth is function of inflation rate and discount rate
When recurring investment is made

in the beginning of year
i- inflation rate
1 x n
1 i d- discount rate
Frc  where x  n- years of operation
1 x 1 d
PW  Crc * Frcbeg
When recurring investment is made at the end of year
PW  Crc * ( Frcend ) Frcend  x * Frcbeg

Ref: PV systems Engg, 2nd ed, by R.A. Messenger, J. Ventre
Example: LCC analysis
Problem definition: A signboard on an highway is either needs to be powered
by PV system or a diesel generator system. The sign board should be on for 24
hours with minimal downtime. Its lifetime should be 20 years. It would take
about 2kWh of energy per day. Which should be employed?
System designs
PV system – 500W module@4$/w, 9004/ battery, 300$ charge controller, and
100$ annual maintenance cost, battery replacement every five years.
Diesel gen – 500W generator of 250$, 2 kWh/liter petrol, annual maintenance -
$1500, engine replacement every five years.
Assume – inflation rate – 0.03, Discount rate- 0.10

Fi(5)= 0.72, Fi(10)= 0.51 , Fi(15)=0.37, Frc-beg = 11.5, Frc-end=10.77

Life Cycle Cost of PV system
Component Initial cost PW
PV array 2000 2000
Controller 300 300
Batteries 900 900
Battary-5Yr 900 648
Battary-10Yr 900 466
Battary-15Yr 900 336
Annual maintenance 100 1077
LCC 5727
Note: All costs are in USD

Life Cycle Cost of Diesel Generator System
Component Initial cost Annual cost PW
Generator 250 250
Fuel 550 6326
Gen-5 yr 250 180
Gen-10 yr 250 130
Gen-15 yr 250 93
Annual 1500 17250

Maintenance
LCC 24229
Note: All costs are in USD

Annualized LCC
It gives an idea about what is the annual cost at PW

Simply can not be obtained by dividing LCC by 12
One should divide it by Frc-beg or Frc-end,
So, what is the ALCC for PV and DG systems?
What would be the cost of electricity produced from the two

systems?

Chetan Singh Solanki
Department of Energy Science and Engineering

IIT Bombay
[email protected]
Thank you for your attention

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What are the steps involved in sizing a solar PV system?

What are the steps involved in sizing a solar PV system?

What factors are considered for battery sizing in a solar PV system?

What factors are considered for battery sizing in a solar PV system?

Solar Photovoltaic:

Fundamentals, Technologies and

Lecture 25: Solar PV System

Energy flow in a PV system

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 2

• Solar PV converts sunlight directly into electricity

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 3

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 4

Solar PV modules used in grid connected PV power plant

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 15

 Simplest possible PV systems

Systems with battery storage

AC  Inverter is required to convert DC

Systems connected with grid / generator

 Back-up or additional energy source Charge DC

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 19

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 20

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 21

Steps of PV system sizing:

 Step 2: Determine the battery bank size

 Step 3: Determining PV array size

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 22

Watt-Hr/day Correction factor Watt-Hr/day (Corr.)

DC Systems voltage, usually 12V or 24 V

Watt-Hr/day System voltage Amp-Hr/day

1-a: Calculate DC loads Note: You may need to calculate

Watt-Hr/day System voltage Amp-Hr/day

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 24

4. Useful battery charge, upto 20% DoD, 80% useful 1

6. Choose battery, 50Ah, 100Ah, 150Ah, 200Ah 1

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 25

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 26

4. Average number of sun hours per day in your region 1

6. Optimum or peak Amp of solar module used 1

9. Number of modules in series sufficient for battery 2

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 28

Motor & pump Storage tank

Battery storage is not required, instead water storage can be used

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 29

Total dynamic head (TDH) =

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 30

Step-3: Determine the hydraulic energy required per day

maximum power factor ~ 0.4

Cell Temp Coefficient Module Temp Coefficient

Battery efficiency ~ 85%

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 33

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 34

ITEMS Photovoltaic Diesel

Initial Cost PV Array, Battery, Genset

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 37

It is about the economics

Life Cycle Cost (LCC) is the cost of the system for

The LCC is calculated to compare different systems for the

Annualized LCC can be used to find out the cost of

© IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 38