Communication- the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express

or exchange information or to express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else
Media- the means of communication, as radio and television, newspapers, magazines, and
the internet, that reach or influence people widely

Nonverbal communication refers to gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, eye contact

(or lack thereof), body language, posture, and other ways people can communicate without
using language.

 Signs
 Symbols
 Colors
 Gestures
 Body Language
 Facial Expressions
Verbal communication is the use of sounds and words to express yourself, especially in
contrast to using gestures or mannerisms (non-verbal communication). An example
of verbal communication is saying “No” when someone asks you to do something you
don't want to do.

 Oral
 Written

 Source- The source is where the message came from. It can be a person or an
organization. When you talk to your friend to tell him/her something, you are the
source of the message.
 Encoding- the process by which a message is translated so it can be transmitted and
communicated to another party. Encoding is how you compose your sentence as you
communicate.
 Transmitting- The actual act of sending the message.
 Channels- Technologies are the lines that enable the act of sending or transmitting. It
could be the telephone, the internet for voice operated applications, the radio and
television, or the print media to communicate more complex messages.
 Decoding- The transmitted impulses are converted to signs as the brain perceives
and processes it. The reverse of encoding, decoding is the process by which the
receiver translates the source’s thoughts and ideas so they can have meaning.
 Receiver- The receiver is the one who gets the message that was transmitted through
the channels.
 Feedback- Feedback is the response generated by the message that was sent to the
receiver. It can be either be immediate or delayed.
 Noise interference- Most of the times, there is something that interferes in the
transmittal process. The interference is known as noise.

MEDIA LITERACY, INFORMATION LITERACY, AND TECHNOLOGY LITERACY

 Let us start with the word “literacy”. Literacy is widely known as the ability to read and
write. The advent of modernity and the expansion of access to general education has
enabled societies to produce literate populations.

 Media Literacy is most validly seen as a repertoire of skills and capacities. The most
common definition is “the ability to access, analyze, and respond to a range of media.
By range of media, this includes print, moving images, and other hybrid forms such
multimedia texts.
 Access denotes the knowledge of where to find these forms of media. Aside from that,
it should include the technical competence to navigate around technology and easily
adjust to the technological advancements that happen every now then.
 Analysis includes thinking reflectively and critically on what has been read, seen, or
experienced, and its implications to oneself and to one’s community.
 Response includes the ability to experience and explore the pleasures of the media
text, and how these are realized through the language of the media.
 Technology Literacy is the ability to use new media such as the internet to access
and communicate information effectively
 Information Literacy means the set of skills, attitudes and knowledge necessary to
know when information is needed to help solve a problem or make a decision, how to
articulate that information need in searchable terms and language, then search
efficiently for the information, retrieve it, interpret and understand it, organize it,
evaluate its credibility and authenticity, assess its relevance, communicate it to
others if necessary, then utilize it to accomplish bottom-line purposes; Information
literacy is closely allied to learning to learn, and to critical thinking, both of which
may be established, formal educational goals, but too often are not integrated into
curricula, syllabi and lesson plan outlines as discrete, teachable and learnable
outcomes; sometimes the terms Information Competency, or Information Fluency or
even other terms, are used in different countries, cultures or languages, in preference
to the term Information Literacy.
 Information Literacy is the set of abilities requiring individuals to recognize when
information is needed, and how to locate, evaluate, and use it effectively.
 Computer Literacy is the ability to use a computer and its software to accomplish
practical tasks.
 Computer Literacy means the set of skill, attitudes and knowledge necessary to
understand and operate the basic functions of information and communications
technologies, including devices and tools such as personal computers (PCs), laptops,
cellphones, iPods, BlackBerrys, and so forth; Computer Literacy is usually sub-
divided into Hardware Literacy and Software Literacy, the former referring to, for
example knowing how to use basic PC and laptop features and functions such as a
mouse, connecting a monitor to a central processing unit, using a printer, and son
on, whereas the latter refers to learning how to use various kinds of application
software packages such as word processing, spreadsheets, graphics packages and
PowerPoint for making presentations, or KidPix or HyperStudio.
Origins of the Word “Media

The original means of mass communication were print-magazines, journals, and

newspapers-and their collective name was already in place: publications. Soon after,
radio and television were added to the mix, however the term “publications” would
not stretch to fit.

Why is Empowerment such a big word?

At the core of the term empowerment is the idea of power. Empowerment is hinged
on the idea that power can change, that the ownership of power can shift from one
entity to another. Empowerment is also possible because power can expand or
diminish as the case may be.
:
Lesson 6: Sources of Information and Formats of Information
What is the Internet?
It is a vast chain of computer networks in which anyone who has access to a computer with
internet connection can publish their documents. All of these networks are linked together
via digital technology. Thus, the internet allows transmission of a variety of file types, both
written and non-written multimedia.
Sites can be searched even or even remembered (bookmarked, as the case is) through its
own address called Uniform Resource Locator (URL). Each part of a URL provides
information about the web page. If you type it in the address bar of your search engine, you
will then be directed to that page.
Who puts information on the internet?
There are many kinds of internet sites that you might find during the course of search-
sites created by different people or organizations with different objectives. The three-letter
code preceded by a dot (.), simply known as the domain, gives you a fairly good idea of who
is publishing the internet site.
Domain Names and their Equivalent
.edu Educational Institution
It may contain carefully
processed and reviewed
information though it may
not represent the individual
views of the academic
personnel.
.com Mostly commercial entities,
some of which are profit-
oriented
.org Non-profit organizations
.gov Government organizations
.net Internet service providers

Sources of Information
Sources of information, drawn from the Internet or otherwise, can be categorized into the
following:
 Popular Publications. Most of what rules in the print and non-print media are
popular publications with the general public target audience. Included under this
category are journalistic articles, feature articles, manuals, flyers, fact sheet, and
even blogs by netizens. They serve to both inform and entertain the general public.
Reporters, journalists, or anyone, for that matter, can publish popular publications.
 Scholarly Publications. These are well-researched articles found mostly in academic
journals and published for the specialists of a specific field. The language is very
technical because it is geared toward the consumption of specialists, scholars, and
those seeking research-based information on a particular area of knowledge such as
the social sciences, the natural sciences, and the arts and humanities.
 Trade Publications. These are also highly specialized materials meant for the players
and specialists of a specific industry. Some good examples are publications on
motoring or publications on construction. Trade publications combine popular appeal
and specialized knowledge because it also needs to attract the non-specialists who
are the potential consumers or users of a particular product.

Formats of Information

How do you retrieve information, and in what format can they be accessed/ Let us
differentiate those various formats.
FORMAT DESCRIPTION
Print Materials produced and collected from
print resources (books, newspapers and
other periodicals, manuscripts,
correspondence, memoranda, loose leaf
 materials, notes, brochures, etc.)
Digital Formats Digital materials are information materials
that are stored in an electronic format on
a hard drive, CD-ROM, remote server, or
even the Cloud. These could be electronic
books, databases, websites, video, and
audio materials. These materials may be
accessed with a computer and or/
through the internet.
Audio and Video Materials collected using analog
technology in video (television, video
recordings), audio (radio, audio
recordings) tools presented in recorded
tapes, CDs. Audio-cassettes, reel to reel
tapes, record albums, etc. As
differentiated from digital technology,
these sources of information are recorded
using analog technology which means
data is recorded in advance from one
point to another. Analog devices read the
material by scanning the physical data off
the media.
Microform This includes materials that have been
photographed and their images developed
in reduced-size film strips and which are
viewed using machines with magnifying
lenses. In university libraries, these may
include back issues of magazines,
newspapers, or historical materials.

Lesson 7: Advantages of Media and Information Literacy

Advantages of Media Information Literacy
What are the advantages of being media and information literate?
It can no longer be denied that media and information are all over us. It may seem like an
overstatement but if you examine your schedule, your habits, your impulses, your desires
and aspirations, you will most likely that media and information inundate every aspect of
our lives. At some point, it can rule your choices, without you even being aware of its
power.
If you become a media and information literate person, you will possess some control over
the media and information messages that we have initially described as powerful.
You will have the ability to examine-even scrutinize- the content of media and information
messages closely and see how their meanings are significant or otherwise to your life as a
person, and to your community as well. You will gain critical perspectives as you consume
these media and information messages.
You will gain an understanding of the structures that govern the creation and
dissemination of media and information messages.
You will also gain an understanding of how political forces shape the creation and
dissemination of media and information messages. You will make connections between
government regulation, free market, and the strategic programs of media organizations.
You will learn how to sift information, discern what is both useful and useless to your lives.
The internet provides a remarkable fraction of the information you access everyday. By
learning how to unpack media and information messages around the World Wide Web, you
will recognize the constitutive elements that make up these messages. You will also know
how these messages were authored, thereby allowing you opportunity to evaluate its truth
claims.
You will value the word ethics and its implications of the society. More often than not, we
get lost in the flurry and frenzy of the media intrusion in our lives, especially now that
social media enlists our participation as netizens or digital citizens. Media literacy will
cue us that there are always implications on the way we behave. Ethics has always been
about building arsenal moral principles, and evaluating the implications of our actions to
others and to society at large.
ISSUES IN USING MEDIA AND INFORMATION
Media and Information Literate individuals can construct meaningful questions. One does
not believe easily not because of biases or preconceived notions but rather he evaluates the
information in terms or accuracy, adequacy, and appropriateness. He can discriminate
facts, opinions, assertions and blended statement that will guide him in making well-
informed decisions. Aside from being inquisitive and critical, he is open-minded in
constructive criticisms that he knows how to build an argument by agreeing or disagreeing
based on the merits of the issue. And he can communicate sensible ideas without making it
too complex.
To understand better these characteristics of media and information literate people, some
issues which will be tackled in the succeeding units are shown below. These issues will
challenge an individual to apply what he knows about media and how to understand its
influences in one’s identity, personal choices and decisions.
1. Plagiarism is a product of poor attitude towards learning. Not only students but also
professional ones even tend to plagiarize for a number of reasons like pressure, lack of
skills, or even misconception on how to avoid this issue. Whether consciously or
unconsciously done, media and information literate individuals show respect to other
people’s ideas and creations. To stop plagiarism, one should learn how to summarize,
paraphrase and cite source properly.
2. Aside from not committing plagiarism, one must show intellectual respect and honesty
by abiding laws concerning media and information uses such as intellectual property law,
e-commerce law, anti-piracy and law.
3. He/she can spot any form of stereotypes like gender or racial, bias, and oversimplified
generalization. A member of a group may be portrayed in one aspect but if this
representation is attributed to all or most of the members, then this limits the view to other
people. Understanding this seemingly subtle messages conveyed in media will help you
establish positive relationship and engage in a meaningful intercultural dialogue and
interaction.
4. Every person is entitled to his or her own right to express his or her opinion. But in
every right, there is a corresponding obligation and that is to be careful and conscious of
what you put into writing or what you say so as not to create false claims, hate messages,
spam, rumors, and chain letter. Respect is a fundamental yet apparently an elusive value
that needs to be practiced all the times. Learn to respect people’s privacy, feelings and
property.
5. Verifying sources is one indicator of being critical media user. It does not necessarily
mean that if a website has an org or edu in its URL, it is already a trustworthy site. Some
would even attempt to place expert claims, facts and figures, and even aesthetically
professional display just to implant deceit, hate or confusion to readers.
6. Words can make or break a person. When people become mean and offensive online, this
is considered a form of harassment in the digital world which is called cyberbullying.
7. Be cautious of the propaganda or statements that may seem believable and worthy of
your attention when in fact it is meant to deceive or hide the truth to the audience.
Propaganda is usually found in politics, advertisement, speech, and the like. Some common
examples would be glittering generalities or using sugar-coated positive statement that has
no bearing in the message, bandwagon which promotes the idea that if you want to feel
sense of belongingness, you must join the wagon or the group or else you will be left out,
half-truth or card-stacking in which only a partial information is revealed to the
consumers, appeal to authority or people may seem likeable or influential like celebrities or
professional ones but apparently they do not have enough knowledge and background to
make conclusive judgment. These are only some forms of propaganda techniques that are
covertly injected in media, so one should learn how to uncover such subtle messages.
 RESPONSIBLE USER OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION

CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESPONSIBLE USER OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION

Media and information literacy is very essential for lifelong learning, especially in socializing
and becoming more active citizen but, as a user, we must responsible for it, so that we will
enjoy Media and Information benefits. Although Media and Information provides us
advantages, we cannot assure that it has no disadvantage therefore, we must be prepare
for it and it is becoming responsible user of Media and Information.
Tips for becoming a responsible user of Media and Information
1. As a user Apply the Netiquette, an internet etiquette or the code of behavior of using an
internet.

 Avoid posting offensive comments online.

 Don't share or post photo's, videos of other person that don't want to published
online.
 Never send a spam email (a large amount of unsolicited email).
 If you are an online gamer, respect other whether you win or lose. Don't nag or annoy
people in web forums or website comment.
 If you are commenting on post online such as youtube and facebook comments stick
to the topic.
 Never use an offensive language
 Avoid replying to negative comments, instead break the cycle with a positive posts.
 If someone ask a question, answer it. Offer a help if there is someone needs it.
 Be thankful to someone who helped you online.
2.  Use media and Information Wisely- To prevent addiction you must discipline yourself
when to use or not to use it.
3. Respect copyright law- cite or asked permission to the authors online.

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERATE INDIVIDUAL

An information literate individual is able to:

Access the needed information effectively and efficiently. Evaluate information and its

sources critically. Incorporate selected information into one's knowledge base.
Use information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose.

PREHISTORIC ART AS THE EARLIEST FORM OF TRADITIONAL MEDIA

PREHISTORIC AGE
 refers to the time before the existence of written or recorded history.
 According to archaeologists, the Prehistoric Age occurred some 4.5 million years ago
or approximately 30,000 years ago.
 Stone Age and the Metal Age.
 They are called as such because of the kind of tools that the prehistoric people used
during those times.
 As the tools were relatively crude, archeologist believe that a system of writing had
not yet existed during this era.
 As prehistoric men learned how to sharpen their tools and use them for hunting, they
also acquired the knowledge on how to use these materials in carving stones.
 Eventually, this paved the way for them to create a system of writing, which marked
the start of the historic period.
PREHISTORIC ART AS THE EARLIEST FORM OF TRADITIONAL MEDIA

 Prehistoric men learned how to etch on caves.

 Prehistoric men drew on caves what they see around them, such as animals and
nature.
  During the Stone Age, prehistoric people also used these crude stone tools to
create objects, which are now considered rock art.
 Two kinds of rock art during the Stone Age are petroglyphs and pictographs.

Petroglyphs
 Can be carvings or engravings in rocks or caves.

Pictographs
 represent words or phrases through symbols.
 used to refer to sketches or paintings that usually
depict nature, early people’s way of life.

 Apart from cave paintings, prehistoric men also

created Megalithic Art.

 There is no concrete system of writing during the

Prehistoric Age so people communicated their way of life, beliefs, and other practices
through music and dance.
 Ex. Oyayi – song
 Ex. Cañao – dance (Cordillera) Offering

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
INDUSTRIAL AGE, ELECTRONIC AGE, AND INFORMATION AGE
INDUSTRIAL AGE

 Most people associate factories and machines to industries.

 The Industrial Age began in the 18th century in Great Britain when the country
made drastic reforms to improve their economy.
 Technology shifted from using hand tools to operating power-driven machines.
 Selling of goods boosted during the Industrial Age. The concept of mass production
or manufacturing of goods in large quantities was introduced, increasing the
demand for bigger and better machines.
 Special equipment was fabricated to meet the specific needs of different factories.
 In a lot of ways, the Industrial Age has improved the people’s way of living as new
inventions such as steamboats and steam locomotives, made transportation faster.
 However, some business owners during this era focused only on earning profit so
they took advantage of the poor economic condition of the working class.
  When the steam press was invented, the printing of materials like newspapers
became much faster, cheaper and easier.
 Before this development, publishers used to receive financial support from political
parties and rich patrons so that the latter can be featured in the newspaper.
 When printing cost marked down, publishers started to print articles for the
common interest of the public.
 The earlier injustices experienced by the laborers were also published in the
newspaper.
 Communication during the Industrial Age also became viable because of the
invention of the telegraph.
ELECTRONIC AGE
 Electronic refers to an object that has electronic components, such as sensors,
microchips, which functions once it is connected to an electrical outlet.
 Industrial Age and Electronic Age are quite similar – they thrived in the
manufacturing industries.
 Industrial Age and Electronic Age are different because of the equipment.
 Ex. Transportation and Communication.
INFORMATION AGE
 The Information Age has upgraded what it can offer to consumers in terms of gadgets
and devices that can make their way of life not only functional and comfortable, but
also offer endless possibilities.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRADITIONAL MEDIA AND NEW MEDIA

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRADITIONAL MEDIA AND NEW MEDIA

 In the present time, new media is undeniably very useful, but this does not mean
that traditional media has already become obsolete.
 Traditional media is still valuable and influential because it has a wider reach and
market.
 Ex. People who live in remote areas
 People opted to traditional media
 The choice of media is based on one’s needs, interests, ad lifestyle as both traditional
media and new media can carry out their purpose of keeping the people informed and
helping everyone to stay connected

TYPES OF MEDIA
TYPES OF MEDIA
1) PRINT MEDIA
2) BROADCAST MEDIA
3) DIGITAL OR NEW MEDIA
 Print media
- refers to paper publications such as books, newspapers, magazines,
journals, newsletters, and other materials that are physically printed on
paper.
- at present, some form of print media has digital versions and are available
for download through applications or websites.

1) books
- reading material that can either be fictional or non-fictional
- students use books in school as reference materials
2) newspaper
- printed on a daily or weekly basis
- contains a wide range of articles which appear on the different
sections, such as news, business, lifestyle, sports, and
entertainment sections.
 - has editorial page where editors of the newspaper share their views
and opinions on relevant and current issues
- has two types: the broadsheet and the tabloid
3) magazine
- a periodical publications released, weekly, monthly, or quarterly
- contains articles on various topics depending on the subject or
area the magazine covers
4) journal
- similar to both newspaper and magazines
- contains informative articles and provides accurate reports on
specific topic, such as medicine
- it targets a particular type of audience, such as medicine students
or practitioners
5) newsletter
- organizations or companies release newsletters for special
purposes. A newsletter is published either weekly or monthly.
- it can be a bulletin where a company or an organization informs its
readers about the updates and happenings in the institution or
community.
- contain special features on topics which might be of interest or
value to its targeted reader
6) gazette
- pertains to the official publication of a government organization or
in which is intended for public notice listing of appointments.
7) pamphlets
- contains detailed, yet easy to understand text with images.
8) brochure
- a small book or magazine that contains pictures and information
about the products or services offered by a company or
organization.
9) flyers and leaflet
- refer to printed sheet of paper which contains information about a
product for advertising purposes.
- distributed and given free to targeted customers to promote a
product.
 Broadcast Media
- Broadcast media consists of programs produced by television network and
radio stations. Contrary to print media, broadcast media airs audio and
video materials for the public’s information, interest, or leisure.
1) radio
- the first known radio is attributed to the Italian inventor, Guglielmo
Marconi, when he made the wireless telegraph in 1895.
- radio announcers or DJs deliver the news or play music through
airwaves.
- can be set in an AM or FM mode.
- AM – amplitude modulation
- FM – frequency modulation
2) television
- one of the most visible appliances at home.
- equipped with electronic system capable of sending images and
sounds by a wire through space.
3) film
- is similar to a television show as it offers a variety of themes and
genres.
- be about drama, comedy, horror, action, animation, or documentary
- also called movies or motion pictures.
 Digital or New Media
- contents are organized and distributed on digital platforms
- Internet is an electronic communications network that connects people
through various networks and organizational computer facilities around
 the world.

THE INFLUENCE OR EFFECT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN OUR LIVES

Social Media- forms of electronic communication (such as web sites) through which people
create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, etc.

MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES

Media and Information Sources

 Information is available to us in many different formats--- published books, articles,

and newspapers, web pages, videos, photographs, and more in order to effectively
locate, evaluate, and incorporate a wide variety of information into our knowledge
base we must understand what media literacy is and why it is such a critical 21 st
century skill.

Indigenous Knowledge
 Unconventional source of information
 Relayed either through people media or through indigenous media
 Indigenous Knowledge is defined by Warren (1991) as the knowledge that is unique to
a given culture or society.

Examples of Indigenous Knowledge

 Rice-fish co-culture, a farming technique for over 1,200 years in South China,
was recently designated a “globally-important agricultural heritage system” by the
UN Food and Agriculture Organization.
 Indigenous fire management techniques developed thousands of years ago, and
which today protect large landscapes in Australia, Indonesia, Japan, and
Venezuela.

Indigenous Media

 Also known as community media

 Any form of media that is:
 created and controlled by the community
 for the community
 about the community
 by the community
 The Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP) defined indigenous media as:
Media owned, controlled and managed by indigenous peoples in order for them
to develop and produce locally appropriate information in the languages
understood by the community by utilizing indigenous materials and resources,
reflecting community needs and interests, visions and aspirations and
independent from vested interest groups
 Indigenous communities are known to adhere to oral traditional
communication.

Indigenous media as Tool for Expression and Participation

 Info offered by indigenous media is primarily to “open up other spaces for

the discussion of indigenous peoples’ issues and conditions”
 In the ASEAN region, there are indigenous organization that have initiated
the promotion of freedom of expression and have increased access to
information among indigenous people.

LIBRARY
A place in which literally, musical, artistic, or reference materials are kept for
use but not for sale.
 Expected to select and provide you content that are easy to accesses.
Main role is to organize and provide you access to information.
Steward of good information collection

PROS AND CONS OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEDIA AS SOURCES OF

INFORMATION
Pros

 Transferable Information
 Enduring Medium

Cons

 Environmental Issues
 Costly or Expensive

MAGAZINES AND NEWSPAPERS

Pros

 Loyal readership
 Target geographical areas
 Can be shared with others

Cons
 Newspaper valid only for a day
 Message can be lost (because 60% ads)
 Magazines have niche audiences

CINEMA
Pros

 Can be entered in local/international film festivals and competitions

 Reaches many demographics, literate or illiterate

Cons

 Expensive production
 May or may not hold interest/attention

RADIO
Pros

 Trusted medium with loyal followers

 Community radio has loyal audiences interested in local activities
 Nationwide events

Cons
 Niche market
 Audience will tune out
 Difficult to incite action
 Background medium

TELEVISION
Pros
 Quickly spreads messages
 Improves credibility
 Large-scale communication activities
Cons

 Expensive
 Short and has to be repeated
 Advertisements can be skipped
 Traditional TV is less watched by younger people

WORLD WIDE WEB

Pros

 Main point of contact between user and audience

 Acts as hub
 Easy to access
 24/7 interaction with target audiences

Cons

 No quality control over available data

 High cost maintenance (constant updating)
 Information control

SOCIAL MEDIA
Pros
 Reach the correct audience through hashtags/following relevant groups
 Attract large number of people in short time
 Drive traffic to other communication actions
 Bring people together
 Gather info about target
 Easy feedback
 Place for real-life experiences to be exchanged
 Give voice to timid people

Cons
 Time consuming
 Need fresh content
 Can’t control the message or how people react to online contents
 Campaigns can get hijacked by detractors
 Bad news goes viral
 Mistakes can happen in real time with thousands of witnesses
 Negative feedback can’t be ignored
 Do not capture tone

When information suits your needs, it is considered of good quality. To measure info
quality, you may consider the following aspects:
 Information provided by a source is credible and reliable
 Breadth and depth of the discussion on a topic is also consideration
 Information can be cross-referenced
 Manner on how the information has been dealt by the source is ethical and legal

THE LIBRARY

WHAT IS A LIBRARY?
A place in which literary, musical, artistic, or reference materials (such as books,
manuscripts, recordings, or films) are kept for use but not for sale (Merriam Webster’s 11th
Collegiate Dictionary)
4 Major Types of Libraries:
•ACADEMIC LIBRARY
•PUBLIC LIBRARY
•SCHOOL LIBRARY
•SPECIAL LIBRARY
ACADEMIC LIBRARY - serves colleges and universities
PUBLIC LIBRARY - serves cities and towns of all types
SCHOOL LIBRARY - serves students from Kindergarten to Grade 12
SPECIAL LIBRARY - are in specialized environments, such as hospitals, corporations,
museums, the military, private business, and the government.

INTERNET
What is an Internet?
- a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication
facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication
protocols.
EVALUATING INFORMATION FOUND ON THE INTERNET:
-Authorship
-Publishing body
-Accuracy and Verifiability
-Currency
THINGS TO CONSIDER IN EVALUATING INFORMATION:
-Reliability
-Accuracy
-Value
-Authority
-Timeliness
Reliability of Information. Information is said to be reliable if it can be verified and
evaluated. Others refer to the trustworthiness of the source in evaluating the reliability of
information.
Accuracy of Information. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the report to the actual data.
Measurement of accuracy varies, depending on the type of information being evaluated.
Forecasts - similar to the actual data.
Financial - values are correct
Value of Information. Information is said to be of value if it aids the user in making or
improving decisions.
Authority of the Source
- Who authored or published the information?
- Is the source credible?
Timeliness. Reliability, accuracy, and value of information may vary based on the time it
was produced or acquired. It may become irrelevant and inaccurate with the passing of
time (thus making it less valuable)
Other information may be timeless, proven to be the same in reliability, accuracy, and
value throughout history.
SKILLS IN DETERMINING THE RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION:

a. Check the Author

b. Check the Date of Publication or of update
c. Check for Citations
d. Check the Domain or owner of the site/page.
.com - commercial
.edu - educational
.mil – military
.gov – government
.org - nonprofit organization
SKILLS IN DETERMINING ACCURATE INFORMATION:
a. Look for facts.
b. Cross-reference with other source for consistency.
c. Determine the reason for writing and publishing the information.

GENRE, CODES, CONVENTIONS

What is genre?
Comes from the French word meaning “type” or “class”
Can be recognized by its common set of distinguishing features (codes and
conventions)

What are codes and conventions?

Codes- are systems or signs, which create meaning
Conventions- are the generally accepted ways of doing something
Semiotics- study of signs

Types of Code
1. Technical 2. Symbolic 3. Written

REGULATORY AND WARNING SIGNS

Media Languages- these are codes, conventions, formats, symbols, and narrative structures
that indicate the meaning of media messages to an audience.
A. Regulatory Signs
Signs that inform road users of traffic laws and regulations which, if disregarded, will
constitute and offense.

B. Warning
 Signs
Signs used to warn motorists of potentially hazardous conditions on or adjacent to
the road. It advise motorists of road conditions that require caution and may call for
a reduction in speed, in the interest of safety and that of other road users.

SYMBOLIC AND WRITTEN CODES

Symbolic Codes- show what is beneath the surface of what we see (objects, setting, body
language, clothing, color, etc.)
Examples:
What does red rose symbolizes? A red rose may convey romance or love.
What does a clenched fist symbolizes? A clenched fist may convey anger.

Written Codes- use of language style and textual layout

(headlines, captions, speech bubbles, langugae style, etc)

 Headlines- is the text

indicating the nature of the article below it.

 Photo caption- also known as cutlines, are a few lines of

text used to explain or elaborate on pubished
photographs.
 Comic strip- is a sequence of drawings
arranged in interrelated panels to display brief
humor or form a narrative, often serialized, with
text in ballons and captions.

TECHNICAL CODES

Technical Codes- ways in which equipment is used to tell the story (camera techniques,
framing, depth of fields, lighting and etc.) This includes sound, camera angles, types of
shots and lighting as well as camera techniques, framing, depth of field, lighting, exposure
and juxtaposition.
 Filmmakers control what the audience focus on and therefore every shot is chosen for
a reason.
 Camera shots is composed of the series of frames that are shot uninterrupted from
the moment the camera starts rolling until it stops. Camera shots are an essential
aspect of filmmaking and video productions, because by combining different types of
shots, angles and camera movements, the filmmakers are able to emphasize specific
emotions, ideas and movement for each scene.

TECHNICAL CODES CAMERA TECHNIQUES

Basic Camera Shots Advance Camera Shots Camera Angles
Extreme Wide Shot Two Shot Eye-Level
Wide Shot Cut Away High Angle
Medium Shot Over the Shoulder Low Angle
Medium Close-Up Point of View Bird’s Eye View
Close-Up Selective Focus Worms Eye View
Extreme Close-Up Arc Shot Slanted (canted)