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    Activity No. 5. LIPIDS

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    Jhean Skraa
    Lipids are a diverse group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water. They include triglycerides, complex lipids, steroids, and other derivatives. Triglycerides consist of a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids, which can be saturated or unsaturated. Triglycerides rich in saturated fatty acids are solid fats, while those with unsaturated fatty acids are liquid oils. Complex lipids include phospholipids, with a glycerol core and fatty acids, and glycolipids containing a carbohydrate. Phospholipids and glycolipids are major components of cell membranes, forming a lipid bilayer. Steroids have a tetracyclic ring structure and include cholesterol, bile salts, and

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    Activity No. 5. LIPIDS

    Uploaded by

    Jhean Skraa
    7 views2 pages
    Lipids are a diverse group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water. They include triglycerides, complex lipids, steroids, and other derivatives. Triglycerides consist of a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids, which can be saturated or unsaturated. Triglycerides rich in saturated fatty acids are solid fats, while those with unsaturated fatty acids are liquid oils. Complex lipids include phospholipids, with a glycerol core and fatty acids, and glycolipids containing a carbohydrate. Phospholipids and glycolipids are major components of cell membranes, forming a lipid bilayer. Steroids have a tetracyclic ring structure and include cholesterol, bile salts, and

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    LIPIDS

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    Lipids are a diverse group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water. They include triglycerides, complex lipids, steroids, and other derivatives. Triglycerides consist of a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids, which can be saturated or unsaturated. Triglycerides rich in saturated fatty acids are solid fats, while those with unsaturated fatty acids are liquid oils. Complex lipids include phospholipids, with a glycerol core and fatty acids, and glycolipids containing a carbohydrate. Phospholipids and glycolipids are major components of cell membranes, forming a lipid bilayer. Steroids have a tetracyclic ring structure and include cholesterol, bile salts, and

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    7 views2 pages

    Activity No. 5. LIPIDS

    Uploaded by

    Jhean Skraa
    Lipids are a diverse group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water. They include triglycerides, complex lipids, steroids, and other derivatives. Triglycerides consist of a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids, which can be saturated or unsaturated. Triglycerides rich in saturated fatty acids are solid fats, while those with unsaturated fatty acids are liquid oils. Complex lipids include phospholipids, with a glycerol core and fatty acids, and glycolipids containing a carbohydrate. Phospholipids and glycolipids are major components of cell membranes, forming a lipid bilayer. Steroids have a tetracyclic ring structure and include cholesterol, bile salts, and

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    Activity No. 5.

    LIPIDS
    Answer the following questions:

    1.  What are lipids?

     Lipids is a heterogeneous class of naturally occurring organic compounds classified together on the basis
    of common solubility properties.
     Lipids are water-insoluble substances. It is classified into four groups: fats (triglycerides); complex lipids;
    steroids; and prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.

    2. What are the structures of triglycerides?

     Fats consist of 3 fatty acids and glycerol. In saturated fatty acids, the hydrocarbon chains have only single
    bonds; unsaturated fatty acids have hydrocarbon chains with one or more double bonds.

    3. What are some properties of tricglycerides?

     Triglycerides rich in unsaturated fatty acids are generally liquid at room temperature and are called oils
     Triglycerides rich in saturated fatty acids are generally semisolids or solids at room temperature and are
    called fats.
     The alkali salts of fatty acids are called soaps.

    4. What are the structures of complex lipids?

     Complex lipids can be classified into two groups: phospholipids and glycolipids.
     Phospholipids are made of a central alcohol (glycerol or sphingosine).
     Glycolipids contain sphingosine and a fatty acid, collectively known as the ceramide portion of
    the molecule, and a carbohydrate portion.

    5. What role do lipids play in the structure of membranes?

     Many phospholipids and glycolipids are important components of cell membranes.


     Membranes are made of a lipid bilayer, in which the hydrophobic parts of phospholipids (fatty acid
    residues) point toward the middle of the bilayer, and the hydrophilic parts point toward the inner and
    outer surfaces of the membrane.

    6. What are glycerophospholipids?

     Glycerophospholipids are the second most abundant group of naturally occurring lipids. It is also called
    phosphoglycerides. Glycerophospholipids are complex lipids that consist of a central glycerol moiety to
    which two fatty acids are esterified.

    7. What are sphingolipids?

     Sphinogolipids are complex lipids that consist of the long-chain alcohol sphingosine esterified to a fatty
    acid (the ceramide moiety). It is the most important lipids in the myelin sheaths of nerve cells.
    8. What are glycolipids?

     Glycolipids are complex lipids that consist of two parts: a ceramide portion and a carbohydrate portion.

    9. What are steroid?

     The third major group of lipids comprises the steroids. A group of plant and animal lipids that have this
    tetracyclic ring structure. The most common steroid, cholesterol, serves as a starting material for the
    synthesis of other steroids, such as bile salts and sex and other hormones.

    10. What are some of the physiological roles of steroid hormones?

     An oxidation product of cholesterol is progesterone, a sex hormone. It also gives rise to the synthesis of
    other sex hormones, such as testosterone and estradiol.
     Progesterone is also a precursor of the adrenocorticoid hormones. Within this group, cortisol and
    cortisone are best known for their anti-inflammatory action.

    11. Define the following : bile salts, thromboxanes, prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

     Bile salts, the oxidation products of cholesterol. Synthesized in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and
    secreted into the intestine where they emulsify dietary fats and aid in their absorption and digestion .
     Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes are derived from arachidonic acid. They have a wide
    variety of effects on body chemistry. Among other things, they can lower or raise blood pressure, cause
    inflammation and blood clotting, and induce labor. In general, they mediate hormone action.
     Prostaglandins are not stored in tissues as such, but are synthesized from membrane-bound 20-
    carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids in response to specific physiological triggers.
     Thromboxanes induces platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction.
     Leukotrienes occur mainly in leukocytes. They produce muscle contractions, especially in the
    lungs and thereby can cause asthma-like attacks.

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