UC

HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED

SP

DJHOANA I. DE LUNA
Cavite National Science High School

11
 TO THE LEARNERS

Here are some reminders as you use this module:

 Use the module with care especially in turning each page.
 Be reminded to answer the Pre-Test before moving on to the
Learning Module.
 Read and comprehend the directions in every exercises.
 Observe honesty in answering the tests and exercises.
 Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of this
material.
 Try to finish a given activity before proceeding to the next.
 11
Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics

DJHOANA ICARO DE LUNA

Copyright 2019

1
 WHAT IS THIS MODULE ALL ABOUT?

This module serves as a learning resource material in understanding the

target competency expected in the curriculum.

TOPIC
How society is organized

CONTENT STANDARD
Identify one’s role in social groups and institutions.

LEARNING COMPETENCY

UCSP11/12HSOIIj-22

compare different social forms of social organization according to their

manifest and latent functions

The presented activities or exercises and texts are developed

in order to meet the following objectives:

1. describe primary and secondary groups, in-group and out-group

2. compare primary and secondary groups, in-group and out group

according to their manifest and latent functions

3. create a reflective essay on the functions of social groups in society

2
 PRE-TEST

Read the following items carefully. Write the

letter of your answer.

1. This term can refer to a wide variety of gatherings, from just

two people or more. Some examples are school clubs, a
regular gathering of friends, people working together or
sharing a hobby. Which term refers to any collection of at
least two people who interact with some frequency and who
share a sense of their identity?
A. Association C. Group
B. Function D. Crowd

2. Samantha is part of the group that feels she belongs to, and
she believes it to be an integral part of who she is. What is an
exclusive social group formed out of shared interests and
identity?
A. In-group C. Primary Group
B. Out-group D. Secondary Group

3. Caloy doesn’t belong to any of the group in his school. He

often feel disdain and wanted to work individually. What is a
social group associated with opposition based on its different
nature?
A. In-group C. Primary Group
B. Out-group D. Secondary Group

4. Social groups have manifest and latent functions. This social

group serves emotional needs or has an expressive

3
 functions rather than pragmatic ones. Which group has the
most impact on our socialization.
A. In-group C. Primary Group
B. Out-group D. Secondary Group

5. Rosaly is a member of a Church Choir. She has established

a good relationship with her co-members. Which group
category is Rosaly a part of?
A. In-group C. Primary Group
B. Out-group D. Secondary

6. These groups serve an instrumental function rather than an

expressive one, meaning that their role is more goal- or task-
oriented than emotional. What social group is being referred
A. In-group C. Primary Group
B. Out-group D. Secondary

7. The primary group is usually fairly small and is made up of

individuals who generally engage face-to-face in long-term
emotional ways. Which is the manifest function of primary
groups?
A. Emotional functions C. instrumental function
B. Pragmatic functions D. goal-oriented function

8. How are boundaries in society, as a result of in-groups and

out-groups, formed?
A. People voice out their political standpoints in public.
B. People make their boundaries for their security and safety.
C. People perceive that differences among groups or people
exist.
D. People define their roles and groups in society based on
gender and appearance.

9. Which best explains the existence of in-groups in society?

A. People who share common experiences or ideas in life join
and form a group of their own.

4
 B. People with mutual relationships are needed for attaining
peace and order in society.
C. People whose differences are so well-defined tend to have
good relationships.
D. People who communicate and interact with each other lead
productive lives.

10. Which manifests proper behavior towards out-groups?

A. Practice in-group favoritism and out-group homogeneity.

B. Embrace differences by accepting who people are and what
they can and cannot do.
C. Classify in a negative manner those people who are not
members of your in-group.
D. Acknowledge perceived differences with threat and
intimidation.

LET’S SEE WHAT YOU ALREADY KNOW

5
AGREE OR DISAGREE. Write the word AGREE if the statement is
correct and DISAGREE if incorrect. Write your answers on your
answer sheet.

1. A social organization or social system refers to the

interdependence of parts in groups.
2. Organization is a state of being or a condition in which the
various institutions in society are functioning by their
recognized or implied purposes
3. Organization refers to associational groups.
4. A group is any collection of human beings who are brought
into social relationships with one another.
5. Whenever two or more individuals come together and
influences one another they may be said to
constitute Social Group.
6. A social group is a number of people who define themselves as
members of a group; who expect certain behaviour from
members that they do not expect from outsiders and
whom others define as belonging to a group
7. A true group exhibits some degree of social cohesion.
8. Groups vary in size from one member to several hundred
million.
9. The least important characteristics of a group is the
distinctive interaction that occurs among its members.
10. There is physical and symbolic interaction among the
members
of a group.

LET’S LEARN

6
Defining a Group

The term group is an amorphous one and can refer to a wide variety of

gatherings, from just two people (think about a “group project” in
school when you partner with another student), a club, a regular
gathering of friends, or people who work together or share a hobby. In
short, the term refers to any collection of at least two people who
interact with some frequency and who share a sense that their identity
is somehow aligned with the group. Of course, every time people are
gathered it is not necessarily a group. A rally is usually a one-time
event, for instance, and belonging to a political party doesn’t imply
interaction with others. People who exist in the same place at the
same time but who do not interact or share a sense of identity—such
as a bunch of people standing in line at Starbucks—are considered
an aggregate, or a crowd. Another example of a nongroup is people
who share similar characteristics but are not tied to one another in
any way. These people are considered a category, and as an example
all children born from approximately 1980–2000 are referred to as
“Millennials.” Why are Millennials a category and not a group?
Because while some of them may share a sense of identity, they do
not, as a whole, interact frequently with each other.

Interestingly, people within an aggregate or category can become a

group. During disasters, people in a neighborhood (an aggregate) who
did not know each other might become friendly and depend on each
other at the local shelter. After the disaster ends and the people go
back to simply living near each other, the feeling of cohesiveness may
last since they have all shared an experience. They might remain a
group, practicing emergency readiness, coordinating supplies for next
time, or taking turns caring for neighbors who need extra help.

7
Similarly, there may be many groups within a single category.
Consider teachers, for example. Within this category, groups may exist
like teachers’ unions, teachers who coach, or staff members who are
involved with the PTA.

Types of Groups

Sociologist Charles Horton Cooley (1864–1929) suggested that groups

can broadly be divided into two categories: primary
groups and secondary groups (Cooley 1909). According to Cooley,
primary groups play the most critical role in our lives. The primary
group is usually fairly small and is made up of individuals who
generally engage face-to-face in long-term emotional ways. This group
serves emotional needs: expressive functions rather than pragmatic
ones. The primary group is usually made up of significant others,
those individuals who have the most impact on our socialization. The
best example of a primary group is the family.
Secondary groups are often larger and impersonal. They may also be
task-focused and time-limited. These groups serve an instrumental
function rather than an expressive one, meaning that their role is
more goal- or task-oriented than emotional. A classroom or office can
be an example of a secondary group. Neither primary nor secondary
groups are bound by strict definitions or set limits. In fact, people can
move from one group to another. A graduate seminar, for example, can
start as a secondary group focused on the class at hand, but as the
students work together throughout their program, they may find
common interests and strong ties that transform them into a primary
group.

8
In-Groups and Out-Groups

Engineering and construction students gather around a job site. How do your academic interests
define your in- and out-groups? (Photo courtesy of USACE public affairs/flickr)

One of the ways that groups can be powerful is through inclusion, and
its inverse, exclusion. The feeling that we belong in an elite or select
group is a heady one, while the feeling of not being allowed in, or of
being in competition with a group, can be motivating in a different
way. Sociologist William Sumner (1840–1910) developed the concepts
of in-group and out-group to explain this phenomenon (Sumner
1906). In short, an in-group is the group that an individual feels she
belongs to, and she believes it to be an integral part of who she is. An
out-group, conversely, is a group someone doesn’t belong to; often we
may feel disdain or competition in relationship to an out-group. Sports
teams, unions, and sororities are examples of in-groups and out-
groups; people may belong to, or be an outsider to, any of these.
Primary groups consist of both in-groups and out-groups, as do
secondary groups.

While group affiliations can be neutral or even positive, such as the

case of a team sport competition, the concept of in-groups and out-
groups can also explain some negative human behavior, such as white
supremacist movements like the Ku Klux Klan, or the bullying of gay
or lesbian students. By defining others as “not like us” and inferior,
in-groups can end up practicing ethnocentrism, racism, sexism,
ageism, and heterosexism—manners of judging others negatively

9
based on their culture, race, sex, age, or sexuality. Often, in-groups
can form within a secondary group. For instance, a workplace can
have cliques of people, from senior executives who play golf together,
to engineers who write code together, to young singles who socialize
after hours. While these in-groups might show favoritism and affinity
for other in-group members, the overall organization may be unable or
unwilling to acknowledge it. Therefore, it pays to be wary of the
politics of in-groups, since members may exclude others as a form of
gaining status within the group.

10
 LET’S TRY THIS AND SELF-CHECK

Comparison Matrix. Compare Primary and Secondary Group, In-Group

and Out-Group, according to their manifest and latent functions.

Function Primary Group Secondary Similarities and

Group Differences
Manifest

Latent

Function Out - Group In-Group Similarities and

Differences
Manifest

Latent

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 LET’S STUDY AND ANALYZE THESE

BEST FRIENDS SHE’S NEVER MET

Writer Allison Levy worked alone. While she liked the freedom
and flexibility of working from home, she sometimes missed having a
community of coworkers, both for the practical purpose of
brainstorming and the more social “water cooler” aspect. Levy did
what many do in the Internet age: she found a group of other writers
online through a web forum. Over time, a group of approximately
twenty writers, who all wrote for a similar audience, broke off from the
larger forum and started a private invitation-only forum. While writers
in general represent all genders, ages, and interests, it ended up being
a collection of twenty- and thirty-something women who comprised
the new forum; they all wrote fiction for children and young adults.

At first, the writers’ forum was clearly a secondary group united

by the members’ professions and work situations. As Levy explained,
“On the Internet, you can be present or absent as often as you want.
No one is expecting you to show up.” It was a useful place to research
information about different publishers and about who had recently
sold what and to track industry trends. But as time passed, Levy
found it served a different purpose. Since the group shared other
characteristics beyond their writing (such as age and gender), the
online conversation naturally turned to matters such as child-rearing,
aging parents, health, and exercise. Levy found it was a sympathetic
place to talk about any number of subjects, not just writing. Further,
when people didn’t post for several days, others expressed concern,
asking whether anyone had heard from the missing writers. It reached
a point where most members would tell the group if they were
traveling or needed to be

12
The group continued to share. One member on the site who was going
through a difficult family illness wrote, “I don’t know where I’d be
without you women. It is so great to have a place to vent that I know
isn’t hurting anyone.” Others shared similar sentiments.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/types-of-groups/

Process Questions:

1. Since they have never met each other can we consider their
friendship

in a primary group or secondary group?

2. In what instance they consider their association under in-group

and

out-group?

3. Based from the selection, what manifest and latent functions were

expressed by the group?

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 LET’S LEARN

Fill in the blanks with the correct word or phrase.

1. _____ largely define how we think of ourselves. There are two main
types of groups: _____ and _____. As the names suggest, the _______
is the long-term, complex one. People use _____ as standards of
comparison to define themselves—both who they are and who they
are not. Sometimes groups can be used to exclude people or as a
tool that strengthens prejudice.
2. An ______, conversely, is a group someone doesn’t belong to; often
we may feel disdain or competition in relationship to an out-group.
Sports teams, unions, and sororities are examples of _____ and out-
groups; people may belong to, or be an outsider to, any of these.
3. A classroom or office can be an example of a _____. Neither primary
nor secondary groups are bound by strict definitions or set limits.
In fact, people can move from one group to _____.
4. The _______ is usually made up of significant others, those
individual who have the most impact on our socialization. The best
example of a primary group is the _______.

14
 POST TEST

Read the following items carefully. Write the

letter of your answer.

1. This term can refer to a wide variety of gatherings, from just

two people or more. Some examples are school clubs, a
regular gathering of friends, people working together or
sharing a hobby. Which term refers to any collection of at
least
two people who interact with some frequency and who share a
sense of their identity?
A. Association C. Group
B. Function D. Crowd

2. Samantha is part of the group that feels she belongs to,

and she believes it to be an integral part of who she is.
What is an exclusive social group formed out of shared
interests and identity?
C. In-group C. Primary Group
D. Out-group D. Secondary Group

3. Caloy doesn’t belong to any of the group in his school. He

often feel disdain and wanted to work individually. What is a
social group associated with opposition based on its different
nature?
A. In-group C. Primary Group
B. Out-group D. Secondary Group
4. Social groups have manifest and latent functions. This
social group serves emotional needs or has an expressive
functions rather than pragmatic ones. Which group has the
most impact on our socialization.

15
 A. In-group C. Primary Group
B. Out-group D. Secondary Group

5. Rosaly is a member of a Church Choir. She has establishe

agood relationship with her co-members. Which group
category is Rosaly a part of?
A. In-group C. Primary Group
B. Out-group D. Secondary

6. These groups serve an instrumental function rather than an

expressive one, meaning that their role is more goal- or task-
oriented than emotional. What social group is being referred
A. In-group C. Primary Group
B. Out-group D. Secondary

7. The primary group is usually fairly small and is made up of

individuals who generally engage face-to-face in long-term
emotional ways. Which is the manifest function of primary
groups?
A. Emotional functions C. instrumental function
B. Pragmatic functions D. goal-oriented function

8. How are boundaries in society, as a result of in-groups and

out-groups, formed?
A. People voice out their political standpoints in public.
B. People make their boundaries for their security and safety.
C. People perceive that differences among groups or people
exist.
D. People define their roles and groups in society based on
gender and appearance.

9. Which best explains the existence of in-groups in society?

A. People who share common experiences or ideas in life join
and form a group of their own.
B. People with mutual relationships are needed for attaining
peace and order in society.
C. People whose differences are so well-defined tend to have
good relationships.
D. People who communicate and interact with each other lead
productive lives.

16
10. Which manifests proper behavior towards out-groups?

A. Practice in-group favoritism and out-group homogeneity.

B. Embrace differences by accepting who people are and what
they can and cannot do.
C. Classify in a negative manner those people who are not
members of your in-group.
D. Acknowledge perceived differences with threat and
intimidation.

17
 LET’S REMEMBER

Different Types of Museums

There are different types of museums. Here are some of them:

Archaeology museums. They display archeological artifacts

Art museums. Also known as art galleries.

Encyclopedic museums. They are not thematically defined nor

specialized.

Historic house museums. A house or a building turned into a

museum for a variety of reasons

History museums.  They could be in a building, historic house or a

historic site.

Living history museums. Historic events are performed by actors to

immerse a viewer

Maritime museums. Specialized museums for displaying maritime

history, culture or archaeology.

Military and war museums. Museums specialized in military

histories.

Mobile museums. Museums that have no specific strict place of

exhibiting.

Natural history museums. Usually display objects from nature like

stuffed animals or pressed plants.

Science museums. Specialized for science and history of science.

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NATIONAL MUSEUM

1. The National Museum. It goes by a different official name, which is

the Museum of the Filipino People.

2. Ayala Museum. Located in business district of Ayala in Makati, the

building has got a trendy, modern look.

3. The University of Sto. Tomas Museum of Arts and Sciences

It is the oldest existing museum in the Philippines. It houses both
scientific and artistic artefacts.
4. Rizal Shrine. As the name suggests, this Spanish-Colonial looking
house is dedicated for the country’s hero, Jose Rizal.

LOCAL MUSEUM

5. The Aguinaldo Shrine. It is where the independence of the

Philippines was declared on June 12, 1898. The shrine is the
ancestral home of President Emilio Aguinaldo, the first president of
the First Republic of the Philippines..
6. The Geronimo Berenguer delos Reyes Museum. GBR Museum is
a testament to many significant and monumental events in Philippine
and world history.
7. Bonifacio Trial House. The Roderico Reyes Ancestral House, more
commonly known as the Bonifacio Trial House, is a historic house and
museum in Maragondon, Cavite, Philippines.
SPECIALIZED MUSEUM

8. Mind Museum. This museum tries to give its visitors educational

experiences that will provide better understanding about nature.
Recognized to be of world class quality, its galleries are surely worth
visiting

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 REFERENCES

Understanding Culture Society and Politics for Senior High School by

Ederlina D. Balena et. al pp.8-14

Nuncio, Rhoderick, et. al (2016), Praxis: Understanding Society, Culture

and Politics, pp. 1-7

Balena, Ederlina, et. al (2016), Understanding Culture, Society and Politics,

pp. 5-7

Bernardo, Jr. Juanito Philip V. (2016), Understanding Culture, Society and

Politics, pp. 93-107

http://cms.gcg11.ac.in/attachments/article/214/20classification.pdf

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/types-of-groups/

This module maybe adopted, modified and

reproduced for educational purposes with appropriate
credit to the author.
For inquiries, feedback and suggestions, please
contact the author through 20 the Division Learning
resource Supervisor at Tel. No. _________________ and/or
email address ________________ @deped.gov.ph