Water and Acid-Base System: By: Dr. Mohd Fakharul Zaman
Water and Acid-Base System: By: Dr. Mohd Fakharul Zaman
Water and Acid-Base System: By: Dr. Mohd Fakharul Zaman
LO
Electronegativity.
Tendency of an atom to attract
electrons to itself in a chemical bond.
O
Polarity.
Difference of electronegativity
between two atoms giving rise to
partial charges.
H H
LO
Periodic table
O = 2.6
C = 2.4
Examples of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic
Substances
Hydrophilic Hydrophobic
Polar covalent compounds Nonpolar covalent compounds
such as low-molecular-weight such as hydrocarbons (e.g.,
alcohols (e.g., ethanol) and hexane and toluene)
ketones (e.g., acetone)
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Hydrogen Bonding
hydro gen hydro gen
bond do no r bond a cceptor
R
O H O Wa ter a nd a
hydro xyl g ro up
H H
Wa ter a nd the carbo nyl group
O H O C o f an aldehyde, ketone, ca rboxylic
H a cid, es ter, or a m ide
R
An am ino g ro up and
N H O a hydro xyl g ro up
H Im portant
in
An am ino g ro up and
pro teins
N H O C a carbo nyl group
a nd
nucleic
An am ino g ro up and a cids
N H N a no ther nitro gen-
co ntaining g ro up
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Acids and Bases
Definitions of acid :
a substance which reacts with a base
substances which increase the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+)
in solution
a substance which can act as a proton donor
any compound which can easily be deprotonated
co njug a te acid-ba se pa ir
O O
+
CH3 COH + H2 O CH3 CO - + H3 O
Acid B a se Co njug a te ba se Co njug a te acid
o f acetic a cid o f water
co njug a te acid-ba se pa ir
Example:
Find the pH of a 0.03 M solution of hydrochloric acid, HCl
(Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that dissociates according to a 1:1 molar ratio into
hydrogen cations and chloride anions. the concentration of hydrogen ions is exactly the
same as the concentration of the acid solution.)
[H+] = 0.03 M
pH = - log (0.03)
pH = 1.5
Water dissociation
H2O ↔ H+ + OH-
Ka α 1/pH α 1/pKa
log 10 (1) = 0
100 = 1
101 = 10
102 = 100
Significances of pH/acid-base concept
Stable enzymatic reaction.
Preparation of a buffer solution (Exp: phosphate
buffer) in laboratory
Separation of protein samples by electrophoresis.
Relation between blood pH and bicarbonate buffering
system.
Human respiration & Body buffer
LO
normal ventilation can maintain blood pH balance
hyperventilation can result in increased blood pH (more basic)
hypoventilation can result in decreased blood pH (more acidic)
Causes of hyperventilation:
IN ALVEOLUS OF LUNG ORGAN stress and anxiety
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Acid-Base Buffers
Acid-base buffer: a solution which tend to resist
change in pH upon addition of either more acid or
more base
consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base
Examples of acid-base buffers are solutions
containing
NaHCO3 (Carbonic acid)
NaCl (saline buffer).
Na2HPO4 (Phosphate buffered saline).
LO
What is buffer solution for ??
Atomic radius decreases because the force of attraction between nuclei and
electron increases
Explain the fates of carbonic acid in blood circulation and lung organ.
Carbonic acid dissociates to bicarbonate and hydrogen ion in blood
circulation
General summary
Hyperventilation is caused by the accumulation of
carbonic acid in our respiratory system.