UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

THERMOFLUIDS LAB (CGE536)
NAME : MUHAMMAD ZAKRI IEZAAC BIN M. ZAIDIN 2018227422
MUHAMMAD RAZIQ BIN ROSLAN 2018287728
NOR HANIS HANANI BINTI MOHD RUDZI 2018265296
NUR FARISA ALIA BINTI M. FIRDAUS FOO 2018224496
GROUP : EH2433B
EXPERIMENT : PROPERTIES MEASUREMENT/PVT
DATE : 3RD APRIL 2019
SEMESTER :3
PROGRAMME : EH243
SUBMIT TO : MISS SURIATIE BINTI MAT YUSUF

No. Title Allocated Marks (%) Marks

1 Abstract/Summary 5
2 Introduction 10
3 Aims 5
4 Theory 10
5 Apparatus 5
6 Methodology/Procedure 10
7 Results 10
8 Calculations 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusion 5
11 Recommendations 5
12 Reference / Appendix 5
TOTAL MARKS 100

Remarks:

Checked by :

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Date :

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………….……..3

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………..4

AIM / OBJECTIVE……………………………………………………………...5

THEORY………………………………………………………………………..6-8

MATERIALS AND APPARATUS…………………………………….……….9

METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………....10-11

RESULTS AND CALCULATION……………………………………………..12-16

DISCUSSIONS……………………………………………………………..…..17-18

CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………………..19

RECOMMENDATIONS………………………………………………………..20

APPENDICES………………………………………………………………..…21

REFFERENCES………………………………………………………….……..22

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ABSTRACT

Four experiment are conducted involving an ideal gas which is Boyle’s Law experiment,
Gay-Lussac Law experiment, Brief depressurization and determination of ratio of volume. The
apparatus that being used was called the perfect gas expansion. This equipment use to
determine the properties of measurement and study the relationship between pressure and
volume of ideal gas for experiment Boyles Law, pressure and temperature of ideal gas
condition for experiment Gay-Lussac Law experiment, the effect on pressurized vessel for brief
depressurization experiment and determination of ratio volume for experiment determination
of ratio of volume.
Boyle’s Law Experiment was the first experiment that need to be run to find the
relationship between pressure and volume of ideal gas. The results was taken before and after
the connected valve pressure and vacuum chamber. The results show that the increasing in
pressure of the volume of gas, the pressure chamber will decrease in pressure
For second experiment which is Gay-Lussac Law experiment compared between
temperature and pressure increasing and decreasing in every 10 kPa. The results indicates as
the temperature increase, the pressure will also increase. From the results, the minimum
pressure used is 110 kPa and the average temperature is 29.3˚C while at 160 kPa the average
temperature is 33.3˚C. The Gay-Lussac Law is proven.
Brief depressurization experiment reading was recorded before and after the valve 1
(release valve) is open. This experiment results was taken at various pressure to shows that
decreasing of pressure before and after expansion. The results show that the pressure reading
before the valve is open is 159 ˚C compared with after expansion that is 135.5˚C.
Lastly, the experiment for determine the ratio of volume before and after expansion in
terms of pressure. The aim of this experiment is to compares theoretical value and results
achieved. Based on the results,

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INTRODUCTION

The Perfect Gas Expansion apparatus is an equipment used to expose the student and
familiar with the fundamental thermodynamics such as first law, second law or
thermodynamics and relationship between P-V-T. This experiment are safe and demonstrate
the expansion and compression of gas in our daily life. This experiment are related to some of
daily application such as combustion of engine, refrigerator, heat pumps and other practical
applications.
In this experiment deals with ideal gas that obeys the relationship PV=nRT. P and T in
the equations refers to absolute pressure and absolute temperature respectively. R is particular
gas constant which is R=8.3145 J/mol.K and n indicates number of moles of the gas filling in
the chamber. Molecular weight of the gas influences the particular gas constant.
The apparatus have two inlet vessel, one for pressurized chamber and vacuum
chamber. The chamber are made from glass which can withstand maximum pressure of
apparatus can operate. These chambers are connected with valve and also a valve to the
surrounding. This apparatus are also equip with pressure pump and vacuum pump. The
apparatus equipped with temperature and pressure sensors for both tanks for recording data
from the board. These sensors used to monitor and manipulate the pressure and temperature.
Based on data recorded, the calculation can be made to deal with the PVT laws.
On chemical explanation, the gas particle in the camber collide with each other and
the walls which will create a momentum. The momentum delivered to the wall per unit time
and the gas pressure will be equal. The particles moves randomly along some direction until it
strikes back and forth with wall and change direction and speeds. The gas expansion equations
are derived directly from the law of conservation of linear momentum and the law of
conservation of energy.

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AIM/ OBJECTIVE

Experiment 1: Boyle’s Law

1. To determine the relationship between pressure and volume of an ideal gas.
2. To compare the experimental results with theoretical results.

Experiment 2: Gay-Lussac law

1. To determine the relationship between pressure and temperature of an ideal gas.

Experiment 5: Brief depressurization

1. To investigate the response of the pressure vessel following stepwise depressurization.

Experiment 6: Determination the ratio of volume

1. To determine the ratio of volume and compares it with theoretical value.

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THEORY

Perfect Gas Law

Perfect gas law is the same as ideal gas law where it can call as general gas equation.
Perfect gas law can be divided into few categories including Boyle’s law, Charles’s law,
Avogadro’s Law and Gay-Lussac’s law to determine the behavior of many gases under many
conditions. If any gas obeys this law, the state of the gas can be determined by its pressure,
volume, and temperature. The temperature used in the equation of state is an absolute
temperature and the SI unit is the kelvin. The equation also can be written as:
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
Condition of perfect gas will occur when there is none attractive forces exist in the ideal
gas. Since perfect gas is an ideal gas, they collide between atoms or molecules elastically with
no intermolecular attractive forces. Some assumption has been respect to kinetic theory of ideal
gas which the gasses made up of molecules that always move in a constant straight line. An
equation had been introduced and named as ideal gas equation of state:
𝑇
𝑃 = 𝑅( )
𝑉

The properties of perfect gas can be compared at two different states if they have one constant
property throughout the experiment where the equation below can be used:

Boyle’s Law

Boyle’s law is a gas law that describes how the pressure of a gas tends to increase as
the volume of the container decreases. This law was named after chemist and physicist Robert
Boyle in 1662. This law works when the pressure increase inversely with the volume of gas
where the temperature held constant along the process. The gas inside a system loosely packed
and move randomly. If the volume is reduce, then the pressure become high as the molecules
having less space to move, to hit the wall of container more frequently.

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 Figure 1 Graph of Boyle's Law

The initial and final volumes and pressures of the fixed amount of gas, where the initial and
final temperatures are the same are related by the equation:
P1V1 = P2V2

Gay-Lussac’s Law

Gay-Lussac’s law usually referred as pressure-temperature law. This law is to

determine the relationship between pressure and temperature where the volume of the system
become constant throughout the process. This law stated that the pressure and temperature are
in direct relation. That means as the pressure increase, the temperature also increase.
Temperature is a parameter for kinetic energy, as the temperature increase, the kinetic energy
increase, and then the process of collision also increase and causing the pressure to be increase
with the constant volume. The equation below is the relationship between pressure and
temperature in a system with constant volume.

Graph below show the relationship of temperature and pressure in the Gay-Lussac’s law with
constant volume. This prove that the pressure directly proportional to the temperature.

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 Figure 2 Graph of Gay-Lussac's Law

Brief Depressurization

This experiment was conducted by depressurizing the chamber or tank slowly or

gradually by eliminating the gas which would expand at every instant opened and closed. This
is to identify the gradual changes in pressure and temperature in terms of time within the
contrary decreases with the expansion. The time interval increased to a few seconds to ensure
student will be able and understand the effect on the pressure and temperature and can be
compared after the experiment was done.

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APPARATUS

SOLTEQ (Model : TH11) Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus

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METHODOLOGY

General Start-Up Procedure

1. The equipment was connected to single phase power supply and the unit was switched on.
2. All valves were fully opened and pressure reading was checked on the panel. This is to
ensure the chambers are under atmospheric pressure.
3. Then, all valves were closed.
4. The pipe from compressive port of the pump was connected to pressurized chamber or the
pipe from vacuum port of the pump connected to vacuum chamber.
5. Now, the unit can be used.

Experiment 1: Boyle’s Law Experiment

1. The general start-up procedures were performed. Ensure all valves were fully closed.
2. The compressive pump was switched on to allow pressure inside chamber to increase up to
about 150kPa. Then, the pump was switched off and the hose was removed from the
chamber.
3. The pressure reading inside the chamber was monitored until it stabilized.
4. The pressure reading for both chambers before expansion was recorded.
5. Valve 02 was fully opened to allow the pressurized air flows into the atmospheric chamber.
6. The pressure reading for both chambers after expansion was recorded.
7. The experiment procedure were repeated for the following conditions:
a) From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber
b) From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber
8. PV value was calculated to prove Boyle’s Law.

Experiment 2: Gay-Lusaac Law Experiment

1. The general start-up procedures were performed. Ensure all valves were fully closed.
2. The hose from compressive pump was connected to pressurized chamber.
3. Compressive pump was switched on and the temperature for every increment of 10kPa in
the chamber was recorded. When the pressure PT1 reached about 160kPa, pump was
stopped.
4. Then, valve 01 was slightly opened to allow the pressurized air to flow out. The temperature
reading for every decrement of 10kPa was recorded.
5. When the pressure reached atmospheric pressure, the experiment was stopped.
6. The experiment was repeated 3 times to get average value.

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7. Pressure versus temperature graph was plotted.

Experiment 5: Brief Depressurization

1. The general start-up procedures were performed. Ensure all valves were fully closed.
2. The hose from compressive pump was connected to pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump was switched on to allow the pressure inside chamber to increase
until about 160kPa. Then, the pump was switched off and the hose from the chamber was
removed.
4. The pressure reading inside the chamber was monitored until it stabilized. The pressure
reading PT1 was recorded.
5. Valve 01 was fully opened and brings back to closed position after few seconds. The
pressure reading PT1 was monitored and recorded until it become stable.
6. The pressure reading was displayed on a graph and discussed.

Experiment 6: Determination of ratio of volume

1. The general start-up procedures were performed. Ensure all valves were fully closed.
2. The compressive pump was switched on to allow the pressure inside chamber to increase
until about 150kPa. Then, the pump was switched off and the hose from the chamber was
removed.
3. The pressure reading inside the chamber was monitored until it stabilized.
4. The pressure reading for both chambers before expansion was recorded.
5. Valve 02 was opened to allow the pressurized air flows into the atmospheric chamber
slowly.
6. The pressure reading for both chambers after expansion was recorded.
7. The experiment procedure were repeated for the following conditions:
c) From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber
d) From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber
8. The ratio of volume was calculated and compared with theoretical value.

General Shut-Down Procedure

1. The pump was switched off and both pipes were removed from the chambers.
2. Valves were fully opened to release the air inside the chambers.
3. The main switch and power supply were switched off.

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RESULTS AND CALCULATION

Experiment 1
Before experiment After experiment
(a) From PT 1 (kPa abs) 104.5 90.0
atmospheric
PT 2 (kPa abs) 57.8 89.0
chamber to vacuum
chamber
(b) From pressurized PT 1 (kPa abs) 154.0 136.3
chamber to vacuum
PT 2 (kPa abs) 103.5 135.2
chamber

Ideal gas equation,

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
Meanwhile, for Boyle’s law equation,
𝑃1𝑉1 = 𝑃2𝑉2
Temperature is constant at room temperature, T=298.15K or 15°C and ideal gas constant, R at
8.314 L kPa K-1 mol-1.
a) From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber
When PT1 = 57.8 kPa, PT2 = 89.0 kPa

V1 = RT/PT1
V1 = (8.314 L kPa K-1 mol-1)(298.15 K) / (57.8 kPa)
= 42.88 L

V2 = RT/PT2
V2 = (8.314 L kPa K-1 mol-1)(298.15 K) / (89.0 kPa)
= 27.85 L

P1V1 = P2V2
(57.8kPa)(42.88L) = (89.0kPa)(27.85L)
2478.5 L kPa = 2478.6 L kPa

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 The different between both P1V1 and P2V2 is 0.1.
b) From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber
When PT1 = 154.0 kPa, PT2 = 136.3 kPa

V1 = RT/PT1
V1 = (8.314 L kPa K-1 mol-1)(298.15 K) / (154.0 kPa)
= 16.1 L

V2 = RT/PT2
V2 = (8.314 L kPa K-1 mol-1)(298.15 K) / (136.3 kPa)
= 18.2 L

P1V1 = P2V2
(154.0 kPa)(16.1 L) = (136.3 kPa)(18.2 L)
2479.4 L kPa = 2480.7 L kPa

The different between both P1V1 and P2V2 is 0.6.

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Experiment 2
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Pressure Temperature (˚C) Temperature (˚C) Temperature (˚C)
(kPa
abs)
Pressurize Depressurize Pressurize Depressurize Pressurize Depressurize
vessel vessel vessel vessel vessel vessel

110 29.2 29.1 29.7 29.0 29.1 29.8

120 29.6 29.5 30.6 29.3 30.7 30.6
130 30.6 30.3 31.6 30.0 31.1 31.4
140 31.2 31.6 32.2 30.6 32.0 32.2
150 32.4 32.2 33.1 31.6 32.8 33.0
160 33.1 33.3 33.6 32.7 33.3 33.8

Pressure (kPa) Average temperature (˚C)

110 29.3
120 29.8
130 30.6
140 31.5
150 32.3
160 33.3

pressure vs temperature
34

33
average temperature (˚C)

32

31

30

29

28

27
110 120 130 140 150 160
pressure (kPa abs)

Figure 3 graph pressure versus average temperature

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Experiment 5

PT 1 (kPa abs)
INITIAL AFTER BRIED EXPANSION
159.0 135.5
135.5 135.2
135.2 132.2
132.2 130.2
130.2 128.4
128.4 125.5
125.5 122.1
122.1 118.0
118.0 115.6
115.6 108.9
108.9 105.5
105.5 104.2

Figure 4 Responses of pressurization vessel following of brief depressurization

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 Experiment 6
A. PRESSURIZED AIR FLOW FROM TANK 1 TO TANK 2

PT 1 (kPa abs) PT 2 (kPa abs)

BEFORE EXPANSION 151.5 102.7
AFTER EXPANSION 134.7 133.6

B. PRESSURIZED AIR FLOW FROM TANK 2 TO TANK 1

PT 1 (kPa abs) PT 2 (kPa abs)

BEFORE EXPANSION 107.6 67.2
AFTER EXPANSION 94.7 93.5

A. CONDITION 1

V2/V1 = (P1,final – P1,initial) / (P2,initial – P2,final)

0.01237/0.025 = (134.7-151.5)/(102.7-133.6)
0.50 = 0.54
difference = 0.04
percentage difference : 7.7%

B. CONDITION 2

V2/V1 = (P1,final – P1,initial) / (P2,initial – P2,final)

0.01237/0.025 = (94.7-107.6)/(67.2-93.5)
0.50 = 0.49
difference = 0.01
Percentage difference : 2%

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DISCUSSIONS
Experiment 1: Boyle’s Law

In the first experiment, it stated that Boyle’s Law works when the pressure increase inversely
with the volume of gas where the temperature held is constant throughout the process. From
the data calculated, in the first section where the gas flows from atmospheric chamber to
vacuum chamber. The pressure PT1 and PT2 is 57.8kPa and 89.0kPa respectively and the
volume calculated is V1= 42.88L before expansion and V2= 27.85L after expansion. It shows
that the Boyle’s law is accepted where the pressure increase in the chamber and the volume
decrease in the chamber as in PT2 and V2. The different between both P1V1 and P2V2 is 0.1
but the value is still closed to each other so it proved the Boyle’s Law is apply in this
experiment.
Next, the second section where the gas flows from pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber.
The pressure PT1 and PT2 is 154.0kPa and 136.3kPa respectively and the volume calculated
is V1= 16.1L before expansion and V2= 18.2L after expansion. It shows that the Boyle’s law is
accepted where the pressure increase in the chamber and the volume decrease in the chamber
as in PT1 and V1. The different between both P1V1 and P2V2 is 0.6 may because of the air
was leaking during the experiment and causes the result become not accurate in the final.
Hence, this proved that Boyle’s Law is accepted in both experiment.

Experiment 2:Gay-Lussac Law

For experiment 2 which is Gay-Lussac’s Law shows that the pressure is directly proportional
to temperature. This proves when the pressure increase, the temperature also increase. The
graph indicates the statement and the Gay-Lussac’s Law is verified. The experiment has been
conduct to investigate the relationship between pressure and temperature. The temperature of
a gas in a container increase, the heat energy and the system transfer its energy into molecule
gas will also increase its frequency of collision in the chamber that will exerted more pressure.

Experiment 5: Brief depressurization

Based on the brief depressurization experiment, a graph of pressure vs time was plotted. It can
be shown in the graph that pressure decrease slowly as the gas were released to the atmospheric
slowly. The collision of molecule in the chamber decrease as the chamber was depressurized.

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Experiment 6: Determination the ratio of volume

An experiment was conducted to determine the ratio of volume of heat capacity. Some
calculation was made using the data recorded during the experiment. It was found that the
percentage difference for condition 1 is 7.7% while for condition 2 only made 2 % percentage
difference. Thus this experiment can be considered as successful due to value calculated only
slightly difference from the theoretical value.

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CONCLUSIONS
To conclude, PVT experiment objective was to determine properties of measurement according
to Boyle’s law, Gay-Lussac’s law, brief depressurization and ratio of volume in some spaces.
All the experiment was a success since it is almost same as theory and slightly difference due
to some instrument and human error. Boyle’s law and Gay-Lussac Law was proven according
to both theoretical experiment. The dynamics of compression and expansion of gases was
proved by volume ratio gas experiment. Although there is some errors throughout the
experiment, but we manage to keep it minimize.

The first experiment objective is achieved which is to determine the relationship between
pressure and volume of an ideal gas and to compare the experimental results with theoretical
results. Based on the experiment, the Boyle’s law is accepted where the pressure increase in
the chamber and the volume decrease in the chamber. The different between both P1V1 and
P2V2 is 0.1.
Gay-Lussac’s law aims is to determine the relationship between pressure and temperature of
an ideal gas. Based on the experiment, the pressure increase, the temperature also increase. The
graph indicates the statement and the Gay-Lussac’s Law is verified.
Experiment 5 are to investigate the response of the pressure vessel following stepwise
depressurization. The results indicates that the graph that pressure decrease slowly as the gas
were released to the atmospheric slowly. The collision of molecule in the chamber decrease as
the chamber was depressurized.
Lastly, the ratio of volume was determine and it was found that the percentage difference for
condition 1 is 7.7% while for condition 2 only made 2 % percentage difference. Thus this
experiment can be considered as successful due to value calculated only slightly difference
from the theoretical value.

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RECOMMENDATIONS
Before start the experiment, general start-up are compulsory to ensure that the equipment is in
good condition. After the experiment, a shutdown procedure are also need to be done to make
sure there are no gas left in the chamber and the equipment can be used for a long period of
time. During recording the data, student must focus since the parameter can increase and
decrease really fast. An average reading is compulsory and need to be take more than three
reading. Next, the procedure need to be read carefully to avoid any mistake furthermore, the
safety on handle the valve need to be taken care of aside from choosing the right valve so it
will not affect the data. The experiment need to be conduct carefully in order to avoid explosion
due to overpressure inside the chamber.

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APPENDICES

Figure 5 pressure chamber Figure 6 vacuum chamber

Figure 7 indicator panel Figure 8 pressurized and vacuum pump

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REFERENCES

1. Bonnar, W. B. (1956). Boyle's Law and gravitational instability. Monthly Notices of the
Royal Astronomical Society, 116(3), 351-359.
2. Crosland, M. P. (1961). The origins of Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes of
gases. Annals of science, 17(1), 1-26.
3. Lab Manual. (2018). Lab Manual Fluid Mixing. Retrieved from https://i-
learn.uitm.edu.my/v3/contents/index/5ba09fff-deb4-46d6-a30b-
516c0a001a19/cid:CGE536

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