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    4-2 Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles

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    Alif Nur Firdaus
    1) Isentropic flow through nozzles describes the relationship between fluid velocity, pressure, and flow area for subsonic and supersonic compressible flows. 2) Nozzles can be converging only or converging-diverging, with converging-diverging nozzles able to accelerate flow to supersonic velocities if back pressure is low enough. 3) The mass flow rate through a nozzle is determined by the stagnation temperature and pressure upstream as well as the throat area, with the maximum mass flow occurring at a Mach number of 1.

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    4-2 Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles

    Uploaded by

    Alif Nur Firdaus
    78 views25 pages
    1) Isentropic flow through nozzles describes the relationship between fluid velocity, pressure, and flow area for subsonic and supersonic compressible flows. 2) Nozzles can be converging only or converging-diverging, with converging-diverging nozzles able to accelerate flow to supersonic velocities if back pressure is low enough. 3) The mass flow rate through a nozzle is determined by the stagnation temperature and pressure upstream as well as the throat area, with the maximum mass flow occurring at a Mach number of 1.

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    4-2 Isentropic flow through Nozzles

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    1) Isentropic flow through nozzles describes the relationship between fluid velocity, pressure, and flow area for subsonic and supersonic compressible flows. 2) Nozzles can be converging only or converging-diverging, with converging-diverging nozzles able to accelerate flow to supersonic velocities if back pressure is low enough. 3) The mass flow rate through a nozzle is determined by the stagnation temperature and pressure upstream as well as the throat area, with the maximum mass flow occurring at a Mach number of 1.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    78 views25 pages

    4-2 Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles

    Uploaded by

    Alif Nur Firdaus
    1) Isentropic flow through nozzles describes the relationship between fluid velocity, pressure, and flow area for subsonic and supersonic compressible flows. 2) Nozzles can be converging only or converging-diverging, with converging-diverging nozzles able to accelerate flow to supersonic velocities if back pressure is low enough. 3) The mass flow rate through a nozzle is determined by the stagnation temperature and pressure upstream as well as the throat area, with the maximum mass flow occurring at a Mach number of 1.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 25

    Isentropic flow through Nozzles

    One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow


    Variation of Fluid Velocity with Flow Area

    • This is an important relationship


    – For Ma < 1, (1 - Ma2) is positive 
    dA and dP have the same sign and dV has opposite sign.
    • Pressure of fluid must increase as the flow area of the duct
    increases, and must decrease as the flow area decreases
    – For Ma > 1, (1 - Ma2) is negative  dA and dP have
    opposite signs and dV has same sign.
    • Pressure must increase as the flow area decreases, and must
    decrease as the area increases
    Comparison of flow properties in subsonic and supersonic nozzles and diffusers
    Subsonic -Subsonic Subsonic- Subsonic (Chocked)

    Subsonic – Supersonic (Chocked) Supersonic-Supersonic (chocked)


    Supersonic-supersonic (not-choked)
    Supersonic – Subsonic (Chocked)
    Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles
    Converging Nozzles

    • Under steady flow conditions, mass flow rate is


    constant

    • Substituting T and P from the expressions on slides


    23 and 24 gives

    – Mass flow rate is a function of stagnation properties, flow


    area, and Ma
    Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles
    Converging Nozzles

    • The maximum mass flow rate through a nozzle with a


    given throat area A* is fixed by the P0 and T0 and
    occurs at Ma = 1

    • This principal is important for chemical processes,


    medical devices, flow meters, and anywhere the
    mass flux of a gas must be known and controlled.
    Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles
    Converging-Diverging Nozzles

    • The highest velocity in a converging nozzle is


    limited to the sonic velocity (Ma = 1), which
    occurs at the exit plane (throat) of the nozzle
    • Accelerating a fluid to supersonic velocities
    (Ma > 1) requires a diverging flow section
    – Converging-diverging (C-D) nozzle
    – Standard equipment in supersonic aircraft and
    rocket propulsion
    • Forcing fluid through a C-D nozzle does not
    guarantee supersonic velocity
    – Requires proper back pressure Pb
    Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles
    Converging-Diverging Nozzles

    P0 > Pb > Pc
    – Flow remains subsonic, and
    mass flow is less than for
    choked flow. Diverging section
    acts as diffuser
    Pb = P C
    – Sonic flow achieved at throat.
    Diverging section acts as
    diffuser. Subsonic flow at exit.
    Further decrease in Pb has no
    effect on flow in converging
    portion of nozzle

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