Laboratory Manual: Mechanical Engineering Workshop
Laboratory Manual: Mechanical Engineering Workshop
Laboratory Manual: Mechanical Engineering Workshop
WORKSHOP (19A03201)
LABORATORY MANUAL
NAME ______________________________
VISION
To emerge as a leading Engineering institution imparting quality education .
MISSION
The vision of the department is achieved by
Effective teaching learning strategies for quality education.
Congenial academic ambiance for progressive learning
CARPENTRY
TOOLS 1
3. BRIDLE JOINT 18
TIN SMITHY
TOOLS 21
4. OPEN SCOOP 26
5. FUNNEL 27
6. ELBOW PIPE 29
HOUSE WIRING
TOOLS 31
9. SOLDERING PRACTISE 39
FITTING
TOOLS 45
12.. V-FITTING 60
Workshop practice imparts basic knowledge of various tools and their uses in
different sections of manufacturing such as Fitting, Tin Smithy, House Wiring,
Carpentry etc. It is true that engineers are not going to become carpenters or
blacksmiths or skilled workers on the shop floor, but by exposing themselves to all
working trades, they get a bird eye view of the basic practical activities associated
with all sections of manufacturing. It helps them, when they occupy managerial
positions, in understanding the activities and practical difficulties, so that they can
take appropriate decisions.
Finally, the engineers must also be familiar with the first aid practices. In
case some minor injuries in the form of cuts, burns, fractures, fainting, electric shock
etc occur in the shop floor, they should know how to give first aid to the victims.
WORKSHOP DRESS
SAFETY RULES AND UNSAFE PRACTICES
GENERAL SAFETY RULES
Remember that “Accidents do not occur, they are caused”. With this in
mind, strictly follow the general safety rules given below and safe practices indicated
in brief under each section.
3. Avoid wearing clothing that might catch, moving or rotating parts. Long sleeves
of shirts, long hair, neck tie and jewellery are definite hazards in the shop.
4. Wear safety shoes. Do not wear canvas shoes; they give no resistance to
hard objects dropped on the feet.
5. Keep the area around the machine or work clean.
6. Keep away from revolving work.
7. Be sure that all guards are in place.
8. One person only should operate the machine control.
9. Use tools correctly and do not use them if they are not in proper working
condition.
10. Wear safety goggles when working in areas, where sparks or chips of metal
are flying.
11. Never (a) operate a machine unless you are authorized to do so. (b) Start a
machine unless you know how to stop it. (c) Walk away and leave a machine
running. (d) Distract or interfere with any one, operating a machine.
12. Get to know who in-charge of first-aid is and where boxes are placed and
where the first aid can be found in case of eme
CARPENTRY
Introduction:
01
3. Drilling & Boring Tools:
Gimlet
Ratchet
brace Hand
drill Auger
4. Striking Tools:
Warrington hammer
Claw hammer
Mallet
Straight peen Hammer
5. Holding Tools:
Bench Vice
Bar Clamp
G-Clamp
6. Miscellaneous Tools:
Screw driver
Wood rasp
file Pincer
Marking and Measuring Tools:
Steel Tape: The steel tape is used for measuring longer dimensions.
They are available in different sizes running from 0.6 to 2.5 m. It is flexible
can be coiled and pressed in a case.
Folding Rule: Four – fold box wood rule is made of 4 pieces of each15
cm length. They are hinged is such a way that they can be folded. It is
adapted to carpentry up to 60 cm length.
Try square: The try square is used for testing flatness of surface
marking parallel lines and also for marking and testing of right angles. It has
02
a steel blade fitted at right angles in wooden or cast iron stock. It is available
in various sizes ranging from 100 to 300mm.
0
Meter Square: It is used for marking and testing 45 . It consists of a
0
steel blade fitted in a wooden or metal stock at an inclination of 45 with
horizontal.
Bevel square: It is used for marking and testing of any angle between
0 0
0 to 180 . It has a slotted blade and stock. The blade can be fixed at any
position by means of a screw.
Marking knife: All dimensional lines marked with pencil are cut with
marking knife. It has a chisel edge at one end and sharp point at other end.
It is made of steel and generally used with a try square.
Mortise Gauge: It has two sharp pins. One is fixed to the stem and
other to a brass slide, which can be secured at any position by a screw. It is
used to cut two parallel lines in a single stroke. It is particularly adapted for
marking in mortise and tenon joints.
Divider: It consists of two pointed legs. The points are hardened and
tempered to prevent wear. It is used for transferring the sizes and scribing
curves or circles on wooden surface.
Trammel: It is used for drawing very large circles and arcs which are
beyond the scope of a compass. It consists of a wooden beam on which the
two puns are located and the distance between them can be adjusted by
means of thumb screws.
03
STEEL RULE
STEEL TAPE
TRYSQUARE BEVEL
04
MARKING GAUGE
MORTISE GAUGE
05
Cutting and planning tools:
Cutting tools are used for cutting timber to approximate size, cutting
excess wood to obtain desired shape and accuracy. Planning tools are
intended to make smooth and accurate surface.
SAWS:
Cross cut saw: It is used for cutting the wood across the grains
(Hand saw). Its teeth are pointed. The pitch of the teeth is about 2.5 to
3.0mm and blade length is about 600mm. Its teeth have less ‘set’ than
the rip saw.
Rip Saw: It is used for cutting the wood along the grains. Its
teeth have chisel edge. The pitch of the teeth is about 5 to 8mm and
length of the blade is about 700mm.The process of cutting the wood
along the grains is called ripping. Because of high flexibility of the
blade and also number of cutting points per cm (i.e., high pitch) it
is not suitable for cutting across the grains.
Tenon Saw: Tenon saw or back saw is used for cutting small
work. It is mostly adapted in joint work. It has a brass or steel back
which strengthens the blade, but it restricts the depth of cut. Its
fine teeth (6 to 8teeth/cm) and stiff back permits the smooth,
accurate cutting for marking joints. The saw is available in different
length ranging from 250 to 400 mm.
Inside Chisel:
It is leveled inside and is used for marking curved profiles.
Planning tools:
Planning tools are used for reducing and smoothing the surface.
06
assembled and assembly is inserted in the mouth of plane along with
the wedge. The back iron supports the cutting edge and also breaks
the shavings so that they air away from the blade. The blade can be set
for taking deeper or shallower cuts. The length of the jack plane is
about 350to 425mm. The blade is made of high carbon steel and has a
width of 50 to 75 mm. Its cutting edge is tempered and ground to an
angle of 25 to 30° and it is slightly curved (Convex).
Metal jack plane: Its body is made of gray cast iron and it is
provided with a wooden handle at the back and a wooden knob at the
front for holding with both the hands. A fine screw is used for
adjusting the depth of cut i.e.; the thickness of shaving removed and
a level is used for lateral adjustment of the blade. It is very durable
and gives better finish.
Chisels:
07
CROSS CUT SAW TENON SAW
TYPES OF PLANES
08
PARTS OF CHISEL
CHISELS
09
Striking tools:
Striking tools are used to drive in nails and to operate chisels.
Warrington Hammer: It is mostly used for bench work and light work.
It is made of cast steel with tempered face and peen. The wooden handle fits
in the eye and steel wedge is driven in to form a rigid joint.
MALLET
WARRINGTON HAMMER
(PEEN HAMMER)
CLAW HAMMER
10
Drilling & Boring tools:
These tools are used for drilling and making holes in wooden jobs.
GIMLET
11
Holding tools:
The vice and cramp are used to hold work while operations are carried out.
Bench vice: It is made of gray cast iron or steel, and it has two
jaws one of which is fixed to the side of a bench and other is movable.
The faces of jaws are lined with hard wood to prevent damage of work
surface. It is used for holding the work for planning, sawing and
chiseling on the bench.
BENCH VICE
BAR CLAMP
C-CLAMP
12
.
13
EXP NO: 1
Sequence of operation:
1. The given reaper is checked to ensure its
2. correct size.
3. The reaper is firmly clamped in the carpenters vice and to
adjacent faces is planned by the jack plane and the two faces
are checked for squareness with the Try-square.
14
Precautions:
1. Do not keep the tools at the edge of the work bench.
2. Do not keep the plane horizontal in idle
Result:
The T-Lap joint is thus made by following the above sequence of
operations.
15
EXP NO: 2
Tools required:
1. Carpenter’s vice 6. Steel rule
2. Marketing knife 7. Metal jack plane
3. Firmer chisel 8. Mallet
4. Wood rasp file 9. Try-square
5. Cross cut saw 10. Tenon saw.
Sequence of Operations:
1. The given wood is checked for dimensions.
16
Precautions:
2. Do not keep the tools at the edge of the work bench.
3. Do not keep the plane horizontal in idle mode.
Result:
The mortise and tenon joint is thus made by following the above
sequence of operations.
17
EXP NO: 3
T-BRIDLE JOINT
AIM: To prepare a T-Bridle joint
TOOLS REQUIRED:
SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS :
18
19
PRECAUTIONS:
20
TIN SMITHY
The metal plank having less than 2mm thick is called sheet metal.
Sheet metal work deals with the production of components in wide variety of
shapes and sizes with the aid of tools or machines. Some of the important
metals used in sheet metal work are described below.
Tin plate: Tin plate is an iron or steel coated with pure iron. It has
very bright silver appearance and is used for food containers, cans, pans.
Tools and Equipment: The common hand tools used in sheet metal work
are, steel rule, wire gauge, dot punch, trammels, scriber, ball peen hammer,
straight –peen hammer, cross peen hammer, Mallets, Snips and Soldering
Iron etc.
Snips: Hand shear or snips are used to cut sheet metal. Although
there are many types, the sheet metal works generally use straight snips and
curved snips.
21
Bench shears: Bench shear is used for cutting thick sheets. The lower
fixed blade is firmly secured by bracket at bottom. The movable blade is
pivoted at the rear end; the hand operating lever is attached to the front end
of movable blade link mechanism.
Stakes: Stakes are made of steel and forged in a variety of shapes and
sizes. Its working face is machined and polished to facilitate various
operations such as bending, seaming or forming.
b. Blow horn: These stakes have two horn tapering norms and it is
used to forming or seaming funnels.
Sheet metal joints: Various types of joints are used in sheet metal
work to suit the varying requirements. Some commonly used sheet metal
joints and folded edges are shown below. These are self secured joints,
formed by joining together 2 pieces of sheet metal and using the metal itself
to form the joint.
Hand Hammers and Mallets: The sheet metal worker uses a wide
variety of hammers and mallet by forming shapes by different operations.
The most commonly used hammers are follows.
22
a. Straight-Peen Hammer: It has a peen end similar to its bottom
size round shape and its top side is straight point. Square,
slightly curved face and its peen is tapered, it is used for
riveting.
TRAMMEL
23
TINSMITHY TOOLS
24
TYPES OF SEAMS AND FOLDED EDGES
Safety precautions:
25
EXP NO: 4
OPEN SCOOP
Aim: To make a open scoop as per the given dimensions.
Tools required:
1. Ball peen hammer 6. Steel rule
2. Scriber 7. Curved snip
3. Straight snip 8. Mallet
4. Divider 9. Try-square
5. Hatchet stake 10.Cuttting Plier
Sequence of operation ;
1. The size of given sheet is checked with the steel rule.
2. The layout of the Open scoop is drawn in the sheet and cut as
shown in the development.
3. Single hemming is made on the two sides of the scoop.
4. The two sides of the scoop are bent to 90°.
5. Finally the third side is bent to 90° and seaming operation is done
to obtain the open scoop.
Precautions:
1. Do not try to hold the sheets with bare hands.
2. Be sure that the fingers are away from the shearing bend.
3. Markings should be done carefully.
4. Cutting should be done carefully to avoid cross cutting.
Result:
Thus open scoop is made from the given sheets as per given
dimension.
26
EXP NO: 5
FUNNEL
Aim: To make a cone as per the given dimensions.
Tools required:
1. Ball peen hammer 6. Steel rule
2. Scriber 7. Curved snip
3. Straight snip 8. Mallet
4. Divider 9. Try-square
5. Hatchet stake 10. Cutting Plier
Sequence of operation:
1. The size of given sheet is checked with the steel rule.
2. The layout of the cone is drawn in the sheet and cut as shown in
the development.
3. The allowance for folding and bending is added to the development.
4. The waste metal is cut away by using the straight and bent snips.
Note: The angle subtended by the arc of the sector is calculated from the
relation,
27
Precautions:
1. Do not try to hold the sheets with bare hands.
2. Be sure that the fingers are away from the shearing bend.
3. Markings should be done carefully.
4. Cutting should be done carefully to avoid cross cutting.
Result:
The Funnel is thus made, from the given sheet metal as
per dimensions
28
EXP NO: 6
ELBOW PIPE
Tools required:
1. Ball peen hammer 6. Steel rule
2. Scriber 7. Curved snip
3. Straight snip 8. Mallet
4. Divider 9. Try-square
5. Hatchet stake 10. Soldering Iron.
.
Sequence of operation:
1. The operation consists of making two similar cylindrical pipes
truncated at an angle of 45 degrees.
2. Scribing the lines on the sheet by placing the pattern on it .
3. Hem the straight side of the sheet and flange the curved side of the
sheet.
4. Folding the edges of the joining sides and form the sheet into
cylindrical shape by using stakes .
5. Repeat the similar operation for making secnd pipe for making elbow.
6. Butt the treated portions of the cylindrical pipes at rectangles .
7. Soldering the two pipes and joints to make leak proof
29
Precautions:
1. Do not try to hold the sheets with bare hands.
2. Be sure that the fingers are away from the shearing bend.
3. Markings should be done carefully.
4. Cutting should be done carefully to avoid cross cutting.
Result:
The Elbow pipe is thus made, from the given sheet metal as per
dimensions
30
HOUSE WIRING
Introduction:
31
Wiring methods
32
Fig 1
Fig 2
Fig 3
33
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT SYMBOLS
34
35
EXP NO: 7A
Tools required:
Sequence of operations:
1. The outline of the wiring diagram is marked on the wooden wiring board.
2. Clips are nailed the board, following the wiring diagram.
3. Wires are stretched and clamped with clips.
4. Wires are connected to the holders and switch, which are then screwed
onto the wiring board.
5. Bulbs are fitted to the holders.
6. The wiring connections are then tested, by giving power supply.
Circuit Diagram:
NEUTRAL
230 V
50 HZ
PHASE
Result:
The electrical circuit, for two lights controlled by one switch in
series is thus made.
36
EXP NO: 7B
1. The outline of the wiring diagram is marked on the wooden wiring board.
2. Clips are nailed the board, following the wiring diagram.
3. Wires are stretched and clamped with clips.
4. Wires are connected to the holders and switch, which are then screwed
onto the wiring board.
5. Bulbs are fitted to the holders.
6. The wiring connections are then tested, by giving power supply.
Circuit Diagram:
NEUTRAL
230 V
50 HZ
PHASE
Observation:
1. The bulb in parallel glows brightly than in series.
nd
2. If one bulb of the two is removed then also the other i.e. 2 bulb glows.
Result:
The electrical circuit, for two lights controlled by one switch in
series is thus made.
37
EXP NO: 8
Sequence of operations:
1. The outline of the wiring diagram is marked on the wooden wiring board.
2. Clips are nailed the board, following the wiring diagram.
3. Wires are stretched and clamped with clips.
4. Wires are connected to the holders and switch, which are then screwed
onto the wiring board.
5. Bulbs are fitted to the holders.
6. The wiring connections are then tested, by giving power supply.
Circuit Diagram:
Result:
The electrical circuit, for one light controlled by 2 way switches is thus
made.
38
EXP NO: 9
SOLDERING PRACTISE
Sequence of operations:
1. Clean the given PCB Board.
2. Clean the Soldering Iron before heating and also the component to
be soldered
3. Heat the soldering Iron and apply solder to the tip as soon as it is hot to
melt it on.
4. Considering given circuit and components are to be soldered in their
respective places by applying hot tip to the joints
5. Trim excess component lead with trim cutter .
6. The equivalent Etching diagram is taken and impression marked .When
the component like diode is to be soldered or connected in reverse, the
cathode in place of anode and anode in the place of cathode.
7. If the mirror image is only considered ,then the copper plateis ready to be
drilled and considered as a component for the circuit is taken.
8. The same prior can be done for fine circuit and equivalent etching diagram
is shown later.
39
Result:
Thus the soldering practise is done for the given electronic circuit
successfully .
40
EXP NO: 10
Aim:
To prepare wiring for a fluorescent tube light with switch control
Tools Required:
1. Screw driver
2. Hammer
3. Pliers
4. Line tester
Components Required:
1. Switch
2. Tube light with fitting
3. Joint clips
4. Wires
5. Screws
6. Switch board
Procedure:
1. Mark the switch and tube light location points
and draw lines for wiring on the wooden board.
2. Place wires along the lines and fix them with the help of clips.
3. Fix the switch and tube light fitting in the marked positions.
4. Complete the wiring as per the wiring diagram.
5. Test the working of the tube light by giving
electric supply to the Circuit.
41
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM - TUBE LIGHT
STARTER
40 W, 230 V
TUBE
HOLDER FLUORESCENTTUBE
FLUORESCEN T TUBE
H
OLDER
1-WAY
CHOKE
SWITCH
P N
1 , 230V
50 Hz
AC
PRECAUTION-:
1. Check all the accessories as per the circuit.
2. Tools should be used carefully.
3. Fitting should be tightly fitted.
4. Connection should be tight
Result:
The wiring for the tube light is completed and tested.
42
EXP NO: 5
GODOWN CONNECTION
Aim:
To prepare Godown light connection with switch control
Tools Required
PROCEDURE-:
43
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
RESULT-: Thus the GODOWN WIRING has been connected and tested .
44
FITTING
INTRODUCTION:
The bench vice is the work holding device. It has two jaws one of
which is fixed to the bench and other slides with the aid of square screw and
a box nut arrangement. The outer end of the screw carries a handle. The
jaws are made with hardened tool and the body is cast iron or cast steel. The
working faces of jaws are serrated to give additional grip for holding job. The
size of the parallel or bench vice is specified by the jaws width.
45
BENCH VICE
V-BLOCK C-CLAMP
HOLDING TOOLS
46
CUTTING TOOLS:
Hacksaw:
I. Solid frame
II. Adjustable frame
Power Hacksaw: It is similar to hacksaw, but has a large size blade and is
driven by motor.
Drills: Drills are cutting tools used for making holes. These are naturally
made of high speed steel tools. Drills have two cutting edges and two helical
grooves (flutes). The flutes admit coolants and also allow the chips to escape
during the drilling. Its cutting angle (lips) is grounded to 118˚. The shank of
twist drill may be either straight or taper.
Reamer: A reamer is used for finishing a drilled hole to an accurate size and
to produce a good surface finish. It is made of HSS. There are two types of
reamers.
1. Hand reamer
2. Machine reamer
Chisels: Chisels are used for removing excess material from large surfaces
and cutting thin sheets. These tools are made from 0.9˚ to 1.0˚ carbon steel
of octagonal or hexagonal. The cutting angle for the chisel for general
purpose is about 60˚. The recommend angles for cutting different materials
at cold state are:
47
Aluminum : 35˚
Mild steel : 55˚
TWIST DRILL
48
PARTS OF A REAMER
CUTTING TOOLS
49
5
The most commonly used chisels are:
1. Flat chisel
2. Cross cut chisel
3. Half round chisel
4. Diamond point chisel
5. Side chisel
Scrapers: Scrapers are used for producing finished surface. It removes the
surface irregularities at selected spots on a surface. The scrapers are made of
tool steel. The cutting edge is hardened but not usually tempered. The most
commonly used scrapers are:
1. Flat scraper
2. Triangular scraper
3. Half round scraper
Striking tools: Hand hammers are striking tools. They are made of medium
carbon steel. The various types of hand hammers in common use are ball
peen hammer, cross pen hammer and straight peen hammer.
50
STRAIGHT PEEN HAMMER
STRIKING TOOLS
Tap and Tap wrenches: A tap is hardened steel tool used for cutting
internal threads in a drilled hole. Hand taps are available in sets containing
three taps. Taper tap, Second tap, and plug or bottom tap.
Die and Die holders: Dies are cutting tools used for making external
threads. They are made of tool steel or high carbon steel.
Punch: It is made of tool steel and the various types of punches are
prick punch or dot punch, centre punch, number punch and letter punch.
51
Prick punch: It is also called as dot punch and used for marking small
dots along the layout lines. The point is tempered and grounded to an angle
of 60˚.
Centre punch: This is similar to dot punch, except that its point is
grounded to angle of 90˚. It is used for marking the location of the holes to be
drilled.
V- block: V blocks are made of cast iron or hardened steel. They are
provided with V grooves on the top and bottom and rectangle dots on two
sides for location of clamps.
Surface plate: It is used for providing true surface support to the work
during marking. It is made of cast iron, hardened steel or granite and is
specified by length× width × height× grade.
Angle plate: The angle plate is made of cast iron or hardened steel.
They are provided with v-grooves on the top and bottom and rectangular
slots on two sides for the location of clamps.
52
Inside micrometer: This is used to measure inside dimension
accurately to 0.01mm. It consists of a measuring unit, a number of
interchangeable extension rods and a handle.
53
PUNCHES
FILE:
a. File is a cutting tool. A file is a hardened steel tool having slant parallel
rows of cutting edges or teeth on its surface on the faces. The one end of
the file is shaped to fit into wooden handle. The hand file is parallel in
width and tapering slightly in thickness towards the tip. It is provided
with double cut teeth on the faces, single cut on one edge and no teeth
on the other edge which is known as “safe edge”. 20 to 24 teeth per cm
b. Dead smooth: It has 40 to 48 teeth per cm
PARTS OF FILE
54
TYPES OF FILES CUT OF FILES
55
Calipers: They are used for transferring the dimensions both external
and internal. They are made either with firm joint or spring caliper.
Outside caliper: It is used for measuring outside dimensions
of cylindrical shapes.
Inside caliper: It is used for measuring the diameter of
holes and width of key ways.
Wire gauge: The wire gauge is used to check the diameter of the
wire from 0.1mm – 10mm.
Radius and fillet gauge: These are used to check the radii
of curvature of convex and concave surfaces.
56
Miscellaneous tools:
1. File card: It is a metal brush used for cleaning the files to free
them from filings logged in between the teeth.
2. Screw driver: It is used for tightening and loosening the screws. It is
made of steel and its tip is hardened. It is made in a variety of sizes
and shapes.
3. Spanners: Spanners or wrenches are used for tightening and
loosening of nuts and bolts. They are made of forged steel. The size of
spanner denotes the size of the bolt on which it can work.
Types of spanners:
1. Single end spanner
2. Double end spanner
3. Ring spanner
4. Box end spanner
5. Adjustable spanner
Allen key: It is used for hallow sunk head bolts and screws.
4. Pliers:
i. Cutting pliers: It is used for holding work and cutting thin soft
wires.
ii. Nose pliers: It is used for holding and bending thin wires.
iii. Circlip pliers: It is used for locking and removal of Circlip and
are available in outside and inside pliers.
57
SCREW DRIVERS NOSE PLIER
FLAT CHISEL
58
OFFSET SOCKET WRENCH
ADJUSTABLE WRENCH
MONKEY WRENCH
ALLEN WRENCH
SPANNERS
59
EXP NO: 1
V-FITTING
Sequence of operations:
1. The burs in given materials are removed and the dimensions are
checked for 50x50x5mm with steel rule.
2. The pieces are clamped one after the other and outer mating edges are
filed and checked for their flatness, with the help of try-square.
3. The side edges of the two pieces are filed such that, they at right angles
to each other and widths are exactly 48mm.
4. Wet chalk is applied on surfaces of the two pieces.
5. The given dimensions of the V fitting are marked, by using jenny
caliper, steel rule scriber, and the surface plate.
6. The portion to be removed is then marked.
7. Using dot punch, dots are punched along the above scribed lines.
8. Using the hacksaw, the unwanted portions are removed.
9. Now the potions are filed and burrs are removed by filing on the
surfaces of fitted job.
60
Precautions:
1. Never remove chips with hand use a wire brush.
2. Working tool should not be kept at the edge of table.
3. While sawing secure work rigidity.
Result: The required V Fit is thus made by following the above sequences
of operations.
61
EXP NO: 2
Aim: To make a half round fitting from the given two M.S pieces.
Material: Two MS FLAT of size 50x50x5mm
Tools required:
150mm try-square, 250gm ball-peen hammer, dot punch, scriber, chisel,
300mm hacksaw frame, 18TPI hacksaw blade, 250mm rough and smooth
hand files, 6mm rough and smooth square files, Bench vice and steel rule.
Sequence of operations:
1. The burs in given materials are removed and the dimensions are
checked with steel rule.
2. The pieces are clamped one after the other and outer mating edges are
filed and checked for their flatness, with the help of try-square.
3. The side edges of the two pieces are filed such that, they at right angles
to each other and widths exactly
4. Wet chalk is applied on surfaces of the two pieces.
5. The given dimensions of the Half round fitting are marked, by using j
caliper, steel rule scriber, and the surface plate.
6. The portion to be removed is then marked.
7. Using dot punch, dots are punched along the above scribed lines.
8. Using the hacksaw, the unwanted portions are removed.
9. Now the potions are filed and burrs are removed by filing on the
surfaces of fitted job.
.
62
Note: The centers of the half rounds are marked by a centre punch. However,after
marking the centre of the half round in the piece Y, the edges of it is further filed,
till half of the punch dot is left.
Precautions:
1. Never remove chips with hand use a wire brush.
2. Working tool should not be kept at the edge of table.
3. While sawing secure work rigidity.
Result: The semi circular fit is thus made by following the above
sequences of operations.
63
EXP NO: 3
Aim: To make a half round fitting from the given two M.S pieces.
Tools required:
150mm try-square, 250gm ball-peen hammer, dot punch, scriber, chisel,
300mm hacksaw frame, 18TPI hacksaw blade, 250mm rough and smooth
hand files, 6mm rough and smooth square files, Bench vice and steel rule.
Sequence of operations:
1.The burs in given materials are removed and the dimensions are
checked with steel rule.
2.The pieces are clamped one after the other and outer mating edges
are filed and checked for their flatness, with the help of try-square.
3.The side edges of the two pieces are filed such that, they at right angles to
each other and widths exactly
4.Wet chalk is applied on surfaces of the two pieces.
5.The given dimensions of the dove tail
fitting are marked, by using j caliper, steel rule scriber, and the surface
plate.
6.The portion to be removed is then marked.
7.Using dot punch, dots are punched along the above scribed lines.
8.Using the hacksaw, the unwanted portions are removed.
9.Now the potions are filed and burrs are removed by filing on the surfaces of
fitted job.
.
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Precautions:
1. Never remove chips with hand use a wire brush.
2. Working tool should not be kept at the edge of table.
3. While sawing secure work rigidity.
Result: The semi circular fit is thus made by following the above
sequences of operations.
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EXP NO: 4
Tools required :
Sequence of operations:
1) Remove the tube from tyre with the help of pliers and also loosen the air
valve
2) Inflate the tube and immerse in water to identify the punctured location
3) Punctured location is identified based on air bubbles spotted from the
surface.
4) Mark the spotted area with the help of chalk .
5)Roughen the surface of leakage with the help of file.
6) Roughen the patch and apply adhesive gum .
7) Arrest the leakage with the help of patch
8)Inflate the tube and check for leakage by filling air
10)Replace the tube into tyre and tyre into its actual position.
11)Tighten the air valve and fill the air
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Precautions:
1) Take care of your hands being forced to spokes and sharp edge parts to
minimise the risk of injuries
2) All the nuts and bolts should be removed with spanners and wrench only .
3) Check the balance of the wheel after fitting
4) Check the air pressure before riding .
Result: Thus punctured wheel is repaired and fit into its position..
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