CHAPTER 47 THE THEORY OF MATRICES AND

DETERMINANTS

EXERCISE 196 Page 536

 3 −1  5 2
1. Determine   +  
 −4 7   −1 6 

 3 −1  5 2  3 + 5 −1 + 2   8 1
  +   =   =  
 −4 7   −1 6   −4 − 1 7 + 6   −5 13 

 4 −7 6   3 6 2 
2. Determine  −2 4 0  +  5 −3 7 

   
 5 7 −4   −1 0 2 

 4 −7 6   3 6 2   (4 + 3) (−7 + 6) (6 + 2)   7 −1 8 
       
 −2 4 0  +  5 −3 7 =  (−2 + 5) (4 + −3) (0 + 7)  =  3 1 7
       
 5 7 −4   −1 0 2   (5 + −1) (7 + 0) (−4 + 2)   4 7 −2 

 3 −1  5 2
3. Determine   –  
 −4 7   −1 6 

 3 −1  5 2  3 − 5 −1 − 2   −2 −3 
  –   =   =  
 −4 7   −1 6   −4 − −1 7 − 6   −3 1 

 3 −1  5 2   −1.3 7.4 

4. Determine  + − 
 −4 7   −1 6   2.5 −3.9 

 3 −1  5 2   −1.3 7.4   (3 + 5 − −1.3) (−1 + 2 − 7.4 

 + − = 
 −4 7   −1 6   2.5 −3.9   (−4 + −1 − 2.5) (7 + 6 − −3.9) 
 9.3 −6.4 
= 
 −7.5 16.9 

800 © 2014, John Bird

  3 −1  5 2
5. Determine 5   + 6 
 −4 7   −1 6 

 3 −1  5 2   15 −5   30 12   15 + 30 −5 + 12   45 7 
5  + 6 =  +  =  =  
 −4 7   −1 6   −20 35   −6 36   −20 + −6 35 + 36   −26 71

 4 −7 6   3 6 2   3.1 2.4 6.4 

     
6. Determine 2  −2 4 0  + 3  5 −3 7  − 4  −1.6 3.8 −1.9 
 5 7 −4   −1 0 2   5.3 3.4 −4.8 
     

 4 −7 6   3 6 2   3.1 2.4 6.4 

     
2  −2 4 0  + 3  5 −3 7  − 4  −1.6 3.8 −1.9  =
 5 7 −4   −1 0 2   5.3 3.4 −4.8 
     

 (8 + 9 − 12.4) (−14 + 18 − 9.6) (12 + 6 − 25.6) 

 
 (−4 + 15 + 6.4) (8 − 9 − 15.2) (0 + 21 + 7.6) 
 (10 − 3 − 21.2) (14 + 0 − 13.6) (−8 + 6 + 19.2 
 

 4.6 −5.6 −7.6 

=  17.4 −16.2 28.6 

 − 14.2 0.4 17.2 


 3 −1  −2 
7. Determine   × 
 −4 7   5 

 3 −1  −2   (3 × −2) + (−1× 5)   −11 

  ×  =  = 
 −4 7   5   (−4 × −2) + (7 × 5)   43 

 3 −1  5 2 
8. Determine  × 
 −4 7   −1 6 

 3 −1  5 2   (15 + 1) (6 − 6)   16 0 
 × = = 
 −4 7   −1 6   (−20 − 7) (−8 + 42)   −27 34 

 3 −1  − 1.3 7.4 

9. Determine  × 
 −4 7   2.5 −3.9 
801 © 2014, John Bird
 3 −1  − 1.3 7.4   ( 3 × −1.3 + −1× 2.5 ) ( 3 × 7.4 + −1× −3.9 ) 
 × = 
 −4 7   2.5 −3.9   ( −4 × −1.3 + 7 × 2.5 ) ( −4 × 7.4 + 7 × −3.9 ) 

 −6.4 26.1 
= 
 22.7 −56.9 

 4 −7 6   4 
   
10. Determine  −2 4 0  ×  −11
 5 7 −4   7 
   

 4 −7 6   4   (16 + 77 + 42)   135 

       
 −2 4 0  ×  −11 =  (−8 − 44 + 0)  =  −52 
 5 7 −4   7   (20 − 77 − 28)   −85 
       

 3 6 2 1 0
11. Determine  5 −3 7  ×  0 1 
 −1 0 2   1 0 
   

 3 6 2   1 0   (3 + 0 + 2) ( 0 + 6 + 0)   5 6
       
 5 −3 7 ×
  0 1   (5 + 0 + 7 )
= ( 0 − 3 + 0 ) = 12 − 3 
 −1 0 2   1 0     1 0
     ( −1 + 0 + 2 ) (0 + 0 + 0)   

 4 −7 6   3.1 2.4 6.4 

   
12. Determine  −2 4 0  ×  −1.6 3.8 −1.9 
 5 7 −4   5.3 3.4 −4.8 
   

 4 −7 6   3.1 2.4 6.4 

   
 −2 4 0  ×  −1.6 3.8 −1.9 
 5 7 −4   5.3 3.4 −4.8 
   

 (12.4 + 11.2 + 31.8) (9.6 − 26.6 + 20.4) (25.6 + 13.3 − 28.8) 

 
=  (−6.2 − 6.4 + 0) (−4.8 + 15.2 + 0) (−12.8 − 7.6 + 0) 
 (15.5 − 11.2 − 21.2) (12 + 26.6 − 13.6) (32 − 13.3 + 19.2) 


802 © 2014, John Bird

  55.4 3.4 10.1 
 
=  −12.6 10.4 −20.4 
 −16.9 25.0 37.9 
 

 3 −1  −1.3 7.4   −1.3 7.4   3 −1

13. Show that   ×  ≠  × 
 −4 7   2.5 −3.9   2.5 −3.9   −4 7 

 3 −1  −1.3 7.4   −6.4 26.1 

  ×  =  from Problem 9
 −4 7   2.5 −3.9   22.7 −56.9 

 −1.3 7.4   3 −1  (−1.3 × 3 + 7.4 × −4) (−1.3 × −1 + 7.4 × 7)   −33.5 53.1 
  ×  =  = 
 2.5 −3.9   −4 7   (2.5 × 3 + −3.9 × −4) (2.5 × −1 + −3.9 × 7)   23.1 −29.8 

 3 −1  −1.3 7.4   −1.3 7.4   3 −1

Hence,   ×  ≠  × 
 −4 7   2.5 −3.9   2.5 −3.9   −4 7 

803 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 197 Page 538

 3 −1 
1. Calculate the determinant of  
 −4 7 

3 −1
= ( 3)( 7 ) − ( −1)( −4 )= 21 − 4 = 17
−4 7

 −2 5 
2. Calculate the determinant of  
 3 −6 

−2 5
=( −2 )( −6 ) − ( 5 )( 3) =12 − 15 = –3
3 −6

 −1.3 7.4 
3. Calculate the determinant of  
 2.5 −3.9 

− 1.3 7.4
( −1.3)( −3.9 ) − ( 7.4 )( 2.5) =
= 5.07 − 18.5 = –13.43
2.5 −3.9

j2 − j3
4. Evaluate
(1 + j ) j

j2 − j3
= (j2)(j) – (–j3)(1 + j) = j 2 2 + j3(1 + j) = –2 + j3 + j 2 3 = –2 + j3 – 3 = –5 + j3
(1 + j ) j

2∠40° 5∠ − 20°
5. Evaluate
7∠ − 32° 4∠ − 117°

2∠40° 5∠ − 20°
= ( 2∠40° )( 4∠ − 117° ) − ( 5∠ − 20° )( 7∠ − 32° )
7∠ − 32° 4∠ − 117°

= 8∠–77° – 35∠–52° = (1.800 – j7.795) – (21.548 – j27.580)

= (–19.75 + j19.79)

804 © 2014, John Bird

  19.79 
From the diagram below, r = (19.752 + 19.792 ) = 27.96 α tan −1  =
and =  45.06°
 19.75 

and θ 180° − 45.06=

= ° 134.94°

2∠40° 5∠ − 20°
Hence, = (–19.75 + j19.79) or 27.96∠134.94°
7∠ − 32° 4∠ − 117°

 ( x − 2) 6 
6. Given matrix A =   , determine values of x for which A = 0
 2 ( x − 3) 

( x − 2) 6
If A = 0 then =0
2 ( x − 3)
i.e. (x – 2)(x – 3) – (6)(2) = 0

i.e. x 2 – 3x – 2x + 6 – 12 = 0

i.e. x 2 – 5x – 6 = 0

i.e. (x – 6)(x + 1) = 0 by factorizing

from which, (x – 6) = 0 or (x + 1) = 0

i.e. x = 6 or x = –1

805 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 198 Page 539

 3 −1 
1. Determine the inverse of  
 −4 7 

3 −1
= ( 3)( 7 ) − ( −1)( −4 )= 21 − 4 = 17
−4 7

 7 1 
 3 −1  1 7 1   17 17 
Hence, the inverse of   is:  =  
 −4 7  17  4 3   4 3
 
 17 17 

 1 2 
 2 3 
2. Determine the inverse of  
−1 − 3
 
 3 5

1 2
2 3 3 2 2 3 20 − 27 7
= − −− = − = =−
1 3 10 9 9 10 90 90
− −
3 5

 1 2   3 2   90  3  90  2  
 2 − −  − −  − − 
3  1  7  5 7  3 
=
Hence, the inverse of  5 3
 is: 
−1 − 3 7
−  1 1   90  1  90  1  
    −   −   
 3 5 90  3 2   7 3 7 2 

 54 60   5 4 
 7 7 8
7   7 7 
=  = 
 − 30 45   2
−   −4
3
−6 

 7 7   7 7

 −1.3 7.4 
3. Determine the inverse of  
 2.5 −3.9 

 −1.3 7.4  1  −3.9 −7.4 

The inverse of   is:  
 2.5 −3.9  (−1.3)(−3.9) − (7.4)(2.5)  −2.5 −1.3 

806 © 2014, John Bird

  3.9 7.4 
1  −3.9 −7.4  13.43 13.43 

=  = 
−13.43  −2.5 −1.3   2.5 1.3 
 
 13.43 13.43 
 0.290 0.551 
= 
 0.186 0.097 

807 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 199 Page 540

 4 −7 6
 
1. Find the matrix of minors of  −2 4 0
 5 7 −4 
 

 4 −7 6   −16 8 −34 
   
Matrix of minors of  −2 4 0  =  −14 −46 63 
 5 7 −4   −24 12 2 
  

 4 −7 6
 
2. Find the matrix of cofactors of  −2 4 0
 5 7 −4 
 

 4 −7 6   −16 −8 −34 
   
Matrix of cofactors of  −2 4 0  =  14 −46 −63 
 5 7 −4   −24 −12 2 
  

 4 −7 6
 
3. Calculate the determinant of  −2 4 0
 5 7 −4 
 

4 −7 6
−2 4 0 = 4(−16) − (−7)(8) + 6(−34) using the top row
5 7 −4

= –64 + 56 – 204 = –212

8 −2 −10
4. Evaluate 2 −3 −2
6 3 8

8 −2 −10
2 −3 −2 = 8(−24 − −6) − −2(16 − −12) + −10(6 − −18) using the top row
6 3 8

= –144 + 56 – 240 = –328

808 © 2014, John Bird

  3.1 2.4 6.4 
5. Calculate the determinant of  −1.6 3.8 −1.9 
 5.3 3.4 −4.8 
 

3.1 2.4 6.4

−1.6 3.8 −1.9 = 3.1(−18.24 + 6.46) − 2.4(7.68 + 10.07) + 6.4(−5.44 − 20.14) using the first row
5.3 3.4 −4.8

= 3.1(–11.78) – 2.4(17.75) + 6.4(–25.58) = –36.518 – 42.6 – 163.712 = –242.83

j2 2 j
6. Evaluate (1 + j ) 1 −3
5 − j4 0

j2 2 j
(1 + j ) 1= −3 ( j 2 )( 0 − j12 ) − 2 ( 0 − −15) + j (1 + j )( − j 4 ) − 5
5 − j4 0

= j2(– j12) – 2(15) + j(– j4 + 4 – 5)

= 24 – 30 + 4 – j = – 2 – j

3∠60° j2 1
7. Evaluate 0 (1 + j ) 2∠30°
0 2 j5

3∠60° j2 1
0 (1 + j ) 2∠30° =3∠60° [ j 5(1 + j ) − 4∠30°] − j 2(0 − 0) + 1(0 + 0) using the top row
0 2 j5

= 3∠60° ( j 5 + j 2 5 − 4∠30° ) =3∠60° ( j 5 − 5 − (3.464 + j 2) )

= 3∠60° ( j 5 − 5 − 3.464 − j 2 ) =3∠60° ( −8.464 + j 3)

= 3∠60° ( 8.98∠160.48=
° ) 26.94∠220.48

= 26.94∠–139.52° or (– 20.49 – j17.49)

809 © 2014, John Bird

8. Find the eigenvalues λ that satisfy the following equations:

(5 − λ ) 7 −5
(2 − λ ) 2
(a) =0 (b) 0 (4 − λ ) −1 =
0
−1 (5 − λ )
2 8 ( −3 − λ )

(2 − λ ) 2
(a) =0 hence, (2 – λ)(5 – λ) – (–2) = 0
−1 (5 − λ )

i.e. 10 – 7λ + λ 2 + 2 = 0

i.e. λ 2 – 7λ + 12 = 0

and (λ – 4)( λ – 3) = 0

from which, λ–4=0 or λ – 3 = 0

Thus, eigenvalues, λ = 3 or 4

(5 − λ ) 7 −5
(b) 0 (4 − λ ) −1 =
0
2 8 ( −3 − λ )
hence, (5 − λ ) ( 4 − λ )( −3 − λ ) + 8 − 7(0 + 2) − 5 [ 0 − 2(4 − λ ) ] =0

i.e. (5 − λ ) [ −12 − λ + λ 2 + 8] − 14 + 40 − 10λ =0

and ( 5 − λ )( λ 2 − λ − 4 ) + 26 − 10λ =0

i.e. 5λ 2 − 5λ − 20 − λ 3 + λ 2 + 4λ + 26 − 10λ =
0

and −λ 3 + 6λ 2 − 11λ + 6 =0

or λ 3 − 6λ 2 + 11λ − 6 =0

Let f(λ) = λ 3 − 6λ 2 + 11λ − 6

f(0) = –6

f(1) = 1 – 6 + 11 – 6 = 0 hence, (λ – 1) is a factor

f(2) = 8 – 24 + 22 – 6 = 0 hence, (λ – 2) is a factor

f(3) = 27 – 54 + 33 – 6 = 0 hence, (λ – 3) is a factor

810 © 2014, John Bird

Thus, (λ – 1)(λ – 2)(λ – 3) = 0

from which, eigenvalues, λ = 1 or 2 or 3

811 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 200 Page 541

 4 −7 6
 
1. Write down the transpose of  −2 4 0
 5 7 −4 
 

 4 −7 6   4 −2 5 
   
The transpose of  −2 4 0  is  −7 4 7
 5 7 −4   6 0 −4 
   

 1
 3 6 2
 
2. Write down the transpose of  5 − 7
2
 3 
 
 −1 3
0 
 5

 1  
 3 6 2  3 5 −1 
   
The transpose of  5 −   
2 2
7 is 6 − 0
 3   3 
  1
 −1 3  3 
0  7
 5 2 5

 4 −7 6 
3. Determine the adjoint of  −2 4 0 
 5 7 −4 
 

 4 −7 6   −16 −8 −34 
Matrix of cofactors of  −2 4 0  is  14 −46 −63 
 5 7 −4   −24 −12 2 
  

 −16 14 −24 
Adjoint = transpose of cofactors =  −8 −46 −12 
 −34 −63 2 
 

812 © 2014, John Bird

  1
 3 6 2
 
4. Determine the adjoint of  5 − 7
2
 3 
 
 −1 3
0 
 5

 1  2 2 
 3 6 − −10
2  5 3 
   
Matrix of cofactors of  5 − 7  is  −3 −6 
2 3 3
2
 3   5 10 
   
3  1 1
 −1 0   42 −18 −32 
 5  3 2 

 2 3 1 
 − 5 −3 5 42 3 
 

Adjoint = transpose of cofactors = −10 2
3
−18
1
 10 2
 
 2 −6 −32 

 3 

 4 −7 6

5. Find the inverse of  −2 4 
0
 5 7 −4 
 

 −16 14 −24 
From Problem 3, adjoint =  −8 −46 −63 
 −34 −63 2 

4 −7 6
−2 4 0 =4(−16) + 7(8) + 6(−34) =−212
5 7 −4

 4 −7 6   −16 14 −24 
  1  
Hence, the inverse of  −2 4 0  is −  −8 −46 −12 
 5 7 −4  212  
   −34 −63 2 

813 © 2014, John Bird

  1
 3 6 2
 
6. Find the inverse of  5 − 7
2
 3 
 
 −1 3
0 
 5

 1  2 2
3 6
2   −5 −10 −
3
   
Matrix of cofactors of  5 − 7 is  −3
 −6 
2 3 3
2
 3   5 10 
   
 −1 0 3
  42 1 −18 1 −32 

 5  3 2 

 2 3 1 
 − 5 −3 5 42 3 
 

Transpose of cofactors = adjoint = −10 2
3
−18
1
 10 2
 
 − 2 −6 −32 

 3 
1
3 6
2
2  2 1 2 6 60 1 −18 − 900 − 5 923
5 − 7 = 3  −  − 6 ( 3 + 7 ) +  −  =− − − = =−
3  5 2 3 5 1 3 15 15
3
−1 0
5

 1  2 3 1 
3 6   − −3 42 
2 5 5 3
   
1  1
Hence, the inverse of  5 − 
2 3
7 is: −10 2 −18
 3  923  10 2
  −  
3 15  2
 −1 0  − −6 −32 
 5  3 

 2 3 1 
 − 5 −3 5 42 3 
 
15  3 1
=− −10 2 −18
923  10 2
 
 − 2 −6 − 
 32 
 3 

814 © 2014, John Bird