Accepted Manuscript

Tectonothermal imprints in a suite of mafic dykes from the

Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic complex (CGGC), Jharkhand,
India: Evidence for late Tonian reworking of an early Tonian
continental crust

Subham Mukherjee, Anindita Dey, Sanjoy Sanyal, Pulak

Sengupta

PII: S0024-4937(18)30335-9
DOI: doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2018.09.014
Reference: LITHOS 4794
To appear in: LITHOS
Received date: 18 March 2018
Accepted date: 12 September 2018

Please cite this article as: Subham Mukherjee, Anindita Dey, Sanjoy Sanyal, Pulak
Sengupta , Tectonothermal imprints in a suite of mafic dykes from the Chotanagpur
Granite Gneissic complex (CGGC), Jharkhand, India: Evidence for late Tonian reworking
of an early Tonian continental crust. Lithos (2018), doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2018.09.014

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Tectonothermal imprints in a suite of mafic dykes from

the Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex (CGGC),

Jharkhand, India: Evidence for Late Tonian reworking of

an Early Tonian continental crust

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Subham Mukherjee*, Anindita Dey, Sanjoy Sanyal, Pulak Sengupta

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Department of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India

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*correspondence: [email protected] NU
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Abstract

Tectonothermal evolution of a set of mafic dykes in the felsic orthogneiss basement of the Chotanagpur

Granite Gneissic Complex (CGGC) is presented. The gneissic basement rocks preserve high pressure

granulite facies metamorphism (M2, ~800OC and ~9 kbar) and develop pervasive planar fabric (S2) during

a continent-continent collision event at 1000-950 Ma. Mafic dykes cut the S2 fabric of its basement it

intrudes. Together with the S2, the mafic dykes have been deformed by three sets of folds viz. DkF1,

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DkF2 and DkF3. A conspicuous N-S trending foliation defined by metamorphic amphibole is developed

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parallel to the axial plane of DkF1-2. The mafic dykes preserve relict igneous textures (e.g. intergranular

texture) defined by clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and plagioclase. Numerically computed phase diagram

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(pseudosection) with a representative bulk composition (with <10 vol% metamorphic minerals namely
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amphibole+ plagioclase rim+ quartz) constrain the depth of emplacement of the mafic dykes (15-18 km).

The geological features are consistent with rifting of the early Tonian basement of the CGGC and the
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then mantle beneath it. This lithospheric extension resulted in outpouring of basaltic magma that

punctured the early Tonian basement rocks in the form of mafic dykes. Subsequent metamorphism that

affected the mafic dykes and its basement culminated at ~700OC and ~7.5 kbar (M3 metamorphism).The
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estimated physical conditions during the M3 metamorphic event suggest burial of the previously rifted
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basement possibly in a continent-continent collisional tectonic setting. The Th-U-total Pb ages of

monazite grains from the host felsic orthogneiss date the M2 (ca. 964 Ma) and M3 (ca. 917 Ma)
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metamorphism. Based on commonality of geological and geochronological history among the CGGC, the

Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB) and Rayner complex (and its equivalent parts) in east
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Antarctica corroborates the view that Indo-Antarctic landmass were united and shared the similar

geological histories during the entire Tonian period. During the Tonian period the Indo-Antarctic

landmass witnessed two major phases of orogenesis (1000-950 Ma and <920 Ma) that are punctuated by

a phase of lithospheric extension manifested by the emplacement of mafic dykes.

Keywords: Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex; mafic dyke; crustal extension; continent-

continent collision; Indo-Antarctica; Tonian.

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1. Introduction

Studies have shown that exposed cratonic sections of Precambrian Eon have been subjected to

repeated tectonothermal events (Condie, 2013; Kröner, 1981; Moorbath, 1975; Watson, 1973).

Vestiges of these events provide opportunities to (a) trace the changing patterns of continental

growth with time (cf. Brown, 2014; Condie, 2015) and (b) configure the ancient supercontinents

(c.f. Dalziel, 1991; Hoffmann, 1989; Rogers and Santosh, 2002). It is now well established that

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generation of the continental mafic dyke swarms and their subsequent deformation and

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metamorphism represent a change in tectonic style from an extensional (when the magmatic

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protoliths of the mafic dykes are formed) to compressional (deformation and metamorphism of

the mafic dykes) regimes (Bhui et al., 2007; Bleeker and Ernst, 2006; Ernst and Bleeker, 2010;
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Evans and Halls, 2010; Hou, 2012; Kuehner and Green, 1991). Several studies have

demonstrated that protoliths of the metamorphosed mafic dykes are emplaced during the
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interlude period between two orogenic phases (Barton et al., 1990; Bhui et al., 2007; Bridgwater

et al., 1973; Escher et al., 1975; Fielitz and Spaeth, 1991; Kuehner and Green, 1991; Liu et al.,
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2014; Myers, 1990; Parker et al., 1987; Sengupta, 1993; Sheraton et al., 1989; Shiraishi et al.,
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1988; Stark et al., 2018; Stüwe and Wilson, 1990; Sutton and Watson, 1950). For this reason,

metamorphosed mafic dykes are considered as event stratigraphic markers and are used to
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separate orogenic pulses that shape the extant Precambrian continental basement. These smaller
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orogenic pulses would otherwise remain unnoticed had these events were not separated from

emplacement of mafic dykes (reveiwed in Bhui et al., 2007; Kuehner and Green, 1991). Owing

to their rheological and chemical contrast with the continental basement they intrude, mafic

dykes nature and record variation of stresses and monitor the changes of physicochemical

conditions during the succeeding orogenic processes (Ghosh and Sengupta, 1999; Ray et al.,

2011). Studies of metamorphosed mafic dykes, therefore, serve as tools for reconstruction of the

event stratigraphy in complex high grade terrane (Barton et al., 1990; Bhui et al., 2007;
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Bridgwater et al., 1973; Escher et al., 1975; Fielitz and Spaeth, 1991; Kuehner and Green, 1991;

Liu et al., 2014; Myers, 1990, 1988; Parker et al., 1987; Sengupta, 1993; Sheraton et al., 1989;

Shiraishi et al., 1988; Stark et al., 2018; Stüwe and Wilson, 1990; Sutton and Watson, 1950).

The Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex (CGGC) of the east Indian shield exposes deformed

and metamorphosed mafic dykes (reviewed in Mukherjee et al., in press). However, no detail

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studies on the mafic dykes have been attempted and their potentiality to identify the smaller

orogenic pulses in the CGGC has not been explored.

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In this communication we present field and petrological features of a suite of metamorphosed

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mafic dykes from a part of the CGGC. Our study shows that the protolith of the metamorphosed
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mafic dyke were emplaced in a basement of early Tonian age (~1000-950 Ma) during a phase of

lithospheric extension unrelated to the early Tonian orogenesis. Comparing the geological
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history among CGGC, Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB) and Rayner Complex (RC) it is

argued that India and Antarctica were integral parts of Rodinia supercontinent which was rifted
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apart, punctured by mafic dykes and again subjected to compressional orogenesis during late
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Tonian time. This study, therefore, corroborate the view that the metamorphosed mafic dykes in
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continental basement mark a change in tectonic style from extension to compression which
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might remain unnoticed had the mafic dykes were not emplaced

2. Background Geology
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Girdled by the Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks on its three sides (north, east and west) and the

Palaeo- to Mesoproterozoic North Singhbhum Fold Belt (NSFB) in the south, the CGGC

exposes roots of the Proterozoic orogens (Fig.1, Mahadevan, 2002, Sanyal and Sengupta, 2012,

Mukherjee et al., in press). Owing to the Phanerozoic sedimentary cover, the contact relations

between the CGGC and the Proterozoic rocks exposed in adjoining Central Indian Tectonic

Zone (CITZ, Fig.1) remain obscured. A synthesis of the published data on the CGGC has been
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the subject of several communications (Chatterjee et al., 2010; Mukherjee et al., in press.;

Sanyal and Sengupta, 2012). Tables1a and 1b summarise the geological history of the CGGC

that span over 900 Ma. The following sections present the major geological and

geochronological events in the CGGC that are hitherto published and reviewed:

a) Based on lithological, geochronological and deformational history, the CGGC has been

divided three domains which from south to north are Domain I, Domain II and Domain

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III (Fig.1, Tables-1). Based on Lu-Hf (in zircon in the felsic orthogneiss in Domain I by

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Mukherjee et al., 2018) Nd model ages (whole rock of porphyritic granitoids in Domain

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III; Saikia et al., 2017) and the basement of the CGGC appear to be early

Palaeoproterozoic with insignificant Archaean components.

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b) Rocks of Domain I record the most complete geological history of the CGGC. Felsic

orthogneiss is the dominant lithology in this domain that contains enclaves of mafic,
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metapelite, metacalcareous rocks and porphyritic granitoids (now augen gneiss). U-Pb

age of detrital zircon suggests that the protoliths of the metasedimentary rocks were
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deposited on the Palaeoproterozoic basement during the time span of ~ 1814 to 1639 Ma
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and 1696 to 1678 Ma (Dey et al., 2017).

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c) Three distinct phases of deformation and metamorphism namely D1-M1 (1650-1600 Ma),
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D2-M2 (1000-950 Ma) and D3-M3 (~900 Ma) have been recorded from most of the

studied parts of the Domain I. These metamorphic events are punctuated by several
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generations of mafic (elliptical bodies: before, D1-M1, mafic dykes: before D3-M3), felsic

(~1450 Ma; Mukherjee et al., 2018; 2017) and anorthosite magmatism (~1550 Ma;

Chatterjee et al., 2008). Another tectonothermal event manifested by high grade

metamorphism on a counter clockwise (CCW) P-T path and intense ductile shearing has

been reported from the eastern margin from the CGGC(Chatterjee et al., 2010). The
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distinctly younger age (870-780 Ma) and the style of metamorphism make this event

distinct from the D3-M3 tectonothermal event.

d) D1-M1 tectonothermal event that culminated in the realm of ultra-high temperature

(UHT) metamorphism (Dey et al., 2017) is recorded in the metapelitic enclaves within

~1450 Ma felsic magmatism. The D1 deformational event produced S1 gneissic fabric in

the metapelites, calcareous and mafic enclaves. The D2-M2 that affected the anorthosite,

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~1450 Ma felsic magmatism and the enclave rocks within experienced high pressure

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granulite facies metamorphism (~9-12 kbar and ~800OC; Mukherjee et al., 2017;

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Karmakar et al., 2011). D2 deformational event produced a pervasive planar fabric (S2) in

~1550 Ma old anorthosite (Chatterjee et al., 2008) and the 1450 Ma old felsic rocks
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(converting it to felsic orthogneiss). Discordance between S1 fabric in the metapelitic

enclaves and S2 fabric in their enclosing felsic orthogneiss justifies existence of an older
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tectonothermal event (D1-M1) in the CGGC. In their study Mukherjee et al. (2017),

described the pervasive planar fabric that developed on the ~1450 Ma felsic magma of
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the area as S1. However, our subsequent study identifies discordance between S1 fabric in
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the metapelitic enclaves and S2 fabric in their enclosing felsic orthogneiss that justifies
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existence of an older tectonothermal event (D1-M1-S1) in the CGGC.

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e) A set of mafic dykes (and pegmatite veins) cuts the S2 fabric (S1 of Mukherjee et. al.,

2017) of the felsic orthogneiss it intrudes. Along with their host felsic orthogneiss the
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mafic dykes (and pegmatite) underwent repeated folding and metamorphism. This major

tectonothermal event is designated as D3-M3. Not much information about the style of

deformation and metamorphism of D3-M3 tectonothermal event are available in the

literature.
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3. Geology of the studied area

The studied area falls in the northeastern part of the Domain I. The studied area is dominated by

felsic orthogneisses (Fig. 2) that contains enclaves of mafic granulite, metapelite (Khondalite),

calc-silicate rocks and augen gneiss (Fig. 3a &b). The size of the enclaves varies from a few tens

of centimetres to mappable units in the scale of 1: 50,000 (Fig. 2). Published information from

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the studied area (Dey et al., 2017; Mukherjee et al., 2018, 2017; Sanyal and Sengupta, 2012)

reveal that the metasedimentary enclaves preserve a planar fabric (S1) that is associated with an

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UHT metamorphism (D1-M1, Dey et al., 2017 ). The gneissosity S2 of the felsic orthogneisses

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(1450 Ma age of protolith magma; Mukherjee et al., 2018;2017) is defined by cm to mm thick,

laterally continuous (rare) to discontinuous layers (common) of coarse grained leucosomes

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(quartz+ feldspar± garnet) and amphibole –biotite rich melanosome (Fig.3c). This S2 swerves
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around the metasedimentary, augen gneiss and metamafic enclaves and display an angular

relation with the S1 fabric of the metapelitic enclaves. Presence of relict orthopyroxene within
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amphibole and remnants of orthopyroxene-rich felsic rocks within amphibole-biotite gneiss

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suggest that the felsic orthogneisses are retrograded charnockites (Mukherjee et al., 2017). Detail
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petrology of the felsic orthogneisses and its enclaves are presented in Mukherjee et al.(2017),

Dey et al. (2017), Sanyal and Sengupta (2012).

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The mafic dykes (now amphibolites) having the thickness in the range of 0.5 cm to 1m cuts
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through the S2 fabric of the felsic orthogneisses (Fig. 3d). Owing to lithological contrast with

felsic orthogneisses, the mafic dykes preserve spectacular superposed folds and boudins. The

phase of deformation and metamorphism that affected the mafic dykes and its host rocks

represent the regional D3-M3 tectonothermal event (Table-1). To demonstrate the deformational

features of the mafic dykes and its host rock (D3), a small area has been mapped in detail (Fig.4).

Three sets of folds are identified in mafic dykes. These folds are designated as DkF1, DkF2 and
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DkF3. The first two sets of folds are coaxial, isoclinals and have north-south closure (Fig.4 and

5a). DkF1 is rarely preserved in a few spots from where the relation between DkF1 and DkF2 has

been established. The S2 fabric of the host felsic orthogneiss also co-folded with the mafic

dykes. A conspicuous N-S trending planar fabric, defined by oriented grains of amphibole and

stretched feldspar grains is developed along the axial plane of the DkF2 folds defined by the

mafic dykes (Fig. 5b). This N-S trending fabric of the mafic dykes that cuts the S2 fabric of the

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host felsic orthogneiss (and augen gneiss in places) represents the dominant planar structure in

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many areas. Where cut by the mafic dykes, the augen gneiss also develop a prominent N-S

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planar fabric that is defined by the elongated feldspars porphyroclasts and the elliptical

aggregates of amphibole-biotite. Garnet occurs locally in the feldspar rich domains within the
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augen gneiss. The regional N-S closing folds in the Deoghar-Jasidih sector of the CGGC are

attributed to the DkF2 folding. Intense layer parallel stretching of the mafic dykes produced
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boudins along the limbs of the DkF2 folds (Fig.5c). Boudins have different size and shape and

the space between the boudins are locally filled with mica bearing pegmatite. Open to close
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DkF3 folds the limbs of the DkF2 and have E-W closure (Fig.5d & e). Several generations of
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pegmatitic veins are present in the area. Some of these pegmatite veins are folded with
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DkF2/DkF3 whereas some veins are undeformed and cuts all the structures of the mafic dykes
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and its host rocks (Fig.5f).

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4. Petrological evolution of the studied rocks in the M3 event

In this section the petrography of the metamorphosed mafic dykes are discussed in detail (Fig 6

a-f). However, to put additional constraint on the metamorphism during D3-M3 tectonothermal

event, salient petrological features of the augen gneiss will be presented (Fig. 6g-i). The studied

augen gneiss is cut by the mafic dykes and develops a pervasive N-S trending foliation that also

develops along the axial planar to the DkF2 folds of the mafic dykes. It is therefore, expected
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that the mineralogy and the fabric of the studied augen gneiss bear the impress of the D3-M3

tectonothermal event.

4.1. Petrography of the mafic dyke

The studied mafic dykes are dominated by clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, amphibole and

plagioclase with minor quartz, biotite, sphene and ilmenite. The modal mineralogy and the grain

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size of the rock vary from sample to sample. Detailed modal abundances of the minerals are

given in Table 2. On the basis of paragenetic relations, the mineral assemblages of the studied

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rocks can be divided into primary and secondary minerals. The primary minerals constituted of

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clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, plagioclase and ilmenite (Fig.6a & b). At places a relict

intergranular texture is defined by clinopyroxene that is surrounded by tabular plagioclase

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(Fig.6a & b). The rock also shows relict interlocking texture defined by pyroxenes and
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plagioclase. Ilmenite is scattered in the fabric defined by pyroxene and plagioclase. These

textural features and mineralogy of the rocks presumably owe its origin to magmatic process.

Subsequent deformation, recrystallization and infiltration driven metamorphism variably

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obliterated the primary textures. Commonly, ‘primary’ pyroxenes and plagioclase grains have
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been largely recrystallised to polygonal aggregates attesting for a period of superposed

deformation and metamorphism. Preponderance of Y-shaped grain to grain contacts and triple
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point junctions in the polygonal aggregates (Fig. 6c & d) are consistent with recrystallization of
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the presumed magmatic minerals under static condition (Vernon, 2004).

Amphibole, quartz and biotite that form after the primary minerals constitute the secondary

minerals. Amphibole preferentially develops over and variably replaces pyroxenes at the contact

of plagioclase (Fig. 6a & e). Commonly, amphibole forms thin rims around or form veins along

the cleavage traces of clinopyroxene. Complete replacement of pyroxenes by amphibole

(pseudomorphic replacement) is a common feature of the rock. Amphibole shows the impress of

internal strain that is manifested by undulatory extinction and recrystallized grain boundary that
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form polygonal grain aggregates (Fig. 6e). Quartz is invariably associated with amphibole. The

polygonal plagioclase grains that occur proximal to amphibole and quartz show reverse zoning.

Volumetrically minor biotite replaces orthopyroxene and amphibole. Locally a crude foliation is

defined by biotite flakes (Fig. 6f).

4.2. Mineral Chemistry of the mafic dykes

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Chemical compositions of major phases in the mafic dykes are discussed in this section. Details

of the analytical methods are discussed in the appendix.

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Orthopyroxene & Clinopyroxene

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Compositions of orthopyroxene (En57Fs42Wo1) and clinopyroxene (Wo48En39Fs13) from different
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samples are mostly homogeneous (Table 3; Fig. 7a). Clinopyroxene has low Al2O3 (~1.41-1.05

wt%) and Na (0.02 a.p.f.u.).

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Amphibole

Compositionally all amphiboles from different samples are calcic amphiboles with low Ti (<0.5
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a.p.f.u.) and alkali content [(Na + K)A< 0.50] (Table 4). According to the classification of Leake
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et al.(1997), the amphibole compositions are plotted in the field of magnesio-hornblende (Fig.

7b). There is considerable variation in the aluminium content of the amphibole where high
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aluminous amphiboles contain Al2O3~9.64 wt% (Amh) and low aluminous amphiboles
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containing Al2O3~7.91 wt % (Aml).

Plagioclase

The plagioclase is calcic with a few grains show compositional zoning with rims of the grain

being more calcic (An66-62Ab34-38: PlR) than cores (An60-55Ab40-45: PlC) (Table 5). Small

polygonal grains of plagioclase are compositionally homogeneous and have compositions

similar to the rim compositions of the larger grains.

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Biotite and other minerals

The biotite is magnesian (XMg≈0.6-0.7) with very low Ti content (<0.01-0.15a.p.f.u.) (Table 5).

Ilmenite grains contain insignificant Fe+3components on stoichiometric consideration.

XMg of the ferromagnesian minerals decreases in the order:

Clinopyroxene> amphibole ≈ biotite. >orthopyroxene

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4.3. The Augen gneiss

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The studied augen gneiss where strong N-S fabric is developed, constitute of the assemblage

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amphibole+ biotite + plagioclase+ orthoclase feldspar+ quartz with sphene, zircon, garnet,

apatite and ilmenite as accessory phases. Biotite (Phl52-54Ann48-46; Ti ~0.2 a.p.f.u.; Table 6) is the
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chief ferromagnesian mineral that is followed by minor amphibole (XMg ≈ 0.30-0.47;

ferropargasite; Table 6) in the biotite-amphibole bearing lenses (Fig. 6g). Commonly the
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elliptical feldspar and quartz porphyroclasts, that are swerved by biotite-amphibole folia (Fig.

6h), consist of polygonal aggregates suggesting recrystallization under static condition. Alkali
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feldspar that dominates the porphyroclasts shows perthitic intergrowths (Fig.6g, reintegrated
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composition of alkali feldspar show up to 32 mol% albite; Table 6). Locally, the alkali feldspar

porphyroclasts are replaced by fan shaped myrmekite (intergrowth of plagioclase+ quartz) along
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the margin. Plagioclase porphyroclasts are constituted of polygonal grain aggregates (An34-41
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Ab66-59). Rarely, subhedral grains of garnet (Alm53-48Grs 27-32Spss 15-17Py5-3; Table 6) occur in the

bands constituted of recrystallized alkali feldspar, plagioclase and quartz (Fig.6h).

5. Mineralogical Evolution of the mafic dykes

Textural study suggests that the primary mineral assemblage [orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene +

plagioclase (sodic core) +ilmenite] are likely to have crystalized from the mafic melts.

Subsequently, during metamorphism amphibole + plagioclase (calcic rims) + quartz developed

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at the expense of the primary minerals. For getting an insight about the mineralogical changes

that occurred during metamorphism, textural modelling studies with the computer program C-

space has been performed (Chowdhury et al., 2013; Fisher, 1989; Karmakar et al., 2017; Lang et

al., 2004). In a nutshell the textural modelling study employs algebraic analyses of the mineral

composition that explain the textural relations preserved in the rocks (Chowdhury et al., 2013;

Fisher, 1989; Lang et al., 2004). Details of the procedure are discussed in Chowdhury et al.

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(2013).

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In textural modelling study, choice of mineral compositions that are used as input parameter

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plays a crucial role in identification of modelled chemical reaction (c.f. Chowdhury et al., 2013;

Karmakar et al., 2017). In view of the analysed compositions, two sets of amphibole
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compositions (Amh and Aml) are used. Similarly, two sets of plagioclase compositions: less
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calcic plagioclase core (PlC) and calcic rim (PlR) are used in each reaction. Compositions used

for the modelling are marked with asterisk (*) in corresponding data tables. Our modelling study

identifies two stoichiometrically balanced reactions that explained the textures of the secondary
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minerals:
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(1) 9.62 Opx + 16.09 Cpx+ 10.28 PlC + 7.92 H2O = 7.92 Amh +3.00 PlR + 15.15 SiO2 + 1.00
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Na+ + 4.63 Ca+2 (high-Al amphibole)

(2) 1.06 Opx + 4.89 Cpx+ 18.25 PlC + 1.60 H2O = 1.60 Aml +16.61 PlR + 6.01 SiO2 + 1.00
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Na+ + 1.99 Ca+2 (low-Al amphibole)

Amh and Aml represent high- and low alumina amphiboles respectively.

Both the modelled reactions explain the growth of amphibole and quartz at the expanse of

primary pyroxenes and plagioclase with clinopyroxene being the dominant reactant over

orthopyroxene. Both high and low aluminous amphiboles can be formed at the expense of same

phases but with varying proportion of plagioclase as product and reactant. In case of high
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aluminous amphibole, plagioclase is consumed at a higher extent and less plagioclase is formed

(PlC/PlR for reaction 1 is ~3.4:1). Na+ and Ca+2 become mobile during the progress of the

reactions. For low aluminous amphibole, the ratio between the consumed and newly formed

plagioclase is almost 1 (PlC/PlR is ~1.09:1). This suggests that Al remained constant during

pseudomorphic replacement of core by the rim of plagioclase. In both the reactions molar

amount of quartz appears to be similar or higher than that of the amphibole. However,

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petrography suggests that amphibole is dominant over quartz in all the domains. A loss of silica

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by metamorphic fluid seems to be the reason for the difference between observed and modelled

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quartz proportions (Newton and Manning, 2000; Welther and Orville, 1983).

6. Physical conditions
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6.1. Magmatic conditions of the mafic dykes
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Physical conditions of the mafic dykes during their emplacement can be retrieved from the

frozen in magmatic mineralogy that is preserved in domains where metamorphic amphibole+

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quartz occupy less than 10 vol%. In these domains the magmatic mineralogy is unlikely to have
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been chemically modified significantly during overprinting metamorphism (e.g. Bhui et al.,
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2007; Kuehner and Green, 1991). Textural features suggest that the orthopyroxene +
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clinopyroxene + plagioclase + ilmenite were developed during the magmatic stage. Quartz was

detected only in the domains with metamorphic amphibole (not in amphibole free domains). For
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this reason, quartz was not considered as a part of the magmatic assemblage. Metamorphic

amphibole and quartz were developed replacing the magmatic pyroxenes and plagioclase.

Stability of the preserved magmatic assemblages (with respect to olivine- and quartz bearing

assemblages), therefore can provide constraint on the depth of emplacement of the mafic dyke.

To achieve this goal a phase diagram has been computed numerically using the representative

(effective) bulk compositions of a mafic dyke. This effective bulk was computed using the
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composition and relative abundances of primary magmatic minerals. The computer program

Perple_X (v. 6.7.6, updated March, 2017; Connolly, 2005) has been used to compute the phase

diagram in the NCFMAST (Na2O-CaO-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2) system with the internally

consistent thermodynamic database of Holland and Powell (1998). The a-X relations for the

considered minerals were chosen for the numerical calculations: garnet (Holland and Powell,

1998), orthopyroxene (Holland and Powell, 1996), clinopyroxene (Holland and Powell, 1996),

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plagioclase (Newton et al., 1980), and melt (Holland and Powell, 1998; White et al., 2001). The

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computed phase diagram is presented in Fig.8. Following observations can be made from the

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computed phase diagram (Fig.8):

i) For the representative bulk compositions, the solidus temperature of the magmatic
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protolith of the studied rocks vary between 1150-1200OC within the pressure range of 2-
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12 kbar. Studies have shown that basaltic magmas that develop in extensional setting

(e.g. flood basalts) are commonly under-saturated with H2O (Çoban, 2007; Leeman and

Harry, 1993; Winter, 2013). Such basalts have solidus temperature > 1100oC at 5-10 kbar
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(Green and Ringwood, 1967; Rushmer, 1991). Considering the fact that the studied mafic
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dykes are the product of lithospheric extension, the temperature range obtained from the

pseudosection overlaps with the experimentally derived and numerically computed

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solidus temperatures of the dry basaltic magma in the same pressure range (e.g. Green
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and Ringwood, 1967; Rushmer, 1991).

ii) The appearances of different subsolidus assemblages are mainly controlled by the

pressure (depth) of emplacement of the mafic magma.

iii) The assemblage orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + plagioclase + ilmenite is bounded by

olivine-bearing and quartz-bearing assemblages at lower and higher pressure respectively

(Fig.8). The quartz-in and the olivine-in reactions tightly constrain the stability of the

assemblage orthopyroxene+ clinopyroxene+ plagioclase + ilmenite within a narrow

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range of pressure of 5±0.5 kbar at temperature between 1000-1150OC (Fig.8). Even in a

lower temperature (i.e. 900OC) the characteristic assemblage is stable up to 6 kbar. The

estimated pressure suggests that the basaltic liquid was emplaced at a crustal depth of 15-

18 km below the surface of the earth. Absence of chilled margin and preservation of

relict ‘intergranular texture’ are consistent with the inferred depth of emplacement of the

basaltic magma.

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6.2. Physical conditions of metamorphism during the M3 event

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In this section P-T conditions during the M3 metamorphic event of the studied area are

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constrained from the mineralogical attributes of the metamorphosed mafic dykes and their host
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augen gneiss. Two methods viz : (a) conventional quantitative geothermobarometry and (b)

intersecting isopleths in numerically computed phase diagrams for representative bulk-rock

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compositions (the pseudosection approach) are employed.

6.2.1. Quantitative Thermobarometry

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6.2.1.1. The mafic dyke

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Absence of garnet is a major hindrance for precise estimation of metamorphic P-T conditions for

M3 event. Nevertheless, a number of thermobarometers are employed on the metamorphic

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assemblages developed in the studied rocks (Table 7). The Fe-Mg exchange thermometry for
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coexisting orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene pairs (Kretz, 1982) yields average temperature of

~625OC (670-585OC) and ~ 511OC (585-445OC) for core and rim compositions respectively

(Table-7). The ~100OC change of temperature for core and rim compositions may be attributed

to resetting of Fe/Mg ratio between the pyroxenes pair during cooling (Frost and Chacko, 1989;

Lindsley, 1983) . Similar temperatures are also supported by pyroxene quadrilateral with

isotherms projected in it (Fig.7a). The hornblende-plagioclase thermometer (Holland and

Blundy, 1994), on the other hand, yields ~740-715OC in the pressure range of 4-9 kbar. The
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estimated hornblende-plagioclase temperatures are >100OC higher than the temperature

estimates from two pyroxene thermometry. The formulation of hornblende-plagioclase

thermometry relies on a net transfer reaction whereas two-pyroxene thermometry depends on Fe-

Mg exchange. Since, net transfer reactions have higher blocking temperature than the ion

exchange reactions, the latter will always record lower temperature unless the rate of cooling is

not very fast (Avchenko, 1986; Frost and Chacko, 1989).

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A number of Al - hornblende barometers yield pressures in the range of 4.2±0.4 kbar

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(Hammarstrom and Zen, 1986) and 3.6-5.1 kbar at ~600O -750O C (Anderson and Smith, 1995).

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Owing to imprecision of the calibrations and analytical uncertainties, the pressure estimates from

the Al-in hornblende are not expected to be better than ± 2 kbar (Hammarstrom and Zen, 1986).
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6.2.1.2. The augen gneiss
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Table-7 presents the results of the P-T calculations from the metamorphic assemblages of the

augen gneiss that define the N-S trending foliation (axial planar to DkF2 folds). The garnet-
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amphibole-plagioclase-quartz barometer (Kohn and Spear 1990) constrains the pressure at ~7.7
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kbar calculated in the temperature range of 600-750OC. The Fe-Mg exchange thermometer for
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garnet- hornblende pairs (Graham and Powell 1984) yields an average temperature of ~660OC
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which remains virtually insensitive to in the pressure. The amphibole-plagioclase thermometry

(Holland and Blundy, 1994), on the other hand constrains the metamorphic temperature in the
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range of 740-705OC at 9-4 kbar pressure. Notwithstanding the uncertainties related to calibration

of thermometers, the lower temperature estimates from garnet-hornblende thermometry could be

related to resetting of Fe-Mg compositions in the mineral pairs during cooling. Al-contents of

amphibole (Anderson and Smith, 1995; Hammarstrom and Zen, 1986) yield pressures that

cluster within 6-8 kbar over a temperature range of 600-750OC (Table 7). Notwithstanding the

large uncertainties in calibration(> ±2kbar), the estimated pressure values from Al-in hornblende
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overlaps with the P-T estimates from robust garnet-amphibole-plagioclase-quartz barometer

(uncertainty ±1 kbar) of Kohn and Spear (1990).

6.2.2. Intersecting isopleths in the pseudosections

6.2.2.1.The mafic dykes

To understand as to how the studied rock develops different mineral assemblage during

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changing P-T-fluid regimes during metamorphism, a phase diagram has been computed

numerically for a representative bulk rock composition (pseudosection). The computer program

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Perple_X (v. 6.7.6 Connolly, 2005) is used with the activities of the phases: garnet (Holland and

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Powell, 1998), orthopyroxene (Holland and Powell, 1996), clinopyroxene (Holland and Powell,
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1996), plagioclase (Newton et al., 1980), amphibole (Dale et al. 2005) and melt (Holland and

Powell, 1998; White et al., 2001). The system NCFMASTH (Na2O-CaO-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-

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TiO2-H2O) has been chosen. The isopleths are computed with the subprogram WERAMI.

Fixing the amount of H2O for the pseudosection study is not straight forward. Following steps
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are taken to resolve the issue:

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a) The amount of H2O should be such that the melt at >5 kbar must not be H2O

oversaturated i.e. melt and H2O must not occur together as the solubility of water at
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silicate melts is very high (e.g. Goranson, 1938);

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b) At metamorphic pressures porosity of rocks is almost negligible (<0.1 vol%; Etheridge et

al., 1984) corresponding to very small amount of H2O (<0.03 wt%; Clemens and

Vielzeuf, 1987) present as free fluid. Henceforth, the amount of H2O that are locked in

the mineral approximately be the amount of H2O. The studied rock samples, where

pyroxene grains are still preserved, contains 15-20vol. % modal amphibole that is

equivalent to 0.5% -0.8wt. % bulk H2O.

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c) Since no melting feature is seen in the studied rock, loss of H2O due to segregation/

fractionation of melt do not apply in the studied rock.

d) To put additional constraint on the H2O content during metamorphism of the mafic dykes

(M3) a T-H2O diagram has been constructed (Fig. 9) using the bulk composition of

sample #D8-03-A at 7.5 kbar pressure (estimated peak pressure from the garnet-

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hornblende-plagioclase-quartz barometry, Table-7). The figure shows that stable

metamorphic assemblage of the mafic dykes (Opx+ Cpx+ Pl+ Amp+ Qtz+ Ilm) is stable

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over a range of water content varying from 0.2-1 wt%. Composition of the plagioclase

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(An61-63) in the mafic dykes however, constrains the water content between 0.4-0.6 wt%.
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In view of these, ~0.5 wt. % H2O has been added to the bulk composition of sample #D8-03-A,

A variation of ±0.2 wt. % H2O does not change the topology significantly.
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The computed pseudosection is presented in figure 10a. The studied mafic rock does not develop

garnet or quartzofeldspathic segregation and develop the assemblage orthopyroxene +

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clinopyroxene + plagioclase+ amphibole + ilmenite + quartz during peak metamorphism.

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Fig.10a shows that the stability field of this metamorphic assemblage form a narrow band that

has a positive slope in the P-T space (Fig.10a). To constrain the P-T conditions more precisely,
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the Al2O3 (mole) isopleths of amphibole and anorthite content of plagioclase (rim) that are

calculated from the compositions of amphibole and plagioclase are plotted. The Al in amphibole
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and anorthite isopleths and the predicted stability field of the mineral assemblage suggest

metamorphism of mafic dykes occurred in the P-T range of 700-750OC at 7-7.5 kbar. This P-T

range matches well with the P-T values obtained from the quantitative geothermobarometry

(within <50OC and<1 kbar, Fig.10a).

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6.2.2.2. The augen gneiss

The mineral compositions suggest that the system NCKFMMnASTH (Na2O-CaO-K2O-

FeO-MgO-MnO-Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2-H2O) adequately defines the mineralogical assemblage of the

augen gneiss. For this reason a pseudosection has been computed in the system

NCKFMMnASTH for a representative bulk rock composition of augen gneiss (XRF analysis).

The computer program PERPLE_X (version 6.7.6, Connolly, 2005) have been used with the

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following solid solutions: garnet (Holland and Powell, 1998); plagioclase (Holland and Powell,

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1998), orthopyroxene (Holland and Powell, 1996), clinopyroxene (Holland and Powell, 1996),

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amphibole (Dale et al., 2005), biotite (Powell and Holland, 1999), K-feldspar (Waldbaum and

Thompson, 1968) and melt (White et al., 2001). Since evidence of melting is not observed in the
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augen gneiss it is presumed that (a) the studied rocks had insignificant porosity at the

culmination of metamorphism and (b) all the H2O were locked in the hydrous phases (amphibole
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and biotite). Amphibole (~2-3 wt% H2O) and biotite (~5-6 wt% H2O) constitute about 20% and

10% of the total volume of the rock respectively. This observation leads to ~1wt% water to the
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bulk composition. Numerically computed phase diagrams were constructed with the PERPLE_X
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programme (Connolly, 2009) in the NCKFMMnASTH (Na2O-CaO-K2O-FeO-MgO-MnO-

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Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2-H2O) system using the bulk composition of the rock. In the presence of H2O
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contents, amphibole breaks down to clinopyroxene around 680-700OC (Fig. 10b). Absence of

clinopyroxene in the studied assemblage constrains the upper limit of the metamorphic
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temperature. P-T space has been isoplethed using the garnet composition which constrains the

temperature between 675-700OC at 7.5 kbar pressure. Pressure temperature condition estimated

from the conventional geothermobarometers matches well with the P-T conditions inferred from

the intersecting garnet isopleths.

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7. Th–U-total Pb dating of monazite

The mafic dykes do not contain any monazite. However, the immediate amphibole-biotite gneiss

that shares the same deformation and metamorphism with the mafic dyke contains monazite. In

order to put some constraint on the age of tectonothermal events that affected the both suite of

rocks two samples from the amphibole-biotite gneiss are dated (Th-U-total Pb age of monazite).

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7.1. Description of the samples

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Texturally controlled monazite dating has been done from two of the host amphibole-biotite

gneisses (#AS35 & #AS36F) that have been intruded by the mafic dykes. Distinct gneissic

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banding defined by the garnetiferous leucosomes (S2), is observed in both the samples (Fig.11a
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& b). Thin section petrography reveals that the mineralogy is dominated by garnet+ biotite±

amphibole+ K-feldspar+ plagioclase+ quartz with monazite, zircon, apatite and ilmenite
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occurring as accessory phases. Curved grain boundaries, frequently bulging into the adjacent

grains in the leucosomal segregates, are consistent with melting of the rock during
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metamorphism (M2). Large garnet porphyroblasts developed along with the significant amount
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of leucosome (approximately 10% in volume) during the metamorphic event (M2). Biotite
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flakes, replacing garnet grains, are frequently aligned in a particular direction (Fig. 11b)
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corroborating with the field observation that S2 has been overprinted by another foliation (Fig. 4)

as the product of late tectonothermal event (M3) associated with DkF1-DkF2. Biotite content is
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higher with small amount of garnet in sample #AS35 whereas sample #AS36F reveals

preponderance of garnet over biotite content.

7.2. Monazite texture and compositions

Monazite grains vary in size from 50 μm to 500 μm in length. In sample #AS36F monazite

grains are occurring both in the matrix constituted by quartz, K-feldspar and biotite (Fig. 11 c, d

& e) and as included phase in garnet (Fig. 11f). These grains are weekly zoned and in few cases
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homogeneous (Fig.12a & b). In #AS35 all monazite grains are found in the matrix and are

distinctly zoned with low luminescent cores and highly luminous rims (Fig.12 c-f).

Monazite grains in all textural varieties have been analysed and results are shown in Table 8. It

is found that monazite grains in #AS36F show a narrow compositional range with low ThO2,

UO2 and PbO compared to those in #AS35 (Table 8). Highly luminescent rims of the monazite

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grains from #AS35 reflect high abundance of ThO2 (~11-15 wt%, reaching up to 30wt% in one

grain) which is accompanied by increase in SiO2, UO2 and decreasing REE and P. When plotted

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in the compositional triangle, most of the analyses are plotted in monazite field whereas few

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analyses (n=4) from the same grains show very high ThO2 and plotted in the monazite-huttonite

(Ce) field (Fig.13a &b). Figure 13a & b shows that the compositional variation results from
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huttonitic substitution involving incorporation of Th and U in the monazite structure. Most of the
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points show no Y in composition with few exceptions where Y2O3 content varies between ~0.2-

0.9 wt%.
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7.3. Monazite age

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Total 48 spots were analysed from 11 monazite grains from two samples (Table 8). These
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analyses from monazite grains reveal that Y rich cores yield older ages greater than 1100 Ma and
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1426 Ma. Barring these analyses, all other data from both the samples reveals three age clusters

with peaks at 1005±17 Ma, 964±16 Ma and 917±8 Ma (Fig.13c). Analyses from the core and
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low-luminescent zones of the monazites from both the samples provide older ages (ca. 1040-960

Ma) whereas younger ages (ca. 920-885 Ma) are mostly constrained from the highly luminescent

rims or smaller monazite grains. Weekly zoned core parts from different grains do not show any

significant variations in the age.

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8. Discussion

8.1. Evolution of the mafic dyke: the changing physical conditions in the CGGC during the

Tonian period

Petrological features presented above suggest that the studied mafic dykes traversed a range of

physical conditions during the formation of their protolith to subsequent metamorphism (Fig. 14

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a-c). Numerically computed phase diagrams suggest emplacement of the mafic dykes in the

~1000-950 Ma old basement when the latter resided at the crustal depth of 15-18 km

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(corresponding to 4.5-5.5 kbar; Fig. 14b). Studies (Mukherjee et al., 2017) also documented that

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the regionally pervasive gneissic banding (S2) of the basement rocks (felsic orthogneiss and the

enclave rocks within) is a product of a high pressure granulite facies metamorphism (~800OC,
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~9.5 kbar) during the early Tonian (~1000-950 Ma) continent-continent collisional event (Fig.
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14a). The peak metamorphic condition of the high pressure granulites was followed successively

by a steep decompression and cooling P-T path that goes down to 700oC and ~6 kbar
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(Mukherjee et al. 2017).

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Studies have shown that extension of the continental crust and the mantle beneath it is essential
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to trigger melting in the latter and generation of mafic magma (e.g. Condie, 1997; Tarney, 1992).
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Emplacement of the mafic dykes in the studied area that cuts the early Tonian S2 fabric of the

felsic orthogneisses, therefore, marks a change in tectonic style from a compressional regime
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(the collisional event) to an extensional regime (mafic magmatism, cf. Barton et al., 1990;

Kuehner and Green, 1991; Sengupta, 1993; Stüwe and Wilson, 1990; Sutton and Watson, 1950).

Studies have shown that deformation and metamorphism of the mafic dykes and its basement, as

is the case here, require a transformation from an extension dominated (when the protolith of the

mafic dykes was formed) to a compression dominated tectonic regime (folding and

metamorphism of mafic dyke, Barton et al., 1990; Kuehner and Green, 1991; Sengupta, 1993;

Stüwe and Wilson, 1990; Sutton and Watson, 1950). During the compressional event the mafic
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dykes and its basement were folded (DkF1-3) and developed a prominent N-S trending fabric

along the axial plane of the DkF2 fold. The deformation was accompanied by amphibolite facies

metamorphism that culminated at ~7.5 kbar and ~700oC (section 6.2). The deformation and

metamorphism, the D3-M3 tectonothermal event, buried the mafic dykes and its basement to the

depth of 20-25 km (corresponds to ~7.5±1kbar) along a geothermal gradient of 25-30oC/km

(Fig. 14c). The difference of pressure (>2kbar) between the depth of emplacement of the mafic

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dykes (5±0.5 kbar) and its subsequent metamorphism suggest thickening of the extended crust

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by >6 km during the M3 event. Absence of clinching textural features, large P-T fields of the

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observed mineral assemblages and the large spacing of the isopleths in the pseudosection, render

reconstruction of the retrograde P-T trajectory during the M3 metamorphic event difficult.
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Nevertheless, preponderance of compressional structures (e.g. superposed folding) in rocks of

continental origin (felsic orthogneiss and its supracrustal enclaves) burial of extended crust
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(following the emplacement of mafic dykes) along a geothermal gradient of 25-30oC/km point to

a continent-continent collision (cf. Brown, 2014, 2007; Condie, 2005). Our study therefore,
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supports the view that the mafic dykes serve as stratigraphic markers that help identify smaller
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pulses of compressions that are separated by phase(s) of extension(s) in the Precambrian

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continental crust. These smaller events of compressions and extensions would remain otherwise
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unnoticed in the absence of extension related magmatic rocks (e.g. mafic dykes, Barton et al.,

1990; Sengupta, 1993; Stüwe and Wilson, 1990). The final exhumation of the exposed crust to
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surface/near surface condition required one or more related/ unrelated events whose signatures

cannot be traced from the preserved mineralogy of the studied rocks.

8.2. Th-U-total Pb age of monazite and timing of metamorphism and deformation of the mafic

dykes and its host rock

The three clusters of monazite ages (1005±17 Ma, 964±16 Ma and 917±8 Ma) recorded by the

two samples of the amphibole-biotite gneiss mimic the U-Pb zircon age populations obtained
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from the same suite of felsic rocks from an adjoining place (943 Ma and 902 Ma; Mukherjee et

al., 2017). Zircon and monazite geochronological studies from adjacent host gneisses and

metapelites (Dey et al., 2013; Mukherjee et al., 2018, 2017) showed that the first two age

clusters (ca. 1000-950 Ma) recovered from the studied monazite grains date the timing of the

major high pressure granulite facies metamorphism, partial melting and development of the

gneissic fabric of the host felsic gneiss. The monazite domains showing early Tonian ages (ca.

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1000-950Ma) have low Y and huttonite components that are consistent with coeval growth of

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garnet (sink of Y) and monazite during high pressure metamorphism.

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The high Th and huttonite rich monazite rim that yields ca. 920 Ma (Late Tonian) likely to date

the last major tectonothermal event of the studied area. From the circumstantial evidences, it
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seems logical that the youngest age cluster of 917±8 Ma date the latest collision event that
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affected the mafic dykes and its host gneissic rock. Studies have shown that huttonitic

substitution in monazite is aided by alkali-bearing fluid under high grade metamorphic

conditions (Forster and Harlov, 1999; Harlov et al., 2011). Infiltration driven metamorphism is
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also consistent with development of hydrous phases in mafic dykes and in felsic orthogneisses
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that completely converted the ca.1000-950 Ma old charnockite to amphibole biotite gneiss.
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8.3. The CGGC in the context of suturing of India and Antarctica

Phanerozoic continental fit juxtaposes India against Antarctica (Fig. 15). In this continental fit,
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the EGMB and the CGGC are juxtaposed against the granulite belts of east Antarctica (Fig.15).

However, the timing of the terminal suturing of the Indo-Antarctic landmass has been a debated

subject. There exists a large volume of geological and geochronological data that shows

remarkable similarity in tectonic evolution during ~1000-900 Ma among the EGMB (Bose et

al., 2011; Das et al., 2011; Dasgupta et al., 2013; Dasgupta and Sengupta, 2003; Simmat and

Raith, 2008), the CGGC (Chatterjee et al., 2010; Karmakar et al., 2011; Maji et al., 2008;
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Mukherjee et al., 2017) and the rocks of east Antarctica (Kelly et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2017,

2009; Morrissey et al., 2015). These studies support the view that India (CGGC, EGMB) and

east Antarctica were united and formed integral parts of the Rodinia supercontinent during

~1000-900 Ma (Dalziel, 1991; Das et al., 2011; Dasgupta and Sengupta, 2003; Dobmeier and

Simmat, 2002; Hoffmann, 1989; Kelly et al., 2002; Korhonen et al., 2013; Li et al., 2008; Liu et

al., 2017; Simmat and Raith, 2008). Furthermore, ~1450 Ma old felsic magmatism that is

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reported from the studied area (Mukherjee et al., 2018, 2017) is also documented from east

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Antarctica (Goodge and Vervoort, 2006). This information along with other published studies

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also supports the view that the link between the continental blocks of India and east-Antarctic

was also established from ~1450 Ma or even earlier (~1600 Ma; Bose et al., 2011; Dasgupta and
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Sengupta, 2003; Kelly et al., 2002; Sarkar and Schenk, 2016). Based on limited Palaeomagnetic

data from two areas (three studies from the Malani Igneous Suite (MIS) of the Archaean Marwar
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craton of western India and one data from Vindhyan Group of Buldelkhand craton) it has been

suggested that the link between India and east Antarctica did not occur until 780 Ma (Pisarevsky
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et al., 2003; Torsvik et al., 2001). In view of the uncertainties of the reported palaeopoles of
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India during Neoproterozoic time (Malone et al., 2008) and the possibility that 780 Ma represent
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the time of suturing of the Marwar craton to the main Indian shield, cannot definitely refute the
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possibility of formation of a united Indo-Antarctic landmass during ~1000-900 Ma (Li et al.,

2008).
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In the present study, it has been argued that the history of the CGGC during the time span of

~1000-900 Ma include two continent-continent collision events (at ~1000-950 Ma and ~920 Ma)

that are separated by a phase of lithospheric extension that is manifested by emplacement of the

mafic dykes. Our study bears resemblance with the published work from the east Antarctica that

document two distinct continent-continent collisional events (at ~1000-960 Ma and ~940-900

Ma), punctuated by a phase of lithospheric extension and emplacement of the mafic dykes (Liu
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et al., 2017; Kelley et al., 2002). The published petrological and geochronological data from the

EGMB also bear the impress of continent- continent collisional events in two phases viz. ~980-

950 Ma and also at ~920-825 Ma (see Table-9 and the references cited there). Although

emplacement of mafic dykes between the two collisional events is hitherto not reported, the

timing of two phases of continent –continent collision nicely matches of similar events in the

CGGC as well as in the east Antarctica. All the foregoing information raises the possibility that

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the continental blocks of India and east Antarctica were united and separated in more than one

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phases and that the latest continent-continent collision between the two crustal blocks occurred

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close to 900 Ma. Formation of supercontinent, its break down, dispersal of fragmented portion

and reassembly of the once dispersed blocks are the stages of a supercontinental cycle (Condie,
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2004). Therefore, palaeolattitutude of MIS at 780 Ma should not be taken to be representative of

the palaeolattitudes of India at or earlier than 900 Ma.

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9. Conclusion
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i) A suite of mafic dykes was emplaced in the gneissic basement of the CGGC in response to a
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phase of lithospheric extension presumably unrelated to the early Tonian orogenesis (ca.
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1000-950 Ma).
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ii) Computed phase diagram for the magmatic assemblages of the mafic dykes suggests that the

felsic basement resided in the upper crust (15-18 km) during the period of dyke emplacement.
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iii)The mafic rocks and the early Tonian felsic basement it intrudes were deformed and

metamorphosed during a late Tonian (ca. 920 Ma) continent-continent collision event.

iv) Commonality in geological history among the CGGC, the EGMB and the Rayner Complex of

the east Antarctica supports the view of Liu et al. (2017) and Kelly et al. (2002) that India and

Antarctica were amalgamated by two separate continent-continent collisions (~1000-950 Ma

and ca. 900 Ma) separated by a period of crustal extension and mafic dyke emplacement

during the Tonian period

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Acknowledgement

S.M. and A.D. acknowledge the financial support from the University Grant Commission, New

Delhi and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi respectively. P.S. and S.S.

acknowledge the grants received from the programs University Potential for Excellence (Phase

II) Jadavpur University, DST-PURSE and Centre of Advance Study (phase VI), Department of

Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University. We thank Professor Somnath Dasgupta and an

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anonymous reviewer for their constructive suggestions that help to improve the clarity of the

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manuscript significantly. We also thank Professor M. Scambelluri for his editorial works.

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Appendix NU
Analytical method

Composition of different phases has been done at the Department of Geology and Geophysics,
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Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur using a Cameca SX100 Electron Probe Micro

Analyzer, equipped with four wavelength dispersive spectrometers. During the analyses
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acceleration voltage of 15 KV and a beam current of 20 nA were used with a beam size of 1 μm.
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Dwell times for all the measured elements were set as 10 sec at peak and 5 sec at background.

The standards (and emission lines) used are: jadeite (Na-Kα, Si-Kα), diopside (Ca-Kα, Mg-Kα),
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orthoclase (K-Kα, Al-Kα), NaCl (Cl-Kα), Fe2O3 (Fe-Kα), rhodonite (Mn-Kα), TiO2 (Ti-Kα).
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TAP crystal was used to analyze F, Na, Al, Si and Mg; PET for Ca, Ti, K and Cl; LPET for P;

LIF for Mn and Fe.

Compositions of the Monazite grains were analysed using the same Cameca SX100 Electron

Probe Micro Analyzer at the Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of

Technology, Kharagpur. An acceleration voltage of 20 KV, a beam current of 150 nA and a

beam size of 1μm has been used while analysing the monazite grains. Specific standards used for

monazite calibration are: pyromorphite for Pb; UO2 for U; ThO2 for Th; synthetic REE-glass for
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La, Ce, Nd, Pr, Sm, Ho, Dy, Gd; apatite for Ca and P; yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) for Y;

hematite for Fe; corundum for Al and Th-glass for Si. On each analyzed spot the age is

calculated with the calibration of Montel et al.(1996) using inbuilt Age quant software of

CAMECA SX-100. Uncertainties associated with the dates indicate 2σ standard deviation.

Details of the analytical methods have been presented in Bhandari et al.(2011). Probability

diagrams have been constructed using the isoplot programme of Ludwig (2003).

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Major element concentrations, used for constructing the pseudosection, were measured by

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Philips X-ray Fluorescence at University of Bonn, Germany. Detailed procedures and analytical

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techniques are discussed in Prame (1997).
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Figure Captions

Figure 1: Map showing different domains of Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex (CGGC)
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along with the Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ). Rectangle represents the study area located

in the eastern part of the terrane, approximately 60 km west to the Eastern Indian Tectonic Zone
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(EITZ).
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Figure 2: Lithological distribution of the study area, modified after Bhattacharya (1976). Red

star indicates location of the mafic dykes and yellow star indicate locations of felsic
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orthogneisses used for the geochronological studies.

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Figure 3: (a) metasedimentary enclave showing early fabric (S1) discordant with the external

foliation (S2) of the felsic orthogneisses; (b) foliated porphyritic granite (augen gneiss); (c)

relicts of pyroxene-bearing charnockitic patches within the felsic orthogneisses having stromatic

migmatites; (d) foliation of the porphyritic granite showing low angle intersection with the dyke.

Figure 4: Detailed map showing representative deformational and lithological features of the

study area.
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Figure 5: (a) Hook-shaped fold observed in mafic dyke showing superposition of DkF1 and DkF2 folds;

(b) folded mafic dykes and S2 foliation of the felsic orthogneisses during DkF2 and development of axial

planar fabric, defined by transposed fabric of the porphyritic granite; (c) boudinaged mafic dykes;

(d) and (f) DkF3 folds defined by mafic dykes having east-west axial planar trace; (f) intrusion of

post-deformational pegmatites.

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Figure 6: (a)-(b) Elongated, less deformed plagioclase grains with clusters of ortho- and

clinopyroxene suggestive of sub-ophitic texture. Pyroxene grains are being replaced by

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amphibole; (c) - (d) recrystallised orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, plagioclase and amphibole

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grains in mafic dykes; extensive recrystallisation of zoned plagioclase with development of triple

points; (e) formation of amphibole at the expanse clinopyroxene and plagioclase. Relict ilmenite
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grain present within the recrystallised cluster of amphibole; (f) biotite flakes replacing

amphibole. (g) Amphibole-biotite foliation in the augen gneiss; (h) K-feldspar porphyroclasts in
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augen gneiss; (i) small anhedral garnet grains in the augen gneiss.
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Figure 7: (a) Pyroxene composition plot shows that clinopyroxene are diopside whereas
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orthopyroxenes are a solid solution of enstatite-ferrosillite with almost an intermediate

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composition; Isotherms are plotted against the composition of pyroxene by Lindsley (1983) at
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5kbar pressure, values on the isotherms indicate temperature (OC). (b) Amphiboles mostly

belong to magnesio-hornblende. Fields are after Leake et al. (1997).

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Figure 8: Computed phase diagram using Perple_X (6.7.6) (Connolly, 2005). Shaded field

represents the initial magmatic mineralogy.

Figure 9: T-m (H2O) (wt%) diagram computed at 7.5 kbar pressure using the bulk composition

of #D8-03-A. White lines indicate the anorthite contents of the plagioclase.

Figure 10: (a) Computed PT pseudosection in NCFMASTH system for representative mafic

dyke. Isopleths were drawn for XMg [Mg/(Mg+Fe2+); with all Fe considered as Fe2+] in
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amphibole, Al(a.p.f.u.) in amphibole and Xan [Ca/(Ca+ Na)]. Shaded field represents the P-T

conditions calculated from the phase equilibria study. (b) Computed PT pseudosection in

NCKFMMnASTH system for representative augen gneiss; Isopleths were drawn for X Alm [Fe2+/(

Fe2++Mg+ Ca+ Mn)]; XSpss [Mn/( Fe2++Mg+ Ca+ Mn)] and XGrss [Ca/( Fe2++Mg+ Ca+ Mn)].

Figure 11: (a) & (b) Mineralogical assemblage of garnetiferous amphibole-biotite gneiss used for

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the monazite geochronology: (a) AS36F: garnet-rich and (b) AS35: biotite-rich; (c), (d) & (e)

occurrence of monazite within the quartzofeldspathic matrix of biotite rich rock; (f) monazite

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grain partially included within garnet.

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Figure 12: BSE images of monazite grains, showing the internal zoning patterns. Numbers
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indicate apparent ages in Ma. (a) & (b) grains are from the garnet-rich sample and do not show

any strong zoning pattern. (c)- (f) Grains are from biotite rich sample and shows distinct zoning
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with bright rims and dark cores.

Figure 13: (a)-(b) Compositional variation of the monazite grains showing that the cores of
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AS35 and AS36F are low in Th whereas rims of AS35 are showing huttonitic substitution. (c)
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Results of the Th-U-total Pb monazite dates (n=48) showing age peaks of the apparent ages. The

uncertainties indicate 2σ standard deviation.

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Figure 14: Schematic diagram of tectonic evolution of CGGC showing (a) early Tonian
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collisional event followed by (b) lithospheric extension and intrusion mafic dykes and

subsequent (c) late Tonian collisional event.

Figure 15: Late Tonian zircon and monazite ages reported from different parts of India and East

Antarctica. Indices as the superscript indicates the reference as mentioned in table 8.

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Table 1A: Dominant lithology and fabric of the respective domains of CGGC (Fig. 1), Summerised
after Mukherjee et al. (in press) and Sanyal and Sengupta (2012)

Domain I Domain II Domain III

Migmatitic felsic
Migmatitic Felsic orthogneiss Foliated granite gneiss
gneisses, intruded by
with Enclaves of Meta - with schistose
dolerite dykes and
Lithology sedimentary and meta-mafic metasedimentary rocks,
younger supracrustals of
rocks; intruded by mafic dykes, intruded by mica-bearing
the Munger Group and

PT
syenites and pegmatites pegmatites
the Rajgir Group

a) Earliest foliation S1 in a) Earliest foliation S1 in

RI
metapellite metapellite
a) SW plunging Folds
b) Development of S2 in felsic b) Folding (D2) and

SC
Fabric b) Doubly plunging
orthogneiss development E-W
superposed D2 Folds
c) Development of S3, folding of trending S2
NU
S2 and dyke in NS closure c) Weak Folding of S2

Table 1B: Dominant events from different domains of CGGC (Fig. 1)

MA

Age (Ma) Domain I Domain II Domain III

> 1750* Basements Basements Basements

D

ca. 1700- Felsic Magmatism Mn

Sedimentation Zr (15) NI
1650 (1, 16)
E
PT

UHT Metamorphism and Deformation Zr,

ca. 1650- Mn (2,8,15)
NI NI
1600 (M1-D1),
CE

Felsic Magmatism Zr (14)

ca. 1550- Anorthosite magmatism Zr (12)

AC

NI NI
1500 Felsic Magmatism Zr (14)

Felsic Magmatism Zr (6,7,8)

ca. 1450 NI NI
Thermal Imprint Zr (3)

Felsic Magmatism,
Metamorphism and Deformation Zr, Mn
ca. 1100- Magmatism Pb- Metamorphism and
(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,12)
950 Pb (13) Deformation Xn (1)
(M2-D2),
(M2-D2)

ca. 950- Syenite Magmatism/ mafic dykes (9,10) NI NI

 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

900

Metamorphism and Deformation Zr, Mn

Intrusion of
(6,7,8)
ca. 900 Pegmatite (11) NI
(M3-D3),
Rb-Sr Mica

ca. 870- Shearing and metamorphism in the Impression of EITZ Urn

NI
780 eastern margin, EITZ Mn (2,3,4,5) (1)

PT
* retrieved from Lu-Hf model age in zircon from felsic orthogneiss(Mukherjee et al. 2018,
Domain I) and Nd- model age of porphyritic granitoids (Saikia et al. 2017
Domain III)

RI
1. Chatterjee
6. Mukherjee 11. Pandey 15. Dey et NI- No U-Pb ages
& Ghosh
et al (2017) et al. (1986) al. (2017) available

SC
(2011)
12. 16. Saikia
2. Sanyal et. 7. Mukherjee
Chatterjee et al. Zr: U-Pb Zircon
al (2007) et al (2018)
NU
et al. (2008) (2017)
13.
3. Chatterjee 8. Rekha et Mn: Th-U-Total
Vinogradov
et al (2010) al. (2011) Pb Monazite
et al. (1964)
MA

9. Sanyal & 15.

4. Maji Xn : U-Pb
Sengupta Accharya
et.al.(2008) Xenotime
2012 (2003)
5. Karmakar 10. Reddy et Urn: U-Pb
D

et. al. (2011) al. (2009) uraninite

E
PT
CE
AC
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Table 2.Comparative mineralogy of different rocktypes. Abbreviations are after Whitney & Evans (2010).

Accesory
Major Minerals Location of
Minerals
Sl. Sample the samples
Opx Cpx Pl Amp Qz Bt Ilm Spn
no. no
N 24°27.41' E
1 D8-03-A 15% 25% 30% 20% 10% X P X
86°51.20'
N 24°29.51' E
2 D76 20% 25% 35% 17% 3% X P X
86°41.69'

PT
N 24°27.49' E
3 D261A 15% 20% 35% 20% 10% X P X
86°47.07'
N 24°30.36' E
4 D81 X X 38% 32% 12% 18% P P

RI
86°40.90'
N 24°30.37' E
5 D70 X X 35% 35% 12% 18% P P

SC
86°40.73'
N 24°29.13' E
6 AS82D X X 35% 40% 15% 10% P P
86°37.17'
NU
N 24°30.25' E
7 AS37D X X 30% 40% 15% 15% P P
86°40.64'
N 24°26.64' E
8 AS68B X X 40% 35% 15% 10% P P
MA

86°45.16'
N 24°28.85' E
9 D176 X X 45% 35% 10% 10% P P
86°37.41'
N 24°28.61' E
D

10 D181A X X 50% 30% 10% 10% P P

86°49.39'
E

N 24°28.69' E
11 D177 X X 50% 40% 10% X P X
86°36.68'
PT

N 24°°28.69' E
12 D7-03-A X X 45% 40% 15% X P X
86°49.28'
CE

P= Present in minor (<5vol%) content

X= Absent
AC
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Table 3. Continued. Representative analyses of orthopyroxene from mafic dykes (number of ions on the basis of 6
oxygens) Compositions with asterisk are used in reaction modeling
Orthopyroxene
D8-03-A D76
Cor Cor Cor Cor Cor
Rim core rim rim rim rim rim rim rim rim rim rim
e e e e e
D8- D8- D8- D8- D8- D8-
03- 03- 03- 03- 03- 03- D76/ D76/ D76/ D76/ D76/ D76/ D76/ D76/ D76/ D76/ D76/1
A/ A/ A/ A/ A/ A/ 1C 1R 2R 3R 4R 5R 6R 7R 8R 9R 0R
1C* 2C 3C 4C 5C 3R
SiO 51.7 51. 51. 52. 51. 51. 49.9 50.6 51.7 50.3 50.1 50.3 49.8 50.6 50.7 49.9
50.22

PT
2 8 30 93 00 99 26 9 6 2 1 5 2 0 6 5 0
TiO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.06 0.02 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.04
2 9 1 2 3 7
Al2 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7

RI
0.73 0.60 0.49 0.85 0.71 0.63 0.53 0.72 0.49 0.75 0.87 0.71
O3 2 5 9 6 1
Cr2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.04 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.03

SC
O3 0 0 0 0 0
Fe 27.8 27. 27. 26. 26. 26. 28.7 28.9 27.1 28.4 28.0 28.4 28.6 28.9 27.9 27.7
28.68
O 8 22 34 71 44 80 2 1 1 6 9 2 6 1 8 9
Mn 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7
NU
0.61 0.94 0.95 0.94 0.87 0.81 0.93 0.98 0.95 0.96 0.87 0.94
O 8 9 3 5 3
Mg 19.3 19. 19. 19. 19. 19. 18.0 18.0 16.8 17.6 17.8 17.9 17.6 18.0 17.4 17.8
17.48
O 6 17 29 67 47 40 3 5 9 3 8 5 6 5 9 9
Ca 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4
MA

0.65 0.38 0.36 4.31 0.49 0.42 0.32 0.51 0.36 0.47 0.56 0.55
O 9 1 9 1 8
Na2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
0.07 0.01 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00
O 1 0 0 8 0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
K2O 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
D

2 1 2 0 2
Tot 101. 99. 100 100 99. 99. 102.
98.7 99.5 98.5 98.1 98.5 98.4 99.5 98.5 98.0 98.7
E

al 2 9 .1 .3 9 5 0
PT

1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9

Si 1.95 1.94 1.96 1.95 1.96 1.96 1.96 1.95 1.96 1.98 1.95 1.96
6 8 7 8 6
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Ti 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CE

0 0 0 0 0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Al 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03
3 2 3 3 3
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
AC

Cr 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0 0 0 0 0
Fe+ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.05
5 3 5 2 5
Fe+ 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
2 0.81 0.85 0.87 0.79 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.87 0.91 0.86 0.89
2 4 0 2 1
1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
Mg 1.09 1.05 1.04 0.95 1.02 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.04 1.02 1.04 1.02
9 0 1 0 1
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mn 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
3 3 2 2 2
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Ca 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.17 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02
2 1 2 2 2
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00
Na 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0 0 1 1 0 5
K 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

0 0 0 0 0
Tot 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
al 0 0 0 0 0

Mg 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

0.57 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.55 0.53
# 7 7 8 7 8
Wo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
En 57 56 56 57 57 57 55 54 50 53 54 54 54 54 52 54 53
Fs 42 42 43 41 42 42 44 45 41 46 45 45 45 45 47 45 46

Table 3. Continued. Representative analyses of clinopyroxene from mafic dykes (number of ions on the basis of 6

PT
oxygens) Compositions with asterisk are used in reaction modeling

RI
Clinopyroxene

D8-03-A D76

SC
Cor Cor Cor Cor Cor Cor
e e e e e e Core Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim
D8-
D8- D8- D8- D8- D8-
03-
NU
03- 03- 03- 03- 03- D76/ D76/ D76/ D76/ D76/ D76/ D76/ D76/ D76/ D76/ D76/
A/
A/ A/ A/ A/ A/ 1C 1R 2R 3R 4R 5R 6R 7R 8R 9R 10R
1R
1C 2C 3C 4C 5C
*
52.2 51.7 51.1 52.2 52.0 52.3 52.1 51.6 52.4
MA

52.9 52.7 52. 52. 52.8 52. 51.4 52.2

SiO2
5 5 63 26 5 42 1 9 0 9 9 9 3 9 5 8 6
0.0 0.1 0.2
TiO2 0.09 0.06 0.19
7 8 0 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.08 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.09 0.12 0.12 0.04
Al2 0.7 1.4 1.2
D

0.81 0.79 1.23

O3 8 1 8 1.38 1.05 1.54 1.00 1.26 1.05 1.22 0.93 1.01 1.30 0.83
Cr2 0.1 0.0 0.0
E

0.05 9.33 0.08

O3 2 0 2 0.11 0.06 0.12 0.00 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.02 0.07 0.10 0.08
PT

9.6 9.4 10.0 10.2 10.2

FeO 8.98 0.33 9.0 9.04 10.0
1 6 9 3 9.95 1 9.70 9.76 9.95 8 9.39 9.61 7 9.19
Mn 13.9 0.3 0.1 0.2
0.25 0.18
O 8 1 6 3 0.41 0.32 0.32 0.36 0.31 0.32 0.45 0.36 0.35 0.26 0.36
CE

Mg 14.0 19.3 13. 13. 13.7 13. 13.1 13.4 13.2 13.3 13.0 13.4 13.1 13.4 13.2 13.0 13.6
O 4 1 88 61 8 79 0 8 5 8 7 8 7 4 0 5 8
19.7 22. 22.6 23. 22.4 22.9 23.1 22.6 22.1 22.7 22.6 22.4 23.0
AC

CaO 0.26 19. 22.2 22.6

1 65 60 2 07 6 6 0 1 1 6 0 5 8 8 9
Na2 0.2 0.3 0.3
0.26 0.01 0.31
O 8 2 4 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.27 0.33 0.25
0.0 0.0 0.0
K2O 0.00 0.00 0.00
0 2 0 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Tot 96. 100 100. 100 100. 100. 100.
al 97.1 96.8 73 .2 3 .8 99.1 2 3 99.5 99.2 2 99.7 99.6 99.5 99.6 100.0

2.0 1.9 1.9 1.94 1.94 1.93 1.95 1.95 1.96 1.96 1.94
Si 2.03 1.96 1.95 1.958
2.033 5 4 1.94 7 5 1 1 6 5 2 3
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Ti 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.001
0.00 0 1 1 0.00 4 2 4 3 4 3 3 4
0.0 0.0 0.0
Al 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.04
0.04 4 6 6 0.06
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cr 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.002
0 0 0 0.00 4 0 2 2 0 1 2 3
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.05 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.07
Fe+3 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.07 0.060
0 6 8 0.07 1 2 5 7 9 3 3 1
0.2 0.2 0.2
Fe+2 0.29 0.25 0.24 0.26 0.22 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.23
0.30 9 4 1 0.24
0.8 0.7 0.7
Mg 0.80 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.75 0.73 0.75 0.74 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.76
0.80 0 6 6 0.74
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00
Mn 0.01 0.01 0.011
0.01 0.01 1 0 1 0.01 0 1 0 0 4 1 1 8
0.8 0.9 0.9 0.89 0.92 0.93 0.90 0.89 0.91 0.91 0.90
Ca 0.81 0.90 0.91 0.924
0.80 1 0 1 0.90 5 2 4 6 0 4 4 6

PT
0.0 0.0 0.0
Na 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
0.02 2 2 2 0.02
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
K 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000
0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

RI
Tot 4.0 4.0 4.0
al 4.00 4.00 0 0 4.00 0 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00

SC
Mg 0.7 0.7 0.7
0.73 0.73 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.77 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.77
# 3 6 8
Wo 43 42 43 48 47 48 48 48 47 49 50 48 47 48 48 48 48
NU
En 42 42 42 40 40 40 39 39 39 40 39 39 39 39 39 39 40
Fs 15 16 15 13 13 11 13 13 14 12 11 13 14 13 14 13 12
MA
E D
PT
CE
AC
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Table 4. Representative analyses of amphibole from Mafic dykes (number of ions on the basis of 23 oxygens). Compositions with
asterisk are used in reaction modelling

D8-03-A D76
Core Core Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Core Rim Rim Core
D8- D8- D8- D8- D8- D8- D8- D8- D8- D8- D8- D8- D8- D8- D8- D8- D8- D8-
03- 03- 03- 03- 03- 03- 03- 03- 03- 03- 03- 03- 03- 03- 03- 03- 03- 03- D76 D76 D76 D76 D76
A/1 A/2 A/2 A/3 A/4 A/5 A/6 A/7 A/8 A/9 A/10 A/11 A/12 A/13 A/14 A/15 A/16 A/17R / 3R / 1C / 1R / 2R / 2C
C C R R R R* R R R R R R R R R R R *
45.1 45.7 46.6 46.1 46.3 46.0 46.4 46.2 46.5 46.1 46.8 45.9 46.4 46.0 46.4 46.5 45.7 44.1 44.8 44.4 44.4 43.5
SiO2 46.63
5 6 3 9 5 4 6 5 9 4 0 1 8 4 6 9 6 6 6 6 3 5
TiO2 1.81 1.71 1.50 1.84 1.79 1.96 1.88 1.87 1.79 1.90 1.82 1.78 1.76 1.96 1.88 1.79 1.71 1.50 1.37 1.30 1.38 1.37 1.45
Al2O
9.63 8.29 7.89 9.30 9.22 9.61 9.28 9.46 9.09 9.66 9.34 9.55 9.20 9.61 9.28 9.09 8.29 7.89 9.35 9.27 9.85 9.44 9.92

PT
3
Cr2O
0.01 0.10 0.11 0.16 0.12 0.07 0.08 0.16 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.06 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.00
3
Fe2
2.08 3.25 3.23 2.19 1.98 2.92 2.72 2.17 1.38 2.14 1.45 2.18 2.37 2.92 2.72 1.38 3.25 3.23 3.30 2.45 1.63 2.77 3.63

RI
O3
10.3 10.1 11.5 12.2 11.7 11.6 11.5 11.8 11.5 11.6 11.6 11.3 11.7 11.6 11.8 10.1 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.1 12.9
FeO 9.46 9.46
7 1 5 0 1 7 1 2 1 5 8 1 1 7 2 1 4 9 2 6 2

SC
Mg 12.5 12.8 13.6 13.2 12.9 13.1 13.2 12.8 12.9 12.9 13.2 12.9 13.3 13.1 13.2 12.9 12.8 11.2 11.4 11.2 11.3 11.2
13.63
O 5 9 3 4 5 7 3 8 9 9 6 9 3 7 3 9 9 9 4 3 7 0
Mn
0.20 0.16 0.16 0.20 0.22 0.07 0.13 0.20 0.19 0.15 0.14 0.24 0.30 0.07 0.13 0.19 0.16 0.16 0.10 0.30 0.18 0.17 0.21
O
NU
10.5 10.1 10.3 11.8 11.9 11.7 11.8 11.5 11.7 11.6 12.1 11.7 11.8 11.7 11.8 11.7 10.1 11.6 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.7
CaO 10.36
2 5 6 9 4 1 6 0 4 1 0 1 2 1 6 4 5 8 5 6 7 2
Na2
1.55 1.43 1.23 1.33 1.27 1.43 1.25 1.34 1.28 1.37 1.10 1.41 1.28 1.43 1.25 1.28 1.43 1.23 1.43 1.39 1.51 1.35 1.57
O
K2O 0.76 0.70 0.72 0.71 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.72 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
MA

Tota 94.6 94.5 94.9 98.6 98.8 99.4 99.3 98.0 97.7 98.1 98.3 98.2 98.6 99.4 99.3 97.7 94.5 96.2 96.7 96.3 96.5 96.5
94.91
l 2 6 1 0 3 3 0 5 7 8 9 6 5 3 0 7 6 7 4 9 9 9
Si 6.77 6.87 6.94 6.70 6.73 6.64 6.70 6.74 6.80 6.71 6.78 6.69 6.73 6.64 6.70 6.80 6.87 6.94 6.64 6.70 6.67 6.66 6.54
Al
1.23 1.13 1.06 1.30 1.27 1.36 1.30 1.26 1.20 1.29 1.22 1.31 1.27 1.36 1.30 1.20 1.13 1.06 1.36 1.30 1.33 1.34 1.46
D

(IV)
Ti 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sum
E

8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00
T
Al
PT

0.47 0.34 0.33 0.30 0.31 0.28 0.28 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.28 0.37 0.34 0.33 0.30 0.34 0.41 0.32 0.30
(VI)
Ti 0.20 0.19 0.17 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.16
Fe+3 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.00
CE

Cr 0.23 0.37 0.36 0.24 0.22 0.32 0.30 0.24 0.15 0.23 0.16 0.24 0.26 0.32 0.30 0.15 0.37 0.36 0.37 0.28 0.18 0.31 0.41
Mg 2.83 2.91 3.05 2.89 2.82 2.85 2.87 2.82 2.85 2.84 2.89 2.85 2.90 2.85 2.87 2.85 2.91 3.05 2.55 2.57 2.53 2.56 2.53
Fe+2 1.26 1.18 1.08 1.36 1.45 1.33 1.35 1.36 1.42 1.35 1.38 1.39 1.33 1.33 1.35 1.42 1.18 1.08 1.61 1.65 1.70 1.63 1.60
Mn 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
AC

Li 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sum
5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
C
Mg 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fe+2 0.04 0.08 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.06 0.02 0.08 0.09 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03
Mn 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03
Li 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Ca 1.69 1.63 1.65 1.85 1.86 1.81 1.83 1.79 1.84 1.81 1.88 1.83 1.83 1.81 1.83 1.84 1.63 1.65 1.88 1.90 1.90 1.91 1.89
Na 0.24 0.26 0.23 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.09 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.08 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.12 0.26 0.23 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06
Sum
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
B
Na 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
K 0.21 0.16 0.12 0.29 0.28 0.30 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.23 0.30 0.27 0.30 0.26 0.24 0.16 0.12 0.35 0.35 0.39 0.34 0.40
Ca 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08
Sum
0.35 0.29 0.26 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.40 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.37 0.44 0.40 0.43 0.40 0.39 0.29 0.26 0.43 0.42 0.46 0.43 0.48
A
Tota 15.3 15.2 15.2 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.3 15.3 15.4 15.3 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.3 15.2 15.26 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.4
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

l 5 9 6 2 3 3 0 7 9 0 7 4 0 3 0 9 9 3 2 6 3 8
XMg 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.67 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.70 0.72 0.61 0.61 0.60 0.61 0.61
Altot 1.70 1.47 1.39 1.59 1.58 1.63 1.58 1.62 1.56 1.66 1.59 1.64 1.57 1.63 1.58 1.56 1.47 1.39 1.66 1.63 1.74 1.67 1.76

PT
RI
SC
NU
MA
E D
PT
CE
AC
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Table 5 : Representative analyses of plagioclase (number of ions on the basis of 8 oxygens) and biotite (number of ions on the
basis of 11 oxygens) from Mafic dykes. Compositions with asterisk are used in reaction modelling

Plagioclase Biotite
D8-03-A D76 D8-03-A
Cor Cor Cor
Core Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim Rim
e e e
D8- D8- D8- D8- D8- D8- D8- D8- D8- D8-
D8- D8- D8- D8- D8-
03- 03- 03- 03- 03- 03- 03- 03- 03- 03- D76 D76/ D76/ D76
03- 03- 03- 03- 03-
A/1 A/2C A/3 A/2R A/1 A/3 A/8 A/10 A/11 A/12 / 1C 1R 2R / 3R
A/4R A/5R A/6R A/7R A/9R
C * C * R R R R R R
51.3 51.2 51.9 52.1 51.9 52.1 52.4 52.3 39.7 36.4
SiO2 54.58 52.37 52.53 52.43 52.98 53.02 51.29 52.51 52.35 SiO2

PT
1 3 52.37 5 7 5 7 8 51.20 8 0 4
TiO2 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 TiO2 0.18 2.38
Al2O 30.4 30.3 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 29.6 29.6 Al2O 14.2 14.2
28.74 30.12 29.98 30.44 30.49 29.91 30.75 29.97 30.27
3 1 4 30.12 3 2 3 2 6 30.71 4 3 8 2

RI
Cr2 Cr2
0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12
O3 0.08 0.05 0.01 0.00 O3
13.6 16.3

SC
FeO 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.12 0.07 0.06 0.18 0.17 0.12 0.18 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.12 0.18 FeO
0.07 0.05 0.07 0.15 5 7
Mn Mn
0.03 0.06 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.03
O 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 O
Mg Mg 17.2 14.3
NU
0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02
O 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.01 O 8 2
11.6 11.4 13.3 13.2 13.3 13.2 12.9 13.0
CaO 11.69 13.42 12.92 13.51 13.37 12.96 14.17 13.37 13.35 CaO 0.08 0.25
3 0 13.42 0 2 0 2 0 13.96 1
Na2 Na2
4.83 5.25 4.76 4.28 4.40 4.51 4.30 4.44 4.28 4.63 4.24 4.01 4.30 4.36 4.52 0.01 0.01
MA

O 4.40 4.24 4.55 4.14 O

K2O 0.11 0.19 0.08 0.06 0.13 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.13 0.17 0.09 0.06 0.11 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.07 K2O 7.34 7.40
Tota 98.3 100.5 97.9 100.6 99.9 99.9 100.6 100.2 101.1 101.6 99.9 100.8 99.9 100.3 100.4 99.7 100.2 100.5 99.8 Tota 92.5 91.5
l 6 3 2 7 7 4 7 3 7 7 7 7 4 7 2 7 5 1 2 l 4 5
D

2.35 2.35 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.37

Si 2.448 2.357 2.36 2.37 2.35 2.36 2.36 2.38 2.37 2.32 2.37 2.359 Si 3.07 2.92
0 8 5 7 9 2.31 5
E

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ti 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 Ti 0.01 0.14
0 1 0 0 0 0.00 0
PT

1.64 1.64 1.60 1.60 1.58 1.58

Al 1.520 1.598 1.60 1.60 1.61 1.60 1.60 1.58 1.61 1.64 1.59 1.608 Al 1.30 1.34
2 6 5 5 5 1.64 4
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cr 0.001 0.003 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 Cr 0.00 0.01
0 0 0 2 0 0.00 0
CE

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 +2

Fe+2 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.005 Fe 0.88 1.10
1 3 0 0 3 0.01 7
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mn 0.002 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 Mn 0.00 0.00
1 0 1 0 1 0.00 0
AC

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Mg 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 Mg 1.99 1.71
0 0 0 2 1 0.00 1
0.57 0.56 0.64 0.64 0.62 0.63
Ca 0.562 0.647 0.65 0.63 0.65 0.64 0.65 0.62 0.64 0.69 0.65 0.645 Ca 0.01 0.02
1 2 6 3 7 0.68 2
0.42 0.42 0.37 0.37 0.40 0.39
Na 0.457 0.384 0.38 0.39 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.37 0.35 0.38 0.381 Na 0.00 0.00
9 5 7 3 0 0.36 7
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
K 0.011 0.003 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.003 K 0.73 0.76
6 5 8 5 4 0.00 4
Tota 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Tota
5.000 5.000 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.000 8.00 8.00
l 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 0 l

XAn 0.57 0.55 0.57 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.61 0.63 0.62 0.63 0.61 0.63 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.65 0.63 0.61 XMg 0.69 0.61
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Table 6: Representative chemical compositions of feldspar, garnet and amphibole from augen gneiss

Samp AS116B AS11 AS3 AS3 AS3 D81 DNP D70 D70 Samp AS37 AS3 AS3 Samp AS3 AS3 AS3 D81 DNP8 D70 D70
le
Phase Or 6B
Pl 7 Pl
Pl 7 Pl 7 Pl 8
Pl le
Pl Pl Phase Grt 7
Grt 7 Phase
Grt le Am 7 Am 7 Am 7 Am Amp Am Am
AS3 AS3 AS3 D81/ DNP D70/ D70 AS37/ AS3 AS3 p p p
AS3 AS3 AS3 D81 p DNP8/ p D70
D70 p
Phenoc 7/ 7/ 7/ 1R 8/ 1R / 2R 1R 7/ 7/ 7/ 7/ 7/ / 1R 1R / 1R / 2R
Textu ryst 1R Rim
Matri Rim 2R Rim
3R Rim 1R Rim Rim Textu 2R 3R Textu Rim1R Rim
2R Rim
3R Rim
Rim Rim Rim Rim
re x re re
SiO2 64.9 59.68 59.6 59.7 58.8 57.4 59.7 57.35 58. SiO2 37.50 36.9 37.1 SiO2 39.6 39.3 38.7 41. 39.39 41. 39.
TiO2 0.09 8 0.00
0.04 0.02 1 0.01
9 0.03
1 6 0.01 0.0
0.00 92 TiO2 0.05 1 0.01
0.00 5 TiO2 1.23 7 1.43
2 0.98
8 1.1
41 1.18 16
0.8 26
0.9
Al2O 18.54 25.69 25.8 25.7 25.7 26.3 1 Al2O3
25.6 26.07 25. 20.52 6
20.4 20.2 Al2O3 12.4 12.3 12.8 11. 11.92 8
11. 1
11.
3
FeO 0 3 0.13
0.08 0.09 3 0.07
3 0.21
5 2 0.16 0.2
0.14 53 FeO 25.21 6 22.5
24.9 6 Cr2O3 0.002 0.00
5 0.00
7 0.0
35 0.01 43
0.0 65
0.0
MnO 0.06 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 MnO 6.78 5 7.26
7.45 5 FeO 23.4 24.2 24.2 18. 0 21.32 1
19. 1
19.

PT
MgO 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.13 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 MgO 1.32 9 0 4
1.27 0.91 MgO 5.32 5.31 5.12 8.638 5.81 28
7.5 90
7.5
CaO 0.06 8.19 7.03 7.24 7.17 8.85 6.52 7.86 7.52 CaO 9.31 9.11 10.9 MnO 0.63 0.52 0.45 0.3 6 0.45 6
0.4 5
0.4
Na2O 3.39 7.06 7.38 7.24 7.11 7.04 8.94 8.58 8.62 Na2O 0.06 0 CaO 11.0 10.8 11.2 11.
0.07 0.04 5 10.22 2
11. 0
11.

RI
K2O 10.88 0.25 0.22 0.20 0.22 0.13 0.21 0.15 0.08 K2O 0.02 0.00 0.00 Na2O 1.249 1.26
9 1.28
8 1.3
86 1.35 71
1.2 49
1.5
Total 98.37 101.0 100. 100. 99.3 100. 7 Total
101. 100.1 101 100.8 100. 99.2 K2O 1.81 1.95 1.91 1.7 8 1.75 7
1.5 5
1.7
3 5 03 20 8 .0 2 Total 96.9 97.2 96.9 96. 93.41 4
95. 0
94.

SC
Si 3.01 2.64 2.66 2.66 2.65 2.56 2.612.52.53 Si 2.98 2.95 3.00 Si 6.22 6.16 3 6.10
1 6.4
25 6.34 25
6.4 43
6.2
Ti 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8
0.00.00 Ti 0.00 0.00 0.00 Al 1.78 1.84 1.90 1.6 0 1.66 5
1.5 4
1.7
Al 1.01 1.34 1.35 1.35 1.37 1.39 1.32 0
1.31.35 Al 1.92 1.93 1.93 (IV)
Ti 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5
0.0 6
0.0
Fe+2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 2
0.00.01 V 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sum 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.0 0 8.00 0
8.0 0
8.0
NU
Mn 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1
0.00.00 Fe+3 0.12 0.18 0.08 Al T 0.51 0.44 0.48 0.40 0.61 0
0.5 0
0.4
Mg 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
0.00.00 Fe+2 1.56 1.49 1.44 (VI)
Ti 0.14 0.17 0.12 0.17 0.14 6
0.1 2
0.1
Ca 0.00 0.39 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.42 0.30 0
0.30.37 Mn 0.46 0.50 0.50 Fe+3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01 0
0.0 1
0.0
Na 0.30 0.61 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.61 0.76 5
0.70.73 Mg 0.16 0.15 0.11 Cr 0.39 0.48 0.52 0.1 0 0.29 1
0.1 0
0.3
MA

K 0.64 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 4

0.00.01 Ni 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mg 1.24 1.24 1.20 1.9 6 1.39 2
1.7 4
1.7
Total 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 0
5.05.00 Zn 0.00 0.00 0.00 Fe+2 2.69 2.67 2.67 2.29 2.57 7
2.4 9
2.3
0 Ca 0.79 0.78 0.94 Mn 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.0 2 0.00 0
0.0 0
0.0
An 0.00 0.39 0.34 0.36 0.36 0.41 0.28 0.33 0.3 Na 0.01 0.01 0.01 Li 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 3 0.00 4
0.0 3
0.0
Ab 0.32 2
0.60 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.59 0.71 0.66 0.6 K 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sum 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.0 0 5.00 0
5.0 0
5.0
D

Or 0.68 7
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0 Total 8.00 8.00 8.00 MgC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0 0.00 0
0.0 0
0.0
0 0
Fe+2 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.0 0.02 0
0.0 0
0.0
E

Py 0.05 0.05 0.03 Mn 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.0 0 0.06 0

0.0 0
0.0
Al 0.53 0.51 0.48 Li 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 2 0.00 2
0.0 2
0.0
PT

Gr 0.27 0.27 0.32 Ca 1.86 1.83 1.90 1.9 0 1.76 0

1.9 0
1.9
Sp 0.15 0.17 0.17 Na 0.07 0.09 0.05 0.0 6 0.15 7
0.0 6
0.0
Sum 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.0 2 2.00 2
2.0 2
2.0
B 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Na 0 0.00 0
0.0 0
0.0
CE

K 0.30 0.29 0.34 0.3 0 0.27 0

0.3 0
0.4
Ca 0.36 0.39 0.38 0.39 0.36 7
0.3 5
0.3
Sum 0.67 0.68 0.72 0.7 4 0.63 1
0.6 4
0.8
A 15.6 15.6 15.7 15.
Total 3 15.63 7
15. 0
15.
AC

XMg 0.327 0.32

8 0.31
2 0.4
73 0.35 67
0.4 67
0.4
7
Altot 2.29 2.28 2.39 2.0 2.26 2
2.1 4
2.1
7 1 8
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Table 7: Results of the geothermobarometry

MAFIC DYKE
Pref Pref
Sample no. Mineral Pairs (numbers as listed in Table 4 & 5) T (OC) T (OC)
(kbar) (kbar)
Amphibole Plagioclase
Hornblende- Plagioclase (Holland and Blundy, 1994)

D8-03-A D8-03-A/3R D8-03-A/4R 730 750

D8-03-A D8-03-A/4R D8-03-A/5R 730 755
D8-03-A D8-03-A/6R D8-03-A/6R 740 755
D8-03-A D8-03-A/7R D8-03-A/7R 730 755
D8-03-A D8-03-A/8R D8-03-A/8R

PT
710 740
D8-03-A D8-03-A/9R D8-03-A/9R 735 760
4 9
D8-03-A D8-03-A/10R D8-03-A/10R 700 725

RI
D8-03-A D8-03-A/11R D8-03-A/11R 720 745
D8-03-A D8-03-A/12R D8-03-A/12R 730 750

SC
D76 D76/1R D76/1R 695 720
D76 D76/2R D76/2R 705 725
D76 D76/2C D76/3R 670 695
NU
716 740
Sample
Sample no. Opx Cpx T (OC) Opx Cpx T (OC)
no.
D8-03-A/ 1C D8-03-A/ 1C 645 D8-03-A D8-03-A/ 3R D8-03-A/ 1R 500
Orthopyroxene- Clinopyroxene (Krtez

D8-03-A
MA Core- Core

D8-03-A D8-03-A/ 2C D8-03-A/ 2C 670 D76 D76/1R D76/1R 490

D8-03-A D8-03-A/ 3C D8-03-A/ 3C 625 D76 D76/2R D76/2R 505
D8-03-A D8-03-A/ 4C D8-03-A/ 4C 585 D76 D76/3R D76/3R 560
D8-03-A D8-03-A/ 5C D8-03-A/ 5C 595 D76 D76/4R D76/4R 445

Rim- Rim
1982)

624 D76 D76/5R D76/5R 450

D76 D76/6R D76/6R 505
E

D76 D76/7R D76/7R 585

PT

D76 D76/8R D76/8R 520

D76 D76/9R D76/9R 515
D76 D76/10R D76/10R 550
CE

T (OC) Ref P (kbar) T (OC) Ref P (kbar)

Al in Anderson 5.1 ± Hammerstorm

3.6 ± 0.3 4.2 ± 0.4
Hornblende & Smith 600 0.4 750 and Zen
(kbar) (kbar)
(1995) (kbar) (1986)
AC
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Table 7: continued
AUGEN GNEISS
Sample Mineral Pairs (numbers as listed Pref T (OC) Pref T (OC)
no. in Table 6) (kbar) (kbar)
Amphibole Plagioclase
AS37 AS37/1R AS37/1R 715 750
Hornblende- Plagioclase (Holland

AS37 AS37/2R AS37/2R 755 785

and Blundy, 1994)

AS37 AS37/3R AS37/3R 735 765

D81 D81/1R D81/1R 4 700 9 730

PT
DNP8 DNP8/1R DNP8/1R 680 720
D70 D70/1R D70/1R 645 680
D70 D70/2R D70/2R 715 740

RI
706 739
Sample T (OC) Ref P (kbar) T (OC) Ref P (kbar) T (OC)

SC
no. *
AS37 8.5 8.0 660
Garnet- Hornblende-

Garnet
Quartz(Kohn and

AS37 750 7.5 600 7.1 Hornblende 675

Spear 1990)
Plagioclase-

NU
(Graham and
AS37 7.2 6.9 645
Powell 1984)
7.7 7.4 660
MA

T (OC) Ref P (kbar) T (OC) Ref P (kbar)

Anderson 7.5 ± Hammerstorm 7.1 ±

Al in 5.9 ± 0.4
D

& Smith 600 0.5 750 and Zen 0.5

Hornblende (kbar)
(1995) (kbar) (1986) (kbar)
E
PT

* insignificant change with pressure

CE
AC
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Table8: Representative analyses of monazite grains from two felsic orthogneisses.

Er
Er
Er ro
Y2 Err Err ro Ag
Th ro UO Pb Th r
Sa O3 or or r e
Grai Text Sp Posi O2 r 2 O O2* Ag
mpl Zoning (w U Pb Th (
n ure ot tion pp Th pp pp pp e
e t% (% (% * M
m (% m m m (
) ) ) (% a)
) M
)
a)
AS3 Grai Inclu Unzone Cor 640 2. 53 2.8 39 3.8 824 2. 94
0 44

PT
6F n1 sion d 3 e 40 00 40 1 38 1 76 18 4
AS3 Grai Inclu Unzone 636 2. 46 3.2 37 3.9 797 2. 87
0 93
6F n1 sion d 4 Rim 10 00 80 1 94 5 62 24 7

RI
AS3 Grai Inclu Unzone 610 2. 36 4.1 36 4.1 736 2. 10
0 61
6F n1 sion d 5 Rim 90 00 40 2 27 4 92 36 36
AS3 Grai Matr Weakly 478 2. 39 3.8 37 3.9 618 2. 94

SC
0 39
6F n2 ix Zoned 6 Rim 40 00 50 0 58 9 33 41 8
AS3 Grai Matr Weakly 730 2. 31 4.7 34 4.4 837 2. 96
0 53
6F n2 ix Zoned 7 Rim 60 00 40 8 00 1 54 35 1
NU
AS3 Grai Matr Weakly 248 2. 31 4.8 13 11. 353 2. 98
0 58
6F n2 ix Zoned 8 Rim 90 00 00 4 30 28 91 84 7
AS3 Grai Matr Weakly 513 2. 29 5.1 27 5.4 614 2. 10
0 64
MA

6F n2 ix Zoned 9 Rim 30 00 40 0 40 7 19 51 31
AS3 Grai Matr Weakly Cor 918 2. 34 4.4 42 3.5 103 2. 98
0 50
6F n2 ix Zoned 10 e 80 00 00 1 10 6 462 27 4
AS3 Grai Matr Weakly 598 2. 30 4.9 29 5.1 702 2. 10
0 63
6F n2 ix Zoned 11 Rim 10 00 50 2 00 7 12 43 11
D

AS3 Grai Matr Unzone Cor 540 2. 29 5.1 27 5.5 639 2. 96

0 52
E

6F n3 ix d 12 e 00 00 20 4 20 1 81 49 7
AS3 Grai Matr Unzone 477 2. 32 4.6 26 5.7 589 2. 95
PT

0 54
6F n3 ix d 13 Rim 50 00 60 0 20 3 34 49 7
AS3 Grai Matr Unzone Cor 682 2. 24 6.0 32 4.6 767 2. 91
0 61
6F n3 ix d 14 e 70 00 90 2 50 2 78 45 5
CE

AS3 Grai Matr Unzone Cor 524 2. 15 10. 25 5.9 576 2. 96

0 52
6F n4 ix d 15 e 70 00 00 00 10 8 07 71 5
AS3 Grai Matr Unzone 0.2 636 2. 21 6.9 29 5.0 710 2. 11
50
AC

6F n4 ix d 16 Rim 27 90 00 70 1 60 7 95 51 15
AS3 Grai Matr Unzone 0.1 601 2. 24 6.0 28 5.3 685 2. 11
52
6F n4 ix d 17 Rim 84 20 00 80 5 20 2 75 50 10
AS3 Grai Matr Unzone 493 2. 27 5.5 23 6.5 585 2. 91
0 55
6F n4 ix d 18 Rim 70 00 00 6 00 2 44 56 3
AS3 Grai Matr Unzone 666 2. 92 16. 29 5.1 697 2. 98
0 56
6F n3 ix d 19 Rim 40 00 0 30 00 7 79 64 5
AS3 Grai Matr Unzone Cor 595 2. 11 13. 24 6.0 632 2. 97
0 56
6F n4 ix d 20 e 10 00 10 51 80 5 81 69 0
AS3 Grai Matr Unzone Cor 596 2. 15 9.6 27 5.4 650 2. 95
0 83
6F n1 ix d 21 e 90 00 60 2 50 5 20 62 6
AS3 Grai Inclu Unzone Cor 0.8 592 2. 19 7.8 27 5.4 657 2. 11
55
6F n5 sion d 22 e 79 20 00 00 9 40 7 04 58 78
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

AS3 Grai Inclu Unzone Cor 0.5 274 2. 36 4.1 16 9.2 397 2. 14
69
6F n5 sion d 23 e 85 00 00 20 4 30 0 41 67 26
AS3 Grai Matr Unzone 495 2. 44 3.3 26 5.6 646 2. 96
0 58
6F n6 ix d 24 Rim 30 00 20 9 70 2 06 33 3
AS3 Grai Matr Unzone Cor 551 2. 27 5.5 26 5.6 644 2. 96
0 57
6F n6 ix d 25 e 70 00 10 4 60 4 12 51 0
AS3 Grai Matr Unzone Cor 605 2. 11 13. 27 5.4 643 2. 99
0 56
6F n6 ix d 26 e 70 00 10 51 40 7 64 68 1
AS3 Grai Matr Unzone Cor 582 2. 27 5.4 27 5.5 676 2. 93
0 54
6F n6 ix d 27 e 80 00 60 3 10 4 71 48 1
17 13
AS3 91

PT
Grai Matr 0 294 2. 94 2.0 97 2.0 355 2. 18
5 6
n7 ix Zoned 28 Rim 200 00 0 0 0 0 160 00
AS3 Grai Matr Cor 705 2. 60 2.4 37 3.9 911 2. 96
0 44

RI
5 n7 ix Zoned 29 e 50 00 40 8 90 6 60 11 8
AS3 Grai Matr Cor 0.0 937 2. 66 2.2 48 3.1 116 2. 96
36
5 n7 ix Zoned 30 e 03 10 00 60 5 10 2 424 05 1

SC
19 16
AS3 10
Grai Matr 0 313 2. 47 2.0 50 2.0 380 2. 18
5 08
n7 ix Zoned 31 Rim 410 00 0 0 0 0 075 00
NU
15 12
AS3 91
Grai Matr 0 271 2. 93 2.0 81 2.0 325 2. 19
5 6
n7 ix Zoned 32 Rim 780 00 0 0 0 0 907 00
MA

14 11
AS3 92
Grai Matr 0 239 2. 89 2.0 60 2.0 290 2. 20
5 9
n7 ix Zoned 33 Rim 860 00 0 0 0 0 512 00
AS3 Grai Matr Cor 151 2. 99 2.0 73 2.0 185 2. 91
0 26
5 n8 ix Zoned 34 e 680 00 70 0 10 5 562 00 7
D

AS3 Grai Matr 151 2. 97 2.0 72 2.0 184 2. 91

0 26
E

5 n8 ix Zoned 35 Rim 610 00 30 0 10 8 655 00 0

AS3 Grai Matr 111 2. 65 2.3 50 2.9 133 2. 88
PT

0 32
5 n9 ix Zoned 36 Rim 830 00 30 0 90 5 964 05 6
AS3 Grai Matr 873 2. 66 2.2 43 3.4 109 2. 92
0 37
5 n9 ix Zoned 37 Rim 60 00 50 6 60 4 970 05 4
CE

AS3 Grai Matr 113 2. 66 2.2 52 2.8 136 2. 89

0 32
5 n9 ix Zoned 38 Rim 580 00 60 5 30 7 172 04 5
AS3 Grai Matr 102 2. 73 2.0 50 2.9 127 2. 92
0 34
AC

5 n9 ix Zoned 39 Rim 250 00 80 3 50 7 343 01 3

AS3 Grai Matr Cor 803 2. 34 4.3 38 3.9 922 2. 96
0 43
5 n9 ix Zoned 40 e 70 00 70 2 40 1 11 30 9
AS3 Grai Matr Cor 605 2. 26 5.7 29 5.1 695 2. 97
0 54
5 n9 ix Zoned 41 e 70 00 20 3 00 7 12 48 1
AS3 Grai Matr 133 2. 75 2.0 64 2.3 159 2. 94
0 29
5 n 10 ix Zoned 42 Rim 690 00 10 0 70 2 270 00 6
AS3 Grai Matr 119 2. 71 2.0 54 2.7 143 2. 88
0 30
5 n 10 ix Zoned 43 Rim 020 00 90 9 50 5 392 01 6
AS3 Grai Matr 115 2. 71 2.1 54 2.7 139 2. 91
0 31
5 n 10 ix Zoned 44 Rim 150 00 20 1 50 5 334 02 1
AS3 Grai Matr 108 2. 69 2.1 52 2.8 132 2. 91
0 33
5 n 10 ix Zoned 45 Rim 880 00 40 6 20 7 465 03 8
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AS3 Grai Matr Cor 103 2. 36 4.0 46 3.2 115 2. 93

0 36
5 n 10 ix Zoned 46 e 190 00 90 7 40 3 746 22 3
AS3 Grai Matr Cor 606 2. 30 4.9 29 5.1 709 2. 95
0 52
5 n 10 ix Zoned 47 e 80 00 10 8 10 5 40 43 5
AS3 Grai Matr 113 2. 74 2.0 55 2.7 138 2. 93
0 32
5 n 11 ix Zoned 48 Rim 260 00 10 2 40 1 471 00 2
AS3 Grai Matr Cor 812 2. 33 4.5 39 3.8 925 2. 98
0 43
5 n 11 ix Zoned 49 e 10 00 20 2 40 1 59 31 9
AS3 Grai Matr Cor 624 2. 29 5.0 30 4.8 726 2. 98
0 53
5 n 11 ix Zoned 50 e 50 00 80 3 70 9 31 43 2

PT
RI
SC
NU
MA
E D
PT
CE
AC
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Table 9: Late Tonian ages reported from different parts of India and east Antarctica.

Age of Dated Code in

Source
Metamorphism Mineral Figure
East Antarctica
Stillwell Hills 913 ± 8 Zircon 1
Oygarden Group 904 ± 6 1
Kelly et al. (2002)
884 ± 24 Zircon 1
844 ± 24 1
North Mawson Escarpment 928 ± 29 Zircon Corvino et al. (2008) 2
Northern Prince Charles Mountains 900 ± 28 Zircon Boger et al. (2000) 3
Grove Mountains, Pyrdz Bay 927 ± 29 4

PT
900 ± 14 4
Zircon Liu et al. (2009)
898 ± 18 4
907 ± 22 4

RI
Pyrdz Bay 930-900 Zircon Liu et al. (2013) 5
Southwestern Prydz Bay 922± 10 Zircon Liu et al. (2014) 6
Bolingen Islands, Pyrdz Bay 915 ±10 7

SC
Monazite Kelsey et al. (2007)
901 ± 11 7
Northern Prince Charles Mountains 915 ± 12 8
914 ± 5 8
Zircon Liu et al. (2017)
NU
921 ± 19 8
915 ± 13 8
Rayner Complex 906 ± 6 9
Monazite Halpin et al. (2007a)
915 ± 13 9
MA

Northern Prince Charles Mountains 920 ± 7 10

Zircon Morrissey et al. (2015)
902 ± 7 10
Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt
Domain 2 911 ± 7 11
Monazite Bose et al. (2011)
D

913 ± 7 11
Rengali Provience 805 ± 13 Chattopadhyay et al. 12
Monazite
E

827 ± 7 (2015) 12
Domain 2 902 ± 17 Zircon Das et al. (2011) 13
PT

Domain 2 921 ± 15 14
Monazite
855 ± 15 14
Korhonen et al. (2013)
822 ± 31 14
Zircon
CE

874 ± 20 14
Eastern Ghats Province 830 ± 44 15
836 ± 43 Monazite Simmat and raith (2008) 15
845 ± 26 15
AC

Eastern Ghats Province 921 ± 19 Monazite Dobmeier & Raith (2002) 22

East Indian Shield
North CGGC 910 ± 9 Monazite Rekha et al. (2011) 16
North CGGC 904 ± 5 Zircon Mukherjee et al. (2017) 17
North CGGC 827 ± 45 18
876 ± 13 18
Monazite Chatterjee et al. (2010)
North Singhbhum Fold Belt 848 ± 63 18
843 ± 110 18
South CGGC 825 ± 26 19
Monazite Maji et al. (2008)
818 ± 11 19
South CGGC 861 ± 53 20
856 ± 49 Monazite Karmakar et al. (2011) 20
903 ± 40 20
Central Indian Tectonic Zone
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Mahakoshal Belt 882 ± 6 Monazite 21

Deshmukh et al. (201)
868 ± 130 Monazite 21

PT
RI
SC
NU
MA
E D
PT
CE
AC
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Highlights

 Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex has been repeatedly deformed and

metamorphosed

 Intrusion of mafic dykes separates two tectonothermal events (M2 and M3)

 M2 (964 Ma) and M3 (917 Ma) inferred to be linked with continent-continent

collisions

PT
 Similarity with other mobile belts suggest two-stage fusion between India-Antarctica

RI
SC
NU
MA
E D
PT
CE
AC
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15