School of Computer and System Sciences

Jaipur National University

Jaipur

Seminar Report
On

Cellular Mobile Communication

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Miss Suman Bhatnagar Krishna Dhangar

Mr. Vipul Sharma Sweta Thakur

Ankush Malav

MCA-V Semester
 INDEX

1. Definition of Mobile Communication

2. History
3. Introduction
4. Basic Cellular Concept
5. Access Technologies
6. Cellular Standards
7. Characteristics
8. Mobile Communications Principles
9. Cellular System Architecture
10. Cellular System Components
11. Mobile Technology
12. Mobile Features
 Definition of Cellular Mobile Communication
A cellular mobile communications system uses a large number of low-power
wireless transmitters to create cells—the basic geographic service area of a
wireless communications system. Variable power levels allow cells to be
sized according to the subscriber density and demand within a particular
region. As mobile users travel from cell to cell, their conversations are
"handed off" between cells in order to maintain seamless service. Channels
(frequencies) used in one cell can be reused in another cell some distance
away. Cells can be added to accommodate growth, creating new cells in
unserved areas or overlaying cells in existing areas.
 History
In 1908, U.S. Patent 887,357 for a wireless telephone was issued in to
Nathan B. Stubblefield of Murray, Kentucky. He applied this patent to "cave
radio" telephones and not directly to cellular telephony as the term is
currently understood. Cells for mobile phone base stations were invented in
1947 by Bell Labs engineers at AT&T and further developed by Bell Labs
during the 1960s. Radiophones have a long and varied history going back to
Reginald Fessenden's invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio
telephony, through the Second World War with military use of radio
telephony links and civil services in the 1950s, while hand-held cellular
radio devices have been available since 1973. A patent for the first wireless
phone as we know today was issued in US Patent Number 3,449,750 to
George Sweigert of Euclid, Ohio on June 10, 1969.

In 1945, the zero generation (0G) of mobile telephones was introduced.

Like other technologies of the time, it involved a single, powerful base
station covering a wide area, and each telephone would effectively
monopolize a channel over that whole area while in use. The concepts of
frequency reuse and handoff, as well as a number of other concepts that
formed the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the
1970s; see for example Fluhr and Nussbaum, Hachenburg et. al. , and U.S.
Patent 4,152,647, issued May 1, 1979 to Charles A. Gladden and Martin H.
Parelman, both of Las Vegas, Nevada and assigned by them to the United
States Government.
Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive is widely considered to
be the inventor of the first practical mobile phone for hand-held use in a
non-vehicle setting. Cooper is the first inventor named on "Radio telephone
system" filed on October 17, 1973 with the US Patent Office and later issued
as US Patent 3,906,166; other named contributors on the patent included
Cooper's boss, John F. Mitchell, Motorola's chief of portable communication
products, who successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless
communication products that would be small enough to use outside the
home, office or automobile and participated in the design of the cellular
phone. Using a modern, if somewhat heavy portable handset, Cooper made
the first call on a hand-held mobile phone on April 3, 1973 to a rival, Dr.
Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs.

The first commercial citywide cellular network was launched in Japan by

NTT in 1979. Fully automatic cellular networks were first introduced in the
early to mid 1980s (the 1G generations). The Nordic Mobile Telephone
(NMT) system went online in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden in
1981.

Personal Handy-phone System mobiles and modems used in Japan around 1997–2003

In 1983, Motorola DynaTAC was the first approved mobile phone by FCC
in the United States. In 1984, Bell Labs developed modern commercial
cellular technology (based, to a large extent, on the Gladden, Parelman
Patent), which employed multiple, centrally controlled base stations (cell
sites), each providing service to a small area (a cell). The cell sites would be
set up such that cells partially overlapped. In a cellular system, a signal
between a base station (cell site) and a terminal (phone) only need be strong
enough to reach between the two, so the same channel can be used
simultaneously for separate conversations in different cells.

Cellular systems required several leaps of technology, including handover,

which allowed a conversation to continue as a mobile phone travelled from
cell to cell. This system included variable transmission power in both the
base stations and the telephones (controlled by the base stations), which
allowed range and cell size to vary. As the system expanded and neared
capacity, the ability to reduce transmission power allowed new cells to be
added, resulting in more, smaller cells and thus more capacity. The evidence
of this growth can still be seen in the many older, tall cell site towers with no
antennae on the upper parts of their towers. These sites originally created
large cells, and so had their antennae mounted atop high towers; the towers
were designed so that as the system expanded—and cell sizes shrank—the
antennae could be lowered on their original masts to reduce range.

A 1991 GSM mobile phone

The first "modern" network technology on digital 2G (second generation)
cellular technology was launched by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Group) in
1991 in Finland on the GSM standard which also marked the introduction of
competition in mobile telecoms when Radiolinja challenged incumbent
Telecom Finland (now part of TeliaSonera) who ran a 1G NMT network.

The first data services appeared on mobile phones starting with person-to-
person SMS text messaging in Finland in 1993. First trial payments using a
mobile phone to pay for a Coca Cola vending machine were set in Finland in
1998. The first commercial payments were mobile parking trialled in
Sweden but first commercially launched in Norway in 1999. The first
commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched
in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and
Smart. The first content sold to mobile phones was the ringing tone, first
launched in 1998 in Finland. The first full internet service on mobile phones
was i-Mode introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999.

In 2001 the first commercial launch of 3G (Third Generation) was again in

Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard.[12]

Until the early 1990s, following introduction of the Motorola MicroTAC,

most mobile phones were too large to be carried in a jacket pocket, so they
were typically installed in vehicles as car phones. With the miniaturization
of digital components and the development of more sophisticated batteries,
mobile phones have become smaller and lighter.

There are several categories of mobile phones, from basic phones to feature
phones such as music phones and camera phones, to smart phones. The first
smart phone was the Nokia 9000 Communicator in 1996 which incorporated
PDA functionality to the basic mobile phone at the time. As miniaturisation
and increased processing power of microchips has enabled ever more
features to be added to phones, the concept of the smart phone has evolved,
and what was a high-end smart phone five years ago, is a standard phone
today. Several phone series have been introduced to address a given market
segment, such as the RIM Blackberry focusing on enterprise/corporate
customer email needs; the Sony Ericsson Walkman series of music phones
and Cyber shot series of camera phones; the Nokia N-Series of multimedia
phones; and the Apple iPhone which provides full-featured web access and
multimedia capabilities.
 Cellular Mobile Communication Introduction
The first radiotelephone service was introduced in the US at the end of the
1940s, and was meant to connect mobile users in cars to the public fixed
network.  In the 1960s, a new system launched by Bell Systems, called
Improved Mobile Telephone Service” (IMTS), brought many improvements
like direct dialing and higher bandwidth.  The first analog cellular systems
were based on IMTS and developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s.  The
systems were “cellular” because coverage areas were split into smaller areas
or “cells”, each of which is served by a low power transmitter and receiver.

This first generation (1G) analog system for mobile communications saw
two key improvements during the 1970s: the invention of the
microprocessor and the digitization of the control link between the
mobilephone and the cell site. 

Second generation (2G) digital cellular systems were first developed at the
end of the 1980s.  These systems digitized not only the control link but also
the voice signal.  The new system provided better quality and higher
capacity at lower cost to consumers.

Third generation (3G) systems promise faster communications services,

including voice, fax and Internet, anytime and anywhere with seamless
global roaming.  ITU’s IMT-2000 global standard for 3G has opened the
way to enabling innovative applications and services (e.g. multimedia
entertainment, infotainment and location-based services, among others). The
first 3G networks were deployed in Korea and Japan in 2000 and 2001. 
2.5G networks, such as GPRS (Global Packet Radio Service) are already
available in some parts of Europe.

The Basics of Cellular Technology and the Use of the Radio Spectrum  

Mobile operators use radio spectrum to provide their services.  Spectrum is

generally considered a scarce resource, and has been allocated as such.  It
has traditionally been shared by a number of industries, including
broadcasting, mobile communications and the military. At the World Radio
Conference (WRC) in 1993, spectrum allocations for 2G mobile were agreed
based on expected demand growth at the time.  At WRC 2000, the
resolutions of the WRC expanded significantly the spectrum capacity to be
used for 3G, by allowing the use of current 2G spectrum blocks for 3G
technology and allocating 3G spectrum to an upper limit of 3GHz.   

Before the advent of cellular technology, capacity was enhanced through a

division of frequencies, and the resulting addition of available channels. 
However, this reduced the total bandwidth available to each user, affecting
the quality of service.  Cellular technology allowed for the division of
geographical areas, rather than frequencies, leading to a more efficient use of
the radio spectrum. This geographical re-use of radio channels is knows as
“frequency reuse”.  

In a cellular network, cells are generally organized in groups of seven to

form a cluster.  There is a “cell site” or “ base station” at the centre of each
cell, which houses the transmitter/receiver antennae and switching
equipment.  The size of a cell depends on the density of subscribers in an
area: for instance, in a densely populated area, the capacity of the network
can be improved by reducing the size of a cell or by adding more
overlapping cells. This increases the number of channels available without
increasing the actual number of frequencies being used.    All base stations
of each cell are connected to a central point, called the Mobile Switching
Office (MSO), either by fixed lines or microwave. The MSO is generally
connected to the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network):   

  
Cellular technology allows the “hand-off” of subscribers from one cell to
another as they travel around. This is the key feature which allows the
mobility of users. A computer constantly tracks mobile subscribers of units
within a cell, and when a user reaches the border of a call, the computer
automatically hands-off the call and the call is assigned a new channel in a
differentcell.

International roaming arrangements govern the subscriber’s ability to make

and receive calls the home network’s coverage area. 

Access Technologies (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA)

FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is the most common
analog system.  It is a technique whereby spectrum is divided up into
frequencies and then assigned to users.  With FDMA, only one subscriber at
any given time is assigned to a channel.  The channel therefore is closed to
other conversations until the initial call is finished, or until it is handed-off to
a different channel.  A “full-duplex”  FDMA transmission requires two
channels, one for transmitting and the other for receiving.  FDMA has been
used for first generation analog systems.

TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) improves spectrum

capacity by splitting each frequency into time slots.  TDMA allows each
user to access the entire radio frequency channel for the short period of a
call.  Other users share this same frequency channel at different time slots. 
The base station continually switches from user to user on the
channel. TDMA is the dominant technology for the second generation
mobile cellular networks. 
CDMA:  Code Division Multiple Access is based on “spread” spectrum
technology.  Since it is suitable for encrypted transmissions, it has long been
used for military purposes.  CDMA increases spectrum capacity by allowing
all users to occupy all channels at the same time.  Transmissions are spread
over the whole radio band, and each voice or data call are assigned a unique
code to differentiate from the other calls carried over the same spectrum. 
CDMA allows for a “soft hand-off”, which means that terminals can
communicate with several base stations at the same time.  The dominant
radio interface for third-generation mobile, or IMT-2000, will be a wideband
version of CDMA with three modes (IMT-DS, IMT-MC and IMT-TC).
 Cellular Standards for 1G and 2G

Each generation of mobile communications has been based on a dominant

technology, which has significantly improved spectrum capacity. Until the
advent of IMT-2000, cellular networks had been developed under a number
of proprietary, regional and national standards, creating a fragmented
market.   

First Generation:

1)  Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was first launched in the US. It
is an analog system based on FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
technology.   Today, it is the most used analog system and the second largest
worldwide. 

2)  Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) was mainly developed in the Nordic

countries. (4.5 million in 1998 in some 40 countries including Nordic
countries, Asia, Russia, and other Eastern European Countries)

3) Total Access Communications System (TACS) was first used in the UK

in 1985.  It was based on the AMPS technology.

There were also a number of other proprietary systems, rarely sold outside
the home country.   

Second Generation:

1) Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) was the first

commercially operated digital cellular system.  It was first developed in the
1980s through a pan-European initiative, involving the Eureopean
Commission, telecommunications operators and equipment manufacturers. 
The European Telecommunications Standards Institute was responsible for
GSM standardization.  GSM uses TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
technology.   It is being used by all European countries, and has been
adopted in other continents.  It is the dominant cellular standard today, with
over (45%) of the world’s subscribers at April 1999.

2) TDMA IS-136 is the digital enhancement of the analog AMPS

technology.  It was called D-AMPS when it was fist introduced in late 1991
and its main objective was to protect the substantial investment that service
providers had bmade in AMPS technology.  Digital AMPS sevices have
been launched in some 70 countries worldwide (by March 1999, there were
almost 22 million TDMA handsets in circulation, the dominant markets
being the Americas, and parts of Asia)

3) CDMA IS-95 increases capacity by using the entire radio band with each
using a unique code (CDMA or Code Division Multiple Access). It is a
family of digital communication techniques and South Korea is the largest
single CDMA IS-95 market in the world.

4) Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) is the second largest digital mobile

standard although it is exclusively used in Japan where it was introduced in
1994.  Like GSM, it is based on the TDMA access technology.  In
November 2001, there were some 66.39 million PDC users in Japan.

5) Personal Handy phone System (PHS) is a digital system used in Japan,

first launched in 1995 as a cheaper alternative to cellular systems. It is
somewhere in between a cellular and a cordless technology.  It has inferior
coverage area and limited usage in moving vehicles. In November 2001,
Japan had 5.68 million PHS subscribers. 

Cellular Standards for the Third Generation: The ITU's IMT-2000 family

It is in the mid-1980s that the concept for IMT-2000, “International Mobile

Telecommunications”, was born at the ITU as the third generation system
for mobile communications.   After over ten years of hard work under the
leadership of the ITU, a historic decision was taken in the year 2000:
unanimous approval of the technical specifications for third generation
systems under the brand IMT-2000.  The spectrum between 400 MHz and 3
GHz is technically suitable for the third generation. The entire
telecommunication industry, including both industry and national and
regional standards-setting bodies gave a concerted effort to avoiding the
fragmentation that had thus far characterized the mobile market.  This
approval meant that for the first time, full interoperability and interworking
of mobile systems could be achieved.  IMT-2000 is the result of
collaboration of many entities, inside the ITU (ITU-R and ITU-T), and
outside the ITU (3GPP, 3GPP2, UWCC and so on)

IMT-2000 offers the capability of providing value-added services and

applications on the basis of a single standard.  The system envisages a
platform for distributing converged fixed, mobile, voice, data, Internet and
multimedia services.  One of its key visions is to provide seamless global
roaming, enabling users to move across borders while using the same
number and handset.  IMT-2000 also aims to provide seamless delivery of
services, over a number of media (satellite, fixed, etc…).   It is expected that
IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates:  a minimum speed of
2Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 348 Kbit/s in a moving vehicle. 
Second-generation systems only provide speeds ranging from 9.6 Kbit/s to
28.8kbit/s. 

IMT-2000 has the following key characteristics:

1. Flexibility
With the large number of mergers and consolidations occurring in the
mobile industry, and the move into foreign markets, operators wanted to
avoid having to support a wide range of different interfaces and
technologies.  This would surely have hindered the growth of 3G
worldwide.  The IMT-2000 standard addresses this problem, by providing a
highly flexible system, capable of supporting a wide range of services and
applications. The IMT-2000 standard accommodates five possible radio
interfaces based on three different access technologies (FDMA, TDMA and
CDMA):  
    
 

2.  Affordability
There was agreement among industry that 3G systems had to be affordable,
in order to encourage their adoption by consumers and operators. 

3.  Compatibility with existing systems

IMT-2000 services have to be compatible with existing systems.  2G
systems, such as the GSM standard (prevalent in Europe and parts of Asia
and Africa) will continue to exist for some time and compatibility with these
systems must be assured through effective and seamless migration paths. 

4.  Modular Design

The vision for IMT-2000 systems is that they must be easily expandable in
order to allow for growth in users, coverage areas, and new services, with
minimum initial investment. 
 Mobile Communications Principles
Each mobile uses a separate, temporary radio channel to talk to the cell site.
The cell site talks to many mobiles at once, using one channel per mobile.
Channels use a pair of frequencies for communication—one frequency (the
forward link) for transmitting from the cell site and one frequency (the
reverse link) for the cell site to receive calls from the users. Radio energy
dissipates over distance, so mobiles must stay near the base station to
maintain communications. The basic structure of mobile networks includes
telephone systems and radio services. Where mobile radio service operates
in a closed network and has no access to the telephone system, mobile
telephone service allows interconnection to the telephone network.

Basic Mobile Telephone Service Network

 Cellular System Architecture

Increases in demand and the poor quality of existing service led mobile
service providers to research ways to improve the quality of service and to
support more users in their systems. Because the amount of frequency
spectrum available for mobile cellular use was limited, efficient use of the
required frequencies was needed for mobile cellular coverage. In modern
cellular telephony, rural and urban regions are divided into areas according
to specific provisioning guidelines. Deployment parameters, such as amount
of cell-splitting and cell sizes, are determined by engineers experienced in
cellular system architecture

Provisioning for each region is planned according to an engineering plan that

includes cells, clusters, frequency reuse, and handovers.

Cells
A cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular system. The term cellular
comes from the honeycomb shape of the areas into which a coverage region
is divided. Cells are base stations transmitting over small geographic areas
that are represented as hexagons. Each cell size varies depending on the
landscape. Because of constraints imposed by natural terrain and man-made
structures, the true shape of cells is not a perfect hexagon.

Clusters
A cluster is a group of cells. No channels are reused within a cluster. Figure
4 illustrates a seven-cell cluster.
Frequency Reuse
Because only a small number of radio channel frequencies were available for
mobile systems, engineers had to find a way to reuse radio channels to carry
more than one conversation at a time. The solution the industry adopted was
called frequency planning or frequency reuse. Frequency reuse was
implemented by restructuring the mobile telephone system architecture into
the cellular concept.

The concept of frequency reuse is based on assigning to each cell a group of

radio channels used within a small geographic area. Cells are assigned a
group of channels that is completely different from neighbouring cells. The
coverage area of cells is called the footprint. This footprint is limited by a
boundary so that the same group of channels can be used in different cells
that are far enough away from each other so that their frequencies do not
interfere.

Cells with the same number have the same set of frequencies. Here, because
the number of available frequencies is 7, the frequency reuse factor is 1/7.
That is, each cell is using 1/7 of available cellular channels.

Cell Splitting
Unfortunately, economic considerations made the concept of creating full
systems with many small areas impractical. To overcome this difficulty,
system operators developed the idea of cell splitting. As a service area
becomes full of users, this approach is used to split a single area into smaller
ones. In this way, urban centers can be split into as many areas as necessary
to provide acceptable service levels in heavy-traffic regions, while larger,
less expensive cells can be used to cover remote rural regions.

Handoff

The final obstacle in the development of the cellular network involved the
problem created when a mobile subscriber travelled from one cell to another
during a call. As adjacent areas do not use the same radio channels, a call
must either be dropped or transferred from one radio channel to another
when a user crosses the line between adjacent cells. Because dropping the
call is unacceptable, the process of handoff was created. Handoff occurs
when the mobile telephone network automatically transfers a call from radio
channel to radio channel as mobile crosses adjacent cells.
During a call, two parties are on one voice channel. When the mobile unit
moves out of the coverage area of a given cell site, the reception becomes
weak. At this point, the cell site in use requests a handoff. The system
switches the call to a stronger-frequency channel in a new site without
interrupting the call or alerting the user. The call continues as long as the
user is talking, and the user does not notice the handoff at all.
 Cellular System Components

The cellular system offers mobile and portable telephone stations the same
service provided fixed stations over conventional wired loops. It has the
capacity to serve tens of thousands of subscribers in a major metropolitan
area. The cellular communications system consists of the following four
major components that work together to provide mobile service to
subscribers.
 public switched telephone network (PSTN)
 mobile telephone switching office (MTSO)
 cell site with antenna system
 mobile subscriber unit (MSU)

PSTN
The PSTN is made up of local networks, the exchange area networks, and
the long-haul network that interconnect telephones and other communication
devices on a worldwide basis.

Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)

The MTSO is the central office for mobile switching. It houses the mobile
switching centre (MSC), field monitoring, and relay stations for switching
calls from cell sites to wire line central offices (PSTN). In analog cellular
networks, the MSC controls the system operation. The MSC controls calls,
tracks billing information, and locates cellular subscribers.

The Cell Site

The term cell site is used to refer to the physical location of radio equipment
that provides coverage within a cell. A list of hardware located at a cell site
includes power sources, interface equipment, radio frequency transmitters
and receivers, and antenna systems.

Mobile Subscriber Units (MSUs)

The mobile subscriber unit consists of a control unit and a transceiver that
transmits and receives radio transmissions to and from a cell site. The
following three types of MSUs are available:
 the mobile telephone (typical transmit power is 4.0 watts)
 the portable (typical transmit power is 0.6 watts)
 the transportable (typical transmit power is 1.6 watts)
 The mobile telephone is installed in the trunk of a car, and the handset
is installed in a convenient location to the driver. Portable and
transportable telephones are hand-held and can be used anywhere. The
use of portable and transportable telephones is limited to the charge
life of the internal battery.

Mobile Technology and Communications

Here you will learn about mobile technologies, mobile phones, and wireless
communication introduction, overview to gsm, gprs, sms and mms reviews.
A cellular or mobile phone is a long range portable electronic device for
communication over long distance.

Current Mobile Phones can support many latest services such as SMS,
GPRS, MMS, email, packet switching, WAP, Bluetooth and many more.
Most of the mobile phones connect to the cellular networks and which
further connected with the PSTN (Public switching telephone network).

Mobile Network Technology

Mobile phones and their network vary very significantly from provider to
provider and country to country. However the basic communication method
of all of them is through the electromagnetic microwaves with a cell base
station. The cellular companies have large antennas, which are usually
mounted over towers, buildings and poles. The cell phones have low-power
transceivers that transmit voice and data to the nearest sites usually within
the 5 to 8 miles (8 to 13 kilometres away).

Mobile Feature:

A mobile phone or mobile (also called cell phone and hand phone, as well
as cell phone, wireless phone, cellular phone, cell, cellular telephone,
mobile telephone or cell telephone) is a long-range, electronic device used
for mobile voice or data communication over a network of specialized base
stations known as cell sites. In addition to the standard voice function of a
mobile phone, telephone, current mobile phones may support many
additional services, and accessories, such as SMS for text messaging, email,
packet switching for access to the Internet, gaming, Bluetooth, infrared,
camera with video recorder and MMS for sending and receiving photos and
video, MP3 player, radio and GPS. Most current mobile phones connect to a
cellular network consisting of switching points and base stations (cell sites)
owned by a mobile network operator (the exception is satellite phones,
which are mobile but not cellular).

As opposed to a radio telephone, a mobile phone offers full duplex

communication, automatised calling to and paging from a public switched
telephone network (PSTN), handoff (am. English) or handover (European
term) during a phone call when the user moves from one cell (base station
coverage area) to another. A mobile phone offers wide area service, and
should not be confused with a cordless telephone, which also is a wireless
phone, but only offer telephony service within a limited range, e.g. within a
home or an office, through a fixed line and a base station owned by the
subscriber.

The International Telecommunication Union estimated that mobile cellular

subscriptions worldwide would reach approximately 4.1 billion by the end
of 2008. Mobile phones have gained increased importance in the sector of
Information and communication technologies for development in the 2000s
and have effectively started to reach the bottom of the economic pyramid.