SKELETAL SYSTEM - is the THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

body system composed of bones, OF CARTILAGE – contains

cartilages, ligaments, and other collagen and proteoglycans.
tissues that perform essential
HYDROXYAPATITE - is a
functions for the human body. 
naturally occurring form of the
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL mineral calcium apatite—
SYSTEM ARE: calcium, phosphorous, and
oxygen—that grows in hexagonal
1.) SUPPORT – rigid, strong bone
crystals.
is well suited for bearing
weight and is the major BRITTLE BONE DISEASE or
supporting tissue of the body. OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
2.) PROTECTION – Bone is heard – literally means imperfect bone
and protects the organs it formation,
surrounds.
- is a rare disorder caused by
3.) MOVEMENT – tendons,
any one of a number of faulty
strong bands of connective
genes that result in either too
tissue, attach skeletal muscle
little collagen formation or
to the bones.
poor-quality collagen.
4.) STORAGE – some minerals in
the blood – principally,
calcium and phosphorus are
GENERAL FEATURES OF BONE
stored in bone.
5.) BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION THERE ARE (4) FOUR
– many bones contain cavities CATEGORIES OF BONE:
filled with red bone marrow,
which produces blood cells 1.) LONG BONE – are longer than
and platelets. they are wide.
- Most of the bones of the
COLLAGEN – is a tough, ropelike UPPER and LOWER LIMBS are
protein. long bones.
2.) SHORT BONES – are
PROTEOGLYCANS- are large
approximately as wide as they
molecules consisting of many
are long.
polysaccharides attaching to and
- Examples of it are bones of
encircling core proteins.
the WRIST and ANKLE
THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX - Help transfer force between
OF TENDONS and LIGAMENTS long bones.
CONTAINS LARGE AMOUNTS OF 3.) FLAT BONES- have a
COLLAGEN FIBERS, MAKING relatively thin, flattened
THESE STRUCTURES VERY shape.
TOUGH, LIKE ROPES OR - Are well suited to providing a
CABLES. strong barrier around soft
 organs such as the brain and where red bone marrow and/or
the heart. yellow bone marrow (adipose
- Examples of flat bones are tissue) is stored.
CERTAIN SKULL BONES,
MARROW - the soft, organic,
RIBS, AND THE SCAPULAE
spongelike material in the
(SHOULDER BLADES).
cavities of bones; also called
4.) IRREGULAR BONES – these
medulla ossium.
bones tend to have specialized
functions, such as providing YELLOW MARROW - is involved
protection while allowing in the storage of fats.
bending and flexing of certain
-consists mostly of adipose
body regions such as the
tissue.
SPINE.
RED MARROW - contains blood
stem cells that can
STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE become red blood cells, white
blood cells, or platelets.
EACH LONG BONE CONSISTS
OF A CENTRAL SHAFT CALLED PERIOSTEUM - is a complex
DIAPHYSIS AND TWO ENDS, structure composed of an outer
EACH CALLED EPIPHYSIS. fibrous layer that lends
structural integrity and an inner
DIAPHYSIS – central the shaft or
cambium layer that possesses
central part of a long bone.
osteogenic potential.
EPIPHYSIS - the end part of a
ENDOSTEUM - (plural endostea)
long bone, initially growing
is a thin vascular membrane of
separately from the shaft.
connective tissue that lines the
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE – inner surface of the bony tissue
covers the epiphysis where the that forms the medullary cavity
bone articulates (joins) with other of long bones.
bones.
EPIPHYSEAL PLATE or
HISTOLOGY OF BONE
GROWTH PLATE - is the area
of growing tissue near the ends THE PERIOSTEUM AND
of the long bones in children and ENDOSTEUM CONTAIN
adolescents. Each long bone has OSTEOBLAST.
at least two growth plates; one at
OSTEOBLAST – function in the
each end. 
formation of bones, as well as in
MEDULLARY CAVITY - also the repair and remodeling of
known as the marrow cavity, is bone.
the central cavity of bone shafts
 - Called OSTEOCYTES when TRABECULAE – delicate
osteoblast become surrounded interconnecting rods or plates of
by matrix. bones.
OSTEOCLAST – are also present
and contribute to bone repair by
BONE OSSIFICATION
removing existing bone called bone
reabsorption. OSSIFICATION – is the formation of
bone by osteoblasts.
LAMELLAE - is a thin plate-like
structure, often one amongst INTRAMEMBRANOUS
many lamellae very close to one OSSIFICATION – is the bone
another, with open space between. formation that occurs within
connective tissue membrane.
LACUNAE - an unfilled space or
interval; a gap. ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION –
is the bone formation that occurs
CANALICULI - is a small
inside the hyaline cartilage.
passageway. 
OSSIFICATION CENTERS- is the
-. A small canal in bone which
first area of a bone to start ossifying.
carries some structure (such as a
nerve) through it. PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER
– the center part of the diaphysis.
COMPACT BONE - also known as
cortical bone, is a denser material -where bone first begins to appear.
used to create much of the hard
SECONDARY OSSIFICATION - The
structure of the skeleton.
site where bone formation continues
OSTEONS - are cylindrical after beginning in the long shaft or
structures that contain a mineral body of the bone, usually in
matrix and living osteocytes an epiphysis.
connected by canaliculi, which
BONE REMODELING – is the
transport blood.
removal if existing bone by
CENTRAL CANAL – or Haversian osteoclasts and the deposition of
canal, is the longitudinal CSF-filled new bone by osteoblasts and occurs
space which runs the entire length in all bone.
of the spinal cord and represents
the most caudal portion of the
ventricular system. CLINICAL IMPACT
SPONGY BONE - also known OPEN FRACTURE – formerly called
as cancellous bone or trabecular a compound fracture.
bone, is a very porous type
of bone found in animals.  -occurs when an open wound
extends to the site of the fracture or
when a fragment of bone protrudes SPIRAL FRACTURES – take a
through the skin. helical course around the bone.
CLOSED FRACTURE – formerly OBLIQUE FRACTURES – run
called a simple fracture. obliquely in a relation to the length
of the bones.
-if the skin is not perforated.
DENTATE FRACTURES -have
COMPLICATED FRACTURE -if the
rough, toothed, broken ends.
soft tissues around a closed fracture
are damaged. STELLATE FRACTURES -have a
breakage lines radiating from a
INCOMPLETE FRACTURE – does
central point.
not extend completely across the
bone.
COMPLETE FRACTURE – the bone BONE AND CALCIUM
is broken into at least two HOMEOSTASIS
fragments.
BONE- is the major storage site for
GREENSTICK FRACTURE – an calcium in the body, and movement
incomplete fracture on the convex of calcium into and out of bone
side of the curve of the bone. helps determine blood calcium
levels.
HAIRLINE FRACTURE – are
incomplete fractures in which the CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS- is
two sections of the bone do not maintained by (3) THREE
separate. HORMONES:
-common in the skull. 1.) PARATHYROID HORMONE
(PTH) from the parathyroid
COMMINUTED FRACTURE – is a
glands
complete fracture in which the bone
2.) VITAMIN D from the skin or
breaks into more than two pieces –
diet.
usually two major fragments and a
3.) CALCITONIN from the thyroid
smaller fragment.
gland.
IMPACTED FRACTURE – one
PTH WORKS THROUGH THREE
fragment is driven into the spongy
SIMULTANEOUS MECHANISMS TO
portion of the other fragment.
INCREASE BLOOD CALCIUM
LINEAR FRACTURES – run parallel LEVELS.
to the length of the bone.
1.) PTH indirectly stimulates
TRANSVERSE FRACTURES -are at osteoclast to break down
right angles to the length of the bone, which releases stored
bone. calcium into the blood.
2.) PTH stimulates the kidney to CONDYLE -the smooth, rounded
take up calcium from the end of a bone, where it forms a
urine and return it to the joint with another bone.
blood.
3.) PTH stimulates the formation
of active vitamin D, which, in AXIAL SKELETON
turn, promotes increased
AXIAL SKELETON – is
calcium absorption from the
composed of the skull, the
small intestine.
vertebral column, and the
thoracic cage.
MICROBES IN YOUR BODY THE 22 BONES OF THE SKULL
ARE DIVIDED INTO THOSE OF
OSTEOMYELITIS – is a bacterial
THE BRAINCASE, AND THOSE
infection in the bone.
OF THE FACE.
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS –
BRAINCASE (neurocranium)-
is a Gram-positive, round-shaped
encloses the cranial cavity.
bacterium that is a member of
the Firmicutes, and it is a usual -consists of 8 bones that
member of the microbiota of the immediately surround and
body, frequently found in the protect the brain.
upper respiratory tract and on
FACIAL BONES
the skin.
(viscerocranium)- 14 bones
-form the structure of the face.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
OF BONE ANATOMY
LATERAL VIEW
FORAMEN – a hole in the bone.
THE PARIETAL BONES and
CANAL or MEATUS – a hole that
TEMPORAL BONES FORM A
is elongated into a tunnel like
LARGE PORTION OF THE SIDE
passage through the bone.
OF THE HEAD.
FOSSA – a depression in the
SUTURE -is a joint uniting bone
bone.
of the skull.
TUBERCLE or TUBEROSITY – a
SQUAMOUS SUTURE- suture
rounded projection on a bone.
that join the parietal and
PROCESS – sharp projection temporal bones.
from a bone.
ANTERIORLY, THE PARIETAL
BONE IS JOINED TO THE
FRONTAL BONE (forehead) by
the CORONAL SUTURE, and ORBITS and NASAL CAVITY –
POSTERIORLY IT IS JOINED TO the most prominent openings
THE OCCIPITAL BONE (head) into the skull.
by the LAMBDOID SUTURE.
INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE
EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL – (IOF) and SUPERIOR ORBITAL
a canal that enables sound waves FISSURE – provide openings
to reach the eardrum. through which nerves and blood
vessels communicate with the
MASTOID PROCESS- is a
orbit or pass to the face.
smooth conical projection
of bone located at the base of OPTIC FORAMEN – is the
the mastoid area of the opening to the optic canal.
temporal bone.
NASOLACRIMAL CANAL –
SPHENOID BONES - It helps passes from the orbit into the
form the base and lateral sides of nasal cavity.
the skull in combination with the
A small LACRIMAL BONE – can
orbital floor.
be seen in the orbit just above
ZYGOMATIC BONES - the opening of this canal.
(cheekbone or malar bone) is a
NASAL SEPTUM – divides the
paired irregular bone which
nasal cavity into right and left
articulates with the maxilla, the
halves.
temporal bone, the
sphenoid bone, and the - two structures form the nasal
frontal bone. septum: the VOMER BONE
and the PERPENDICULAR
ZYGOMATIC ARCH- bridge of
PLATE of the ethmoid bone
bone extending from the
forms the superior half of the
temporal bone at the side of the
nasal cavity.
head around to the maxilla
(upper jawbone) in front and NASAL BONES – the bridge of
including the zygomatic (cheek) the nose.
bone as a major portion.
NASAL CONCHAE- Projecting
MAXILLA – forms the upper jaw out of the lateral walls of
the nasal cavity are curved
MANDIBLE – forms the lower
shelves of bone. 
jaw.
PARANASAL SINUSES – the
large cavities of the nasal cavity.
FRONTAL VIEW
MASTOID AIR CELLS – located
into mastoid process of the
temporal bones.
-these air cells open into the -extends from the base of the
middle ear instead of into the skull to slightly past the end of
nasal cavity. the pelvis.
FORAMEN MAGNUM - the hole USUALLY CONSISTS OF 26
in the base of the skull through INDIVIDUAL BONES, GROUPED
which the spinal cord passes. INTO FIVE REGIONS.
SELLA TURCICA - is a 7 CERVICAL (neck)
bony depression in the sphenoid VERTEBRAE,
bone.
12 THORACIC VERTEBRAE,
5 LUMBAR VERTEBRAE,
BASE OF THE SKULL VIEWED
1 SACRAL BONE, and
FROM BELOW
1 COCCYX BONE.
OCCIPITAL CONDYLES – the
smooth points of articulation LORDOSIS – is an abnormal
between the skull and the lateral curvature of the spine.
vertebral column.
SCOLIOSIS – is an abnormal
-located beside the foramen lateral curvature of the spine.
magnum.
STYLOID PROCESS – project
GENERAL PLAN OF THE
from the inferior surface of the
VERTEBRAE
temporal bone.
BODY – the weight bearing
MANDIBULAR FOSSA – where
portion of each vertebrae.
the mandible articulates with the
temporal bone. INTERVERTEBRAL DISKS -
Each disc absorbs the stress and
-is anterior to the mastoid
shock the body incurs during
process.
movement and prevents the
HARD PALATE – forms the roof vertebrae from grinding against
of the mouth. one another.
- also, the floor of the nasal VERTEBRAL CANAL – the
cavity. vertebral foramina of all of the
vertebrae in the spine.
HYOID BONE- is an unpaired, U
shaped bone. INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA-
the gaps between successive
VERTEBRAL COLUMN or SPINE
vertebrae.
– is the central axis of the
skeleton.
ARTICULAR PROCESS- where SACRAL PROMONTORY- the
the vertebrae articulate with each bulges of the first sacral vertebra.
other.
RIB CAGE- protects the vital
ARTICULAR FAUCET – the organs within the thorax and
smooth “little face” if each prevents the collapse of the
articular process. thorax during respiration.

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE 12 PARIS OF RIBS CAN BE

VERTEBRAE DIVIDED INTO TRUE RIBS AND
FALSE RIBS.
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE – have
very small bodies, except for TRUE RIBS- ribs 1-7, attach
atlas, which has no body. directly to the sternum by means
of costal cartilages.
ATLAS – the first cervical
vertebra. FALSE RIBS- ribs 8-12, do not
attach directly to the sternum.
AXIS – second cervical vertebra.
FLOATING RIB- one of the last
THORACIC VERTEBRAE –
two ribs.
posses long, thin spinous process
that are directed inferiorly. -it is floating if it does not attach
to the sternum.
-also have extra articular facets
on their lateral surfaces that STERNUM or BREASTBONE- is
articulate with ribs. divided into (3) three parts:
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE- have (1) MANUBRIUM, (2) BODY, (3)
large, thick bodies and heavy, XIPHOID PROCESS.
rectangular transverse and
JUGULAR NOTCH- is located
spinous process.
between the ends of the clavicles
SACRUM – the fused single bone where they articulate with the
of the five sacral vertebrae. sternum.
MEDIAN SACRAL CREST – STERNAL ANGLE- is the
spinous process of the fifth anterior angle formed by the
vertebrae. junction of the manubrium and
the body of the sternum which
SACRAL HIATUS- the opening
varies around 162 degrees in
into the spinal canal in the
males.
midline of the dorsal surface of
the sacrum between the laminae APPENDICULAR- skeleton
of the fifth sacral vertebra. consists of the bones of the
upper and lower limbs, as well as
the girdles, which attach the UPPER LIMB- consists of the
limbs to the axial skeleton. bones of the arm, forearm, wrist,
and the hand.
ARM- is the region between the
PECTORAL GIRDLE (shoulder
shoulder and the elbow. It
girdle)- consist of four bones, two
contains the humerus.
scapulae and two clavicles, which
attach the upper limb to the HUMERUS- It connects the
body. scapula and the two bones of the
lower arm, the radius and ulna,
SCAPULA (shoulder blade)- is a
and consists of three sections.
flat, triangular bone with three
large fossae where muscles LATERAL TO THE HEAD ARE (2)
extending to the arm are TWO TUBERCLES
attached.
1.) GREATER TUBERCLE
GLENOID CAVITY- fourth fossa 2.) LESSER TUBERCLE
-where the head of the humerus DELTOID TUBEROSITY- where
connects to the scapula. the deltoid muscles attaches.
SPINE- is an interconnected EPICONDYLES- provide
complex of bones, nerves, attachments sites for forearm
muscles, tendons, and ligaments, muscles.
any of which can become
FOREARM- has (2) two bones:
damaged and cause pain,
the (1) ULNA and the (2)
neurological symptoms, or loss of
RADIUS.
mobility.
TROCHLEAR NOTCH- fits tightly
ACROMION PROCESS- is a
over the end of the humerus,
bony process on the scapula.
forming most of the elbow joint.
-extends from the scapular spine
OLECRANON PROCESS-
to form the point of the shoulder.
process of the ulna that forms
CLAVICLE (collarbone)- the outer bump of the elbow and
articulates with the scapula at fits into the fossa of the humerus
the acromion process. when the arm is extended. 
CORACOID PROCESS- of the CORONOID PROCESS- helps
scapula curves below the clavicle complete the “grip” of the ulna on
and provides for the attachment the distal end of the humerus.
of arm and chest muscles.
STYLOID PROCESS- a slender
projection of bone, such as that
from the lower surface of the
UPPER LIMB
temporal bone of the skull, or ANOTHER TO FORM A SINGLE
those at the lower ends of the BONE: THE ILIUM, ISCHIUM,
ulna and radius. and the PUBIS.
RADIAL TUBEROSITY- an oval ILIUM – is the most superior.
eminence on the medial side of
ISCHIUM- is inferior and
the radius distal to the neck
anterior.
where the tendon of the biceps
brachii muscle inserts. PUBIS- is interior and anterior.
WRIST- is a relatively short ILIAC CREST - is the area where
region between the arm and the arching bones sit on either side
hand: it is composed of (8) eight of your pelvis.
carpal bones.
PUBIC SYMPHYSIS- is a
THESE EIGHT BONES ARE THE secondary cartilaginous joint (a
SCAPHOID, LUNATE, joint made of hyaline cartilage
TRIQUETRUM, PISIFORM, and fibrocartilage) located
TRAPEZIUM, TRAPEZOID, AND between the left and
HAMATE. right pubic bones near the
midline of the body.
ACETABULUM- is the socket of
HANDS: (5) METACARPAL
the hip joint.
BONES ARE ATTACHED TO THE
CARPAL BONES AND FORM THE OBTURATOR FORAMEN- is the
BONY FRAMEWORK OF THE large hole in each hip bone that
HAND. is closed off by muscles and
other structures.
PHALANGES- three small bones
in each finger. PELVIC INLET- is formed by the
pelvic brim and the sacral
PELVIC GIRDLE-is the place
promontory.
where the lower limbs attach to
the body. PELVIC OUTLET- is bounded by
the ischial spines, the pubic
-the right and left hip bones
symphysis, and the coccyx.
joined each other anteriorly and
the sacrum posteriorly to form a
ring of bone called the PELVIC
LOWER LIMB
GIRDLE.
LOWER LIMB- consists of the
PELVIS – includes the pelvic
bones of the thigh, leg, ankle,
girdle and coccyx.
and foot.
EACH HIP BONE IS FORMED BY
THREE BONES FUSED TO ONE
THIGH- is the region between the metacarpal bones and phalanges
hip and the knee. It contains a of the hand.
single bone called the FEMUR.
THERE ARE (3) THREE
CONDYLES- articulate with tibia. PRIMARY ARCHES IN THE
FOOT, formed by the positions of
EPICONDYLES- are points of
the tarsal bones and metatarsal
ligament attachment.
bones, and held in place by the
TROCHANTER- One of the bony ligaments. TWO LONGITUDINAL
prominences toward the near end ARCHES extend from the heel to
of the thighbone (the femur).  the ball of the foot, and a
TRANSVERSE ARCH extends
PATELLA (kneecap)- is located
across the foot.
within the major tendon of the
anterior thigh muscles. THE ARCHES SERVES AS AN
ADJUSTABLE LEVER TO ASSIST
-enables the tendon to bend over
IN THE TWO MAIN FUNCTIONS
the knee.
OF FOOT.
LEG- is the region between the
1.) TO SUPPORT THE BODY IN
knee and the ankle.
ITS UPRIGHT POSITION
-it contains (2) two bones the BOTH WHILE STANDING AND
medial tibia and the lateral IN FORWARD MOVEMENT
fibula DURING WALKING.
2.) TO PUSH THE BODY
TIBIAL TUBEROSITY- is the FORWARD DURING WALKING
proximal tibial surface on which TO AND TO ABSORB THE
the femur rests. SHOCK WHEN THE FOOT
ANKLE- consists of the distal TOUCHES THE GROUND.
ends of the tibia and fibula
forming a partial socket that
articulates with a bone of the JOINTS
foot.
JOINTS- or articulations, are
FOOT: the seven tarsal bones: commonly named according to
They are named the bones or portions of bones
the calcaneus, talus, cuboid, na that join together
vicular, and the medial, middle,
JOINTS CAN ALSO BE
and lateral cuneiforms.
CLASSIFIED IN FUNCTIONAL
THE METATARSAL BONES and CATEGORIES ACCORDING TO
PHALANGES of the foot are THEIR DEGREE OF MOTION AS
arranged and numbered in a SYNARTHROSES (non-movable
manner very similar to the joints), AMPHIARTHROSES
(slightly movable joints), or
DIARTHROSES (freely movable SYNOVIAL FLUID- forms a thin,
joints). lubricating film covering the
surfaces of the joint.
FIBROUS JOINTS – are the
articulating surfaces of two bones BURSA is the one that reduce
united by fibrous connective friction caused by muscles and
tissue. tendons moving against skin and
bones, as well as to
SUTURES- are fibrous joints
facilitate movement.
between the bones of the skull.
BURSITIS- is a painful condition
FONTANELS (soft spot) – allow
that affects the small, fluid-filled
flexibility in the skull during the
sacs called bursae, that cushion
birth process, as well as growth
the bones, tendons, and muscles
of the head after birth.
near your joints.
SYNDESMOSES – are fibrous
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
joints in which the bones are
separated by some distance and SYNOVIAL JOINTS ARE
held together by ligaments. CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO
THE SHAPE OF THE ADJOINING
GOMPHOSES- consists of pegs
ARTICULAR SURFACES.
fitted into sockets and held in
place by ligaments. PLANE JOINTS- or gliding joints,
consists of two opposed flat
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS- unite
surfaces that glide over each
two bones by means of cartilage.
other.
SYNOVIAL JOINTS- are freely
SADDLE JOINTS- consists of two
movable joints that contain fluid
saddle-shaped articulating
in a cavity surrounding the ends
surfaces oriented at right angles
of articulating bones.
to each other.
-  are the only joints that have a
HINGE JOINTS- permit
space between the adjoining
movement in one plane only.
bones. 
MENISCI- a shock absorbing
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE-
fibrocartilage pads.
provides a smooth surface where
the bones meet. PIVOT JOINTS – restrict
movement to rotation around a
JOINT CAPSULE- is an envelope
single axis.
surrounding a synovial joint.
BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS-
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE- lines
consists of a ball (head) at the
the joint cavity everywhere except
end of one bone and a socket in
over the articular cartilage.
an adjacent bone into which a INVERSION- is turning the foot
portion of the ball fits. so that the plantar surface faces
medially.
ELLIPSOID JOINTS- or
condyloid joints- are elongated ROTATION- is turning of a
ball and socket joints. structure around its long axis, as
in the shaking of the head “no”.
CIRCUMDUCTION- occurs at
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
freely movable joints, such as the
FLEXION- is a bending shoulder.
movement that decreases the
PROTRACTION- is a movement
angle of the joint to bring the
in which a structure, such as the
articulating bones closer
mandible, glides interiorly.
together.
RETRACTION- the structure
EXTENSION- is a straightening
glides posteriorly.
movement that increases the
angle of the joint to extend the ELEVATION- is movement of a
articulating bones. structure in a superior direction.
HYPEREXTENSION- is usually DEPRESSION- is movement of a
defined as extension of a joint structure in an inferior direction.
beyond 180 degrees.
EXCURSION- is movement of fa
PLANTAR FLEXION- is a structure to one side, as in
movement in which the top of moving the mandible from side to
your foot points away from your side.
leg.
OPPOSITION- is a movement
DORSIFLEXION- is the action of unique to the thumb and little
raising the foot upwards towards finger.
the shin.
REPOSITION- returns the digits
ABDUCTION- is the movement to the anatomical position.
away from the median or
midsagittal plane.
SEPARATION- exists when the
PRONATION and SUPINATION-
bones remain apart after injury
refer to the unique rotation of the
to a joint.
forearm.
DISLOCATION- is when the end
EVERSION- is turning the foot so
of one bone is pulled out of the
that the plantar surface (bottom
socket in a ball and socket,
of the foot) faces laterally.
ellipsoid, or pivot joint.
OSTEOPOROSIS- is a bone
disease that occurs when the
body loses too much bone, makes
too little bone, or both.