Skeletal System -made up of bones, ligaments and cartilage

-framework that provides structure to the rest of the body

-facilitates movements

FUNCTIONS——
1. support
2.Protection (of soft body organs)
3. Movement (ex. tendons w/c acts as levers)
4. Storage- stores an release fats and minerals
5.Blood cell formation (homeostasis; occurs in
the
marrow cavities of certain bones)

Bones- one of the most hardest parts of the body

-contain soft tissue marrow
> produces new blood cells
> stores fat

> we have 206 total bones and anatomically divided into 2 parts
1. AXIAL
2. APPENDICULAR

ANATOMY—

AXIAL- bones that form the

longitudinal axis o the body

APPENDICULAR- bones of the limbs

and girdles

TYPES OF BONES 1. Compact Bone- heavy ,tough, and compact

-provides strong mechanical levers w/c enables
muscles to move
-surrounds bone marrow
-protects and strengthen bones
-cortical bone
parts:
a. Osteon- cylindrical structures
- contains mineral matrix
-aligned parallel to the long axis of
the bone
b. lamellae- layers of compact matrix
c. Haversian canal- contains bones’ blood vessels
and fibers
d. trabeculae
 2. Spongy Bone- cancellous
-trabecular
-found in long bones
- surrounded by compact bone
-use for more active function of the bones
(blood cell production and ion exchange)

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES—
1. long -have shaft at the ends
2. Short -cube shaped and contains spongy bones
3. Flat- thin and curve
4. Irregular- do not fit one of the proceeding
category 5.Sesamoid- form within tendons
-special type of short bone
e.g patela

>DIAPHYSIS
GROSS ANATOMY OF -makes up most of the bone’s length and is composed of compact bone
LONG BONE -contain bone marrow and adipose tissue
-covered and protected by a fibrous connective tissue membrane, the periosteum
-covers many bones in
the body
-serves as protection
and channel in the blood supply and nutrients for bone
tissue
>EPIPHYSIS
-ends of the long bone
-consists of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone
-bone growth takes place

>EPIPHYSEAL LINE/PLATE
-thin line of bony tissue spanning the epiphysis
-looks a bit different from the rest of the bone
-serves no function in the bone
-indicator of the boundary between epiphysis and diaphysis
> ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
-Provides a smooth, slippery surface that decreases friction at joint surfaces
-found in upper and lower epiphysis
^nutrient foramen- opening
-gives passage to the blood
^endosteum- connective tissue
-can add or remove bone
-remodeling, growth and repair
^periosteum- nourishes compact bone
-provides sites for attachments of tendons and ligaments
^ medullary cavity- innermost part
-central cavity of bone shafts
-adipose tissue stored
TYPES OF BONE CELLS

OSTEOCYTES
- mature bone cells
-maintain the bone matrix

OSTEOBLAST
-Mononucleated cells
-Responsible for the secretion and synthesis of the organic constituents of bone matrix.
-most active secretory cells

OSTEOGENIC CELL
-only bone cells that divide
-forming new bone

OSTEOCLAST
-multinucleated monocyte macrophage derivatives
-degrade bone
-age bone resorption
AXIAL THREE PARTS—
SKELETON 1. Skull- formed by two sets of bones
a. Cranium- encloses and protects brain
-composed of 8 flat bones
b. Facial bones- support soft tissue of the face
 2. VERTEBRAL COLUMN (SPINE)
- Spine, Spinal column, or Backbone
-Composed of a series of bones called vertebrae
-33 total no. during early
Sacral concave curve
development FUNCTIONS—
1. supports head
2. protect spinal cord
3. maintain balance
4.permits movement

>About 71 cm (28 in): adult male

> About 61 cm (24 in): adult female
> Sacral and Coccygeal region

new born adult

primary secondary convex
curve curve

THORACIC CAGE
-forms protective cone shape
^ there are 12 pairs of bones are in the ribs
APPENDICULAR -composed of 126 bones of the limbs and
SKELETON the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which
attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

BONE OF THE SHOULDER GIRDLE

- contains 60 bones
-pectoral girdle
-anchors and supports upper extremities
-serves as important attachment site for
a great number of muscles to help move
the arm

clavicle- anterior brace ;

prevent dislocations
scapula- contains shallow socket
 PELVIC GIRDLE
-Pelvis
-Formed by two coxal bones or ossa coxae (hip bones)
-supports and protects soft vital organs of abnominal cavity
-provides a stable support for the trunk of the body
-provides attachment for lower extremities

BONES FOR LOWER LIMBS

-Carry the total body weight
-thigh bone : heaviest and strongest b o

3. JOINTS
-place where two bones come together
-meeting of two bones
-connection of bones or cartilage

how are joints classified?—

• Functional Classification
- Focuses on the amount of
movement allowed.
-is it moveable?
• Structural Classification
- Focuses on the material that
binds the joint together.
-is it fibrous/ synovial?

Synarthroses (immovable joints)

TYPES OF -found in the first pair of ribs
FUNCTIONAL sternum Amphiarthroses (slightly movable
JOINTS joints)
-distal joints between tebula and
pelvies Diarthroses (freely movable joints)
- all synovial joint of the body
 TYPES OF 1. Ball and socket joints
STRUCTURAL
-formed where the rounded head of one bone fits into hollow cup-shaped socket of
JOINTS
another bone.
-allows wide range of movements

e.g hip and shoulder

2. Hinge joints
-movement is possible in one plane only.
-allow movement in only one axis

e.g elbow joint

angle joint
joints between the phalanges of the fingers

3. Gliding joints
- Allow for gliding movements between flat surfaces as they slide over one another
-Limited amount of movement is allowed

4. Pivot joints
-occur where: a bony ring rotates round the pivot (axis) of another bone such as
the ring-like atlas rotating around the odontoid process of the axis, allowing the
head to turn from side to side.

5. Saddle joints
- Two saddle-like structures allowing backwards, forwards and sideways movements.

e.g thumb and ankle

6. Condyloid joint
- Oval shaped head of bone in a shallow cavity, allowing backwards, forwards
and sideways movement Wrist (between radius and ulna and carpals)