C e n j C a m s b m p g b m r y m a 
n e ` g e s ` n m e t m ` g a m ` t n vg  
 

 
 

J I
crhc crrð 

 Cenjcams bm pgbmr y ma 

ne`ges`nmetm `gam`tnvg 
 

[rnjmrc mbn`nðe6 g`tudrm 4;30 

Pmhuebc mbn`nðe6 memrg 4;39

© Bmrm`lgs bm mbn`nðe rmsmrvcbgs. 

Mbntgrnca @êr`uag Tgfg. 
 www.mbntgrnca`nr`uagrgfg.`gj 
neigKmbntgrnca`nr`uagrgfg.`gj 
@gam``nðe Nevmstnhc`nðe  

© Jcrhc Icrrð

Mbn`nðe6 Mbntgrnca @êr`uag Tgfg. 

Jcqumtc`nðe6 Fuce Juógz @îspmbms.
@îspmbms. 
Igtghrciêc bm `udnmrtc6 © - Igtganc.ms 
Bnsmóg bm pgrtcbc6 © Ðs`cr Hna Tcyc

 
[rgbu`nbg pgr6 Mbntgrnca @êr`uag Tgfg.
NPDE6 >8<-<2->349-;<;-9
>8<-<2->349-;<;-9 

BM[ÐPNRG AMHCA6 CA 39;;-4;3=

Enehuec pcrtm bm mstc pudan`c`nðe, ne`aunbg ma bnsmóg bm  

`udnmrtc, pumbm smr rmprgbu`nbc
rmprgbu`nbc,, cajc`mecbc g trcesjntnbc
me jcemrc cahuec y pgr enehöe jmbng, yc smc mam`trðen`g,  
quêjn`g, jm`ãen`g, ðptn`g, bm hrcdc`nðe, me Netmremt g bm 
igtg`gpnc, sne pmrjnsg prmvng bma mbntgr g bma cutgr. Rgbgs
ags bmrm`lgs rmsmrvcbgs. Mbntgrnca @êr`uag Tgfg eg tnmem  
pgr quî mstcr bm c`umrbg `ge acs gpneng
gpnengems
ems bma cutgr g `ge
ma tmxtg bm ac pudan`c`nðe, rm`grbcebg
rm`grbcebg snmjprm qum ac gdrc
qum tnmem me sus jcegs pumbm smr uec egvmac bm in``nðe g
ue mescyg me ma qum ma cutgr lchc vcagrc`ngems pmrsgecams y  
sudfmtnvcs.

«@ucaqunmr igrjc bm rmprgbu``nðe, bnstrndu`nðe, `gjuen`c- 

`nðe pödan`c g trcesigrjc`nðe bm mstc gdrc sðag pumbm smr  
rmcanzcbc `ge ac cutgrnzc`nðe bm sus tntuacrms, scavg mx`mp- 
`nðe prmvnstc pgr ac amy. Bnrêfcsm c @MBTG (@metrg Mspcóga
bm Bmrm`lgs Tmprghrãin`gs) sn em`msntc igtg`
igtg`gpncr
gpncr g ms`c- 
emcr cahöe irchjmetg bm mstc gdrc (www.`gean`me`nc.`gj? 
>3 8;4 3> 8; / >0 484 ;2 28)¿.

NJ[TMPG ME MP[CÓC ‐  ]ENÐE M]TG[MC

 

 
 

 
 

ÊEBN@M 

[TNJMTC [CTRM6 ‑MA YNCFM BMA 

BMA LÎTGM 
G @CJNEG BMAH]MTTMTG‚
BMA H]MTTMTG‚ .............................................. 30

NERTGB]@@NÐE ...................................................................... 3=
MA PNAME@NG,
PNAME@NG , MAMJMERG C@RNYC
C@RNYCBGT  BGT  
BM AC MP@]@LC NERMTNGT  ................................................. 38

LGJDTM, LGJG,
LG JG, L]J]P .................................................... 3>
•  Ma Jntg bm Bmu`canðe y [nrrc. ........................................... 4;
•  ·Suî ms ma Lgjdrm7. ......................................................... 43

MA •CTS]MRN[G BMA LÎTGM ................................................ 40

  Ac aacjcbc......................................................................... 42
•  Pgdrm ma jnmbg y ac vgauetcb. ............................................ 4=

ACP PMÓCAMP ........................................................................... 4>

•  Jcetmemrsm me vmac. ........................................................... 0;
•  Pgdrm ac rmsurrm``nðe. ........................................................ 03

AC NJ[GTRCE@
NJ[GTRCE@NC NC GEÊTN@C  ................................................ 00
•  Ma crtm bma mesumóg. ........................................................... 02

MA CENJCA
CENJCA ^ MA GTNHME BMA PÊJDGAG ........................ 0=

G[]MPRGP [MTG EG RCERG ......................

..................................
........................
.................
.....0>
0>

AGP MAMJMERGP .................................................................... 20
•  Iumhg. ............................................................................... 20
•  Cnrm. .................................................................................. 22
•  Chuc. .................................................................................
................................................................................. 22
•  Rnmrrc. ............................................................................... 2=
 

MA ANECFM6 CE@MPRTGP, AGP 

HTCEBMP BMP@GEG@NBGP ................................................. 28
•  Grêhmems hmemrc`ngecams. .................................................. 2>
•  Pne nbmetnbcb. .................................................................... =;

MA •CTS]MRN[G ME AC LNPRGTNC .......................................
...................................... =0
  Iumetms Fubêcs. .................................................................. =2
•  Iumetms [chcecs. ............................................................... =2
•  Iumetms @rnstncecs. ............................................................ ==
•  Jãs caaã bm ac Lnstgrnc. ...................................................... =9

MA PMT JM@ÃEN@G .................................................................
................................................................. =>

BMA PNAME@NG CA YMTDG .....................................................

.................................................... 90
 
••  Jnmbg.
Andm ...............................................................................
Andmrtcb.
rtcb. ....................
..........................................
........................................................... 90
..................................... 92

PMH]EBC
PMH] EBC [CTRM6 ‑CENJCAMP
‑CENJCAMP  BM [GBMT‚ .................... 9>
•  Bm ac C c ac V. .............................................................83-34;

RMT@MTC
RMT@ MTC [CTRM6
[CTRM6 ‑@TNCR]TCP
‑@TNCR]TCP  JNRGAÐHN@CP‚ .......
....... 343

JCE]CA
JCE]C A BM @GEP]ARC ............................................................. 300

DNDANGHTCIÊC^ I]MERMP ............................................... 30=

 

 
 

 
 

[TNJMTC [CTRM 

‑Ma Yncfm bma Lîrgm g @cjneg bma 

bma  Humrrmrg‚
Humrrmrg‚ 
 

 
 

NERTGB]@@NÐE 

M s pgr jmbng bma sêjdgag3 qum ma lgjdrm prmtmebm netmrprmtcr y

celmac `gjprmebmr ac rczðe bm su mxnstme`nc.
Ags Tntgs bm pcsg, yc smce mstgs mxtmregs g netmregs, jcr`ce acs 
mtcpcs jãs njpgrtcetms bm ac vnbc bma smr lujceg. Mstcs pgbrãe
smr vnvnbcs hrc`ncs
hrc`ncs c ags crqumtnpgs rmhnstrcbgs
rmhnstrcbgs me ma ne`ges`nmetm, 
Rgbg maag smrvnrã 
tcetg nebnvnbuca `gjg `gam`tnvg, bm ac lujcenbcb. Rgbg
`gjg acezcbmrc y puetg bm pcrtnbc pcrc ac eg pg`g ctrmvnbc dösqum-
bc bma smetnbg-sne smetnbg mxnstme`nca.
Ma smhunjnmetg bm pnstcs y smócams qum ags inegs mstrctgs bm ac
 psn`gaghêc cecaêtn`c, ac jntgaghêc,
jntgaghêc, y acs bnimrmetms rmanhngems pgeme
c eumstrg ca`ce`m, smrvnrãe pcrc qum ma nebnvnbug pumbc tnrcr bma lnag 
bm Crncbec y scanr bma Acdmrnetg, eg sne cetms lcdmr ms`u`lcbg y
cdrczcbg ma ‑aacjcbg‚ pcrc ac rmcanzc`nðe bm ac Gdrc.

Bmstc`cjgs ac njpgrtce`nc bm ac ecvmhc`nðe pgr acs mstce`ncs  

bm ac psnqum lujcec. Ac netmrprmtc`nðe bm acs smócams c pcrtnr bm  
ac psn`gaghêc cecaêtn`c bm @cra Hustcv Fueh4 qum trcdcfð ma sêjdg-
ag burcetm hrce pcrtm bm su vnbc, rmbms`udrnmebg rntgs, crqumtnpgs 
y jntgs? jãs eg ium ma öen`g. Gtrgs njpgrtcetms `getmjpgrãemgs  
suygs sm g`upcrge bm mstm `cjpg
`cjpg ma `uca aamvcdc bgrjnbg cahuegs
3
Tmprmsmetc`nðe bm nbmcs cdstrc`tcs me igrjc bm jmtãigrc g camhgrêc qum ma lgjdrm bms-
`udrm c trcvîs bma snheg.
4
@cra Hustcv Fueh (3<8=-3>93) jîbn`g psnqunctrc, psn`ðaghg y mescynstc sunzg, inhurc `acvm
bma psn`gceãansns. Iuebcbgr bm ac ms`umac bm psn`gaghêc cecaêtn`c, tcjdnîe aacjcbc psn`gaghêc
bm ags `gjpamfgs
`gjpamfgs y psn`gaghêc prgiuebc.

3=  
 

`metmecrms bm cógs. Maags iumrge Fgsmpl Fgle @cjpdmaa 0 y Jnr`mc 

Mancbm,2 metrm gtrgs, uenbgs cbmjãs tgbgs maags pgr ags me`umetrgs 
ceucams bma @nr`uag Mrcegs.= 
Ma cenjca `gjg
`gjg crqumtnpg vntca me ma bms`udrnjnmetg bm ac trce-
sntgrnmbcb pgr ags mstcbngs g mtcpcs netmrecs bma lgjdrm, ms lcrtg  
`geg`nbg y rm`geg`nbg bmsbm acs bnimrmetms rcjcs bma scdmr.
Me caqunjnc, `nmrtgs cenjcams snjdganzce mstcbgs bm ac jctmrnc 
y ma nen`ncbg `geg`m ma prg`msg pgr ma qum mstã ctrcvmscebg y quî  
trcjg bma @cjneg, Ms`camrc g [umetm qumbc pgr rm`grrmr.
Acs rmanhngems utnanzce sus dmstncrngs9 pcrtn`uacrms pcrc mxprmscr
`ge`mptgs, mstcbgs y prg`msgs bma mspêrntu y su mvgau`nðe lc`nc ma  
Cdsgautg.
Rgbcs
Rg bcs acs dmstncs bm ac `rmc`nðe, lcstc ac jãs cegbnec, tnmeme ue
jmescfm pcrc cquma qum tmehc Gfgs y Gêbgs.

0
 Fgsmpl Fgle @cjpdmaa ((3>;2-3><8)
3>;2-3><8) jntðaghg, ms`rntgr y prgimsgr mstcbguenbmesm, `geg`n-
bg pgr sus trcdcfgs sgdrm jntgaghêc
jntgaghêc y rmanhnðe `gjpcrcbc.
`gjpcrcbc.
2
Jnr`mc Mancbm (3>;8-3><9) inaðsgig, lnstgrncbgr bm acs rmanhngems y egvmanstc rujceg. Lc-
dacdc y ms`rndêc `ge `grrm``nðe me g`lg amehucs6 rujceg, irce`îs, camjãe, ntcanceg, nehaîs,
lmdrmg, pmrsc,
pmrsc, y sães`rntg.
=
Me hrnmhg, mrcegs _ ἔσγκητ
ἔσγκητ Z snhenin`c
snhenin` c `gjnbc me `gjöe, `gjnbc iruhca bgebm `cbc ueg
cpgrtc su pcrtm, `mamdrc`nðe `gjpcrtnbc. Ma @êr`uag bm Mrcegs (me camjãe Mrcegsormns),
grhcenzc`nðe netmrbns`npanecr bm ceãansns
ceãan sns juatn
juatn`uaturca
`uaturca `nmetêin`g
`nmetêin`g y inagsðin`g,
inagsðin`g, ium ma egjdrm
ms`ghnbg pgr Tubgai Gttg pcrc ags me`umetrgs ceucams aamvcbgs c `cdg me `csc bm Gahc
Irùdm-Ocptmye (3<<3-3>94). Pu gdfmtnvg grnhneca mrc mxpagrcr ags vêe`uags metrm ma pmesc-
jnmetg bm Grnmetm y G``nbmetm.
9
@gjpmebng bm dmstncs rmuenbcs me ue vgaujme. Bm hrce pgpuacrnbcb burcetm ac Mbcb
Jmbnc.

39  
 

MA PNAME@NG,
PNAME@NG , M
MAMJMERG
AMJMERG C@R
C@RNYC
NYCBGT
BGT BM AC
MP@]@LC NERMTNGT  

Maags, ags nebngs, pgsmme ma mspêrntu? jcetnmeme ac rnqumzc bm

ag schrcbg m ne`ghegs`ndam me su ne`ges`nmetm `ðjg `gam`tnvg. 
Egsgtrgs, ags pgdrms bm mspêrntu,
mspêrn tu, lmjgs bm rmcanzcr ma `cjneg
bm rmtgreg, pums me eumstrg
e umstrg vncfm lc`nc ci
ciumrc
umrc pmrbnjgs acs
rnqumzcs qum egs iumrge bgecbcs. Ac dösqumbc bma Hrnca, egs
aamvc ca rmme`umetrg `ge ac Msme`nc. 
Maags, ags nebngs, bn`me6 

 jnn mbg. 
‑Egsgtrgs ags nebngs scdmjgs bma sname`ng. Eg am tmemjgs  j
B m lm`lg, pc
pcrr c egsgtr
egsgtrgs
gs m
mss jãs
jãs pgb
pgbm
mr gsg q
qum
um acs pc
pcacdr cs. 
acdrcs.

mbu`cbgs me acs jcemrcs bma sname`ng, 

 Eumstrgs ce`ncegs iumrge mbu`cbgs
 y maags egs trcesjntnmrge msm `geg`njnmetg c egsgtrgs. Gdsmrvc,
ms`u`lc, y aumhg c`töc, egs bm`êce. Îsc ms ac jcemrc bm vnvnr
vnvnr.. 

vc cGdsmrvc c ags cenjcams

ags ce`ncegs pcrc vmr pcrc
`ðjgvmrsm `ðjg `unbceGdsmrvc
`gjpgrtce. c sus `rêcs. Gdsmr- 
ca lgjdrm
dace`g pcrc vmr quî qunmrm. Pnmjprm gdsmrvc prnjmrg, `ge `grczðe
 y jmetm qunmtgs, y metge
metge`ms
`ms cprmebmrãs. @ucebg lcycs gdsmrvcbg
ag suin`nmetm,
sui n`nmetm, metge`ms pgbrãs c` c`tucr
tucr.. 
@ge ustmbms ms ag `getrcrng. ]stmbms cprmebme lcdacebg. [rm-
jnce c ags enógs qum lcdace jãs me ac ms`umac.
ms`u mac. Me sus inmstcs tgbgs
t gbgs
trctce bm lc
lcdac r. Me ma trcdcfg snmjprm mstãe tmenmebg rmuengems me 
dacr.
acs qum tgbgs netmrrujpme c tgbgs, y tgbgs lcdace `ne`g, bnmz g `nme  
vm`ms. ^ am aacjce ‑rmsgavmr ue prgdamjc‚. @ucebg mstãe me uec
uec  

38  
 

lcdntc`nðe y lcy sname`ng, sm pgeme emrvngsgs. Rnmeme qum qum aamecr ma  
mspc`ng `ge sgenbgs. Csê qum lcdace njpuasnvcjmetm, ne`ausg cetms
bm scdmr ag qum vce c bm`nr. 
bm`nr. 
bns`utnr. En snqunmrc pmrjntme qum 
 C ac hmetm dace`c am hustc bns`utnr.
ma gtrg tmrjnem uec ircsm
ircsm.. Pnmjprm netmrrujpm
netmrrujpme.e. [crc ags nebngs
mstg ms
ms juy
juy nrrmspmtugsg m ne`ausg juy mstöpnbg. Pn tö `gjnmezcs
c lcdacr, yg eg vgy c netmrrujpnrtm. Rm ms`u`lcrî. Sunzãs bmfm bm  
ms`u`lcrtm sn eg jm hustc ag qum mstãs bn`nmebg. [mrg eg vgy c
netmrrujpnrtm. @ucebg tmrjnems, tgjcrî jn bm`nsnðe sgdrm ag qum 
bnfnstm, pmrg eg tm bnrî sn eg mstgy bm c`umrbg, c jmegs qum smc
njpgrtcetm.  
njpgrtcetm.
 Bm ag `getrcrng, snjpamjmetm jm qumbcrî `caacbg y jm cam-
 fcrî. Jm lcs bn`lg ag qum em`msntg sc scdm
dmr.
r. Eg lcy ecbc jãs qum bm-
`n
`nr.
r. [mrg msg eg ms suin`nmetm pcrc ac jcygrêc bm aca c hmetm dace`c. Ac
 hmetm bmdmrêc pmescr me sus pcacdrcs `gjg sn ium iumsme
sme smjnaacs. Bm-
dmrêce pacetcracs, y aumhg pmrjntnrams `rm`mr me sname`ng. Eumstrgs
ce`ncegs egs mesmócrge qum ac tnmrrc snmjprm egs mstã lcdacebg,
 pmrg qum bmdmjgs hucrbcr sname`ng pcrc ms`u`lcrac‚. 
ms`u`lcrac‚.  8 

8
Mxtrc`tg bma andrg‑Emntlmr  Xgai
  Xgai egr Bgh. Ge Igrhgttme Tgcbs wntl ce Nebnce  Mabmr‚   pgr Omet
Emrdure Emw Xgrab Andrcry,
Andrcry, 3>>2

3<  
 

MA LGJDTM - LGJG - ‑L]J]P‚ 

·Suî ms ma lgjdrm7 Ac pcacdrc ‑lgjdrm‚ trcs`nmebm ac bnjme-

snðe aîxn`c y smjãetn`c, y cbqunmrm ue mstcbng bm tgtcanbcb, cj-
 pancebg su vgz y cdcr`cebg ags bgs hîemrgs. M Mss csê `ðjg sm ut
utnanzc-
nanzc-
rã c ag acrhg mstm jceuca.
Pmjãetn`cjmetm ma vg`cdag lgjdrm pgsmm bnvmrscs metrcbcs6 
Ac Tmca C`cbmjnc bminem lgjdrm `gjg ‑Pmr  cenjcbg  cenjcbg rc`ngeca,
vcrðe g jufmr‚. Csê, `ucebg bm`njgs ma lgj lgjdrdrmm egs rmimrnjgs c smr
lujceg, jctmrnca me msme`nc. 
msme`nc. 
Ac pcacdrc lgjdrm prgvnmem bma actêe lgjg, lgjnens, qum tcj-
 dnîe snhenin`c “nebnvnbug bm ac mspm`nm lujcec, lgjdrm g jufmr„. 
Csê jnsjg ma lgjdrm `ðjg mspm`nm  ‒ qum qum eg `ðjg hîemrg ‒  
sm metmebêc `gjg cenjca qum prgvmeêc bma sumag. Bma actêe lujus lujus,,
lujns (tnmrrc iîrtna) `cpc supmrin`nca bma sumag, `gjpumstc pgr ac bms-
`gjpgsn`nðe bm jctmrncams grhãen`gs.
Bm ac pcacdrc lujus me`getrcjgs gtrcs bmrnvc`ngems? lujceg
qum prg`mbm bm lujceus
lujceus,, qum bmrnvc c su vmz bma vg`cdag me me `ums-
tnðe.
qum Cbcj,, egjdrm bma prnjmr smr lujceg smhöe ac 
Cócbnrmjgs qum Cbcj
rmanhnðe fubmg-`rnstncec, ms uec pcacdrc lmdrmc qum tnmeme su grnhme
grnhme 
me ma vg`cdag cbcjcl (sumag g tnmrrc).
Nelujcr y mxlujcr (metmrrcr y bmsmetmrrcr rmspm`tnvcjmetm)
r mspm`tnvcjmetm) sge
tcjdnîe gtrgs bmrnvcbgs bm ac pcacdrc lujus
lujus..

3>  
 

Me ac Dndanc lmdrmc sm `ntc me ma andrg bma Hîemsns 4, 86 ‑Jgbmað

^clvî ca vcrðe bm ac cr`naac y am nesuiað me ma rgstrg canmetg bm vnbc,
y ium csê ma ‑lgjdrm‚ ‑smr  cenjcbg‚. 
Me ac antmrcturc hrnmhc bms`udrnjgs c trcvîs bm ags tmx
tmxtgs
tgs bm Tg-
 dmrt vge Tceom Hrcvms me su andrg ‑Ags
‑Ags jntgs
 jntgs hrnmhgs N ‚ ma jntg bm 
Bmu`canðe y [nrrc, uec vmrsnðe jãs bm ags grêhmems bma ‑lgjdrm‚, 
bm acs ju`lcs qum
qum pgbmjgs lcaacr metrm acs bnstnetcs `uat
`uaturcs
urcs mxns-
tmetms.

Ma Jntg bm Bmu`canðe y [nrrc 

Acs ctrg`nbcbms `gjmtnbcs pgr ags lnfgs bm An`cðe prgvg`crge
ac nrc bm Vmus bmsctcebg ue hrce bnauvng sgdrm ac tnmrrc `ge ac ne-
tme`nðe bm dgrrcr bm su icz c tgbc ac rczc lujcec. [mrg Bmu`canðe, 
rmy bm [têc, cvnscbg pgr su pcbrm, ma tntãe [rgjmtmg, `gestruyð ue
cr`c, ac aameð bm vêvmrms y sudnð c dgrbg `ge su mspgsc [nrrc, lnfc 
bm Mpnjmtmg.
Ium metge`ms `ucebg mjpmzð c sgpacr ue vnmetg bma sur y `g-
jmezð ac aauvnc. Ags
Ags rêgs sm prm`npntcdce lc`nc ma jcr
jcr y mstm sudêc
`ge rcpnbmz, crrcscebg y `udrnmebg `cbc `nubcb bm ac `gstc y bma 
netmrngr, lcstc qum tgbg ma juebg qumbð neuebcbg, y tgbcs acs `rnc-
turcs jgrtcams pcrm`êce lcdmr bmscpcrm`nbg, mx`mptg Bmu`canðe
Bmu`canðe y
[nrrc.
Ma cr`c mstuvg iagtcebg burcetm uegs eumvm bêcs lcstc qum in-
ecajmetm acs chucs rmtrg`mbnmrge y ac mjdcr`c`nðe sm pgsð me ma
jgetm [crecsg. Bmu`canðe gdtuvg ac `geinrjc`nðe bma ine bma bnau-
vng `ucebg vng rmhrmscr uec pcagjc qum îa jnsjg lcdêc mevncbg
c mxpagrcr.
Bmspuîs bm bmsmjdcr`cr, girm`nmrge ue sc`rnin`ng c Vmus y dcfc-
rge c grcr ca scetucrng bm Rmjns. Am supan`crge qum vgavnmrc c rmec-
`mr ac rczc lujcec, y îa ms`u`lcebg sus vg`ms mevnð c Lmrjms pcrc  
csmhurcrams qum tgbg ag qum
q um pnbnmrce ams smrêc `ge`mbnbg.

4;  
 

Rmjns cpcrm`nð y ams bnfg6 ‑¡@udrêgs ac `cdmzc y crrgfcb lc`nc  

ctrãs ags lumsgs bm vumstrc jcbrm!‚. Bmu`canðe y [nrrc mrce  lnfgs
bm bnstnetcs jcbrms, bmbufmrge qum sm mstcdc rminrnmebg c ac Jcbrm
Rnmrrc, y qum ags lumsgs mrce acs rg
rg`cs
`cs bm ac grnaac bma rêg. Csê pums,
`udrnîebgsm acs `cdmzcs, rm`ghnmrge y tnrcrge ags hunfcrrgs pgr me`n-
jcjufmrms
bm sus lgjdrgs.  
me y acs qumAcs pnmbrcs
tnrcdc qum acezcdc
Bmu`canðe [nrrcmesm
ag lc`êce s mvcrgems,
trcesigrjcdce
csê ium  
`gjg bng nen`ng c uec eumvc
eu mvc lujcenbcb.< 

·Suî ms ma Lgjdrm7 
Cetrgpgaðhn`c y inagsðin`cjmetm sm `ge`ndm ca lgjdrm `gjg ue
smr nesctnsim`lg bm ag qum ms y bm ag qum lc`m, ms bm`nr, bm su mxns-
tme`nc. Ma lgjdrm, smr inentg y anjntcbg, ms ma öen`g crtêin`m y `rmcbgr
bm sus ‑nausngems‚  y rmspgescdam bm sus bmsnausngems, tgbg y qum  
mstcs sge irutg bm c`tgs ne`ges`nmetms, pums ma lgjdrm eg ‑lc`m‚, 
sneg qum ca lgjdrm am ‑su`mbm‚. 
Mamjmetg nec`cdcbg bm ac ecturcamzc, jceninmstc su mxnstme`nc
mx nstme`nc
me uec mtmrec `gebn`nðe eg rmsumatc,
rmsumatc, tcetg me su prg`mbme`nc `gjg 
me su bmstneg. En snqunmrc ms `gebn`nðe rmsumatc su mtmreg prmsmetm.
Nrrmsgautg pgrqum su `rmc`nðe sm bnactc me ma tnmjpg mtmrecjmetm, 
 pgrqum sm `rmc bêc c bêc cuequm ecbc lchc, cuequm vnvc y sgdrmvnvc
me ma nejgvnansjg.
Lgy eg smrã ma jnsjg bm cymr, en dngaðhn`c, en mspnrntuca, en psê-
qun`cjmetm. Jgvnjnmetg
Jgvnjnmetg pmrmeem, tgbgtgbg jutc, tgbg `cjdnc.
`cjdnc. @cbc 
jcócec `ucebg sm amvcetc ue eumvg pmrsgecfm cpcrm`m me ac ms`mec 
bma juebg, me ac trchn`gjmbnc bma tmctrg bm ac vnbvnbc.
c. Tm`nîe ec`nbcs 
nbmcs y prgym`tgs bmspuetce `ge ma sga, pmrg ac jcygrêc
jc ygrêc bm acs vm`ms 
jgrnrãe me ueg jnsjg, sne aamvcr c tîrjneg c``nðe cahuec? eg gds-
tcetm, msg tcjdnîe prgbu`nrã `cjdngs.
Ma smr lujceg ms prgym`tg me sê jnsjg, sm `rmc `rmc c trcvî
trcvîss bm sus
jntgs, amymebcs, rmactgs, `rmme`ncs y bm sus `gestru``ngems `uaturc-
ams y `uatucams.
<
HTCYMP Tgdmrt. Ags jntgs hrnmhgs N. @cssmaa . Ms`rntgr y mrubntg drntãen`g. (3
(3<>=
<>= - 3><=)

43  
 

Ma lgjdrm eg mstã sufmtg ca mstctnsjg, sneg qum sm vc `geinhurce-

bg me uec aêemc mspc`ng-tmjpgrca. Ecbc jmfgr pgbrêc lc`mr (îa) qum
qu m 
tgjcr acs rnmebcs bm mstm trãesntg bm igrjc `ges`nmetm. [crc lc`mrag 
em`msntcrã bmscrrgaacr ac Ygauetc
Ygauetcb,
b, uec `crc`tmrêstn`c nelmrmetm bma 
^g Tmca.

44  
 

MA CTS]MRN[G BMA L
LÎTGM
ÎTGM 

‑Ac rmcanbcb ms ue snheg qum ca tnmjpg qum rmvmac, vmac. Sum netmrpmac c ac 
ac 
andmrtcb lujcec pcrc qum netmrprmtm ma snheg‚.
ma snheg‚.  
 Tcnjge [cenoocr  

 
gs jntgs sge `gestru``ngems bmaigrjc
ne`ges`nmetm
bm rmactg.`gam`tnvg qum ac 
A `ge`nme`nc `cpturc y prg`msc me C pcrtnr bm
lm`lg macdgrc uecs njãhmems crqumtêpn`cs njdunbcs bm uec `uaturc
mspm`êin`c.
mstm

Ma crqumtnpg> bma Lîrgm qum lcaacjgs me ags rmactgs îpn`gs bm ac 

cetnhuc Hrm`nc, me ecrrc`ngems `îamdrms `gjg Lîr`uams y ags bg`m 
trcdcfgs g [mrsmg, m ne`ausg me ags jãs `geg`nbgs y pgpuacrms `ume-
tgs g me ac `nemjctghrciêc
`nemjctghrciêc c`tuca, sm `gestctc qum `ge nebmpmebme-
`nc bm ac `uaturc bm grnhme g ma tnmjpg trces`urrnbg, ma crqumtnpg 
snmjprm ms ma jnsjg
jnsjg y rmspgebm c uec mstru`turc öen`c me ac lnstg-
rnc? ms ma crqumtnpg uenvmrsca. Fgsmpl @cjpdmaa ag dcutnzð `gjg ma 
Lîrgm bm acs Jna @crcs g Jgegjntg.
Mstm crqumtnpg ms ma rmimrmetm bma vcagr y bma sc`rnin`ng pgr ue
 pumdag, pgr uec bge`maac,
bge`maac, g pgr tgbc ac lujcenbcb, eg njpgrtc `uãa 
smc ma rmactg bgebm mstî rmiamfcbg mxtmrecjmetm mmaa pmrsgecfm, snmj-
 prm sm rmimrnrã c eumstrg prgpng jcpc netmrngr, eumstrg rms`ctm, ac
>
Mtnjgaðhn`cjmetm bma hrnmhg ‑crfmtnpge ‚  `uyg snhenin`cbg ms? ‑mamjmetg  iuebcjmetca‚, 
‑grnhme‚  g ‑jgbmag‚,  snmebg me hrnmhg sneðenjg bm prgtgtnpg g jgbmag c smhunr. Pmhöe
 Fueh, njãhmems geêrn`cs y icetcsêcs qum `grrmac`ngece `ge mspm`nca snjna
snjnantub
ntub c uenvmrscan-
uenvmrsca n-
bcbms pmrtmem`nmetms c rmanhngems, jntgs y amymebcs. Pge njãhmems ce`mstrcams cutðegjcs
`gestntuymetms bm ag ne`ges`nmetm
ne`ges`nmetm qum me ma `gam`tnvg
`gam`tnvg sm me`umetrc.

40  
 

andmrc`nðe bm ag qum ue bêc ium ma Pmr? lgy ms uec juatnpan`nbcb bm  

ygms g chrmhcbgs, bgebm rmsnbm ma Pmr g`uatg dcfg uec jgetcóc bm 
jãs`crcs c ac mspmrc bm smr andmrcbg. Pgag bmsbm ag `ges`nmetm sm
`rmc `ges`nme`nc.

Ac aacjcbc 
‑Ju`lgs sge ags aacjcbgs y pg`gs ags ms`ghnbgs‚. Jctmg 44,32
Ma smr lujceg ms ue dus`cbgr bm vg`c`nðe. Ac ecturcamzc lujc-
ec njpuascbc pgr y bmsbm ac prgpnc msme`nc, sm vmrã mstnjuacbc c 
bmscrrgaacr `cpc`nbcbms qum prgpn`ncrãe ac dösqumbc y am `gebu`n-
rãe inecajmetm ca bms`udrnjnmetg bm su vmrbcbmrc nbmetnbcb snmjprm
qum csê ag bm`nbc, bm clê ac smhuebc pcrtm bm ac ircsm ‑ pg`gs ags
ms`ghnbgs‚, ma dus`cbgr sm manhm c sê jnsjg pcrc aamvcr c `cdg ma 
`cjneg bm vumatc, ecbnm me su auhcr pgbrã rmcanzcr msc c``nðe.
 Enehöe `geg`njnmetg rmca pumbm smr ca`cezcbg pgr mim`tg bma 
czcr. Ma pgbmr bm ics`nec`nðe bm acs nausngems pcscfmrcs bmsvêc ac 
nejmbnctc pmr`mp`nðe bm ag msme`nca.
[gr bmrm`lg bm ec`njnmetg ma lgjdrm mstã aacjcbg c ac rmcanzc-
`nðe bm mstm trcdcfg netmreg, bms`grrmr ma vmag, bmsvmacr ag g`uatg, 
ca`cezcr c `gjprmebmr ma jnstmrng smrã ma gdfmtnvg bm ac vnbc, bm clê 
acs jöatnpams aacjcbcs c ag acrhg bm uec mxnstme`nc.

`m?Ms
pgruec
ag aacjcbc qumlcdrã
hmemrca eg
hmemrca ma nebnvnbug
rmspumstcprgdcdamjmetm rmlöyc
ac prnjmrc vmz. Mstm grm`lczg
rm`lc- 
lcrã qum burcetm ue tnmjpg bgrjntm bm eumvg
eu mvg fuetg c ‑Jgrimg‚. Eg
gdstcetm, ac aacjcbc sm su`mbmrã vcrncs vm`ms me ma tnmjpg, pumstg
qum ac ecturcamzc lujcec snhum ma njpuasg bma bmspmrtcr. Me cahuec 
bm mstcs jcenimstc`ngems, smrã cenjcbg pgr cahöe mstêjuag mxtmreg 
qum am aamvcrã prnjmrg c ac rmiamxnðe y aumhg c ac c``nðe, y qum inecan-
zcrã `ge ac bm`nsnðe bm ‑ms`ghmr‚ (g eg) uec bm acs bgs ‑pêabgrcs‚.3;
]ec am lcrã `getmjpacr ac rmcanbcb tca `uca ms, hmstg `geg`nbg `gjg
3;
 Camhgrêc csg`ncbc ca vmrsê`uag bm Jctmg 44,32. Cau
Causnðe
snðe c ac trnaghêc
trnaghê c bm pmaê`u
pmaê`uacs
acs bm `nme`nc
in``nðe ‑Jctrnx‚ (Lmrjcegs Xc`lgwso).

42  
 

ma ‑@ru`m bma ]jdrca‚, nen`ng bma `cjneg bma Lîrgm? ac gtrc am  pmr-
jntnrã pmrjcem`mr me mstcbg bm sumóg g jcyc.33 Mstg öatnjg ms ne-
tmrprmtcbg `gjg ue eumvg trnueig bm ac jctmrnc sgdrm ma mspêrntu.
Me ma jntg bm ac `cvmrec bm [actðe
[actðe sm pmr`ndm `acrcjmetm ac `ãr-
`ma jmetca me ac qum ma lgjdrm sm me`umetrc, y ac `gjpamfnbcb bm  
me`getrcr ac scanbc bma acdmrnetg. @cutnvmrng, pgr gtrc pcrtm, qum ju-
`lcs `uaturcs cetnhucs
cetnhucs `geg`me bmsbm lc`m snhags y me sus rmactgs, 
mpgpmycs y gbnsmcs ag mxprmsce bm igrjc `acrc y cdnmrtc pcrc cquma 
qum pumbc ‑vmr‚ jãs bm ue envma bm netmrprmtc`nðe, pumbc mjpmzcr  
c rgjpmr sus `cbmecs.

Pgdrm ma jnmbg y ac vgauetcb 

Ma jnmbg sm cpgbmrcrã
cpgbmrcrã c prngrn bma qum `cjnec. Ma jnmbg, `gjg 
rmactc 30@crags @cstcembc34 me su andrg ‑ Acs mesmócezcs bm bge
 Fuce‚ ms ma prnjmr memjnhg bma lgjdrm6
‑Ag qum
‑Ag  qum sm cprmebm eg ms eue`c ag qum ueg `rmêc. ^ csê sm
`gjnmezc c tmemr jnmbg. Ma `geg`njnmetg eg ms eue`c ag qum 
ueg sm mspmrc. @cbc pcsg bma cprmebnzcfm ms ue ctgaacbmrg, y 
ma jnmbg qum ma lgjdrm mxpmrnjmetc mjpnmzc c `rm`mr sne jn-
 smrn`
 sm rn`gr
grbn
bnc,
c, sne `m
`mbm
bmr.
r. Pu pprg
rgpð
pðsn
sntg
tg sm `g`gevn
evnmrt
mrtmm me `cjpgg bm 
me ue `cjp
dctcaac. ^ csê lc trgpmzcbg ``ge ge ma pr n jmr g b
bmm su
suss m
mem
emj
jn hgsec-
turcams6 ¡ma jnmbg! ]e memjnhg tmrrndam6 trcn`ngemrg y mermbcbg
`gjg ags `crbgs. Pm qumbc g`uatg me `cbc rm`gb rm`gbgg bma `cjneg,
c`m`lcebg, mspmrcebg. ^ sn ma lgjdrm, ctmrrcbg me su prmsme`nc, 
m`lc c `grrmr, su memjnh nhgg lcdr ã pumstg in e c su dösqumbc‚. 
ine
Ma humrrmrg inecajmetm mamhnrã ac pêabgrc qum am udn`crã me uec
rmcanbcb `ges`nmetm, maag njpan`crã ‑msiumrzg `ges`nmetm g  suirn-  suirn-  
33
Jcyc, bn`m ac scdnburêc lnebö,
lneb ö, ms ma vmag bma mehcóg qum mevumavm ags gfgs bm ags jgrtcamsy
ags lc`m vmr ue juebg bma qum eg sm pumbm bm`nr qum smc en qum eg smc6 pums sm csmjmfc ca
sumóg.
34
Ma egjdrm grnhneca bma cutgr ms @crags @îscr Pcavcbgr Crcelc @cstcómbc, cetrgpðaghg y
ms`rntgr, grnhme prgdcdam ms [mrö g Drcsna.
30
@cstcembc @. Acs mesmócezcs bm Bge Fuce , Mb. [email protected]. Mspcóc P.C.

4=  
 

jnmetg ‑netme`ngeca ‚‚,,32 y am pgsndnantcrã ac cpmrturc c ue

uecc rmcanbcb 
jãs gdfmtnvc, eg gdstcetm mstc eg smrã en chrcbcdam en pac`metmrc.
Bm`êc Jgurcvnmii 3= qum pcrc pgbmr nen`ncr ma @cjneg sm rmqumrêc 
`nmrtc prmpcrc`nðe6

‑Ags rmqunsntgs pcrc ac dösqumbc bma @cjneg sge `uctrg6

sge  `uctrg6  
-]e prgpðsntg inrjm pgr cca`cezcrag.
a`cezcrag.  
-Bns`mrenjnmetg tgtca. 
tgtca. 
-]ec bns`npanec bm ‑c`mrg‚.
‑c`mrg‚.  
- Nen`nctnvc‚ 
 Nen`nctnvc‚ 
^ inecanzcdc bn`nmebg6 ‑Ac prnjmrc `gebn`nðe ms nebnspmescdam.
ms nebnspmescdam.
Pn eg sm `ujpam, ms neötna `getneuc
`getneucr.
r. ]ec vmz qum mstm prgpðsntg inr-
jm mxnstm, ueg bmdm bmbn`crsm pgr tgbgs ags jmbngs, c bmscrrgaacr  
ac ic`uatcb bma bns`mrenjnmetg‚.
bns`mrenjnmetg‚.  
Pne ma bns`mrenjnmetg, ecbc tcehndam pumbm smr ca`cezcbg. Mstc  
bns`npanec iîrrmc lcrã qum `ucaqunmr lmrnbc qum ma ‑c`tgr‚  bms`udrc
me su jcpc sm `gevnmrtc me iumetm bm pgbmr y scdnburêc. Pnmjprm 
qum rmsmrvm, trcesigrjm y cpanqum ac tgtcanbcb bm su memrhêc c ac 
rmcanzc`nðe bma ‑Rrcdcfg‚ pums îa `gestntuym ma gdfmtnvg pmrjcemetm 
bm ac vnbc.
C`mptcr ac Aacjcbc y @ruzcr ma ]jdrca smrã sgag ma prne`npng  
bm ue acrhg rm`grrnbg. [mrg en ma rm`grrnbg me sê, en ag
ag qum sm pumbm 
netunr `ðjg ma ineca (qum eg ag ms), ms jgtnvg bm ecrrc`nðe bm mstm
 drmvêsnjg jceuca.
Me mstcs aêemcs öen`cjmetm vcjgs c bmscrrgaacr `ðjg y bm quî 
jcemrc netmrprmtcrmjgs acs lumaacs qum ma tnmjpg bmfð, y qum me`m-
rrcbcs me ags dmstncrngs y me gtrcs igrjcs bm rm`mptã`uag `rnstcanzc-
32
‑Metrcb pgr ac pumrtc mstrm`lc? pgrqum ce`lc ms ac pumrtc, y mspc`ngsg ma `cjneg qum aamvc
c ac pmrbn`nðe, y ju`lgs sge ags qum metrce pgr maac? pgrqum mstrm`lc ms ac pumrtc, y cehgstg
ma `cjneg qum aamvc c ac vnbc, y pg`gs sge ags qum ac lcaace‚. Jctmg   8,30
3=
JG]TCYNMII D. Lnstgrncbgr, inaðsgig y ms`rntgr rusg. Metrm sus gdrcs jãs njpgrtce-
tms bmstc`ce ‑Hegsns, @rnstncensjg Msgtîrn`g6  Mstubngs y @gjmetcrngs
@g jmetcrngs sgdrm ac Rrcbn`nðe
Rr cbn`nðe Msgtîrn-
`c bm ac Grtgbgxnc Grnmetca ‚. 

49  
 

rge me igrjc bm sêjdgags c trcvîs bm ac lnstgrnc y acs `uaturcs. Mstgs

sêjdgags csnstnrãe y icvgrm`mrãe ma rrm`geg`njnmetg
m`geg`njnmetg bm acs smócams y
ags snhegs pcrc cquma qum bm`nbnð @cjnecr.
@cjnecr.
C `getneuc`nðe sm bms`rndm ue mfmjpag
mfmjpag bm ags ju`lgs qum mxns-
tme, bm `ðjg sm bmscrrgaac ac ‑aacjcbc‚, ue nemvntcdam bms`mesg  c 
ags ‑neinmregs‚  gs`urc eg`lm bma cajc y uec trnueica scanbc bm ac
‑`cvmrec‚ g sudnbc ca Jgetm @crjmag. @rðen`c c trcvîs bm ac prgpnc 
mxpmrnme`nc bm Amðe Rgastgn639  
‑Lc`nc ma ctcrbm`mr bm su vnbc, Amðe Rgastgn, suirnð uec tm-
rrndam `rnsns mxnstme`nca y mspnrntuca qum ag luebm me uec prg-
 iuebc bm
bmprm
prmsnð
snðe,
e, y qum ag aamvcrã
aamvcrã `csn
`csn ca ddgrb
grbmm bma sun`
sun`nbng.
nbng.  
Pnmetm ue cdnsjg, em`msntc bcr smetnbg c ac vnbc. Dus`c
rmspumstcs me ac `nme`nc, me ac inagsgiêc, me ac nhamsnc Grtg-
 
bgxc
tgbcs ymaacs. 
snmetm
maacs.   uec hrce bm`mp`nðe pgr ag qum me`umetrc me
 Crrmjmtnð `getrc tgbg y `getrc tgbgs y sus öatnjgs ms`rntgs
neiacjcrge ma pmescjnmetg bm ue lgjdrm, qum tnmjpg bmspuîs
 smrêc `geg`nbg me tgbg ma juebg pgr su `grcfm, Jclctjc
Hcebln.38  
Pm `geg`nmrge y sm nen`nð metrm ags bgs uec `grrmspge-
bme`nc pmrnðbn`c c prne`npngs bm egvnmjdrm bma cóg 3;>3,
Hcebln am lcdacrêc bm ac au`lc bm ags nebngs me ac prgvne-
`ncmxpmrnjmetg
ma subcirn`cec cirn`ceg
bm Rrcesvcca,
Rrcesvcqumca,cógs
bgebm yc tcrbm
jãs mjpmzcdc
smrêcc`geg`nbg
hmstcrsm 
`gjg Cpcrtlmnb. 
Cpcrtlmnb. 
Rgastg
Rga stgnn yc me sus öatnjgs
öat njgs jmsms bm vnbc, sm bnstce`nc bm acs
a cs
amtrcs pcrc mxprmscr su cjgr y su bmsmg bm anbmrcr ue jgvn-
jnmetg prgiuebcjmetm lujceg. Bm hmeng bm ac antmrcturc, sm
bmspanmhce uec smrnm bm su`msgs, qum trcsacbce su njchme c
ac bm ue prgimtc `cpcz bm mecatm`mr `ge sus pcacdrcs‚.
sus pcacdrcs‚.  
39
Amv Enogaãnmvn`l Rgastgn, tcjdnîe `geg`nbg `gjg Amðe Rgastgn (3<4<-3>3;) egvmanstc
rusg `gesnbmrcbg
`gesnbmrcbg `gjg ueg bm ags jãs hrcebms
hrcebms ms`rntgrm
ms`rntgrmss bm ac antmrctu
antmrcturc
rc juebnca.
38
Jclctjc Hcebln (3<9>-3>2<) cdghcbg, pmescbgr y pgaêtn`g nebng.

48  
 

Cue eg tmenmebg pgr quî smr mstm prg`msg ma jnsjg me tgbgs

ags `csgs, sê qum mxnstm
mxnstm ue smetnjnmetg hmemrcanzcbg y `gjöe me
me ma 
`cjnecetm qum bmegtc bns`geigrjnbcb, bns`rmpce`nc `ge ac ‑vnbc‚ 
y tgbg ag mstcdam`nbg. Pcdm qum lcy cahg jãs caaã bm ag qum pmr`ndm 
`ge sus smetnbgs y qum ma juebg rmca tgbcvêc pmrjcem`m g`uatg, 
clgrc scdm qum bumrjm pmrg qunzã lc bm`nbnbg bmfcr bm lc`mrag.

4<  
 

ACP PMÓCAMP 

C  
a nen`ng bma vncfm, ca @cjnecetm, Lîrgm  ‒ g Humrrmrg3< pcrc 
cahuecs `uaturcs jmsgcjmrn`cecs ‒  am
 am smrã bm hrce utnanbcb 
 prgvmmrsm bm `nmrtgs rm`ursgs. [crc maag, mstcr cdnmrtg c acs smócams 
smrã bm sujc njpgrtce`nc pcrc pgbmr cprm`ncr ag qum Fueh bmegjn-
ec ‑ sne`rgen`nbcbms‚?3> îstcs prgpn`ncrce ma cvce`m me ma `cjneg.

Jcetmemrsm camrtc smrã vntca. 

Pm bnstnehum metrm gtrcs, uec bm acs j
jãs
ãs icjgscs pcrãdgacs qum 
jmfgr rmprmsmetce ca lgjdrm bgrjnbg y ac snhenin`ctnvc em`msnbcb
bm jcetmemrsm me vmac g camrtc. Ruvg ue hrce cuhm burcetm ac Mbcb 
Jmbnc y `ge iumrtm neiaume`nc me ma crtm hðtn`g. Egs rmimrnjgs c ac
camhgrêc bm ‑acs bnmz vêrhmems‚6 
3<
Ags humrrmrgs sm prmpcrce pcrc tmemr `ge`nme`nc, y ac `ge`nme`nc sðag ams aamhc `ucebg
yc eg qumbc me maags njpgrtce`n
njpgrtce`ncc pmrsgeca. Pðag `ucebg sge
sge ecbc sm `gevnmr
`gevnmrtme
tme me tgbg.
3>
 F]EH @.H. ‑Tm`umrbgs, sumógs y pmescjnmetgs‚ (pp. 402-40=) Mb.Pmnx Dcrrca P.C. Irch-

jmetg bma
gdtuvm jãs ‑…]ec
cógsandrg6  `geinrjc`nðe
tcrbm (3>48) pgr jmbngbmabmpmescjnmetg
ue sumóg. Pusgdrm ma ac`metrg
msme`nc y ma me
prmsmetî ueg
uejnsjg ac
jcebcac
bminenbg `gjg ‑`gjg vmetcec c ac mtmrenbcb‚. Ma bndufg mstã rmprgbu`nbg me Bcs Hmlmnjens
bmr Hgabmeme Dañtm (Ma sm`rmtg bm ac iagr bm grg). ]e cóg bmspuîs ln`m gtrg bndufg, nhucajmetm
ue jcebcac me `uyg `metrg lcdêc ue `cstnaag bgrcbg. @ucebg mstuvg tmrjnecbg jm prmhuetî6
·[grr quî mstg ms tce `lnems`g7 Mstcdc njprmsngecbg pgr ac igrjc y mam``nðe bm `gagrms, qum 
·[g
jm pcrm`êce `lnegs, c pmscr bm qum mxtmrngrjmetm me ma jcebcac eg lcdêc ecbc `lneg. [mrg ma
bndufg jm prgbu`êc tca smesc`nðe. Ium uec rcrc `gne`nbme`nc rm`ndnr pg`g bmspuîs uec `crtc
bm Tn`lcrb Xnalmaj. Jm mevncdc ma jceus`rntg bm ue trctcbg tcgêstg-caquêjn`g `lneg `ge ma
têtuag Bcs Hmlmnjens bmr Hgabmeme Dañtm y jm rghcdc qum ag `gjmetcrc. Amê rãpnbcjmetm ma
tmxtg, pums cpgrtcdc uec nesgspm`lcbc `geinrjc`nðe
`geinrjc`nðe c jns nbmcs sgdrm ma jcebcac y ma jgvn- 
jnmetg `nr`uacr carmbmbgr bma `metrg. (...(...)) [crc rm`grbcr mstc `gne`nbme`nc me sne`rgen`nbcb ms- 
`rndê metge`ms dcfg ma jcebcac6 ‑3>4<, `ucebg lc`êc ma bndufg qum jumstrc ma `cstnaag mvcaucbg
me grg, Tn`lcrb Xnalmaj jm mevnð c Irceoiurt ma tmxtg `lneg, `uyc cetnhñmbcb sm rmjgetc c
 vcrngs snhags, bma `cstnaag cjcrnaag, ma hmrjme bma `umrpg
`umrpg nejgrtca‚. 

4>  
 

‑Metge`ms  ma Tmneg bm ags @nmags smrã smjmfcetm c bnmz

‑Metge`ms 
vêrhmems qum tgjcebg sus aãjpcrcs, scanmrge c rm`ndnr ca eg-
vng. @ne`g bm maacs mrce prubmetms y `ne`g nesmesctcs. Acs ne-
 smesctcs, tgjcebg sus aãjpcrcs, eg tgjcrge `gesnhg c`mntm? 
jãs acs prubmetms tgjcrge c`mntm me sus vcsnfcs, fuetcjmetm 
`ge sus aãjpcrcs. ^ tcrbãebgsm ma mspgsg, `cdm`mcrge tgbcs
 y sm burjnmrge. ^ c ac jmbnceg`lm sm gyð ue `acjgr6 ¡Cquê
vnmem ma mspgsg? scanb c rm`ndnram! Metge`ms tgbcs cqumaacs
vêrhmems sm amvcetcrge, y crrmhacrge sus aãjpcrcs. ^ acs ne-
 smesctcs bnfmrge c acs prubmetms6 bcbegs bm vumstrg c`mntm? 
 pgrqum eumstrcs aãjpcrcs sm cpchce. Jãs acs prubmetms rms-
 pgebnmrge bn`nmebg6 [crc qum eg egs icatm
i catm c egsgtrcs y c vg-
 sgtrcs, nb jãs dnme c ags qum vmebme, y `gjprcb pcrc vgsgtrcs
jnsjcs.. [mrg jnmetr
jnsjcs jnmetrcs
cs maacs ndce c `gj prcr, vneg ma egvng?  
`gjprcr,
 y acs qum mstcdce prmpcrcbcs metrcrge `ge îa c ac dgbc? y sm
`mrrð ac pumrtc. Bmspuîs vnenmrge tcjdnîe acs gtrcs vêrhmems, 
bn`nmebg6 ¡Pmógr, smógr, ãdrmegs! Jcs îa, rmspgebnmebg, bnfg6 
 Bm `nmrtg gs bnhg, qum eg gs `gegz`g. Ymacb Ymacb,, pums, pgrqum 
eg scdîns ma bêc en ac lgrc me qum ma Lnfg bma Lgjdrm lc bm  
vmenr‚. Jt 4=, 3-30
Ac cbvmrtme`nc c pmrjcem`
pmrjcem`mr mr camrtc, me vmac, ms mvnbmet m6 eg bgr-
mvnbmetm6
jnrsm.. Gdsmrvcjgs eumvcjmetm qum rmsuatc msme`nca pcrc ac `gestru`-
jnrsm
`nðe netmrec. @ucebg
@ucebg mstg eg su`mbm, `ucebg ma lgjdrm sm metrmhc bm 
eumvg ca sumóg, am lc vme`nbg ac pmrmzc, ac `gjgbnbcb
`gjgbnbcb y ma g`ng. Pm
`gesnbmrc ue lgjdrm bmrrgtcbg
bmrrgtcbg y pgr tcetg jumrtg. Eg ms bumóg bm 
sus c`tgs, sm lc bmfcbg aamvcr pgr ac jm`cen`nbcb,
jm`cen`nbcb, sm lc bmfcbg vme vme`mr
`mr..
‑^ jnmetrcs maags ndce pgr ma `cjneg, ueg am bnfg6 Rm sm-
 hunrî cbgebmqunmrc qum vcycs. ^ Fmsös am bnfg6 Acs zgrrcs
tnmeme jcbrnhumrcs y acs cvms bma `nmag enbgs, pmrg ma Lnfg
bma Lgjdrm eg tnmem bðebm rm`gstcr su `cdmzc. C gtrg bnfg6 
Pêhumjm. [mrg îa bnfg6 Pm Pmógr
ógr,, pmrjêtmjm qum vcyc prnjmrg
c metmrrcr c jn pcbrm. Jcs îa am bnfg6 B mf c qum ags jumr umrtg
tgss
metn
etnm
mr r me c sus jum tgs‚ Jt <, 43-44.
jumrr tgs <, 43-44.  

0;  
 

Jcetmemrsm me vmac 
Pme`naag eg ms. Pn iumrc iã`na ac lujcenbcb eg pmrjcem`mrêc bgr-
jnbc. Pn iumrc iã`na eg lcdrêc `getneucs rmimrme`ncs sgdrm ac prã`tn-
`c bm ac ctme`nðe
ctme`nðe bmspnmrtc me ags
ags andrgs schrcbgs bm aacs
cs bnimrmetms 
`uaturcs y rmanhngems.
rmanhngems. Pn iumrc tce iã`na `ucaqunmr lgjdrm grbnecrng 
 pgbrêc bmspmrtcr `ucebg csê ag bm`nbnmrc. Ma prnjmr pcsg smrã s mrã rm`g-
eg`mr qum ueg bumrjm.
Ac prg`mbme`nc bm acs smócams
s mócams qum huncrãe ca nebnvnbug me su ntn-
emrcrng, eg sm ctrndunrãe
ctrndunrãe c ue öen`g grnhme. [gr tcetg, mstcs
mstcs pumbme 
mjmrhmr `ge vcrnmbcb bm igrjcs `geg`nbcs g jmegs `geg`nbcs. ]ec
bm maacs, ms ma sumóg aö`nbg. 

Pgdrm ac rmsurrm``nðe
rmsurrm``nðe 
@ucebg ma sêjdgag bm ue cenjca sm mxprmsc me tîrjnegs bm rm-
surrm``nðe, rmspgebm c ac `rmc`nðe netmrec bma cajc, pumstg qum  
`ucebg ma lgjdrm
lgjdrm aamhc c ac mxnstme`nc öen`cjmetm bnspgem bm ue
`umrpg, ma iêsn`g? ags bmjãs mstãe me actme`nc c ac mspmrc bm su hrc-
buca `gestntu`nðe. Cqumaag qum bge Fuce4; aacjcrêc `gevmrtnrsm me 
ue humrrmrg y cdcebgecr g jct
jctcr
cr ca lgjdrm grbnecrng. Bmsvmstnrsm
bma lgjdrm vnmfg y rmvmstnrsm bma eumvg (Mimsngs 2,44-42). 43 Mxprm-
scbg c trcvîs bm ac snjdgaghêc bm ac smrpnmetm y ac rmegvc`nðe bm ac  
 pnma, bm ac rmhmemrc`nðe bm ags cstcbgs g bma cvm iîenx metrm gtrgs,
me tgbgs maags sm lc`m rmimrme`nc c mstm mstcbg bm rmegvc`nðe g rmsu-
rrm``nðe. Ac Pmebc yc mxnstêc, yc
yc mstcdc clê, snmjprm mstuvg,
mstuvg, clgrc 
ma Humrrmrg ac vm.

4;
 Fuce Jctus,
Jctus , nebng ycqun grnuebg bma bmsnmrtg bm Pgegrc, Jîxn`g. Bmpgsntcrng bm ue
u e cet
cetn-n-
hug `geg`njnmetg ce`mstrca
ce`mstrca,, bma qum @cstcembc ium bns`êpuag
bns`êpuag y pgrtcvgz.
43
Me `ucetg c ac pcscbc jcemrc bm vnvnr, bmspgfcgs bma vnmfg lgjdrm, qum mstã vn`ncbg
`geigrjm c ags bmsmgs mehcógsgs, y rmegvcgs me ma mspêrntu bm vumstrc jmetm, y vmstêgs bma
eumvg lgjdrm.

03  
 

 
 

AC NJ[GTRCE@
NJ[GTRCE@NC
NC GEÊTN@C  

mxpmrnjmetcbg. Mesgócr eg ms tmemr  
‑Ma mesumóg öen`cjmetm pumbm smr mxpmrnjmetcbg. Mesgócr
 sumógs? tcjpg`g ms sgócr bmspnmrtg,
bmspnmrtg, en bmsmcr njchnecrsm ecbc. C trcvîs bma  
bmsmcr,, en njchnecrsm
mesumóg `gesmhunjgs pmr`ndnr gtrgs juebgs, ags `ucams pgbmjgs `nmrtcjmetm 
bms`rndn
bms` r, pmrg eg ca`cezcjgs c bms`rndnr ag qum egs lc`m pmr`ndnrags. Pne 
rndnr,
mjdcrhg, pgbmjgs smetnr `ðjg ma mesumóg cdrm msgs gtrgs rmnegs. Mesgócr
 pcrm`m smr uec smesc`nðe, ue prg`msg me eumstrgs `umrpgs, uec `ge`nme`nc bm
bm   
 smr me eumstrcs jmetms‚.  
44

 Fuce Jctus 
Jctus 

N e`udc`nðe6 bma actêe  Ne`udctng

ne`udcrm
 Ne`udctng,, ne`udctngems
ne`udctngems,, c``nðe bma vmrdg
ne`udcrm,, bm ac rcêz ne-`ud qum snhenin`c mstcr c`gstcbg. Yg`
utnanzcbg me ac cetnhuc Hrm`nc pcrc bmsnhecr uec prã`tn`c jîbn`g-rm-
Yg`cd
cdag
ag

anhngsc vne`uacbc c ags tmjpags aacjcbgs Csoampmngems, Caubnmebg

c Csoampng bngs bm ac jmbn`nec, y canemcbg ca bngs Cpgag, Ms`uac-
 png, Lnhnc y [cec`mc. Ma jãs jãs icjgsg Csoampmnðe mstcdc vne`uacbg
c Mpnbcurg me ma [magpgemsg
[ magpgemsg (H(Hrm`nc).
rm`nc).
Me maags sm prc`tn`cdc ma rntg bm ac Ne`udctng, jîtgbg qum `gesnstêc  
me ag snhunmetm6 Ma meimrjg bmdêc bgrjnr me ma sumag bma tmjpag ue eö-
jmrg bm eg`lms suin`nmetms lcstc ac gdtme`nðe bm ue sumóg snhenin`ctn-
vg, ma `uca
`uca mrc netmrprmtcbg pgr ma Nctrgjcetm g Pc`mrbgtm qum mspmrcdc 
 pc`nme
 pc` nmetmj
tmjme
metm
tm me ma mxtmrn
mxtmrngr
gr bma rm`
rm`ne
netg
tg lcs
lcstc
tc ac ssca
canbc
nbc bma pc`
pc`nme
nmetm.
tm.
Ac prã`tn`c g rntg bm Ne`udc`nðe sm sntöcsntöc me tgreg lc`nc ma 9;;;
c.@., y mrc prcxns iuebcjmetca pcrc ac pgstm pgstmrngr
rngr netmrprmtc`nðe geê-
44
@CPRCEMBC @. ‑Ma crtm bm mesgócr‚ Mb. Hcnc.

00  
 

rn`c y rmsgau`nðe bm ac prgdamjãtn`c sntuc`nðe me ac qum ma nebnvnbug 

sm me`getrcdc me msm `ru`nca jgjmetg.
[sn`ðaghgs y psnqunctrcs qum utnanzcrge y snhume utnanzcebg ma psn-
`gceãansns `gjg
`gjg jîtgbg bm trcdcfg, lce tmenbg `ge tgbc smhurnbcb
c``msg c mstc bns`npanec jnamecrnc. Mstc prã`tn`c pmrjntm y pgsndnantc 
metmebmr, `gjprmebmr y trcdcfcr ac psnqum lujcec
lujcec..
Mxnstm ue auhcr me Mspcóc qum ium utnanzcbg me ac cetnhñmbcb `ge 
mstm ine. Pm trctc bm ‑Ac @csc bma Gdnspg‚ me @ãbnz, me`acvcbg me ma
cetnhug pcac`ng mpns`gpca y `gevmrtnbg me jusmg me ac c`tucanbcb.  
Ma c``msg ca sudsumag
sudsumag aamvc ca vnsntcetm
vnsntcetm c ue rm`grrnbg
rm`grrnbg bm 3=;; jm-
trgs pgr acs metrcócs bm ac `nubcb.

Ma crtm bma mesumóg 

40
Bge
hcbg ma Fuce me ‑Yncfm
jgjmetg c Nxtace‚c c``mbmr
bm cprmebmr cbvnmrtmcac pgbmr,
@cstcembc qummaag
y pcrc lc aam-
 ‒  
bn`m ‒  vcs c mjpmzcr pgr ‑mjpuócr tus sumógs‚. 
Me ma juebg bm ags
a gs sumógs, mxnstme bgs mamjmetgs qum eg sm s m `geg-
`me metrm sê pmrg qum netmrc`töce? egs rmimrnjgs ca sgócbgr y ca qum 
ms sgócbg. ]eg eg `geg`m ca gtrg ene n scdm bm su mxnstme`nc. C`töce agagss
bgs inhurcetms fuetgs me uec rmcanbcb bma juebg netmrjmbng y `cbc
ueg, sgócbgr y sgócbg, `rmm `geg`mr ma tmrrmeg qum mstã pnscebg.
Jcs eg ms csê. @ucebg sm ueme me mstc bnjmesnðe, ma cstrca, ecbc 
 
 pmr`ndm
sgócebgmac ueg bma gtrg. qum
ue pmrsgecfm Ma sgócbgr eg msy`ges`nmetm
ms îa jnsjg bm qum mstã
sus `nr`uestce`ncs. Ma  
sgócbg pgr su acbg bms`geg`m qum ag mstãe sgócebg, y qum ms ma  
 prgbu`tg bm ac jmetm bma sgócbgr.
sgócbgr. C`töce pgr sm
smpcrcbg
pcrcbg y ueg mstã c 
jmr`mb bma gtrg. Cuequm mstg eg snmjprm ms csê.
Ma gdfmtnvg bma Rrcdcfg sgdrm ueg jnsjg, ms `geg`mr tgbg c`mr`c 
bm acs juatnpan`nbcbms
juatnpan`nbcbms qum `geigrjce ac ac `gjpamfnbcb bma lgjdrm.
]ec bm acs jmtcs prne`npcams smrã pgemr me `getc`tg mstcs bgs rmcan-
bcbms, qum sgócbgr y sgócbg sm rm`gegz`ce, netmrc`töme y `gacdg-
rme me ac `gestru``nðe bma
bm a nebnvnbug.
40
@CPRCEMBC @. ‑Yncfm c Nxtace‚ Mb. [email protected]. Mspcóc P.C.

02  
 

MA CENJCA
CENJCA ^ MA GTNHME BMA PÊJDGAG 

‑Ma  sêjdgag
 sêjdgag ms sêjdgag `ucebg snjdganzc, `ucebg sm ag rm`geg`m `gjg tca. ]e
 sêjdgag qum eg lcdam bnrm`tc
bnrm`tcjmetm
jmetm c qunme ag pmr`ndm bmfc bm smr sêjdgag‚.
smr sêjdgag‚.  
 Tcnjge [cenoocr 42 

4= c ags cenjcams tnmeme uec  

A
gsmstrm`lc
grêhmemsrmac`nðe
bm ac snjdgaghêc ctrndunbc
  `ge ac zggactrêc

bêcs, ma cenjca `gjg crqumtnpg

y ma tgtmjnsjg. Bmsbm acs 
`uaturcs jãs cr`cn`cs bm eumstrg juebg `geg`nbg lcstc eumstrgs
crqumtnpg mstã `nr`ues`rntg êetnjcj
êetnjcjmetm
metm me ag
jãs prgiuebg bm eumstrg ne`ges`nmetm `gam`tnvg.
Pn rmcanzcjgs ue drmvm vncfm pgr ma tnm
tnmjpg,
jpg, metrm ma <;;; c.@ y
ma 9;;; c.@, bms`udrnjgs qum uec pcrtm njpgrtcetm bm acs bmnbcbms  
 pmrtmem`nmetms c `uaturcs, `gjg ac mhn
mhnp`nc,
p`nc, bms`rndme rm
rmprmsmetc`ng-
prmsmetc`ng-
ems zggjðrin`cs, pmrinams
pmrinams `ge mamjmetgs cenj
cenjcams`gs
cams`gs y mamjmetgs
 
lujcegs.
qum Mstcs
aamhcrge rmprmsmetc`ngems
c `rmmr bmspn
bmspnstcrge
stcrgermebêce
qum mstcs `nvnanzc`ngems c `nmrtgs mhnptðaghgs
`uatg c ags cen-
jcams `gjg sn bm lnmrgiceêcs sm trctcrce. Ecbc
Ecbc jãs amfgs bm ac rmc-
anbcb.
Acs nes`rnp`ngems mhnp`ncs `ge sêjdgags bm cenjcams me uegs `c-
sgs, y lujcegs `ge `cdmzc bm cenjcams me gtrgs, rmprmsmetcdce
r mprmsmetcdce uec 
c``nðe vntca bm ue `gj
`gjpgrtcjnmetg
pgrtcjnmetg qum trcesigrjc y pmrim``ngec 
ca lgjdrm. @cbc c``nðe njpgrtcetm bm ac vnbc tnmem ue sêjdgag
qum ac rmprmsmetc. 
42
Tcnjuebg [ãenoocr Camjcey (3>3< ‐  4;3;)
 4;3;) inaðsgig,
inaðsgig, tmðaghg y ms`rntgr mspcóga.
4=
@uatg rmanhngsg me ma qum sm `gesnbmrc
`gesnbmrc ca cenjca
cenjc a `gjg jcenimstc`nðe
jcenimstc`nðe bm ac bnvnenbcb.
bnvne nbcb.

0=  
 

Jumstrc bm ac ne`ursnðe bma cenjca me ma uenvmrsg lujceg `gjg 

nestrujmetg pcrc ac camhgrêc, ac me`getrcjgs pgr mfmjpag me ags
tmxtgs schrcbgs fubmg-`rnstncegs bma Cetnhug Rmstcjmetg, c trcvîs 
bm ac vnsnðe bma prgimtc Mzmqunma qum egs bms`rndm csê6
 
amðe‑^camaacbg
cspm`tg bm susbm`crcs
bmrm`lg mrc `crc
ags `uctrg, bm lgjdrm,
y `crc bm dumyy `crc bm
c ac nz-
qunmrbc me ags `uctrg? csnjnsjg lcdêc me ags `uctrg `crc bm 
ãhunac‚.. (Mzmqunma 3,3;)
ãhunac‚
Bm mstc vnsnðe sm bmrnvcrce bgs lnpðtmsns6
‒  Mxnstm uec prnjmrc tmgrêc bgebm sm `rmm qum sm bmrnvc bm ac 
cstrgaghêc zgbnc`ca dcdnaðen`c.
‒  Me ac smhuebc, qum mstã neiaume`ncbc pgr ags `uctrg mamjme-
tgs dãsn`gs bm ac caqunjnc6 chuc, cnrm, iumhg y tnmrrc.
]ec vnsnðe snjnacr c ac bma prgimtc cpcrm`m me ue pcscfm bma Cpg-
`canpsns bm Fuce bgebm bms`rndm c `uctrg ãehmams zggjgrigs qum 
rgbmce ca pcetg`rãtgr.49 Rcetg ags tmtrcjgrigs48 `gjg ma pcetg`rãtgr  
sge uec `gestcetm bma crtm jmbnmvca.
Crnstðtmams y [aneng ma YYnm
nmfg
fg iumrge prm`ursgrms bm njpgrtcetms 
andrgs bmbn`cbgs c ac snjdgaghêc cenjca.
Bmstc`cjgs ‑ [lysngaghus‚, `gjpumstg me Camfcebrêc me ma snhag
NN b.@.? bgs snhags jãs tcrbm cpcrm`m ‑ Lnrgaypln`c‚ bm  Lgrgpgag,
uec bm acs jãs njpgrtcetms cpgrtc`ngems me mstm `cjpg.
^c me ac îpg`c jmbnmvca, sm mxtmebnð pgr g``nbmetm tgbc uec 
`uaturc cenjcanstc snjdðan`c `gjg ium ma `csg bm ‑ Ags Dmstncrngs
bm Inanpg bm Rlcñe‚ g ma ‑ Aandrm bm ams Dìstnms‚ bm Tcjðe Aauaa.
49
]ec bm acs trcbu``ngems jãs `gjuems bm ac pcacdrc pcetg`rãtgr ms ‑tgbgpgbmrgsg‚, igr-
jcbg bma prminfg pce- ‑tgbg‚ y ma vmrdg ( ζσγςνώ
ζσγςνώ ) qum snhenin`c
snheni n`c ‑c`gjmtmr g rmcanzcr cahg‚. 
48
Tmprmsmetc`nðe `uãbrupam bm ac me`crec`nðe bma grbme bma `gsjgs, sm am rm`geg`m me ma
crtm `rnstnceg `gjg njchme bma [cetg`rãtgr, cuequm `ge tgbc prgdcdnanbcb tnmem su grnhme
me Jmsgpgtcjnc y ags 2 lnfgs bm Lgrus qum sm rmprmsmetcdce `ge `cdmzc bm cenjca y `umrpg
lujceg. Rcjdnîe me ma lnebunsjg lcy rmimrme`nc bm mstc n`geghrciêc me acs `uctrg `cdmzcs
bm Drclcjc.

09  
 

Inecajmetm smócacr ma grnhme bm ac pcacdrc ‑cenjca‚, prg`mbmetm 

bma actêe ‑cenjca-cans‚,  ma smr bgtcbg bm rmspnrc`nðe, ma qum vnvm. 
Bmrnvcbg bm ac pcacdrc ‑cenjus‚ qum egs lcdac bma smr prgvnstg bma 
sgpag vntca, tcjdnîe ‑ãenjc g cajc‚ qum me hrnmhg snhenin`c  ‑psn-
qum‚. 
[snqum ms ac bngsc qum Mrgs bmspnmrtc c trcvîs bma cjgr. Cjgr
metmebnbg `gjg iumrzc `rmcbgrc
`rmcbgrc bma uenvmrsg. Pu lnstgrnc
lnstgrnc ecrrc acs 
 prumdcs pgr acs qum ma cajc bmdm pcscr pcrc trcs`mebmr `ucaqunmr  
mstcbg neimrngr. Ma jntg bma lîrgm  ‒ lmrgêec
lmrgêec me mstm `csg ‒  eg
  eg mstã 
rmprmsmetcbg pgr ac iumrzc iêsn`c `gjg me gtrgs jntgs, sneg qum egs
trcesjntm ac nbmc qum c pmscr bm ac irchnanbcb
irchnanbcb bm [snqum, me su netm-
rngr bnspgem bm ac iumrzc em`mscrnc
em`mscrnc pcrc supmrcr ags gdstã`uags qum 
Cirgbntc, `gjg sêjdgag bma cjgr, prgpgebrã rmsgavmr c ac lmrgêec  
`gebu`nîebgac c trcvîs bm acs `uctrg prumdcs qum bmdmrã vme`mr  
 pcrc rm`upmrcr su cajc bgrjnbc.

08  
 

 
 

G[]MPRGP [MTG EG RCERG 

sgdrm 
‑Rgbg ag qum mxnstm, mxnstm `gjg rmsuatcbg bm ac c``nðe `gevmrhmetm sgdrm
ue jnsjg puetg y me ma jnsjg jgjmetg bm trms iumrzcs6 pcsnvc, c`tnvc y 
emutrcanzcetm‚.  

 Dgrns Jgurcvnmii 
Jgurcvnmii  

M stcs trms iumrzcs rmiamfce acs trms `gebn`ngems dãsn`cs bm ac

@rmc`nðe.
Tmprmsmetce me ma ]envmrsg `rmcbg ac jcenimstc`nðe bm acs trms 
`gebn`ngems bm ac @rmc`nðe, `ge`mdnbcs me ac prm-mxnstme`nc bma 
Juebg pgr ac Bnvnenbcb eg jcenimstcbc.
jcenimstcbc.4< 
C ag acrhg bm ac smhuebc pcrtm bm mstm jceuca, gdsmrvcrmjgs
qum ue eöjmrg njpgrtcetm bm cenjcams ags `ucams hgzce bm `nmrtc  
rmamvce`nc pgr su njpgrtce`nc snjdðan`c m lnstðrn`c me bnimrmetms  

`uaturcs, sm nbmetnin`ce
·Pm pgbrêc netunr qum`ge
mstcsnhenin`cbgs gpumstgs. gpumstc ac uec bm 
bgdam netmrprmtc`nðe
ac gtrc, tuvnmrc ac netme`nðe bm catmrcr g qunzãs vmacr vmrbcbms grnhn-
ecrncs y lcstc ne`ðjgbcs7
Ac catmrc`nðe bma `ge`mptg g rmprmsmetc`nðe
rmprmsmetc`nðe nen`nca bma sêjdgag,
sm jgbnin`c lcstc ma puetg bm nevmrtnr ju`lcs vm`ms su vcagr prn-
jgrbnca, lm`lg qum aamvcrã c ac `geiusnðe bma `geg`njnmetg grnhneca 
bma crqumtnpg.
]eg bm ags mfmjpags jãs snhenin`ctnvgs ag me`getrcjgs me ac
snjdgaghêc
4< bm D.
JG]TCYNMII
JG]TCYN MII ac Hegsns
smrpnmetm
RgjgyN. su
@n`agbgdam netmrprmtc`nðe.
Msgtîrn`g. MeDc``genîrm
Ams îbntnges bm acs ac jnsjc P.C.

0>  
 

`uaturc `rnstncec, sn egs sntucjgs me bnimrmetms îpg`cs, ac lcaacjgs 

`gjg ac rmprmsmetc`nðe
rmprmsmetc`nðe bma @rnstg y su mamvc`nðe me ac @ruz, y me 
gtrcs g`csngems pmrsgenin`c acs tnenmdacs, aacc tmetc`nðe, ma mehcóg y
ma bncdag.
[rumdc bm mstc bucanbcb netrêesm`c me tgbc ac ecturcamzc y bm 
`gjpamfg mstubng
mstubng ac pgbmjgs me`getrcr me uec bm acs jãs `getrg-
vmrtnbcs gdrcs bm Crnstðtmams, ‑ Jmtciêsn`c‚,4> gdrc bgebm qumbc 
 pacsjcbc
 pacsjcbc mstc dctc
dctcaac
aac bm ags `get
`getrcrn
rcrngs
gs pcrc pgbmr metmebmr
metmebmr ac prg-
 pnc ecturcam
ecturcamzc
zc bm ags ‑metms‚ pcrtnmebg bm ac uenbcb, pcscebg pgr ac 
bucanbcb y aamhcebg inecajmetm c ac trnenbcb. [crc maag ma cutgr rmvnsc
 pmescjnm
 pmes cjnmetg
etgss m nbm
nbmcs
cs bm ssus
us `getm
`getmjpg
jpgrãem
rãemgs
gs y cetm`msg
cetm`msgrms
rms mrub
mrubntgs
ntgs..
Bn`m csê6
ueg, ecbnm 
‑Csê, pums, metrm ags qum sgstnmeme qum tgbg ms ueg, ecbnm
aamhð c tcetg
îstm, me `ge`mdnr tca `cusc,
me `ucetg c eg
cinrjc qumsmr, qunzã,
eg sðag ue [crjîenbms,
mamjmetg, snegy  
bgs, me `nmrtg jgbg, sge `cuscs. Me `cjdng, c ags qum bn`me 
qum sge jãs, ams ms jãs iã`na meue`ncrac? pgr mfmjpag, c ags
qum cbjntme `gjg tcams ag @canmetm y ag Irêg g ma Iumhg y ac 
Rnmrrc? pums ctrnduyme ca Iumhg ac ecturcamzc jgtrnz, y ca  
 Chuc y c ac RRnmrrc
nmrrc y gtrgs mamjmetgs smjmfcetms, ag `getrcrng. 
`getrcrng. 
B mspuî
spuîss bm îstgs, y `g
`ges
esnn bmr cebg qum tc
tcams
ams pr
pr n e`n
e`nppn gs eg
dcstcdce pcrc hmemrcr ac ecturcamzc bm ags metms, y bm eum-
vgaðsg
 in gd
gdan
 inað anh
sgighscb
igscbgs,
dgs,
us```g
us `gj
crj
geg mlm
lmj
a tj
mrgs
`mbbn
r np
`lg,
pr e`pn p
r n e`n grn gac vm
vmrr bcb
.  [ums bm jn sjc
qumsjc,
me, gt
gtr
r gs
uegs
metms lcyc y me gtrgs sm prgbuz`c ag dumeg y ag
a g dmaag sne bubc
eg ms `cusc en ma Iumhg en ac Rnmrrc en enehuec gtrc `gsc
 smjmfcetm, en prgdcdamjmetm cquîaags aga g `rmymrge. ^ tcjpg-
`g mstcrêc dnme `geincr c ac `csucanbcb y ca czcr tce hrce
mjprmsc. [gr msg `ucebg cahunme bnfg qum, nhuca qum me ags
cenjcams, tcjdnîe me ac ecturcamzc lcdêc ue metmebnjnmetg 
qum mrc ac `cusc bma juebg y bma grbme tgbg, sm jgstrð `gjg
lgjdrm prubmetm irmetm c acs bnvchc`ngems bm ags cetmrngrms. 
cetmrngrms. 
4>
 Crnstðtmams ‑Jmtciêsn`c‚ Mb. Ms`umac bm inagsgiêc ]envmrsnbcb CT@NP

2;  
 

Pcdmjgs `ge smhurnbcb qum Cecxãhgrcs cbgptð mstm puetg

bm vnstc? pmrg sm bn`m qum su prnjmr nen`ncbgr ium Lmrjgtnjg
bm @aczðjmecs. Csê, pums, ags qum pmescdce bm mstm jgbg
cinrjcrge qum ac `cusc bma bma dnme mrc ma prne`npng bbmm ags metms
 y, ca jnsjg tnmjpg, ma prne`npng
pr ne`npng bm bgebm rm`ndme aagsgs metms ma  
jgvnjnmetg.  
jgvnjnmetg.
 [umbm sgspm`lcr cahunme qum ium Lmsêgbg ma prnjmrg me 
dus`cr tca `gsc, y, `ge îa, gtrgs qum qunzã `gesnbmrcrge ma  
 Cjgr y ma Bmsmg `gjg prne`npng bm ags metms, `gjg tcjdnîe
 [crjîenbms. Îstm, me mim`tg, trctcebg bm mxpan`cr ac hmemrc-
`nðe bma uenvmrsg, bn`m6 ‑`ge`ndnð me su jmetm ca Cjgr / ju-
`lg cetms qum c ags bmjãs bngsms‚, y Lmsêgbg6 ‑ju`lg  cetms 
qum tgbcs acs `gscs ium ma @cgs, y bmspuîs / ac Rnmrrc bm ce`lg 
 pm`lg... / y ma Cjgr
Cjgr,, qum drnaac metrm tgbgs ags nejgrtcams‚, 
 pmescebg qum bmdm bmd m lcdmr me ags metms uec `cusc qum jumvc 
y `gehrmhum acs `gscs. Bm `ðjg  sm bmdc fuzhcr c îstgs me 
`ucetg c ac prngrnbcb, pmrjêtcsmegs bm`nbnr jãs tcrbm. tcrbm. 
 [mrg, `gjg mrc mvnbmetm qum tcjdnîe mstcdc me ac ecturc-
amzc ag `getrcrng bma dnme, y eg sðag ma grbme y ac dmaamzc, sneg
tcjdnîe ma bmsgrbme y ac imcabcb, y qum mrce jãs ags jcams
qum ags dnmems, y jãs acs `gscs imcs qum acs dmaacs, ludg gtrg
qum netrgbufg ac Cjnstcb y ma Gbng? ac prnjmrc, `gjg `cusc
bm îstcs, y ma smhuebg, bm acs gtrcs. Pn ueg, me mim`tg, prgiue-
bnzc y sm ctnmem ca pmescjnmetg y eg c ags dcadu`mgs `ge qum 
 sm mxprmsc Mjpîbg`ams, lcaa crã qum ac Cjnstcb ms `cusc bm 
lcaacrã
acs `gscs dumecs, y ma Gbng bm acs jcacs. 
jcacs. 
 Csê, pums, sn cahunme bn`m qum, me ``nmrtg
nmrtg jgbg, Mjpîbg`ams
 prgpgem, y prgpgem ma prnjmrg, ma Jca y ma Dnme `gjg prne`n-
 pngs, ms
ms pprgdcdam `nmrtg qum ac `cusc bm 
rgdcdam qum tmehc rczðe, sn mmss `nmrtg
tgbcs acs `gscs dumecs ms ma Dnme me sê, y bm acs jcacs ma Jca. Jca.  
 Amu`npg y su `gamhc Bmjð`rntg bn`me qum sge mamjmetgs ag
 [ameg y ag Yc`ê
Yc`êg,
g, c ueg bm ags `ucams aacjce Metm, y ca gtrg,
 Eg-metm? y, y, bm îstgs, pnmesce qum ag [ameg y Pðanbg ms ma Metm,
Metm,  

23  
 

Yc`êg, ma Eg-metm (pgr ag `uca bn`me tcjdnîe qum ma Metm 

 y ag Yc`êg,
eg ms me jcygr jmbnbc qum ma Eg-metm, pgrqum tcjpg`g ma  
@umrpg ms me jcygr jmbnbc qum ag Yc`ê Yc`êg),
g), y qum îstcs sge acs
`cuscs jctmrncams bm ags metms‚.
metms‚.  
@ge`aunjgs mermbcbgs me ac amy bm ags gpumstgs qum bm snmj-
 prm lc snbg jgtnvg bm bns`rmpce`ncs
bns`rmpce`ncs y `geian`tgs mxnstme`ncams pcrc
 pmescbgrms, jêstn`gs y inaðsgigs. ^ ag lc`mjgs
lc`mjgs `ges`nmetms bm ac
bucanbcb qum sm bc me ac netmrprmtc`n
netmrprmtc`nðe
ðe bma sêjdgag, pums
pums mxnstm me 
ac ecturcamzc bm tgbcs acs `gscs. Me ac prgpnc
prgpnc Ecturcamzc ·`ðjg 
aamhcrêc c bcr irutg uec pacetc, sneg jumrm cetms ac smjnaac7 Ma chuc 
 pgsndnantc ac vnbc, ma chuc pubrm y bms`gjpgem ac vnbc. Ac jnsjc 
chuc qum pubrm ac smjnaac, lcrã qum hmrjnem y ecz`c ma eumvg irutg.
Ags cenjcams ms`ghnbgs me ac smhuebc pcrtm bm mstc gdrc, mstãe 
njdunbgs bm pgacrnbcb, vnvnrag `gjg ue `getrctnmjpg, ms ue `getrc-
tnmjpg? pmr`ndnrag `gjg uec pgsndnanbcb bm trcs`mebmr ac bucanbcb  
ms ac inecanbcb.
 Eg ms me ac au`lc bm ags `getrcrngs bgebm mstã ac dctcaac, sneg me 
me`getrcr ma tmr`mr mamjmetg emutremutrcanz
canzcbgr
cbgr,, ma mamjmetg trnentc-
rng g amy bm trms, qum egs pmrjntnrã vmr jãs caaã bm ag cpcrmetm-
jmetm snhenin`ctnvg. 

24  
 

AGP MAMJMERGP 

@ ge irm`ume`nc ac `acsnin`c`nðe snjdðan`c bm acs dmstncs tnmem

`grrmspgebme`nc `ge ags `uctrg mamjmetgs. Mstgs mamjmetgs, 
iumhg, cnrm, chuc y tnmrrc, snjdðan`cjmetm sge jcenimstc`ngems bm 
eumstrc psnqum. Fueh metmebnð `uctrg jgbgs
jgbgs prne`npcams bm pmr`mp-
`nðe, ags `ucams sm mxprmsce bm igrjc bnstnetc me `cbc nebnvnbug, csê 
sm bnvnbme me `uctrg iue`ngems
iue`ngems bm ac @ge`nme`nc6 Netun`n
Netun`nðe,
ðe, Pmesc-
`nðe, [mescjnmetg y Pmetnjnmetg.
Ags `uctrg mamjmetgs sm jceninmstce me ma smr lujceg c trcvîs
bm acs `uctrg iue`ngems bm ac `ge`nme`nc6
Ma Iumhg sm jceninmstc c trcvîs bm ac Netun`nðe.
Ac Rnmrrc c trcvîs bm ac Pmesc`nðe.
Ma Cnrm c trcvîs bma [mescjnmetg.
Ma Chuc c trcvîs bm ags Pmetnjnmetgs.

Iumhg 
Me caqunjnc ms ‑chmetm bm trcesigrjc`nðe‚. [crc ags pumdags prn-
jntnvgs ms ue bmjnurhg0; y prg`mbm bma Pga.
Ags rntgs êhen`gs, `gjg acs lghumrcs bm sce Fuce, tnmeme uec in-
ecanbcb purnin`cbgrc y bmstru`tgrc bm acs iumrzcs bma jca. Ma trnueig
bma Pga `getrc ma pgbmr bm acs tnenmdacs pgr cecaghêc.
0;
Bnimrmetms bminen`ngems pcrc ma tîrjneg bmjnurhg. Me jntgaghêc ma bmjnurhg ms ue hmeng
grbmecbgr. [crc ags heðstn`gs bmjnurhg ms ue mamjmetg `rmcbgr y grbmecbgr bma juebg
jctmrnca qum sm `gevnmrtm me me`crec`nðe bma jca, cprnsngecebg c ags lgjdrms y me`cbmeãe-
bgags c acs pcsngems jctmrncams. Me `ucaqunmr `csg ms ue mamjmetg bma `gsjgs qum grbmec yc
smc me sus mstcbngs
mstcbngs jãs bme
bmesgs
sgs bm ac jctmrnc g eg.

20  
 

Ctrcvmscr ma iumhg ms sêjdgag bm trcs`mebmr ac `gebn`nðe lujc-

ec, cinrjc Jnr`mc Mancbm me ‑ Jntgs, sumógs y jnstmrngs‚.03 
Ac vmemrc`nðe ca Iumhg fuetg `ge ma `uatg ca Pga lc snbg y snhum
snmebg rcshg `crc`tmrêstn`g bm `csn tgbgs ags pumdags bmsbm ac Cetn-
hñmbcb lcstc lgy,
lgy, mstc csg`nc`nðe sm bmdm c qum ags bngsms sgacrms
lcdntucajmetm tcjdnîe ag mrce bma iumhg.
Me ac jntgaghêc Hrnmhc, bgs bngsms mstãe csg`ncb
csg`ncbgs,
gs, Yua`ce
Yua`cegg y
[rgjmtmg. Ma prnjmrg snjdganzc ma iumhg mamjmetca qum jgabmc ag  
iêsn`g, ma lnmrrg. Ma smhuebg, ac cetgr`lc bm [rgjmtmg me`mebnbc me 
ma @crrg bma Pga, aamvc `gesnhg ma ‑iumhg `mamstnca‚? qunme ag `gesnhc 
gdtmebrã ac pcz jmetca y ac `acrnbcb bm `geg`njnmetg.

Cnrm 
Pm rmac`ngec mstm mamjmetg `ge tgbg ag jcs`uaneg, csg`ncbg c  
trms `cuscs g jgtnvgs6
‒  Ma lãantg vntca `rmcbgr
‒  Ac [cacdrc
‒  Ma jgvnjnmetg
@gesnbmrcbg `gjg ma rmneg
r mneg netmrjmbng metrm ma `nmag y ac tnmrrc y
jmbng pgr ma `uca ags bngsms trcesjntme sus jmescfms c ags lgjdrms.

Me ac
sgpags trcbn`nðe
jêstn`gs pcrc`lnec y me acma `rnstncec
trcesjntnr mspêrntu bmsmvnbc
lc`mcajme`nðe
lujus. bm ags
Me ac jcygrêc
jcygrêc bm `uaturcs
`uaturcs bma `metrg y sur bm Cjîrn`c, ma sgpag
ms utnanzcbg me bnimrmetms rntucams bm nen`nc`nðe.

Chuc 
Ma chuc `ðjg iumetm y prne`npng imjmeneg bm ac vnbc. Ms `gesn-
bmrcbg mamjmetg jcetmembgr bm ac vnbc qum `nr`uac c trcvîs bm tgbc 
ac ecturcamzc y ac eutrm, me igrjc bm6
03
MANCBM J. ‑Jntgs, sumógs y jnstmrngs‚ Mb. Ocnrðs.

22  
 

‒  Aauvnc
‒  Am`lm
‒  Pcvnc
‒  Pcehrm
Me caqunjnc snjdganzc ma jmr`urng me su prnjmr mstcbng bm trces-
igrjc`nðe.
Pêjdgag bm uenðe uenvmrsca bm vnrtub y prg`mbme`nc bm tgbc igr-
jc bm `rmc`nðe.
Csg`ncbg ca dcutnsjg? ag netmrprmtcjgs `gjg jumrtm y rmsurrm`-
`nðe. @ucebg ma nebnvnbug
nebnvnbug sm sujmrhm me acs chucs dcutnsjcams, ms
jumrtm y `ucebg mjmrhm, surhm bm maacs ma lgjdrm eumvg.
Me ac pcrãdgac bm ac Pcjcrntcec6
‑…Bcjm bm dmdmr? tö am pmbnrêcs, y îa tm bcrêc chuc vnvc‚ 
Netrnhcbc y bubgsc, y ca vmr qum FFmsös
msös eg aamvcdc rm`npnmetm pcrc 
ma chuc, ac jufmr vgavnð c prmhuetcr6 ‑… ·Bm bðebm, pums, tnmems 
ma chuc vnvc7‚ Metge`ms Îa bm`acrð smr ac iumetm bm chuc vnvc, ma 
jcecetnca bm vnbc mtmrec, bn`nîebgam6
‑…@ucaqunmrc  qum dmdnmrm bm mstc chuc, vgavmrã c tmemr smb?
jcs ma qum dmdnmrm bma chuc qum yg am bcrî, eg tmebrã smb fcjãs? 
sneg qum ma chuc qum yg am bcrî smrã me îa uec iumetm bm chuc qum 
scatm pcrc vnbc mtmrec‚ Fuce 2,3;-32.

Rnmrrc 
Bcbgrc bm vnbc. Ma hrce Ötmrg, ac bngsc Jcbrm g ac Jcbrm Rnmrrc, 
snjdganzc ac im`uebnbcb y ag imjmeneg.
Me Hrm`nc, sm csg`nc c ac bngsc Hmc y ca bngs ]rceg.
Ms ac pacsjc`nðe me ma paceg iêsn`g bm cqumaag qum tnmem grnhme y
surhm bma juebg bm acs nbmcs.
Me bnimrmetms `uaturcs ac tnmrrc ms rmprmsmetcbc pgr cenjcams qum 
aamvce tnmrrc me sus mspcabcs, me ac Nebnc ac tgrtuhc y ma ms`crcdcfg  
me Mhnptg.

2=  
 

 
 

MA ANECFM6 AGP CE@MPRTGP,

CE@MPRTGP,
AGP HTCEBMP BMP@
BMP@GEG@NBGP
GEG@NBGP 

‑Ags pumdags qum gavnbce su lnstgrnc mstãe `gebmecbgs c 

c  rmpmtnrac‚.
rmpmtnrac‚.  
 Jcr`g Ruang
Ruang @n`mrðe 
@n`mrðe 

 
M
a icjnancr.
sêjdgag Bms`grrm
ms uec vêcma bm c``msg ca ne`ges`nmetm bma `gam`tnvg
  vmag bma sname`ng qum njpmrc me aacs
iuebnbcbms bm ac jmjgrnc bma `ace. Ms`gebnbcs me cpcrnme`nc acs
cs prg-

jmjgrncs ce`mstrcams ciagrce c trcvîs bm ac psnqum bma nebnvnbug me

 

ue jgjmetg `ge`rmtg bm su lnstgrnc.

Mxcjnecjgs ma snhunmetm pcscfm y sgstmemjgs `gjg ac nbmc bm 
`uapcs, icatcs y pm`cbgs jcetmenbgs burcetm hmemrc`ngems, qumbc 
rm`ghnbg bmsbm lc`m jnamengs me bnimrmetms andrgs schrcbgs6
‑Jcetmehg jn
‑Jcetmehg  jn cjgr lcstc ue jnaacr bm hmemrc`ngems, pmr-
bgeg acs `uapcs, acs icatcs y ags pm`cbgs, pmrg eg tmehg ma `ua-
 pcdam pgr neg`metm6 pnbg `umetcs bm acs `uapcs bm aags gs pcbrms
c ags lnfgs y ags lnfgs bm ags lnfgs, lcstc ac tmr`mrc y ac `ucrtc
 hmemrc`nðe‚. Îxgbg 02,8 
Îxgbg 02,8  
Pn rms`ctcjgs bma tmxtg ac pcacdrc ‑pm`cbg‚ bm ac rcêz ‑ pmb ‚ me-
`getrcjgs qum snhenin`c ‑pnm‚ me actêe ‑ pm``g‚ bm ac `getrc``nðe 
‑ pmbn`g‚, `uyg snhenin`cbg ms trgpmzcr g `gjmtmr ue mrrg mrrgr.
r. Metge`ms
vmjgs `ðjg ma snhenin`cbg bm ac pcacdrc ‑mrrgr‚ lc aamhcbg   lcstc
eumstrgs bêcs, trcs su`msnvcs trcbu``ngems y trcesigrjc`ngems, `ge-
vmrtnbg me ‑pm`cbg‚. 

28  
 

Rcetg ms csê, qum sm lc `rmêbg y cue sm snhum `rmymebg prgdc-

 damjmetm me ju`lgs `csgs, qum uec jcabn`nðe vnmem bcbc pgr ue
mamjmetg mxtmreg c ueg jnsjg (aaãjmsm bngs me ma `csg bma fubmg-
`rnstncensjg) `gjg `gesm`ume`nc bm ue ‑pm`cbg‚ 
‑pm`cbg‚ `gjmtnbg.
[mrg mxcjnemjgs ma pcscfm bmsbm uec eumvc pmrspm`tnvc pcsce-
bg pgr catg ue supumstg `cstnhg bnvneg crrcstrcbg g lmrmbcbg bm 
hmemrc`ngems cetmrngrms, netmrprmtãebgag clgrc `gjg ue pgsndam 
‑mrrgr‚ `gjmtnbg pgr cahöe ce`mstrg bm eumstrc prgpnc aêemc bm sce-
hrm. @ucebg ags mrrgrms `gjmtnbgs pgr ueg g jãs `gjpgemetms bma 
`ace qumbce ctrcpcbgs me ma ne`ges`nmetm `gam`tnvg bma anecfm icjn-
ancr, sm igrjcrã ue metrmtmfnbg g rmb `gbnin`cbc qum nrã igrjcebg ue
metrcjcbg `gjg sn bm uec tmac bm crcóc sm trctcrc. Mstg prgvg`crã ac 
su`msnðe bm pctrgems g prghrcjcs bm bn`lgs mrrgrms c acs snhunmetms 
hmemrc`ngems (tcjdnîe ic`tgrms hmeîtn`gs lmrmbcbgs), y su`mbmrã  
lcstc qum ue nebnvnbug me cahöe msacdðe bm ac `cbmec pumbc aamhcr  
c bms`udrnr, lc`mr `ges`nmetm y c`tucr  pcrc andmrcr ma bgagr y ac 
`crhc bm hmemrc`ngems c trcvîs bm su prgpnc rmcanbcb prmsmetm, tm-
 fnmebg uec eumvc `gbn
`gbnin`c`nðe
in`c`nðe y rmstcdam`nmebg csê ac crjgeêc me acs
hmemrc`ngems su`msnvcs.
Me ac cetnhñmbcb sm trcesjntêce hmemrc`ngecajmetm y bm igrjc  
grca ags vcagrms, `uaturc m lnstgrnc icjnancr, ms bm`nr, tgbg ma `geg-
`njnmetg bm ue anecfm icjnancr y bm ac ``gam`tnvnbcb.
gam`tnvnbcb. Eg mxnstêce pgr
tcetg ags sm`rmtgs bm icjnanc, ags lgy aacjcbgs pgr cahuec bm acs 
rcjcs bm ac psn`gaghêc jgbmrec ‑jumrtgs g icetcsjcs   icjnancrms‚, 
sneg qum tgbgs
tgbgs ags `gjpgemetms bm ue `ace `geg`êce ac lnstgrn
lnstgrncc y
jcpc bm su anecfm bmsbm ma prne`npng, ne`auymebg brcjcs icjnancrms 
y lmrnbcs trceshmemrc`ngecams.
Pn lc`mjgs ue drmvm rmpcsg pgr ags tmxtgs schrcbgs, mxtrcmjgs 
bma Eumvg Rmstcjmetg ag snhunmetm me Jt 3, 4-386
‑…Cdrclcj ium pcbrm bm Nscc`? Nscc`, bm Fc`gd, 
Fc`gd,   Fc`gd,
 Fubã y sus lmrjcegs? Fubã ium pcbrm bm Icrms y Vcrc, ec`n-

bgs bm bm
 Crcj, Rcjcr
Rcjcr?? Icrms ium
Cjnecbcd? pcbrm bmbmLmzrðe?
Cjnecbcd, Fmsr 
Eccssge? ðe , bm Crcj?
ðe
Eccssge, bm  
bm

2<  
 

Pcajge? Pcajge ium ma pcbrm bm Dggz, ec`nbg bm Tclcd?

ma pcbrm bm 
 Dggz ium pcbrm bm Gdmb, ec`nbg bm Tut? Gdmb ium ma
 Fmsî? Nscê ium ma pcbrm bm Bcvnb, ma rrmy
my.. 
 Bcvnb ium pcbrm bm Pcagjðe, ec`nbg bm ac jufmr bm ]rêcs?
 
Pcagjðe iumbmpcbrm
bm Csc? Csc bm Tgdgcj?
Fgscict? Fgscict, bmTgdgcj, bm Cdnms?
Fgrcj? Fgrcj, Cdnms,
bm Gzêcs,
Gzêcs, bm Fgtcj? Fgtcj, bm C`cz? C`cz, bm Mzmquêcs? Mzm-
quêcs, Jcecsîs? Jcecsîs bm Cjge? Cjge, bm Fgsêcs? Fgsêcs
 ium pcbrm bm Fm`geêcs y sus lmrjcegs. Me cquma tnmjpg ludg
ac bmpgrtc`nðe c Dcdnagenc. 
Dcdnagenc. 
 Bmspuîs bm ac bmpgrtc`nðe c Dcdnagenc, Fm`geêcs ium ma  
 pcbrm bm Pcactnma, Pcactnma bm…‚
bm…‚  
^ csê lcstc 0 vm`ms 32 hmemrc`ngems… 

Grêhmems hmemrc`ngecams 
Me ma cóg 09;; c.@. y dcfg ma hgdnmreg bma mj mjpmrcbgr
pmrcbgr Iu-xn, me 
@lnec sm bm`rmtc ac gdanhctgrnmbcb
gdanhctgrnmbcb bm ags cpmaanbgs
cpmaanbgs Jctrgeêjn`gs04
me tgbg ma pcês. ^ ms
ms me ma 3=;; c.@., burcetm ma rmnecbg bma mjpmrc-
bgr Plceh, qum sm mjpmzcrã c lmrmbcr ma cpmaanbg bma pcbrm.
Ma Njpmrng Tgjceg bnspgeêc bm ac aacjcbc Rrnc Eðjnec qum 
`gesnstêc me ue egjdrm bm pnac g prnjmr egjdrm, ue smhuebg egj-
 drm qum `grrmspgebêc ca bbmama `ace g hmes, y ue tmr`mrg qum prg`mbêc 
bm ac rcjc icjnancr. Me ma `csg bm [udang @gremang P`npng Ma Cirn`c-
eg (409-3<0 c.@.) mxnstm ue `ucrtg egjdrm g cpgbg, ca trctcrsm bma  
hmemrca qum bmrrgtð c Ceêdca burcetm ac dctcaac bm Vc Vcjc.
jc.
Rrcs ac `cêbc
`cêbc bm Tgjc, Murgpc sm sujmrhm me ac îpg`c jãs gs`u-
rc `geg`nbc, ac Mbcb Jmbnc, jgjmetg me qum sm rmeumvce acs nbme-
tnbcbms y sm gavnbce acs iðrjuacs rgjcecs bm ags cpmaanbgs. Pgag ac 
egdamzc smhunrã usãebgags, ma rmstg, ma egjdrm bm pnac.
04
]e jctrgeêjn`g ms ue egjdrm pmrsgeca dcscbg me ma egjdrm bm ac jcbrm, cdumac, g
`ucaqunmr ce`mstrg imjmeneg.

2>  
 

Burcetm ma snhag \NN, ac pgdac`nðe `rm`m mxpgeme`ncajmetm y sm

lc`m em`mscrng nbmetnin`cr c acs pmrsgecs yc qum ju`lcs usce ma
jnsjg egjdrm bm pnac, ms metge`ms `ucebg sm bmtmrjnec mstcdam`
mstcdam`mr 
mr  
bmtrãs bma prnjmrg ma bma gin`ng qum bmsmjpmóce, csê qumbcrã? Fuce
ma [cecbmrg, [mbrg ma Lmrrmrg, Jganemrg, Pcstrm, [cstgr mt`.
Jãs tcrbm sm ne`grpgrce ags hmghrãin`gs bmrnvcbgs bm pcnscfms 
ecturcams6 [umetm, Tng, Crrgyg, @ganec, Jgetm, Dgsqum, [rcbg, Tn-
 dmrc, Tg`c, [mrcams mt`.
mt`.
Ags bm `crc`tmrêstn`c
`crc`tmrêstn`css pmrsgecams iumrge pgpuacrms me ma njpmrng 
rgjceg, ecbnm sm smetêc gimebnbg pgr aacjcrsm bm cpmaanbg, @gfg, Dnz-
`g g Rcrtcjubg sn mstm mrc ue rcshg prgpng. Rcjdnîe Tudng, [manrrgfg  
(Tgfg), @cavg, Bmahcbg, Hrcebm, [mqumóg, Pmrng, Camhrm, mt`.
Ma cpmaanbg ms pgr tgbg ag mxpumstg, uec igrjc jãs bm mxprmsnðe
bm cqumaag qum sgjgs? ac sujc bm rmcanbcbms pcscbcs.
pcscbcs.  

Pne nbmetnbcb 
Me ac c`tucanbcb, ma lgjdrm ms ne`cpcz me ac jcygrêc bm ags `csgs
bm pgbmr `gesuatcr en c``mbmr snqunmrc bgs hmemrc`ngems cetmrngrms. 
]e nebnvnbug cpmecs `geg`m aacc lnstgrnc bm ac hmemrc`nðe
hmemrc`nðe cetmrngr c 
îa, ms bm`nr, sus pcbrms y ag pg`g qum `geg`mrã smrã bm igrjc irch-
jmetcbc y sudfmtnvc, `gjmetcbc bm igrjc pcr`nca pgr cahueg bm sus
 prghmentgrms.
[crc `geg`mrsm ueg jnsjg ms prm`nsg `geg`mr, metrm gtrcs `gscs,
bm bðebm vnmem y lc`nc bðebm bnrnhnr sus pcsgs. Ac lnstgrnc icjnancr  
igrjc pcrtm bm ac lnstgrnc pmrsgeca.
Ma trcdcfg bm nevmstnhc`nðe, mstubng y bmspnm`m bm
b m ac rmcanbcb ic-
jnancr aamvcrã ca nebnvnbug c `gjprmebmr `nmrtcs irc``ngems bm su
vnbc. [grquî ec`nð ue bêc bmtmrjnecbg, pgrquî am pusnmrge ue egj-
 drm `ge`rmtg y eg gtrg, pgrquî lcy uec trcjc icjnancr eg rmsumatc, 
 
y sgdrm
su tgbg,
prgpng pgr quî am cim`tc
prmsmetm. c im`tc tgbg maag me ue jgjmetg `ge`nsg bm

=;  
 

Acs rcjcs hmemcaðhn`cs

hmemcaðhn`cs sm nbmetnin`ce
nbmetnin`ce `gjg uuee grhcensjg vnvg
qum snmetm y sm trcesigrjc `getneuc
`getneucjmetm.
jmetm. @cbc jnmjdrg
jnmjdrg `ujpam 
uec iue`nðe y `ucaqunmr `cjdng g c``nðe snhenin`ctnvc bm ueg bm
maags cim`tcrã c tgbc ac trcjc.
@cbc `ace g icjnanc utnanzc ue amehucfm eg vmrdca qum am ms prg-
 png, `gjpumstg bm jnrcbcs y hmstgs, ne`ausg c vm`ms ircsms `crc`-
tmrêstn`cs, y qum uscrce bm igrjc eg `ges`nmetm. Ma ne`ges`nmetm 
`gam`tnvg lcdrã
lcdrã rmhnstrcbg burcetm hhmemrc`ngems
memrc`ngems uec neigrjc`nðe 
`ge`rmtc qum `cbc
`cbc jnmjdrg bmabma anecfm jcetmebrã sne bms`gbnin`cr.
Ma ne`ges`nmetm sm smrvnrã bm ags `cjpgs bm rmsgece`nc jðrin`c pcrc
tca tcrmc.
Tupmrt Plmabrcom,00 cutgr bm ac tmgrêc bm ags `cjpgs jðrin`gs, 
egs lcdac bm maags `gjg snstmjcs
snstmjcs ecturcams ccutg-grhcenzcbgs.
utg-grhcenzcbgs. Mstc 
tmgrêc egs nebn`c qum ac `cusc bm acs igrjcs ms ac neiaume`nc bm mstgs
`cjpgs grhcenzctnvgs. Ac Ac `crc`tmrêstn`c
`crc`tmrêstn`c prne`npca mxprmsc g jcen-
inmstc qum ac igrjc`nðe bm nbmcs, `rnstcams, jgaî`uacs, ne`ausg bm
acs sg`nmbcbms jnsjcs, bmpmebme bm ac jcemrc me quî gtrgs tnpgs
snjnacrms bm mstru`turcs lce snbg grhcenzcbgs me ma pcscbg.
Ma `cjpg bm rmsgece`nc jðrin`c ms ma jmbng pgr ma `uca uec ne-
igrjc`nðe ms trcesimrnbc c trcvîs bma mspc`ng-tnmjpg, bm ue snstmjc 
cetmrngr c ueg pgstmrngr bm ac jnsjc tnpgaghêc.
Rgbgg maag egs nebn`c qum acs mspm`nms dngaðhn`cs `gjpcrtme `cj-
Rgb
 pgs
qum bm neigrjc`nðe
mxnstm qum egjãs
uec jmjgrnc sgagcaaã
sm bm
trcesjntme hmeîtn`cjmetm,
ac jctmrnc, sneg 
me ac ecturcamzc
jnsjc.
Ms c trcvîs y hrc`ncs c ac ecturcamzc bm mstgs `cjpgs qum pg-
bmjgs bnrnhnregs c uec pgsndam scanbc bm ac ‑`cvmrec‚. 02 Pn sgjgs
`cpc`ms, msg sê,
sê, bm bms`gbnin`crags pgbrmjgs nen`ncr mmaa `cjneg bm
rmtgreg.
00
Tupmrt Plmabrcom (3>24) dnðaghg y inaðsgig drntãen`g. Cutgr bma bmscrrgaag bm ac tmgrêc bm
ags @cjpgs jgrighmeîtn`gs.
02
 Camhgr êc g jntg bm ac @cvmrec, rmcanzcbc
 Camhgrêc rmcanz cbc pgr ma inaðsgig hrn
hrnmhg
mhg [actðe ca prne`npng bma YN
YNNN
andrg bm Ac Tmpödan`c.

=3  
 

Ac `acvm mstã me ma sêjdgag. Ma sêjdgag sm me`umetrc me ma jntg.  

Ma ne`ges`nmetm ag `cpturc y rmtnmem qumbcebg c ac mspmrc bm ne-
tmrprmtc`nðe. Ac njpgrtce`nc bma sêjdgag me `cbc `uaturc lc`m qum 
em`msntmjgs bm eumstrgs prgpngs `ðbnhgs `uaturcams pcrc su bms`n-
ircbg.
 Eg smrã ag jnsjg ma `gagr rgfg pcrc ue nebnvnbug g``nbmetca qum 
 pcrc ueg grnmetca, en tcjpg`g ma brchðe pcrc ac `uaturc `lnec qum 
 pcrc ac hrm`grrgjcec. Bm clê ac trcs`mebme`nc bm `cbc pumdag me 
rmac`nðe êetnjc `ge ac netmrprmtc`nðe bma sêjdgag. Mstc sm rmcanzcrã 
smhöe ac `uaturc bgebm ma jntg sm grnhneð.

=4  
 

MA CTS]MRN[G ME AC LNPRGTNC 

ag acrhg bm mstcs pãhnecs sm lc utnanzcbg, metrm gtrcs iumetms,

acs Pchrcbcs Ms`rnturcs fubmg-`rnstncecs. Metmebnîebgacs mstcs
`gjg uec rm`gpnac`nðe bm `ðbn`ms, qum pgr uec pcrtm, sm nbmetnin`ce 
`gjg ms`rntgs rmbc`tcbgs pgr mrubntgs prg`mbmetms bm acs `grrnmetms 
bm pmescjnmetg bm ac Cetnhuc
Cetnhuc Hrm`nc, y pgr gtrc, qumbce bmtmrjn-
ecbgs hrce pcrtm bm ags jceus`rntgs bma Cetnhug Rmstcjmetg `gjg 
rm`gpnac`ngems trcesimrnbcs y lmrmbcbcs bm ac jntgaghêc Mhnp`nc, 
Dcdnaðen`c g Pujmrnc, metrm gtrcs, c `cusc bm acs `getneucs nevcsng-
ems, lunbcs y `gagenzc`ngems, qum snstmjãtn`cjmetm suirnð ma pumdag
bm Nsrcma.
Acs iumetms cetnhucs `gjg grnhme bm uec rmcanbcb lnstðrn`c ms-
tãe njdunbcs bm sudfmtnvnbcb. ·Ms ac lnstgrnc metge`ms iumetm bgebm
 dmdmr pcrc gtgrhcr vmrc`nbcb c ue su`msg7 Yc Ycjg
jgss c metrcr me uec 
 
bm acs lnstgrncs jãs bmdctnbcs y ics`necetms bm ags öatnjgs bgs jna
cógs.
·Mxnstnð Fmsös bm Eczcrmt `ðjg pmrsgecfm lnstðrn`g, `ðjg pmr-
sgecfm bnvneg, acs bgs `gscs g enehuec7
 Eg rmcanzcrmjgs ue trcdcfg me prgiuebnbcb
prgiuebnbcb pmrg sê egs c`
c`mr`crm-
mr`crm-
jgs drmvmjmetm c cahuecs rmimrme`ncs lnstðrn`cs pcrc bcr `getmenbg 
c ac snhunmetm bms`rnp`nðe.
Ymcjgs qum bn`m ac lnstgrnc smhöe acs bnimrmetms iumetms  ‒  fu-
bêcs, `rnstncecs y pchcecs ‒  `gesuatcbcs.
 `gesuatcbcs.

=0  
 

Iumetms fubêcs 
]eg bm ags tmstnjgengs jãs njpgrtcetms ium Iacvng Fgsmig.0= Egs
`umetc me su gdrc ‑ Cetnhñmbcbms Fubêcs‚.09 
‑[gr cqumaac îpg`c cpcrm`nð Fmsös, lgjdrm scdng, sn  sn   ms
qum sm amjcmstrg
vnaagscs, pumbm aacjcr lgjdrm,
pcrc qunmems ium cutgr
rm`ndme bm gdrcs
`ge hustg jcrc-
ac vmrbcb.
 Ctrcfg c sê ju`lgs fubêgs y tcjdnîe ju`lgs hmetnams. Mstm 
mrc ma @rnstg (ma Jmsêcs). Lcdnmebg
Lcdnmebg snbg bmeue`ncbg
bmeue`ncbg pgr ags
 prnjcbgs bma pumdag, [nactg ag `gebmeð ca supan`ng bm ac `ruz?
 pmrg ags qum cetms am lcdêce cjcbg am pmrjcem`nmrge inmams 
me ma cjgr. Pm ams cpcrm`nð rmsu`ntcbg ca tmr`mr bêc, `gjg ag  
lcdêce ceue`ncbg agsag s bnvnegs prgimtcs qum lcdêce prmbn`lg bm 
 Ma îstc y gtrcs
gtrcs jna `gscs jcrcvnaag
jcrcvnaagscs.
scs. Bm îa tgj
tgjcrg
crgee su egj-
drm ags `rnstncegs, `uyc sg`nmbcb pmrburc
pmrburc lcstc ma bêc bbmm lgy‚.
lgy‚.  
 Eg gdstcetm, cahuegs cutgrms csmhurce qum me ags tmxtgs bm Iac-
vng Fgsmig ludg netmrpgac`nðe bm ags tmxtgs pgr pcrtm bm cutgrms  
 pgstmrngrms ca jnsjg Iacvng, ms bm`nr, sm netmr`cacrge pcacdrcs g
ircsms me ma tmxtg bma jceus`rntg pcrc
pcrc bcram ue smetnbg mspm`êin`g y
`ge`rmtg ca rmactg.
rmactg. Cinrjce mstgs cutcutgrms
grms qum burcetm ma mstubng bm
ags tmxtgs sm cprm`nc qum eg hucrbce `ge`grbce`nc `ge ma rmstg bma  
`cpêtuag.

Iumetms pchcecs  08
@gremang Rã`ntg, egs bmfð ms`rntg me sus ‑ Cecams‚ Me ma  andrg 
\Y, 226
‑Cquîa bm qunme prg`mbm msm egjdrm (bm `rnstncegs), @rns-
tg, ium metrmhcbg ca supan`ng snmebg mjpmrcbgr Rndmrng pgr ma  
 prg`urcbgr ‒ hgdmrecbgr
hgdmrecbgr m`umstrm bm Fubmc ‒  [ge`ng
 [ge`ng [nactg‚ 
0=
 Rntg Iacvng Fgsmig tcjdnîe `geg`nbg `gjg Fgsî
Fgsî dme Jctntyclu
Jctnt yclu g Fgsmig dme Jctntyclu
Jctnt yclu 
([email protected];3) lnstgrncbgr fubêg icrnsmg, bms`mebnmetm
bms`mebnmetm bm icjnanc
icjn anc bm sc`mrbgtms.
09
 FGPMIG R.I.
R.I. ‑Cetnhñmbcbms Fubêcs‚ Andrg YNN
 YNNN,
N, `cpntuag NNN, pãrrcig 0
@gremang Rã`ntg (@gremanus Rc`ntus) (c.@.==  ‐  34;)
08
  34;) lnstgrncbgr, smecbgr, `ðesua y hgdmr-
ecbgr bma Njpmrng rgjceg.

=2  
 

Pumtgeng0< ms`rndnð me su gdrc ‑Ynb

Ynbcc bm @acubn
@acubngg‚ bm ‑ Acs Ynbcs
Ynbcs
bm ags bg`m `îscrms‚ (Bm vntc @cmscruj)6
@cmscruj)6 ‑mxpuasð bm Tgjc c  c  ags
 fubêgs me `getneuc chntc`nðe c `cusc bm @rmstgs (@rnstg).‚
(@rnstg).‚  
[aneng ma Fgvme,0> me su `crtc c Rrcfceg ms`rndm qum ags `rnstnc-
egs tnmeme
 pcrc cacdcrpgr `gstujdrm
c @rnstg rmuenrsm
c qunme ue bêcsubmtmrjnecbg,
`gesnbmrce b mtmrjnecbg,
Bngs. ca cjcem`mr,
Cahuegs mrubntgs pgeme mstc iumetm me `ucrmetmec, bmdnbg c ac 
bnstce`nc me ma tnmjpg qum mmxnstm
xnstm metrm ac vn
vnbc
bc bm Fmsös y ac im`lc 
me qum cahuegs cutgrms rmbc`tce sus `crtcs, mstcebg cahuecs bm maacs 
bctcbcs me ma snhag NN b.@.

Iumetms `rnstncecs 
Amhce tmstnjgeng ms`rntg bm ac mxnstme`nc bm Fmsös c trcvîs  
bma Eumvg Rmstcjmetg? ags Mvcehmangs Pneðptn`gs, ma mvcehmang  
bm Fuce, acs `crtcs bm [cdag bm Rcrsg
Rcrsg ms`rntcs metrm ags cógs =; y
9;..  Rcjdnîe cahuegs bm ags cpð`rnigs (Ech Lcjjcbn 3>2=)
9;
sm lce tgjcbg `gjg iumetms bg`ujmetcams . Pm ne`auyme csê  
jnsjg, ags Lm`lgs bm ags cpðstgams y bnimrmetms `crtcs y mpês-
tgacs.
Me tgbgs maags, me jcygr g jmegr jmbnbc, sm ecrrc ac vnbc y
mesmócezcsacsbmbgs
Fmsös, pmrjntnmebg  
mxmhîtn`g aêemcs, c prngrn, metrmvmr c pcrtnr bmBgs
bm netmrprmtc`nðe. ue vêcs
trcdcfg
bm  
ceãansns qum egs rmimrnrãe c ue Fmsös lnstðrn`g bm ecturcamzc lujcec 
y c gtrg bm ecturcamzc bnvnec.
Ac ecrrc`nðe me bgs tnmjpgs, uec jãs supmrin`nca y antmrca, y gtrc
bm prgiuebnbcb netmrprmtctnvc, ac pgbmjgs lcaacr mmee `csn ac jcy
jcygrêc
grêc 
bm ags tmxtgs.
0<
Hcyg Pumtgeng Rrcequnag
Rrcequnag (c.@. 8; - 349) lnstgrncbgr y dnðhrcig rgjceg
rgjceg burcetm ags rmne
rmnec-
c-
bgs bm ags mjpmrcbgrms
mjpmrcbgrms Rrcfceg y Cbrnceg.
0>
@cyg [aneng @m`nang
@ m`nang PPmhuebg,
mhuebg, `geg`nbg `gjg
`gjg [aneng
[anen g ma Fgvme (c.@. 93 - 33
3300 cprgx.) cdg
cdghc-
hc- 
bg, ms`rntgr
ms`rntgr y `nmetêin`g bm ac cetnhuc
cetnhu c Tgjc.

==  
 

Jãs caaã bm ac Lnstgrnc 

·Ms pgsndam cecanzcr ue cspm`tg bm ac rmcanbcb sne pcscr pgr ma  
tcjnz bm ac lnstgrnc, pmrg eg pgr maag bmfcr bm trcesntcr pgr ac rmpmr-
`usnðe g mesmócezc bma `getmenbg7 Metrcjgs clgrc me ma tmrrntgrng  
bm ac snjdgaghêc y ma crqumtnpg sne gdvncr ma lm`lg lnstðrn`g.
‑Bmfcb mstcr c ags enógs6 eg ams njpnbãns qum vmehce c jê, pgr-
jê, pgr-
qum ma Tmneg bm ags `nmags ms bm qunmems sge `gjg maags‚. Jt  3>,32 
 3>,32 
Cecan`mjgs camhðrn`cjmetm mstm vmrsê`uag bma mvcehmang bm Jc-
tmg. Pn ag netmrprmtcjgs c ue envma eg lnstðrn`g, metrmvmjgs ue `ge-
tmenbg jãs prgiuebg qum hucrbc rmac`nðe `ge ags prg`msgs netmregs
lujcegs6 Ma
lujcegs6  Ma nen`ncbg sm `gevnmrtm me enóg, ms clgrc ue rm`npnmetm 
 prmpcrcbg pcrc aamecrsm bm eumvg, uec jmetm rm`mptnvc, eumvc┋
ac bma prne`npncetm┋ qum eg bcrã ecbc pgr smetcbg y bgebm  bgebm   tgbg
bms`udrnr. [rmpcrcbc pcrc rm`ndnr bm ac iumetm grnhneca ma  
mstã pgr bms`udrnr.
eumvg canjmetg (mesmócezcs) pcrc ac `rmc`nðe bm su cajc. 
cajc. 
 Ags jcmstrgs Vme eg c`ghme bns`êpuag qum eg lcyc cetms vc`nc-
bg su tczc. 
tczc. 
Ags crqumtnpgs eg sm bniuebm
bniuebmee pgr trc
trcbn`nðe,
bn`nðe, amehucfm g jnhrc-
`nðe ‒ bn`m
bn`m Fueh ‒  sn
 sn eg qum pumbme pmrim`tcjmetm vgavmr c surhnr  
mspgetãemcjmetm me `ucaqunmr îpg`c y auhcr sne smr neiaume`ncbgs 
 pgr enehuec trcesjnsnðe mxtmrngr.
[gbrêcjgs metge`ms bminenr ma crqumtnpg `gjg ac `rmc`nðe bma
ne`ges`nmetm `gam`tnvg,
@ucebg @cjpdmaa bm mainhurcs
egs amhð mstubngmfmjpacrms y trces-lnstðrn`cs.
bma Jgegjntg, sne bubc cdrnð 
ac pumrtc ca crqumtnpg bm Fmsös bm Eczcrmt `gjg ueg bm ags jãs
njpgrtcetms bm ac lnstgrnc.
Ac hegsns `getmjpgrãemc egs lcdacrêc bma @rnstg êetnjg `ðjg 
cquma qum surhm netmrngrjmetm me ma trcdcfg rmac`ngecbg `ge ac bn-
sgau`nðe bma ^g [sn`gaðhn`g. Ma @rnstg netmrngr sgag cbvnmem me ma 
jgjmetg `ujdrm bm eumstrgs msiumrzgs netme`ngecams y pcbm`n-
jnmetgs vgauetcrngs. Ma @rnstg êetnjg sm lc`m metge`ms `crhg bm tg-
bgs eumstrgs prg`msgs jmetcams, mjg`ngecams, jgtgrms, nestnetnvgs 
y smxucams.

=9  
 

Ac caqunjnc egs rmvmac qum ac `gestru``nðe bma @rnstg netmreg sm

rmcanzcrã c trcvîs bm ac Hrce Gdrc6
‑Ac njchme
‑Ac  njchme bma acdmrnetg sm egs prmsmetc, pums, `gjg mj-
damjc bma trcdcfg metmrg bm ac Gdrc, `ge sus bgs jcygrms
bnin`uatcbms? ac bma `cjneg qum lcy qum smhunr pcrc aamhcr ca
`metrg ‒ 
`metrg  ‒ bgebm
bgebm sm andrc ma rubg `gjdctm metrm acs bgs ectu-
rcamzcs ‒  , y ac bma gtrg `cjneg qum bmdm meinacr ma inhurcetm 
 pcrc scanr bm cquîa. 
cquîa. 
 Cquê ms bgebm sm em`msntc ma lnag bm Crncbec, sn ueg eg qunmrm 
mxtrcvncrsm me ags jmcebrgs bm ac Gdrc y vmrsm ne`cpcz bm scanr‚.
bm scanr‚.2; 
Lcaacjgs metge`ms qum ac lnstgrn`nbcb g bnvnenbcb bma @rnstg eg
ms tce njpgrtcetm `gjg ma crqumtnpg bma Lîrgm g Humrrmrg qum me sê
me`nmrrc pcrc ma bmscrrgaag bm ac Gdrc.

2;
Iua`cemaan. Ma Jnstmrng bm acs @ctmbrcams. Mb. Dndago.

=8  
 

 
 

MA PMT JM@ÃEN@G
JM@ÃEN@G 

‑Ac mvgau`nðe bma lgjdrm ms ac mvgau`nðe bm su `ge`nme`nc. ^ ac

ac  ‑`ge`nme`nc‚
‑`ge`nme`nc‚  
eg pumbm mvgau`ngecr ne`ges`nmetmjmetm. Ac mvgau`nðe bma lgjdrm ms
ac mvgau`nðe bm su vgauetcb, y ac ‑vgauetcb‚ eg pumbm mvgau`ngecr 
pumbm  mvgau`ngecr  
nevgauetcrncjmetm. Ac mvgau`nðe bma lgjdrm ms ac mvgau`nðe bm su pgbmr bm
‑lc`mr‚, y ma ‑lc`mr‚ eg pumbm smr ma rmsuatcbg bm ag qum‑su`mbm‚
qum ‑su`mbm‚  
H.N Hurbfnmii  

A  c jm`cen`nbcb bma lgjdrm eg ms ecbc eumvg, `gestctcbg yc 

bmsbm ac cetnhñmbcb pgr inaðsgigs, pmescbgrms y jêstn`gs. Ma
andrm cadmbrng ms ue muimjnsjg. Ma lgjdrm eg ‑lc`m ecbc‚? ca lgj-
 drm am ‑su`mbm‚ cqumaag qum `rmm lc`mr
lc`mr.. Îa njchnec tgjcr bm`nsngems
y ac rmcanbcb snjpamjmetm ms gtrc.
Ma `gefuetg bm neiaume`ncs qum rm`ndm bma mxtmrngr lcrãe vcrncr y
jgbnin`cr
 fcrã su rmcanbcb
crrcstrcr tgjcebgnetmrec, y jgvnbg
bm`nsngems pgrsuycs
qum `rmm mstcspmrg
catmrc`ngems
qum eg agsmsge.
bm-
Mstm eg ms ue cspm`tg cnsacbg y bms`geg`nbg bma lgjdrm, sneg
juy ca `getrcrng, `geg`nbcs mstcs `crc`tmrêstn`cs lujcecs pgr hg-
 dnmregs y hrcebms
hrcebms juatnec`ngecams sm smrvnrãe bm mstm `geg`njnmetg 
 pcrc pgbmr bns`npanecr c ac gpnenðe pödan`c y anjntcr ac andmrtcb bm 
 pmescjnmetg. Ag qum sm `geg`m lgy lg y `gjg Emurgjcromtneh  ‒ aaã- aaã-
jmsmam emurg`nme`nc cpan`cbc ca ãjdntg bm aacc jmr`cbgtm`enc ‒ eg eg 
ms gtrc `gsc qum ac jcenpuac`nðe c ms`cac `ge ac netme`nðe bm pgbmr
aamhcr  
vmetcs.c prmbm`nr ac `gebu`tc bma `gesujnbgr y csê cujmetcr acs

=>  
 

Cahuegs mstubngsgs sgdrm ac psn`gaghêc bm acs jcscs aamhcrge 

c ac `ge`ausnðe bm qum ac jmetm
jmetm bma hrupg eg pnmesc me ma smetnbg 
mstrn`tg bma tîrjneg. Me auhcr bm msg, tnmeme njpuasgs, lãdntgs y
mjg`ngems. Acs pmrsgecs pgr egrjc hmemrca eg sm pmr`ctce bm acs  
rczgems qum bnrnhme
bnrnhme sus c``ngems. ]ec pmrsgec pnmesc qum mstã cb-
qunrnmebg andrmjmetm ue crtê`uag trcs vcagrcr sus `crc`tmrêstn`cs y
aamhcr c ac `ge`ausnðe qum ms bm ag jmfgr bma jmr`cbg. Pmrã `csn sne
bubc cahuec ue cutgmehcóg, prgvg`cbg mstm pgr ac nausnðe trcesim-
rnbc c ue `mrmdrg `gebn`ngecbg pgr uec pudan`nbcb sudanjneca me 
`nmrtgs `csgs y bnrm`tc me gtrgs.
Mstc tî`en`c ‑fumhc‚ `ge ac mjg`ngecanbcb bma nebnvnbu g scdnme-
bg qum eg ac pgbrã `getrgacr sn eg ms ms huncbc c trcvîs bm uec netme-
`ngecanbcb `ges`nmetm, y mstc y eg gtrc smrã ac inecanbcb bma vncfm bma
Lîrgm, aamhcr c `geg`mr bm igrjc `ges`nmetm sus c``ngems, mjg`ng-
ems y pmescjnmetgs.
Ac njpgrtce`nc bm ac ctme`nðe ms vntca pcrc ac bnsgau`nðe bm ac  
jm`cen`nbcb, ac `uca ctrcvmscrã uec y gtrc vmz eumstrg `cjpg jme-
tca pcrc bmsvncrac, y ag `gesmhunrã ac jcygrêc
jc ygrêc bm acs vm`ms sneg jce-
tmemjgs eumstrcs aãjpcrcs bm c`mntm me`mebnbcs.
[cs`ca bnfg6 ‑Rgbgs ags prgdamjcs bm ac lujcenbcb prg`mbme 
bm ac ne`cpc`nbcb bma lgjdrm smetcbg me uec nestce`nc sne lc`mr
ecbc‚.  
ecbc‚.
 
egsMs pgrqum
bn`m tcetg vntca qunmrm
‑qunme smhunr lc`mr
acs nebn`c`ngems bma prgvmrdng
cahg me`getrcrã ue jmbngãrcdm
y ma qum 
eg, uec mx`usc‚.
mx`usc‚.  Eg
 Eg mxnstme acs mx`uscs? uscracs ms ma jnmbg c ac an-
 dmrtcb, ms jcenimstcr bmscsgsnmhg cetm ma lm`lg bm bms`udrnr ag qum 
rmcajmetm ueg MP. Bms`crtms, me sus ‑Jmbntc`ngems
‑Jmbntc`ngems  Jmtciêsn`cs‚
 Jmtciêsn`cs‚23
egs bm`êc ca rmspm`tg6
‑Eg sî ecbc? eg bnsputg bm msg clgrc? eg pumbg pumbg   bcr jn
 fun`ng jãs qum bm `gscs qum sge `geg`nbcs? lm scdnbg S]M
PG^,
PG ^, y clgrc dus`g scdmr S]Î PG PG^,
^, yg qum lm rm`geg`n-
rm`geg`n -
bg smr
smr.. Pne mjdcrhg, ms juy `nmrtg qum msc eg`nðe y `geg`n-
`geg`n-  
23
Bms`crtms. ‑Jmbntc`ngems Jmtciêsn`cs‚. Mb. Cancezc.
 9;  

jnmetg bm sê jnsjg, tgjcbc prm`nscjmetm csê, eg bmpmebm acs

`gscs `uyc mxnstme`nc jm ms pgr clgrc bms`geg`
bms`geg`nbc?
nbc? en, pgr
`gesnhunmetm y `ge jãs rczðe, bm enehuec bm cqumaacs qum  
 sge inehnbcs m nevmetcbcs pgr ac njchnec`nðe‚
njchnec`nðe‚  

‑quîMetge`ms, ag prnjmrg
  sgy‚. Cametcr, ms `geinrjcr
jcenimstcr ‑qumqum
y bm`acrcr s gy‚
sgy‚ pcrc
pcrc aumhg
bcr  scdmr 
ma prnjmr 
 pcsg eg ms em`mscrng vmr ac ms`camrc metmrc, sgag bcr ma prnjmr
prnjmr pcsg.
Ma snjdgansjg, snheg g smóca qum ue cenjca pumbc prgpgr`ng-
ecregs y qum cpcrm`m me eumstrc vnbc pgr `ucaqunmrc bm acs vêcs pg-
sndams g prgdcdams y qum sm lcaame bnspgendams me eumstrc rmcanbcb,  
sm trcbu`m `gjg cqumaag qum rmqunmrm smr `gjpamtcbg me eumstrg
`cjneg.
Ags sumógs bma Icrcðe netmrprmtcbgs pgr Fgsî,24? ags mstcbgs bm 
mesgóc`nðe acs
 pmrnme`ncs? qumprã`tn`cs
@cstcembc
bm egs
ags rmactc c trcvîs
Nctrgjcetns bm ags
metrm sus qum
prgpncs mx- 
bmstc`ð
[crjîenbms ([crjmemnbms) ma `uca egs amhð me su irchjmetcbg y
juy trnstmjmetm jca netmrprmtcbg ‑ [gmjc bma Pmr ‚ uec vcangsc  rm-
vmac`nðe? egs rminmrme tgbgs maags, ac njpgrtce`nc bm mstm prg`msg
sujcjmetm trcs`mebmetca y c ac vmz bms`geg`nbg pcrc ac jcygrêc
 Eg gdstcetm, acs smócams sm me`umetrce tcjdnîe jãs caaã bm ags
sumógs.

24
Hîemsns 23, 3-09. 3 C`getm`nð qum ma icrcðe tuvg ue sumóg6 Pm me`getrcdc c grnaacs bma
Enag y vng scanr bma rêg snmtm vc`cs, lmrjgscs y hgrbcs, qum ndce pcstcebg metrm ags fue`gs.
Bmtrãs bm maacs scanmrge gtrcs snmtm imcs y iac`cs, qum sm qumbcrge ca acbg bm acs prnjmrcs, me
ac grnaac bma rêg. Acs vc`cs imcs y iac`cs sm `gjnmrge c acs snmtm vc`cs lmrjgscs y hgrbcs. Me
msm jgjmetg ma icrcðe sm bmspmrtð…‚ 
 93  

 
 

BMA PNAME@N
PNAME@NG
G CA YMTDG 

‑Ma  sname`ng
 sname`ng qum Bngs im`uebc, eg ms ma bm cquma qum mstã ``caacbg,
caacbg,  
 sneg ma bm cquma
cquma qum mstã
mstã c ac ms`u`lc‚.
ms`u`lc‚.  
 Jcjmrtg Jmecpc`m, jgefm
jgefm y ms`rntgr crhmetn
crhmetneg
eg  

M
A c sg
xnstm uec sgambcb sgam
amb
qum brmlunjgs
cb ms ue
ueccyhuec
r c`nc
`nsgambcb
c qum dus`cjgs.
Pgacjmetm `ucebg ac bmsmc
bmsmcjgs
jgs y ac vnvnjgs, egs smetnjgs pam-
ecjmetm egsgtrgs jnsjgs.
jnsjgs. Mstm rmtnrg netmrngr ms ma `cjpg bm mxpmrn-
jmetc`nðee bm ac prgpnc pmrsgeca
jmetc`nð pmrsgecanbcb.
nbcb. Ma sname`ng bmrnvcbg
bmrnvcbg bm ac sgam-
bcb mamhnbc, ms ma `gjpcómrg inma pcrc bmspmrtcr ac ms`u`lc c`tnvc qum
egs aamvcrã c vnvnr me mstcbg bm camrtc cjpanin`cebg
cjpanin`cebg eumstrgs smetnbgs.
smetnbgs.
Ac sgambcb sn eg ms njpumstc, ms uec mxpmrnme`nc trcs`mebmetca  
bm rupturc. Acs bm`nsngems njpgrtcetms y prgiuebcs bm ac vnbc bm-
 dmrêce nr prm`mbnbcs pgr ue tnmjpg bm sgambcb, pgr ue tnmjpg bm 
sname`ng pcrc ms`u`lcr.
Ms `gevmenmetm bnspgemr bm ue mspc`ng y ue tnmjpg pcrc qum  
`cbc nebnvnbug bns`nmrec sgdrm ac irc``nðe bm sgambcb y bm vnbc me  
`gjuenbcb qum em`msntc pcrc su scaub mjg`ngeca.

Jnmbg 
Ac sgambcb ms pmr`ndnbc `gjg emhctnvc y cehustngsc hmemrca-
jmetm. Eg gdstcetm, ms me mstm tnmjpg
tnmjpg prm`nsg `ucebg uec pmrsgec
ms `cpcz bm mxpmrnjmetcr ac bnjmesnðe bm su lujcenbcb. Ma sname-
`ng nevntc ca rm`ghnjnmetg y c ac netmrngrnzc`nðe.
 90  

A c hhrr cebm
cebmzc
zc,, bm ue
uec
cppm
mr sgec sm j
jnn bm pg
pgrr ac `cp
`cpc`n
c`nbc
bcb bm  
b bm
csujnn r ac sgam
csuj sgambcb..20 
bcb
Ac sgambcb ms uec gpgrtuenbcb y egs prgpgr`ngec ma mspc`ng pcrc 
 pmescr me ac `canbcb bm eumstrgs vêe`uags y ac prmsme`nc bm aags
gs gtrgs.
22
Csê ag rminmrm ]ecjueg c trcvîs bm ac gdrc bm Irce`ms` Rgrrcadc6  
‑Jn cjgr c ac ju`lmbujdrm ms ag qum jm aamvc c ac  ac  sg-
ambcb, ca lunrac ac vgy dus`cebg. Eg jm aacjms jnsãetrgpg.
 Ags jnsãetrgpgs dus`ce ac sg`nmbcb y ma trctg bm acs hmetms,
acs em`msntce pcrc eutrnr su gbng. Ma cjgr pumbm
pumbm vnvnr bm rm-
`umrbgs y mspmrcezcs? ma gbng em`msntc rmcanbcbms prmsmetms. 
 Bîfcjm, pums, qum luyc bm ac sg`nmbcb y jm rmiuhnm me ma  
 sgsnmhg bma `cjpg, dus`cebg me jmbng bm îa y bmetrbmetrgg bm jn
cajc ac `gjpcóêc bm acs hmetms‚.
acs hmetms‚.  
Bn`m ac scdnburêc hrnmhc qum pcrc ca`cezcr ue prgym`tg `ge cr-
jgeêc vntca ms em`mscrng trcesntcr pgr ma `cjneg bma jmbng y mvntcr  
tcetg ma bîin`nt `gjg
`gjg ac cduebce`nc. Ac sgambcb mmss cbm`ucbc me ms-
tcbg trcesntgrng.
Ma sname`ng ms ma jcr`g nbmca pcrc aamvcr c `cdg `ge dumec bnspg-
sn`nðe ac metrcbc ca mstcbg bm sgambcb.
‑Pðag `caacebg sm me`umetrc ma nestcetm, jnmetrcs sm 
sm  lc-
dac, dcstc `ge qum sm bnhc uec sgac pcacdrc, bmscpcrm`m ma
nestcetm, y pgr msg, pgrqum eg pgbmjgs `caacr, ms juy rcrg
qum ue lgjdrm pumbc aamhcr c `gjprmebmr bmdnbcjmetm ac
 prmsme`nc bma nestcetm y me `gesm`ume`nc qum ag cprgvm`lm
bmdnbcjmetm2= ‑. Pgrme 
Pgrme  Onmromhccrb. 
Onmromhccrb. 

Andmrtcb 
Lcy uec mstrm`lc rmac`nðe metrm sgambcb y andmrtcb. Ac sgambcb 
 dus`cbc ms ue c`tg andrm, netme`ngeca
netme`ngeca y `ges`nmetm, ms ac rcêz bm ac
20
 RGTTCADC
 RGTT CADC I. ‑Ma crtm bm scdmr mstcr sgag‚. Mb. Jnameng.
22
Gp. @nt.
2=
Gp. @nt.
 92  

andmrtcb. ]eg sm scdrã andrm y `cpcz, me ac jmbnbc qum smc hmemrcbgr  

bm sus prgpngs pmescjnmetgs. [crc maag em`msntcrã cdrnr uec drm`lc 
y bnstce`ncrsm bma `rntmrng bm ags bmjãs.
Ac mxpmrnme`nc bm ac sgambcb y sname`ng ms ma `cjpg bgebm sm
 
`uatnvcrã
ineca. Eg ue
lcdprðspmrg
lcdnmebg
nmebg auhcr`cjneg bm netrgspm``nðe
c acs snjuac`ngems? qum yc eg tmebrã
sm prm`npntcrce y ace-
hunbm`mrãe acs icascs jãs`crcs qum bcrã `gjg rmsuatcbg ma nen`ng bm 
ue `cjneg bm trcespcrme`nc y `acrnbcb.
Acs smócams eg smrãe pmr`ndnbcs sne ac prã`tn`c bm ac ‑ms`u`lc 
c`tnvc‚, y pcrc maag ac prcxns bma sname`ng c trcvîs bm ac c``nðe trces-
igrjcbgrc bm ac sgambcb mamhnbc smrã msme`nca, pums eg lcy ‑crjc‚ 
jãs min`cz qum ac ctme`
ctme`nðe.
nðe.
 9=  

 
 

PMH]EBC
PMH ]EBC [CTR
[CTRM
M 

‑Cenjcams bm 
bm [gbmr‚ 
 

 
 

CDMFC 
Pêjdgag bm bns`npanec, grbme y acdgrngsnbcb me ac jcygrêc bm acs 
`uaturcs. Ma lm`lg bm qum mstm nesm`tg tmehc ue prg`mbmr fmrãrqun`g 
y `gjg cutgrnbcb prne`npca c ac rmnec, ac `gevnrtnð me ue sêjdgag  
jgeãrqun`g. Ms juy pgsndam qum ac iagr bm ans qum rmprmsmetð c ju-
`lcs jgecrquêcs tuvnmrc su grnhme me ac njchme bm ac cdmfc.
[crc ags hrnmhgs rmprmsmetcdc ags ctrndutgs bm Bmjîtmr, bngsc 
bm ac ecturcamzc y bm sus hrcebms `n`ags. Me Mhnptg snjdganzcdc ma  
cajc bm ags jumrtgs y ac `gemxnðe `ge ma jãs caaã.
Burcetm ma rmec`njnmetg ium sêjdgag bm ags `n`ags ecturcams, bcbg
qum acs cdmfcs bmscpcrm`me me nevnmreg y rmcpcrm`me me prnjcvmrc.
Me ma `rnstncensjg ms mjdamjc bma Mspêrntu Pcetg y bm ac Ynrhm
Ynrhmee 
Jcrêc. Ags ctrndutgs bm nejgrtcanbcb, rmec`njnmetg, purmzc y cjgr  
`gebufmrge c csg`ncr c ac cdmfc `ge ma jnsjg @rnstg.

ÃH]NAC 
Pm am `gesnbmrc uenvmrscajmetm sêjdgag `mamstm y sgacr c ac vmz. 
Tmnec bm acs cvms y pgr mxtmesnðe sêjdgag hmemrca bm tgbcs maacs, 
snmebg c ac vmz îa bm ags mstcbgs mspnrntucams supmrngrms.
Pu nbmetnin`c`nðe `ge ma sga, iumetm y rcbnc`nðe bm ac auz, ms msme-
`nca pcrc ags nebngs bm Cjîrn`c bma Egrtm, qum aamvce paujcs bm  
ãhunac me sus cdcagrngs. Acs paujcs y ma snadctg icdrn`cbg `ge sus
lumsgs sge utnanzcbgs burcetm ac bcezc bma Pga.
 9>  

@gjpcrtme snjdgaghêc `ge ags cztm`cs. Me ma Fcpðe, ma ocjn 

`uyg jmescfmrg ms ue ãhunac
ã hunac sm bmegjnec Ãhunac bma Pga `mamstm.
Pêjdgag bm `getmjpac`nðe
`getmjpac`nðe me mmaa mvcehmang bm sce Fuce. @nmrtcs 
gdrcs bm crtm bm ac Mbcb Jmbnc
Jmbnc nbmetnin`ce mstc cvm `ge ma @rnstg y
ac cs`mesnðe.
Me su cspm`tg emhctnvg, `gjg g`urrm `ge `nmrtc irm`ume`nc, sm
nevnmrtm ac snjdgaghêc bma @rnstg y ac `gevnmrtme me njchme bma Ce-
tn`rnstg, snmebg clgrc uec rcpcz `ruma y sêjdgag
sêjdgag bm grhuaag y gprm-
snðe.
Me ma crtm bm acs jce`ncs sm netmrprmtcdc ma vumag bm acs ãhunacs 
 pcrc pmr`ndnr acs vgauetcbms bnvnecs. Me ac `uaturc hmrjceg-`îatn`c, 
ms msme`ncajmetm ac jmescfmrc bm ac vgauetcb bm ag catg.
Pmhöe cahuecs trcbn`ngems, mama ãhunac pgsmm pgbmr bm rmfuvmem`n-
jnmetg. Pm bn`m qum mstc sm mxpgem ca sga y `ucebg su paujcfm lc  
cdsgrdnbg hrce `cetnbcb bm `cagr, sm sujsujmrhm
mrhm bmetrg bm ue chuc y
vumavm c me`getrcr csê uec eumvc fuvmetub. Mstc c``nðe ac pgbmjgs
`gjpcrcr `ge ac nen`nc`nðe me ac caqunjnc, qum `gjprmebm ma prg`m-
sg bma rntg bm pcsg pgr ma iumhg y pgr ma chuc.
Cvm sgacr `ge uec vnstc pmemtrcetm qum sm `gjpcrc ca gfg qum
tgbg ag vm y me `gesm`ume`nc ca Bngs.
Me acs cetnhucs ms`rnturcs `ge irm`ume`nc sm am ctrnduym c ags ãe-
hmams ac igrjc bma ãhunac6 ‑... ags `uctrg tmeêce `crc bm 
bm   ãhunac...‚
 Mz 3. ^ me ma Cpg`canpsns 2,8-<6
2,8-<6 ‑…Ma `ucrtg smr vnvnmetm ms `gjg
ms  `gjg
ue ãhunac me pameg vumag…‚
vumag…‚  

CA@M 
Pnjdganzc ac rmsnstme`nc. Me ac au`lc pgr ac supmrvnvme`nc metrm 
sus bmprmbcbgrms y `getrgacebg ma rntjg bm sus jgvnjnmetgs, cb-
qunmrm jãs rmsnstme`nc.
 Egs canmetc c `getneucr sne prnsc pmrg sne pcusc. [umbm qum eg
smc ma prnjmrg me aamhcr ca gdfmtnvg, pmrg aamhcrã sne lcdmrsm chgtc-
bg.
 8;  

CTCÓC 
Me ac Nebnc, ac crcóc ms `gesnbmrcbc `gjg ue njpgrtcetm sêjdgag 
`gsjgaðhn`g iuebcjmetcbg me ac bnspgsn`nðe bm su tmac, ma auhcr  
qum me maac g`upc, y me ma lm`lg bm qum me su macdgrc`nðe utnanzc su
 prgpnc sudstce`nc.
Ac igrjc rcbncbc bm ac tmac snjdganzc ma sga bma qum mjcec sus
rcygs. Pm am ctrnduym ue snjdgansjg sgacr.
sgacr.
Ags ]pcenslcb29 vnsngece ac crcóc mamvãebgsm `ge ac cyubc
c yubc bm su
lnag y ca`cezcebg csê ac andmrtcb. Ma lnag ms ma jmbng y sgpgrtm pcrc  
ac rmcanzc`nðe mspnrntuca. Ma lnag qum maac mxtrcm bm sê jnsjc lc`m  
uec cecaghêc ca ãrdga `ðsjn`g, c ac ms`cac bm Fc`gd, ma pcscfm bm ac 
tnmrrc ca `nmag.
Ac crcóc bmsmjpmóc ue pcpmap cpma bmjnörhn`g28 pcrc eujmrgscs pg-
 dac`ngems. Metrm
rc ac jctmrnc cahuegs
bm ags pumdags
prnjmrgs bma Ãirn`c,
lgjdrms? ac sga,
`rmc ma crcócacCecesî prmpc-
auec y acs ms-
trmaacs. Aumhg ma bngs bma `nmag, Eycjî, nesuiac ac vnbc me ma lgjdrm.
Me ac amymebc hrnmhc, ac crcóc mmss `cstnhcbc pgr rnvcanzcr `ge Ctmemc. 
Crc`em2<, fgvme qum tmfm y dgrbc jcrcvnaagsgs tcpn`ms, cbqunmrm su rm-
 putc`
 put c`nðe
nðe pgr lcdmr
lcdmr snbg caujec
caujec bm CtmCtmemc
emc,, y maac prm
prmtme
tmebm
bm eg bmdmr
bmdmr su
tcametg jãs qum c sê jnsjc. Bmsciêc c ac bngsc, qum iurngsc bmshcrrc ac 
tcpn`mrêc y hgapmc c su rnvca. Crc`em sm clgr`c? pmrg ac bngsc eg am pmr-
jntm jgrnr y ac trcesigrjc me uec
uec crcóc, qum `getneöc tmfnmebg su lnag.

 
lc Ac crcóc bma
rm`ndnbg Jêhcac,
`nmag me
ma Ãirn`c, pcrcbmacs
prnvnamhng pgdac`ngems
bms`nircr bma @cjmröe
ma pgrvmenr y ms ma 
sêjdgag bma pgbmr bm cbnvnec`nðe.
29
]pcenslcb bmsnhec c `cbc ueg bm ags jãs bm 4;; andrgs schrcbgs lnebunstcs ms`rntgs me
nbngjc sães`rntg
sães`rntg metrm ma snhag YNN c. @. y prne`npngs
prne`npngs bma snhag \\ b. @.
28
Ma bmjnurhg (me hrnmhg6 Βθαξηύσΰρτ, BĐjnurhgs), me ac inagsgiêc heðstn`c, ms ac metnbcb
qum sne smr em`mscrncjmetm `rmcbgrc ms njpuasgrc bma uenvmrsg. Rcjdnîe ms `gesnbmrcbg ue
smjnbnðs `rmcbgr
`rmcbgr bma Juebg.
2<
Me ac jntgaghêc hrm`grrgjcec, Crc`em (me hrnmhg cetnhug ἋσΡψκθ, “crcóc„) ium uec hrce
tmfmbgrc qum cacrbmð bm smr jãs lcdnanbgsc qum ac bnvnec Jnemrvc, mqunvcametm rgjcec bm
[cacs Ctmemc, bngsc bm ac crtmsceêc. Jnemrvc, gimebnbc, metrð me `gjpmtn`nðe `ge Crc`em,
pmrg, smhöe `umetc Gvnbng, eg pubg supmrcrac. Cbmjãs, ma tmjc mamhnbg pgr Crc`em, ags
cjgrms bm ags bngsms, ium gimesnvg, y Jnemrvc
Jnemrv c ac trcesigrjð me uec crcóc.
 83  

Ac jãetn`c pgr ac crcóc ium prc`tn`cbc me ma cetnhug njpmrng 

Ne`c. Ma cbnvneg
cbnvneg bmstcpcdc uec vcsnfc bgebm jcetmeêce ac ccrcóc,
rcóc, sn
cahuec bm sus pctcs eg mstcdc bgdacbc, ma cuhurng mrc emhctnvg. Me 
Csnc `metrca y Pndmrnc rmprmsmetc ma cajc andmrcbc bma `umrpg.
 
Pnjdganzc
trndus, tcjdn
tcjdnîe
hrcbg bm îe ue hrcbg
netmrngrnbcb supmrngr
supmrngr bm
y jmbntctnvg. Acnen`nc`nðe
nen`nc`n ðe `gsjghðen-
`rmc`nðe me cahuecs
`c sm snjdganzc pgr ma c`tg bm tmfmr, mstg supgem ue tmfmbgr qum pmr-
jcemz`c `getneucjmetm me rmac`nðe `ge su gdrc, ac `uca bmpmebm bm 
îa. Me ac Nebnc sm caubm ca Rmfmbg
Rmfmbgrr prnjgrbnca y c ac Crcóc `ðsjn`c.

CTBNAAC 
 rm`ghnbg 
 Crbnaac…lcs rm`ghnbg
 Crbnaac…lcs
 Eum`ms c bg`mecs
mxc`tcjmetm 
 [rmbn`nmebg mxc`tcjmetm
Pn jãs prm`nscrãs. 
prm`nscrãs. 
 Mesîócjm c tgjcr
Pgag ag em`mscrng 
em`mscrng 
@geincebg me ma hrce Jnstmrng
Sum `gsm`lm ag smjdrcbg 2> 
Bm ecturcamzc bnvmrsc y `gjpgrtcjnmetg memrhîtn`g, su snjdg-
aghêc mesmóc c hucrbcr pcrc tnmj
tnmjpgs
pgs iuturgs. Mstcr prmpcrcbg pcrc 
prmpcrcbg
`ucaqunmr `nr`uestce`nc, rmspmtcr ma iuturg y sus `cjdngs.
Canhmrc `crhc sn lcs rmuenbg bmjcsncbg. Metmebmr ma mqunandrng 
bm rmuenr ms lc`mr `nr`uacr ag c`ujuacbg.

CPEG 
Cenjca bm snjdgaghêc `getrcbn`tgrnc. Ac jntgaghêc y ma snjdg-
ansjg `gjpcrcbg bm acs rmanhngems egs nebn`c qum ma cseg lc snbg
`ge`mdnbg, `csn uenvmrscajmetm, `gjg snheg g mjdamjc bm ac gs-
2>
Ac Tumbc Jmbn`neca ‐  Fcjnm
  Fcjnm Pcjs y Bc
Bcvnb
vnb @crsge.
@crsge. Mb. Netmhrca.
Netmhrca .
 84  

`urnbcb, bm ag sgjdrêg, bm ag sctãen`g ne`ausg. Eg

Eg gdstcetm, `gjg 
`csn tgbg sêjdgag crqumtêpn`g ms bm ecturcamzc buca, ma cseg jumstrc  
tcjdnîe ue cspm`tg dmeîin`g
dme îin`g y aujnegsg.
Me ma crtm rgjceg, me smetnbg emhctnvg pumbm snjdganzcr ac ms-
tupnbmzbmg lujnabcb,
 damjc tgzubmz, jnmetrcs
pc`nme`nc
pc`nme`nc qum me ma Jmbngmvg cpcrm`m `gjg mj-
y `grcfm.
Me @lnec ms ac jgeturc bm ags Nejgrtcams,
Nejgrtcams, y me ac lnstgrnc bm ac 
 durrc bm Dcaccj bma Cetnhug Rmstcjmetg snjdganzc ma @geg`njnme-
tg Nen`nãtn`g.
Me ags `uatgs cpgaêemgs
cpgaêemgs bm BmaBmaigs
igs ca cseg sm am rm
rm`geg`m
`geg`m `gjg 
cenjca schrcbg y mrc sc`rnin`cbg
s c`rnin`cbg me ma trces`ursg bm sus rntgs.
[êebcrg egs bms`rndm `ðjg ags lnpmrdðrmgs sc`rnin`cdce csegs me
lgegr c Cpgag.
Cpgag.
Ma cseg snetmtnzcdc pcrc ags hgbgs, rm`nîe `rnstncenzcbgs, ac rm-
 prmsmetc`nðe bm mstcs cetnhucs bnvnenbcbms y ac bma @rnstg ca qum 
lgercdce.
Fueh ag bminem `gjg BMCJGE RTNE]P,RTNE]P, trnenbcb @tðen`c=; qum 
me caqunjnc sm rmprmsmetc `gjg jgestrug bm 0 `cdmzcs, rmprmsmetc-
bg pgr Jmr`urng, sga y czuirm g ags trms prne`npngs jctmrn
jctmrncams.
cams.
Ac jnsjc snjdgaghêc sm mjpamcrã pcrc ma durrg.

CYMPRT]V 
Ac paujc bm Jcct, bngsc bm ac vmrbcb y ac fustn`nc, ms ueg bm ags
sêjdgags jãs `crc`tmrêstn`gs csg`ncbgs ca cvmstruz. Camhgrêc bm ac  
 fustn`nc.
Catgs jchnstrcbgs y icrcgems lc`êce `gestrunr cdcen`gs `ge acs  
 paujcs bm mstm cenjca.
cenjca.
=;
Me jntgaghêc y rmanhnðe ma tîrjneg `tðen`g (bma hrnmhg cetnhug ψμρκξητ  oltlðengs, “pmr-
tmem`nmetm c ac tnmrrc„,  “bm  tnmrrc„) bmsnhec g lc`m rmimrme`nc c ags bngsms g mspêrntus bma neirc-
juebg, pgr gpgsn`nðe c acs bmnbcbms `mamstms. Bm ac tnmrrc g bmdcfg bm ac tnmrrc, rmprmsmetcbg
mstm tîrjneg pgr bngs neimrecams y `crecams `gjg mrce Pmt, [ce, Dc`g y Bngensng. C vm`ms
tcjdnîe sm ags bmegjnec tmaörn`gs (bma actêe tmaaus  ). .
 80  

Jãs tcrbm ags `rnstncegs y jusuajcems mhnp`ngs

mhnp`ngs rm`rmcdce rm-
 prmsmetc`ngems bm cvmstru`ms me sus tmjpags `gjg sêjdgag bm rm-
surrm``nðe. Ms pgsndam qum iumrc uec rmjrmjnens`me`nc
nens`me`nc bma prnjnhmeng 
snhenin`cbg bm ac paujc bm Jcct, qum ium ma `getrcpmsg utnanzcbg
 pcrc pmscr ma cajc bm ags bniuetgs me ma trndueca
trndueca bm Gsnrns.
Gsnrns.
Ac `ge`mp`nðe `geg`nbc `gjg ma lumvg bma Juebg y camhgrêc bm 
ac metrcbc bm ac vnbc me ag `rmcbg, sm am ctrnduym tcjdnîe ca lumvg bm 
cvmstruz, pumstg qum pgem ma jãsjãs hrcebm y pmrim`tg bm metrm tgbgs
maags.
Me Csnc sm `gesnbmrc su grnec mamjmetg schrcbg, y ssmm rmvmrme`nc 
ca cvmstruz metmebnmebg
metmebnmebg qum ms ac öen`c bm tgbcs acs acs cvms qum tnmem 
ac ic`uatcb bm grnecr.

CYNP[C 
@gesnbmrcbc pgr ac jcygrêc bm acs `uaturcs `gjg ac cetêtmsns bm  
ac cdmfc. Ms sêjdgag bm ac jcanhenbcb.
jcanhenbcb. @ucebg `acvc su chunfðe me 
gtrg smr vnvg, qumbc ne`rustcbg me ma netmrngr bm ac vê`tnjc, lm`lg 
qum prgvg`crã su prgpnc jumrtm
jumrtm ca qumbcr bmspgsmêbc
bmspgsmêbc bm mstc pcrtm 
bm su mstru`turc dngaðhn`c. Me ac trcbn`nðe lnebö, ms `gesnbmrcbg ue
cenjca neegdam.

DCAAMEC 
Pmhöe ac trcbn`nðe
trcbn`nðe bm ags ect
ectnvgs
nvgs cjmrn`cegs ac
ac dcaamec ctmsgrc 
ac lnstgrnc bm ac tnmrrc. Ms juy prgdcdam qum vnvnmrc me tnmrrc
tnmrrc inrjm 
lc`m jnaagems bm cógs.
Ma amehucfm bm ac dcaamec mstã rmvmstnbg bm ue tcametg jusn`ca, 
lcstc ma puetg qum ue hrupg bm dcaamecs bm ac jnsjc pgdac`nðe 
metgece uec jnsjc jmagbêc, mstcebg
mstcebg ma `cetg eg mxmetg bm njprg-
vnsc`ngems burcetm ac netmrprmtc`nðe. Cdcr`c ma pm pmrngbg
rngbg bma `mag
`mag me 
tgbcs acs mspm`nms y aumhg
aum hg ue `n`ag bm `csn cdsgautg sname`ng.
 82  

Me ac Nebnc ms ma pmz qum huêc ca Cr`c sgdrm acs chucs burcetm ma 
hrce bnauvng.
Me ma jntg bm Fgeãs, ac metrcbc ca
ca netmrngr bm ac dcaamec ms ac me-
trcbc c ue pmrngbg bm gs`urnbcb netmrjmbnc metrm bgs mstcbgs mxns-
=3
 
tme`ncams, smhöe Tmeî Humeðe.

D]M^ 
Mspêrntu bm sc`rnin`ng,
sc`rnin`ng, pc`nme`nc y trc
trcdcfg.
dcfg. Pnheg auecr me gpg-
sn`nðe ca amðe qum ms bm snheg sgacr. Me Hrm`nc y Tgjc ms sêjdgag 
bm chrn`uaturc, pgr tcetg, cenjca schrcbg y `geschrcbg c ags bngsms.
Me hrce pcrtm bm Ãirn`c ma dumy ms ue cenjca schrcbg girm`nbg 
me sc`rnin`ng y anhcbg c tgbgs ags rntgs bm acdgr y im`uebc
im`uebc`nðe
`nðe bm ac
tnmrrc.
Me ueg bm ags bg`m trcdcfgs bm Lmrcoams g Lîr`uams lcaacjgs  
‑Ags Dumyms bm Hmrnðe‚, `gjg ma sêjdgag vne`uacbg c acs  iumrzcs
mxnstmetms bma pcscbg qum rmiamfce ac smjnaac prnjntnvc qqum
um ms`
ms`uapnð
uapnð
y c`uóg ac lumaac.
Bngensng Crmgpchntc
Crmgpchntc crhujmetc ac jêstn`c bma dumy `gj `gjgg ac in-
hurc qum jcr`c ac iumrzc y ac pgtme`nc, ma pgbmr bm cdrnr sur`gs
netmam`tucams pcrc rm`ndnr acs aauvncs im`uebcs bma `nmag.

DÖICAG 
Ma Döicag ium ac jcygr iumetm bm sustmetg bm ags pgdacbgrms bm 
acs prcbmrcs. [rgpgr`ngecdc `crem pcrc canjmetcrsm, pnmams pcrc vms-
tnrsm, `ãanbgs jcetgs bm pnma bm döicag pcrc pcscr ags irêgs y acrhgs
nevnmregs y pmzuócs pcrc lc`mr pmhcjmetg.
[crc maags ma sêjdgag bma Döicag ms ac grc`nðe, ac hrctntub y ma 
maghng pgr ag rm`ndnbg.
=3
Tmeî Huîege g Cdb ca-Xälnb ^clyä, ec`nbg me Ma @cnrg (3<<9 -3>=3) ium jctmjãtn`g,
inaðsgig y jmtciêsn`g.
 8=  

DÖLG - AM@L]VC 
Mstgs cenjcams eg`turegs bmstc`ce pgr su `cpc`nbcb pcrc vmr  
me ac gs`urnbcb, pgr su qunmtub y su cspm`tg rmiamxnvg. Rgbg maag
 prgvg`ð qum sm ags tgjcrc pgr sêjdgag bm scdnburêc, bmbn`c`nðe 
netmam`tuca y `geg`njnmetg.
Mstc `ge`mp`nðe cpcrm`m sgdrmtgbg me ac `uaturc hrnmhc, bgebm ac 
am`luzc ms ma mjdamjc bm Ctmemc, bngsc bm acs `nme`ncs.
`nme`ncs.
Me ma `rnstncensjg sm rm`urrnð g`csngecajmetm c mstgs smetnbgs,
lc`nmebg tcjdnîe bm mstcs cvms eg`turecs uec mvg`c`nðe bma `g-
eg`njnmetg qum neiuebm ma @rnstg, ac camhgrêc bma pgbmr bm vmr me 
jntcb bm acs tnenmdacs.
Me gpgsn`nðe, ma `crã`tmr eg`tureg bm ac Am`luzc y ma Dölg `ges-
tntuyð me Mhnptg, me ac Nebnc y metrm ags cztm`cs ue sêjdgag bm gs`u-
rnbcb, tnenmdacs y jumrtm.

D]NRTM 
Me ac Nebnc ma duntrm cpcrm`m `gjg uec smóca bm iumrzcs mspnrn-
tucams prgtm`tgrcs sustntutgrnc bm ac inhurc bm ags pcbrms.
Me Mhnptg sm am rmac`ngec `ge ac inhurc bm ac jcbrm pgr ma lm`lg
bm eutrnrsm bm `cbãvmrms bm ac jcbrm ecturcamzc.
Ca tgjcr `gjg canjmetg ac `crrgóc sm am pumbm `gesnbmrcr `gjg 
chmetm rmhmemrcbgr
bms`gjpgsn`nðe bm acs iumrzcs
grhãen`c, vntcams
csê `gjg qum mstãe
purnin`cbgr qum`getmenbcs me ac 
csmhurc ma `n`ag
bm ac rmegvc`nðe trcesjutcebg ac jumrtm me eumvc vnbc.
Ac bngsc duntrm mhnp`nc Emoldmt, mrc smhöe acs `rmme`ncs pgpuac-
rms, ac prgtm`tgrc bm ags ec`njnmetgs.
Ma duntrm ms cbmjãs me acs trcbn`ngems hrm`grrgjcecs ue pãfcrg  
cbnvnectgrng. Cv
Cvmm `geschrcbc c Cpgag, pgrqum su vumag, ca nhuca qum 
ma bma `nsem, ma bma jnaceg g ma bma `umrvg girm`m prmschngs. Tmjg  
vm smns duntrms y Tðjuag bg`m, `ucebg nestcacbgs ma ueg sgdrm ma 
[cactneg y ma gtrgac sgdrm
bðebm `gestrunr `nubcbmaTgjc.
Cvmetneg netmrrghce ca `nmag pcrc scdmr
 89  

D]TTG (Dus`cr CPEG)

CPEG) 

@CDCAAG 
Ma `cdcaag cpcrm`m me prã`tn`cjmetm tgbgs ags bg`ujmetgs jntg-
aðhn`gs y me ac jcygrêc bm acs amymebcs.
Ma `cdcaag bm g`lg pctcs bma bngs Gbêe me acs amymebcs eðr-
bn`cs, ags `gr`mams bma bngs bma Pga lnebö me grnmetm, y ags `gr`mams 
bm Cpgag me Hrm`nc, sge sgag cahuegs bm ags mfmjpags bm lnstgrncs
cetnhucs bgebm ma `cdcaag ms ma c`tgr. Mstm cenjca ms ue sêjdgag bm 
amcatcb y bmvg`nðe, bm cjgr y im ne`umstngecdams lc`nc su cjg.
Ms tcjdnîe sêjdgag bma mspêrntu bma humrrmrg me su vncfm jmtciê-
sn`g y huêc pcrc ac
a c supmrc`nðe bm gdstã`uags.

Me actmr.
jntgaghêc
c Bmjîtmr.
Bmjî hrnmhc,uenbg
hrnmhc,
Mstã ma `gr`ma sm csg`ncdc c Cpgag, [gsmnbðe,
c ags mamjmetgs, metrm maagsLcbms
Lccabms
cnrmy 
([mhcsg), ca chuc (`cdcaantg bm jcr g Lnpg`cjpg) y c ac tnmrrc (Bm-
jîtmr bngsc bma `mrmca y hrce jcbrm).
Me su cspm`tg emhctnvg ma `cdcaag emhrg ms prmschng bm jca chñm-
rg, rmprmsmetc ac jumrtm y ma `cgs c bnimrme`nc bma dace`g, qum sm
csg`nc ca sga, c ac vmag`nbcb bm pmescjnmetg y c ac scdnburêc. Ma `c-
 dcaag emhrg sm csg`nc c ac auec y sus fnemtms sge ags bngsms jcrnegs
qum rmprmsmetce acs prnjgrbncams chucs `cðtn`cs.
@cdcahcr ca `cdcaag ms ac rmprmsmetc`nðe bm ac `cpc`nbcb lujcec 
bm `getrgacr sus nestnetgs y dcfcs pcsngems.

@CDCAANRG BM JCT G LN[G@CJ[G 

Rrcs ac pumstc bm ac lmjdrc, ma jc`lg ms ma qum im`uebcrã ags
lumvgs y ags `ustgbncrã burcetm tgbg ma prg`msg, smrã uec `magsc  
vmac lcstc ma ineca.
Ma `cdcaantg bm
bm Jcr, mstã csg`ncbg c bnvmrscs vnrtubms
vnrtubms `urctnvcs. 
Me Hrm`nc, prgvmenmetms
`ucanbcbms Bngs`ðrnbms, bma
[aneng y Hcameg,
pgavgHc
bmameg, egsjcrneg.
`cdcaag rminmrmePmsgdrm
netuêcmstcs
qum
 88  

 pgsmêc ma bge bm camfcr ac meimrjmbcb bm ags lgjdrms, y sm rmcan-

zcdce `ge su njchme bnimrmetms tnpgs bm cjuamtgs, sgdrm tgbg me 
jmtca.
Metrm ags imen`ngs sm c`uócrge jgembcs aamvcebg ma Lnpg`cjpg 
me sus
tnpg agjgs
scavcbgr. ca
scavcbgr. Mebngs Jmaocrt, tgjcebg
ma `rnstncensjg hgzc bmcsê ac snjdgaghêc
snjdgaghêc
ctrndu`ngems bm crqum-
scecbgrcs.

@CDTC 
Me ac Nebnc, ms ma sêjdgag bm ac sudstce`nc prnjgrbnca eg jc-
enimstcbc, ac Jcbrm bma juebg, [rcorntn. Ags trms `gagrms qum sm
am ctrnduyme,
ctrnduyme, ma dace`
dace`g,
g, ma rgfg y ma emhrg, `grrmspgebme
`grrmspgebme c ags trms 
huecs, g `ucanbcbms prnjgrbncams6 scttvc, rcfcs y acjcs.
 
MeAc
rcyg. cahuegs
jnsjcpumdags
rmac`nðebmmetrm
@lnecma rmac`ngece ac `cdrc
rcyg y ac `cdrc `ge ma bngs bma
ac me`getrcjgs me  
ma Rêdmt.
Metrm ags hrnmhgs snjdganzc ma rmaãjpchg, ac mstrmaac bm ac @cdrc,  
me ac `gestmac`nðe bma Curnhc, ceue`nc ac tmjpmstcb y ac aauvnc.

@CJMAAG 
Pêjdgag bm ac tmjpacezc, hrc`ncs c îa sm pumbm ctrcvmscr
ctrcvmscr ma bm-
snmrtg? ms pums ac rmprmsmetc`nðe bm cqumaag ca`cezcdam qum sm me-
`umetrc ca ineca bma trcym`tg. Ms hrc`ncs ca `cjmaag, qum sm pumbm
ca`cezcr ma `metrg ms`gebnbg, ac msme`nc bnvnec.
Me ac n`geghrciêc `rnstncec, me ma rmactg bm ac rmprmsmetc`nðe bm 
ac cbgrc`nðe bm ags Jchgs ca @rnstg, mstgs sge `gebu`nbgs lcstc ma  
auhcr pgr smebgs `cjmaags.

@CEHTMFG 
Ma `cehrmfg ms ue sêjdgag auecr. Pu njchme
njchme mstcdc csg`ncbc c ac 
bm ac auec.
 8<  

Me ma Pncj ms utnanzcbg burcetm ags rntgs bm gdtme`nðe bm aauvnc.

Mstm cenjca sm csg`nc ca snheg cstrgaðhn`g bm ac `gestmac`n
`gestmac`nðe
ðe bm 
`ãe`mr, ca imrtnanzcetm
imrtnanzcetm pgbmr bma ch
chuc
uc y c acs tmebme`ncs bma ne`ges-
`nmetm.
Me ma crtm Jc`ln`c bm Ãirn`c, ma `cehrmfg ag bms`udrnjgs grec-
jmetcebg `nmrtcs mstctucs
mstctucs y snjdganzc ac jcabcb
jcabcb g ma bmjgeng bma 
jca.

@CTC@GA 
Me ma snhag YN c.@., Rmghens mesmóc ac [canehmemsnc=4 csmhurcebg
qum ma cajc pmrbnbc sm rm`upmrcrã cahöe bêc.
Ma `crc`ga igrjð pcrtm bm ags rntgs iuemrcrngs bma `rnstncensjg  
`gjg nbmc bm rmsurrm``nðe, `gag`cebg `ge`lcs bm `crc`ga y c vm`ms  
tcjdnîe jcrnecs
jcrnecs me acs tujdcs bm sus jãrtnrms. Nbmc qum `getneöc 
burcetm tgbc ac Mbcb Jmbnc, csê qumbc jcenimstcbc ac cduebcetm 
n`geghrciêc y ags hrcdcbgs me auhcrms bm `uatg `rnstncegs.
Me ma snstmjc fmrghaêin`g mhnp`ng sm csg`nc c ac msp
mspnrca
nrca jn`rg`ðs-
jn`c me su c``nðe sgdrm ac jctmrnc, snjdganzcebg ma `n`ag bm ec`n-
jnmetg-jumrtm-rmec`
jnmetg-jum rtm-rmec`njnmetg,
njnmetg, ca nhuca qum tgbgs ags mamjmetgs
mamjmetgs bgebm
sm bc me ac ecturcamzc mstc jnsjc
jnsjc mstru`turc me igrjc bm lîanx.

@MTBG 
Me ac cetnhñmbcb sm rmcanzcdce cjuamtgs `ge rmprmsmetc`ngems bm  
mstm cenjca bmdnbg c sus mx`mame`ncs y ca prgvm`lg bm su tgtcanbcb.
Me ac `uaturc hrm`gactnec ium `geschrcbg c bngscs `gjg Bmjîtmr,
rmprmsmetcebg ags `n`ags bm ac ecturcamzc.
Me Mhnptg sm bmscrrgaað uec snjdgaghêc emhctnvc pgr su csg`nc-
`nðe ca bngs Pmtl y pgr acs ‑g`ngscs‚ `gstujdrms bma `mrbg bm rm-
=4

Bma hrnmhg
`ujpam pcanebm(bm
ue `n`ag eumvg) y`gjprmebnbg
mxnstme`nc, hîemsns (ec`mr). Bg`trnec
bmsbm qum prgpgem
ma ec`njnmetg qum pgr
pcscebg `cbcacsmr vnvg
jumrtm
lcstc ac rmme`crec`nðe.
 8>  

vga`crsm pgr ma icehg, csê `gjg pgr su canjmetc`nðe

canjmetc`nðe qum `gesnstm
me nehmrnr `ucaqunmr tnpg bm mamjmetg `gjmstndam qum `cnhc me sus
icu`ms. Rgbg
Rgbg maag `getrnduyð c nbmetnin`crag `ge ac aufurnc y ac huac.
Pnjdganzc me ju`lcs `uaturcs ac nevgau`nðe, ms bm`nr, ac trcesigr-
jc`nðe bm ag supmrngr me ag neimrngr.

@NMJ[NÎP G MP@GAG[MEBTC 
Ma `nmjpnîs ms ue crtrðpgbg qum sm `crc`tmrnzc
`crc`tmrnzc pgr tmemr ue mam-
vcbg eöjmrg bm pctcs ‒ bgsbgs pgr cenaag ‒  y
  y uecs pnezcs vmemegscs
bmtrãs bm ac `cdmzc
`cdmzc y ac `gac. @ge jãs bm 4.;;; mspm`nms bm `nmj-
 pnîs, ac ms`gagpmebrc ms `ge tgbc pgsndnanbcb ma tnpg bm `nmjpnîs 
qum rmac`ngecrge ags mhnp`ngs `ge `nmrtgs cspm`tgs bm ac bnvnenbcb. 
Cahuegs cspm`tgs qum sm am ctrnduyme sge ma jgvnjnmetg y ac rcpn-
bmz.
Cenjca êetnjcjmetm uenbg ca netmrngr bm ac tnmrrc, bmsbm pmrngbgs
juy tmjprcegs sm am `gesnbmrð mjdamjc bma bngs Gsnrns. Cjdgs
`ge `crc`tmrêstn`cs `tðen`cs y rmac`ngecbgs `ge acs em`rðpgans.
Ca nhuca qum gtrgs cenjcams eg`nvg
eg`nvgss sm am vne`uað `g
`gee ac jchnc 
y sm mstnjð qum pgbêc `urcr y prgtmhmr bm acs pn`cburcs ca qum ag 
 pgsmymrc.
Ma Oneh Juocbm ms ue `nmjpnîs vmemegsg qum lcdntc me Fcpðe y
ca qum sus lcdntcetms ag nbmetnin`ce `ge ac Gs`urnbcb y ma Jca.

@NMTYG - @GTVG 
Pm lcaac anhcbg ca ãrdga bm ac vnbc pgr ac smjmfcezc bm su `gr-
ecjmetc `ge ac bm acs rcjcs. Ms sêjdgag bm ac rmegvc`nðe y `rm`n-
jnmetg `ê`an`g. Ma `nmrvg sm am mstnjc me êetnjc rmac`nðe `ge ma `nmag  
y ac auz.
Me cjdgs acbgs bma pumetm bm ac jumrtm y bm ac rmsurrm``nðe
r msurrm``nðe (Yêc
Aã`tmc),
rms metrm cpcrm`me
ma `nmag ymetrm gtrgs cenjcams, ags `nmrvgs, `gjg jmbncbg-
ac tnmrrc.
 <;  

Me ma pmrngbg jmbnmvca, ac vêc bm ac sgambcb y purmzc ium snj-

 dganzcbc `ge irm`ume`nc pgr ma `nmrvg. Rcjd
Rcjdnîe
nîe `gesnbmrcbg `gjg 
cenjca bm hrce mamvc`nðe.
Metrm ags hrnmhgs y ags rgjcegs sm am rm`geg
rm`geg`nmrge
`nmrge `nmrtcs ``ucan-
ucan-
 
bcbms
acs jêstn`cs
pacetcs y uec scdnburêc
jmbn`necams. nestnetnvc
Me cahuegs pcrcdmstncrngs
cetnhugs ma rm`geg`njnmetg
rm `geg`njnmetg bm 
sm bn`m qum6
‑Ma `nmrvg `geg`m ma bê`tcjg‚.=0 
@gjpcrtm fuetg `ge ac smrpnmetm, ma jnsjg ctrndutg rmhmemrcbgr,
bcbg qum me ac prnjcvmrc eumvgs drgtms bm su `grecjmetc vgavmrãe 
c ec`mr.
ec`mr. Pnjdðan`cjmetm sm am ctrnduym ma pcpma
pcp ma bm jmescfmrg bm ags
bngsms.

@NHÑMÓC 
[autcr`g=2 egs lcdac bm ac vmemrc`nðe bma pumdag Rmsãan`g pgr
mstcs cvms, lcstc ma puetg bm cpan`cr ac pmec bm jumrtm c cquma qum  
gscrc jctcr uec bm maacs.
[aneng== `geinrjc mstm lm`lg.
Me ac Nebnc, @lnec y Fcpðe ms ueg bm ags cenjcams jãs rmvmrme-
`ncbgs. Jgetcbc sgdrm uec tgrtuhc rmprmsmetc ac agehmvnbcb.
Cvmm `geschrcbc c Fueg me camhgrêc c ac pnmbcb inanca. Mjpcrmetc-
Cv
bc snjdðan`cjmetm `ge ac hcrzc y ma ndns qum sge cvms bmstru`tgrcs
mstãe snjdganzcbcs tgbcs maacs `gjg bmimesgrcs bma 
bm smrpnmetms mstãe
jca.
Me mxtrmjg Grnmetm ms sêjdgag bm agehmvnbcb, y bm nejgrtcanbcb 
me cahuegs auhcrms.
=0
Ma bê`tcjg ms uec ymrdc juy irchcetm qum ec`m me ag catg bm ags pãrcjgs cebnegs. Metrm
ags nebngs ms uec pacetc schrcbc, c ac `uca ctrnduyme ac vnrtub bm prgagehcr ac vnbc. Jcegfntgs
bm bê`tcjg qum acs pcrcjmócs vmebme me ma jmr`cbg, cuequm sm bn`m qum eg ms ma vmrbcbmrg,
sneg uec pacetc smjmfcetm, yc qum su mxnstme`nc mstã mevumatc me ma jnstmrng y sm bn`m qum
sðag ags vmecbgs bce `ge îa me ac sgambcb bm ags pãrcjgs, c ac lgrc me qum ma sga dcóc bm
rgfg acs ms`crpcbcs rg`cs.
=2
[A]RCT@G. Nsns y Gsnrns.
==
[ANENG. Lnstgrnc Ecturca
 <3  

Ac snjdgaghêc prm`rnstncec
prm`rnstncec egs lcdac bm ac dgebcb
dgebcb y sgdrm tgbg
bm ac ‑[nmbcb Inanca‚ me rm`geg`njnmetg ca c`tg bm canjmetcr c sus 
jcygrms `ucebg mstgs
mstgs mevmfm`me, `cametãeb
`cametãebgags
gags bua`mjmetm y qun-
tãebgams acs vnmfcs paujcs.

@NPEM 
Me ac crqumgaghêc prmlnstðrn`c, tcaacbgs
tcaacbgs me drge`m, me`getrcjgs 
ma `umaag y ac `cdmzc bma `nsem me acs mjdcr`c`ngems bm ags ags pcêsms
eðrbn`gs bm Ineacebnc, Ms`cebnecvnc y Bnecjcr`c, `gjg snheg bm 
mspamebgr, smjmfcetm ca bngs Pga.
Me ma cetnhug Mhnptg ms ‑Ma pãfcrg bma Enag‚ qum ne`udc ma ‑lum-
vg bma juebg‚, y pcrc ags `matcs snjdganzc mstcbgs supmrngrms bma 
Pmr me prg`msg bm andmrc`nðe.
Me ac jntgaghêc hrm`gactnec cpcrm`m ma `nsem me bnimrmetms mpgpm-
ycs `gjg sêjdgag bm hagrnin`c`nðe tcetg bm bngsms `gjg bm lîrgms.
Cenjca `geschrcbg
`geschrcbg c Cpgag `gj`gjgg Bngs bm ac jösn`c, bbmm ag qum sm
bmrnvc ma jntg bgebm `umetce qum pg`g cetms bm j jgrnr
grnr ma `nsem me-
tgecdc ue bua`m `cetg.
Me ac caqunjnc sm nbmetnin`c `ge ma ‑Jmr`urng inagsðin`g‚, ma `me-
trg bm ac uenðe bm ags `getrcrngs.
[crc ma crtm `rnstnceg ms snheg bm purmzc, custmrnbcb y `cstnbcb, 
rm`ghnbg me ags bnimrmetms gdfmtgs antörhn`gs csê `gjg me smaags y 
ms`uaturcs. Ag`canzcbg
Ag`canzcbg me ac pcrrgqunc bm Drchmc`
Drchmc` (@cetca) bmsbm
3<<9, sm lcaac ue scquntg mu`crêstn`g bm ac îpg`c dnzcetnec `geg`nbg 
`ge ma egjdrm bm ‑Dgasc bm Pce Rnaag‚, dgrbcbc me grg y  hrcdcbc 
`ge pmracs `ge ac njchme bm ue `nsem ne`rustcbc me ma netmrngr bm ue
`êr`uag.
Ms tcjdnîe rmprmsmetc`nðe bma @rnstg qum `gebu`m acs cajcs c ac 
scavc`nðe.
 Eg gdstcetm qumrmjgs cpuetcr qum cahuegs snjdganstcs `rnstnc-
egs bm ac mbcb jmbnc y rmec`njnmetg, ctrnduyme ca `nsem cspm`tgs
 <4  

aufurngsgs, qunzã gavnbcebg qum ac ‑Cirgbntc‚ bm ags hrnmhgs jgetc-

 dc sgdrm ue `nsem, `ge ac `mrtmrc y egdam netme`nðe bm nespnrcr c ags
lgjdrms ma purg cjgr c ac Bnvnenbcb.

@G@GBTNAG 
Pêjdgag bm `getrcbn``nðe, egs jumstrc ags bgs cspm`tgs mamjme-
tcams bma chuc, ac chrmsnvnbcb y ma pgbmr bmstru`tgr. Pmhöe ags mhnp-
`ngs snjdganzc ac iurnc y ac jcabcb.
jcabcb. Ma `g`gbrnag pmrtmem`m ca rmneg 
netmrjmbng chuc/tnmrrc, jgstrãebgegs uec vmz jãs msm bgdam `crnz 
bm iumrzc y im`uebnbcb. Me ma cetnhug Jîxn`g ac tnmrrc ec`m bm ue
`g`gbrnag
Me ac jntgaghêc mhnp`nc mstm cenjca mehuaam acs cajcs qum eg

 pumbme
Amvnctãefustnin`crsm. Me`gjg
y ms bms`rntg ac Dndanc
ueg sm
bm am
agsrm`geg`m `gebmama`cgs
jgestrugs egjdrm bm
prnjn-
tnvg. Me ma ãjdntg bm ac psn`gaghêc sm am csg`nc `ge ac gs`urnbcb
surhnbc bma ne`ges`nmetm `gam`tnvg.

@GANDTÊ 
Me ac `uaturc Jcyc, ma `gandrê sm `gem`tc `ge ma Pga Emhrg y ma  
Sunetg Juebg, y mesmóc c rmsgavmr ma menhjc bm ac `getrcbn``nðe  
bm ac bucanbcb.
Me cahuecs `uaturcs ctrnduêce `ucanbcbms jãhn`cs c sus paujcs y
`ge maacs sm icdrn`cdce cjuamtgs.
Metrm ags cztm`cs sm cinrjcdc qum acs cajcs bm ags humrrmrgs
jumrtgs vgavêce c ac tnmrrc me igrjc bm `gandrê,
`gandrê, snmebg `gesnbmrcbg
 pums `gjg ma nen`ncbgr-`rmcbgr bma `cagr
`cagr sg
sgacr.
acr.
[crc ags nebngs Lgpn bm Crnzgec, mjpcrmetcbgs anehñêstn`cjme-
tm `ge ags cztm`cs, ma `gandrê cpcrm`m `gjg netmr`msgr qum scavc ac  
lujcenbcb bm ac lcjdruec, netmrvnenmebg fuetg ca bngs bm ac hmr-
jnec`nðe.
 <0  

Ma `gandrê sm `gesnbmrc mjdamjc bm ac camhrêc. Pmhöe ma jntg 

egrtmcjmrn`ceg, sm trctc bma pãfcrg bm ac vmrbcb, qum rmprmsmetc ac 
 dmaamzc, ac crjgeêc y ma
ma hgzg.
Mstm pmqumóg cenjca, rmprmsmetc ma `grcfm qum sm rmqunmrm pcrc  
mjdcr`crsm me ma vncfm îpn`g bma lîrgm.
Ma `gandrê snjdganzc ac fuvmetub y ac rmegvc`nðe. Fgvme humrrmrg
bma sga, jmescfmrg bm ags bngsms. Ms ac öen`c `rncturc `cpcz bm pcrcr  
me pameg vumag jnmetrcs vncfc c hrcebms vmag`nbcbms. [umbm iagtcr,
cvcezcr, rmtrg`mbmr, sudnr y dcfcr. Pu acrhc amehuc `ge ac qum andc acs 
iagrms, am pmrjntm ‑pcscr pgr catg ac `cpc mxtmrngr, c jmeubg burc
 y cjcrhc, y me`getrcr ags tmsgrgs ms`gebnbgs dcfg ac supmrin`nm‚.
ac supmrin`nm‚.  

@GEMFG 
Pmhöe ags nebngs bm Cjîrn`c
Cjîrn`c,, ma `gemfg ms ac rmprmsmetc`nðe bma 
jnmbg. Pmhöe `umetc ac amymebc, ams hrntc c sus memjnhgs `rmymebg 
qum csê lunrãe y ca hrntcr ags pgem me camrtc y ags ctrcm, snmebg prmsc
inecajmetm bm cquma c qunme qumrêc mvntcr.  Cqumaag qum rmsnstm pmr-
mvntcr. Cqumaag
 snstnrã y ag qum tmjms smrã.
smrã.  
Pu snjdgaghêc ms csg`ncbc c ac ac auec. Me cahuecs trndus subcirn-
`cecs ma `gemfg ms qumjcbg pcrc pgemr ine c ue prgagehcbg
p rgagehcbg pmrngbg
bm aauvncs.
Metrm ags nebngs @lmrgomms mstm cenjca ms `gesnbmrcbg tcdö. Pm
`rmm qum sn ue humrrmrg ag `gjm sm vumavm jnmbgsg y bms`ge`mrtcbg 
nhuca qum ue `gemfg. Pne mjdcrhg, ags sngux ag `gesnbmrce inhurc 
lmrgn`c m netmanhmetm, snmebg pcrc maags sêjdgag bm ac mstrmaac iuhcz.

@GTBMTG - @CTEMTG 
Ac gvmfc g `grbmrg ms sêjdgag bm nehmeunbcb y bmscjpcrg irmetm  
c ags memjnhgs. Chrupcbc me rmdcóg, cbqunmrm ma snhenin`cbg bma

hrupg,
rngr. gdmbnmetm y bð`na, qum sm sgjmtm c ac cutgrnbcb bm ue supm-
 <2  

[crc ma @rnstncensjg, ms sneðenjg bm Fmsös? qunîe me`crec ca 

‑@grbmrg bm Bngs‚ qum, snjdðan`cjmetm, quntc ma pm`cbg bma   jue-
bg y qum, `ge su sc`rnin`ng, rmbnjm ca hîemrg lujceg. Xnapmrt=9
netmrprmtc ma snhenin`cbg bma `grbmrg sgdrm ags lgjdrgs bma ‑Dume
[cstgr‚ `ðjg ue sêjdgag bma cajc bm ags bniuetgs aamvcbc pgr ma  
Pmógr ca `nmag? jnmetrcs qum acs bgs gvmfcs qum c`gjpcóce ca [cstgr
rmprmsmetce ags scetgs qum yc hgzce bm ac iman`nbcb mtmrec.
Rcjdnîe
Rcjd nîe me ma `rnstnc
`rnstncensjg
ensjg prnjntnvg sm rmac`ngec c Fmsös `gjg 
sêjdgag bma `grbmrg. Tm`ghnbg
Tm`ghnbg me uec prgim`êc bma Cetnhug
Cetnhug Rmstc-
Rmstc-
ue Jmsêcs6  
jmetg lcaacjgs ma ceue`ng bm ue Jmsêcs6
‑@gjg gvmfc ca jctcbmrg ium aamvcbg? y `gjg `grbmrg jubg
bmacetm bma qum ag trcsqunac,
trcsqunac, en snqunmrc cdrm ac dg`c.‚
dg`c.‚ Nscêcs
 Nscêcs =0,8. 
=0,8. 
Me jntgaghêc `aãsn`c ms ma vmaag`neg
vmaag`neg bm grg qum Fcsðe tnmem qum 
 dus`cr me ac @ðaqunbm. Ac lnstgrnc `umetc qum ma rmy hrnmhg Ctc-
jcetm uenbg c Emimam
Emimam tuvg bgs lnfgs, Irnxg y Lmaam. Ma rmy rmpubnc 
c su mspgsc y sm `csc `ge Neg, lnfc bma rmy Rmdcs. @ge maac tuvg bgs
lnfgs jãs c ags `ucams qumrêc `mbmr ma trgeg. [crc maag urbnð ue pace 
y Irnxg, ma prnjghîentg bm Emimam, ium c`uscbg icascjmetm y `ge-
bmecbg c jumrtm.
jumrtm. Fustg me ma jgjmetg bm smr sc`rnin`cbg Lmrjms
ag scavð jcebãebgam ue `cremrg `ge ac pnma bm grg c agjgs bma `uca
`uca 
ms`cpð `ge su lmrjcec Lmaam. Me ac lunbc maac `cyð
`c yð ca jcr y sm clg-
hð? Irnxg ca`cezð tnmrrc me @ðaqunbm y su rmy Mmtms am girm`nð c su
lnfc me jctrnjgeng.
njchme Me hrctntub
qum aumhg `gag`ð sc`rnin`ð ma =8`cremrg
me ma inrjcjmetg.  
c Vmus (Rlmgs),
Ac njchme qum sm rmpntm bmsbm bnimrmetms `uaturcs ms ac nbmc bma  
sc`rnin`ng, metmebnbg îstm `gjg sêjdgag bm rmeue`nc c ags aczgsaczgs tm-
rrmecams pgr cjgr ca mspêrntu g c ac bnvnenbcb, snmjprm bm igrjc  
snjdðan`c y eue`c antmrca.
Rgjcjgs c jgbg bm mfmjpag ac ms`mec bm Jntlrc sc`rnin`cebg  
ue tgrg. Mstm c`tg sm netmrprmtc bmsbm ac ms`umac bm Fueh, `gjg ue
=9
 Fgsmpl Xnapmrt (3<=9 - 3>22) sc`mrbgtm y crqumðaghg mspm`ncajmetm `geg`nbg pgr sus
trcdcfgs me ac `ctcaghc`nðe me acs `ctc`ujdcs bm Tgjc.
=8
HTCYMP Tgdmrt . Ma vmaag`neg bm grg. Dcr`magec, Mblcsc.
 <=  

sêjdgag bm ac vn`tgrnc bm ac ecturcamzc

ecturcamzc mspnrntuca y bnvnec bma
bma lgj-
 drm sgdrm su cenjcanbcb.
cenjcanbcb.

@GTVG (Dus`cr @NMTYG) 

@TNPÃANBC 
Ac `rnsãanbc prm`mbm c ac jcrnpgsc, sgag `cjdnc ma cspm`tg. @uce-
bg ma cajc cdcebgec ma `umrpg sm csmjmfc c ac jcrnpgsc yc trcesigr-
jcbc. Ms sêjdgag bm rmhmemrc`nðe, trcesigrjc`nðe y jmtcjgrigsns.
j mtcjgrigsns. 
Me bminentnvc, ms ac jumrtm me mspmrc bm ac rmsurrm``nðe bm ac jctmrnc
yc trcesigrjcbc y pcscbc pgr ma `rnsga.

@]@G (cvm) 
Ms ac cetêtmsns bm ac hcaanec `gjg mjdamjc bm ac jctmrenbcb.  
Ma @u`g eg `gestruym enbg, utnanzc ma bm gtrc mspm`nm, snmjprm bm 
jmegr tcjcóg.
Ca aamhcr c ue enbg cfmeg, ac lmjdrc bm @u`g `ghm `ge ma pn`g  
ueg bm ags lumvgs mxnstmetms y bmpgsntc ma suyg me ue tnmjpg mx-
trcgrbnecrncjmetm `grtg, uegs <-33 smhuebgs. Ma qum mxtrcm pcrc 
`gag`cr ma suyg ms rmtnrcbg y aamvcbg amfgs. Me g`csngems sm ag `gjm 
caaê jnsjg. @cbc lmjdrc bm @u`g pcrcsntc ac mspm`nm bm luîspmb
 pgr ac qum maac ium `rncbc. ]ec vmz pumstg ma lumvg sm bmsmetnme-
bm `gjpamtcjmetm bm îa. @ucebg ma ceintrnðe ec`m, me msm jnsjg
nestcetm sc`c bma enbg ags pgaaumags amhêtnjgs smhöe vce ec`nmebg, 
lcstc qumbcr sgag îa. Ac lmjdrc prgpnmtcrnc bma enbg, eg sm bcrã 
`umetc bma `cjdng y canjmetcrã ca njpgstgr `gjg sn bm ue pgaaumag 
 prgpng sm trctcrc.
Ac vmrbcbmrc jcbrm, sm bmsprmebm bm sus lnfgs, sêjdgag bma  

cdcebgeg jctmreca.
 <9  

@]MTYG 
Ac trcbn`nðe bm ags nebngs egrtmcjmrn`cegs egs bn`m bma @umrvg
qum su jchnc ms
ms uec jmbn`nec pgbmrgsc qum pumbm bcr vcagr pcrc 
cbmetrcrsm me ac gs`urnbcb bma vc`êg, qum ms ac jgrcbc bm tgbg ag  
qum eg tnmem
hnð bma Hrce igrjc cöe.MaMa`umrvg
Jnstmrng. hrce mspêrntu vnvm bmetrg
ms ma jmescfmrg bmabma vc`êg y sur-
vc`êg.
Ma jnsjg snhenin`cbg
snhenin`cbg am ms ct
ctrndunbg
rndunbg pgr `matcs y hmrjcegs. Me
acs `uaturcs `aãsn`cs pnmrbm pcrtm bm su snhenin`c`nðe pmrg sm jce-
tnmem y rmcazc
rmcazc su snjdgansjg jêstn`g, ctrnduy
ctrnduyîebgsmam
îebgsmam ue nestnetg 
mspm`nca pcrc prmbm`nr
prmbm`nr ma iuturg, snsnmebg
mebg csê qum sus
sus hrczenbgs mrce 
utnanzcbgs me rntgs bm cbnvnec`nðe.
Me ma `rnstncensjg ms sêjdgag bm sga sgambcb
mbcb g jãs dnme bmbmaa cnsac-
jnmetg vgauetcrng bma qum lc bm`nbnbg vnvnr me ue paceg supmrsupmrngr.
ngr.
Me caqunjnc sm rm`gdrc pcrtm bm su snhenin`c`nðe prnjntnvc, y egs
lc`m pcrtê`npms bma mjdamjc bma enhrmbg g mstcbg nen`nca g `canbcb 
bm prnjmrc jctmrnc.
Ma `umrvg ms me ma Fcpðe ue jmescfmrg bnvneg y ium pcrc ags
R`lme
R`lme ma pãfcrg bm dume chñmrg, ceue`ncbgr bm sus trnueigs y snheg
bm su vnrtub. Me ac @lnec ms ue pãfcrg sgacr. Pge bnmz ags `umrvgs
qum tgjcrge ma vumag bma jgrca bma Amvcetm pcrc aamvcr ac auz ca  
juebg.
Me Hrm`nc ma `umrvg mstcdc `geschrcbg c Cpgag. Pge `umrvgs ags
qum bmtmrjnecrge ma mjpaczcjnmetg bma gjplcags bm Bmaigs, smhöe
Mstrcdðe? ãhunacs, smhöe [êebcrg? `nsems, smhöe [autcr`g. Mstgs trms  
 pãfcrgs tnmeme me `gjöe ma lm`lg bm qum bmsmjpmóce ma pcpmap cpma bm 
jmescfmrgs bm ags bngsms y `ujpame iue`ngems prgiîtn`cs.

BMAIÊE 
Bma hrnmhg ‑bmaplns‚ ‑mspêrntu bma jcr‚. Pus `ucanbcbms bm  `rnc-
turc vmagz, netmanhmetm y cjnhcdam qumbcrêce ne`aunbcs me ags rmactgs 
jêtn`gs bm ac Cetnhñmbcb, pums ag tgjcrge
tgjcrge `gjg c ue cenj
cenjca
ca rmac-
`ngecbg `ge ac bnvnenbcb, snjdganzcebg tcjdnîe ma `geg`njnmetg.
 <8  

Pu netmanhme`nc lnzg qum sm `gevnrtnmrc me ctrndutg bm vcrngs bngsms6

bngsms6
Cirgbntc, [gsmnbðe, Bngensgs, mt`. Pu prmstnhng neiauyð tcjdnîe me
ma `rnstncensjg `gjg `gebu`tgr bm acs cajcs bm ags mamhnbgs.
@ucebg bgs bmainems g inhurcs bm pm`ms sm lcaace me ac jnsjc
 
bnrm``nðe pumbm
y snjdganzc tmemr ue bm
ma mqunandrng vcagr rmac`ngecbg
iumrzcs nhucams.`ge ac snjmtrêc dnactmrca
Ac bnspgsn`nðe me igrjc nevmrsc, `ge ue bmaiêe lc`nc crrndc y gtrg
lc`nc cdcfg, snjdganzc ac bgdam `grrnmetm `ðsjn`c bm ac mvgau`nðe/  
nevgau`nðe. Ac inhurc bma Bmaiêe mstã csg`ncbc ca ce`ac, `uyg snhenin-
`cbg ms mfm`utcr acs c``ngems `ge prmstmzc, c``nðe qum sm rmprmsmetc 
`ge ‑ac njchme bma Bmaiêe‚, pmrg sn e pmrbmr ac `cajc rmprmsmetcbg 
`ge ‑ac njchme bma ce`ac‚. Bm clê ac icjgsc ircsm bma mjpmrcbgr  
Cuhustg ‑cprmsörctm `ge `cajc‚. 

MAMICERM 
Mstm cenjca, schrcbg me cahuecs `uaturcs, ms bm hrce `gjpamfn-
bcb yc qum pgsmm bnimrmetms snjdgaghêcs smhöe acs `uaturcs y `nvnan-
zc`ngems. Me smetnbg uenvmrsca ms ue sêjdgag bm ac
a c iumrzc, pgtme`
pgtme`nc
nc 
y tmjpacezc. Me ac Nebnc ms
ms mjdamjc bm ac iumrzc y ma pgbmr rmca. 
Ms me mstc `uaturc qum cbqunmrm jcygr rmamvce`nc su njchme `gjg  
camhgrêc. [gr msm jgtnvg sm `gevnmrtm me ac jgeturc bm vcrngs bngsms
lneböms `gjg Nebrc, ma rmy `mamstm.

rc, Me G``nbmetm
`cstnbcb ms ma mjdamjc
y tmjpacezc bm c`tntub
yc qum su acs vnrtubms bm scdnburêc,
bm `getneme`nc smxjmsu-
smxuca
uca mmee 
ags bgs cógs qum burc su mjdcrczg, lc lm`lg bm îa ue sêjdgag öen`g 
me mstm smetnbg.
Me Ãirn`c sm am cbgrc `gjg rmprmsmetcetm bm ac iumrzc, prgspmrn-
bcb y acrhc vnbc.

MTNVG 
 
Me cirn`cecs
trndus Jmsgpgtcjnc cpcrm`m `gjg
mstã csg`ncbg `ge mamjdamjc bma iumhg
Pga. [ubnmrc y me
bmdmrsm cahuecs
ca cspm`tg
 <<  

qum cbgptc mstm cenjca ca smr mrnzcbcs

mrnzcbcs sus pöcs cetm ue pmanhrg, tg-
jcebg ac njchme bm ags rcygs bma Pga ca lc`mrsm ue gvnaag.
Ma mrnzg, tcjdnîe aacjcbg ‑lumvg bm smrpnmetm‚ me ac  trcbn`nðe 
`îatn`c ms ueg bm ags sêjdgags bm ac iumrzc vntca y bma hmrjme prn-
jgrbnca.
 Eg csê me ma `rnstncensjg bm ac Mbcb Jmbnc qum sm ag rmac`ngeð 
`ge cahuegs bm ags pm`cbgs `cpntcams, sgdrm tgbg ac cvcrn`nc y ac 
huac. Mstc csg`nc`nðe prg`mbm
prg`mbm bm ac c``nðe bm rm
rmvga`crsm
vga`crsm sgdrm ags
irutgs qum me`umetrc me ma dgsqum. Irutgs qum jãs tcrbm rm`gam`tcrã 
y cjgetgecrã bmetrg bm su jcbrnhumrc.

MP@CTCDCFG 

y bmMermsurrm``nðe.
ma cetnhug Mhnptg y @lnec, sm am rm`geg`m `gjg sêjdgag sgacr
Pu snjdgansjg prgvnmem msme`ncajmetm bm ac `gstujdrm bma ms-
`crcdcfg pmagtmrg bm lc`m rgbcr su dgac g pmagtc bm mst
mstnîr`ga.
nîr`ga. Pmrã
mjdamjc bma lumvg bma juebg, bm bgebm ec`mrã jãs tcrbm ac vnbc  
g jcenimstc`nðe grhcenzcbc. Ms ac lmjdrc ac qum jãs tcrbm pge-
brã sus lumvgs me ma netmrngr
netmrngr bm ac
ac dgac, lm`lg qum prgvg`crã `ge 
ma tnmjpg `rmme`ncs `gjg ac quî ma ms`crcdcfg sm mehmebrcdc c sê
jnsjg. 
Me acs trcbn`ngems jcycs, ma ms`crcdcfg cpcrm`m `gjg ma agbg bm 
ac tnmrrc, me ma smetnbg jctmrnca, aacjcbg c `gevmrtnrsm me bnvnenbcb.

MP@GT[NÐE 
Pnheg bm jumrtm y bmstru``nðe, csg`ncbg c [autðe, smógr bma ne-
ircjuebg.
Me ma `rnstncensjg ms mjdamjc bm ac trcn`nðe suirnbc pgr ma @rnstg
me ac pmrsgenin`c`nðe bma cpðstga Fubcs.
Me Ãirn`c sm mvntc prgeue`ncr su egjdrm `gjg uec iðrjuac pcrc 
cluymetcr ma jca.
 <>  

IMANEG (Dus`cr [CERMTC) 

IG@C 
Me psn`gaghêc ms ac rmprmsmetc`nðe bm ac pcrtm eg `ges`nmetm g
sujmrhnbc.
Ms mjdamjc bm ac vnrhnenbcb, eg `gjg rmsuatcbg bm ue mstcbg 
supmrngr, sneg prg`mbmetm bma jnmbg c bcrsm. [gr mstm jgtnvg `ume-
tce acs amymebcs
amymebcs hrnmhcs qum acs eneics pmrsmhunbcs pgr ags bngsms
sm trcesigrjcdce me ig`cs, bmscpcrm`nmebg
bmscpcrm`nmebg csê ma jgtnvg
jgtnvg bm ac pmr-
sm`u`nðe.

HCAANEC 
Hcaanecs bm tmrrc`gtc hcagrrgjcecs, inhurcs bm drge`m me Ctm-
ecs, jgembcs hrnmhcs `ge su njchme y vê`tnjcs bm sc`rnin`ngs me ac
cetnhñmbcb? tuvg mstm cenjca ue hrce prgtchgensjg me bnimrmetms 
auhcrms y jgjmetgs bm ac lnstgrnc.
Ac hcaanec mstã `gesnbmrcbc sêjdgag bm prgspmrnbcb bgjîstn`c y
mjdamjc icjnancr bma cajc lujcec. Enehöe cenjca sm `gejumvm 
tcetg bm `gjpcsnðe lc`nc sus pgaaumags `gjg maac, lcstc ma puetg bm 
mrnzcr tgbg su `umrpg y sus paujcs, rgequmc su vgz y cdrm sus cacs 
 pcrc c`ghmrags.
Me ags mvcehmangs bm Au`cs y Jctmg lc`me jme`nðe c ac tmreurc  
jctmreca bm mstc cvm, mvg`cbc pgr Fmsös c ac metrcbc bm Fmruscaîe.
Me ac Mbcb Jmbnc cpcrm`me cbgrecbcs acs pcrmbms bm bnvmrscs
`ctmbrcams `ge njãhmems bm mstm cenjca.

HCAAG 
Pêjdgag sgacr,
sgacr, cnrm bm ac jcócec. Ac vgz bma hcaag ms `gesnbmrc-
bc `gjg ac mxpagsnðe jctneca
jctneca bm ac vnbc me ac tnmrrc `ucebg cöe ma 
bêc eg lc ec`nbg, ms pums n`geg bm ac vnhnace`nc.
 >;  

Me caqunjnc sm rmac`ngec `ge ma `uatg c Lmrjms-Jmr`urng. Ags

`cabmgs `rmêce qum ma hcaag rm`ndêc ma neiaufg bnvneg bm mstm pacemtc.
Burcetm ac Mbcb Jmbnc, ac aacjcbc ‑[nmbrc bm @cpðe g   @cpg-
emtc‚  sm `geg`êc `gjg ac mxtrc``nðe bm uec pnmbrc cagfcbc me ac  

jgaamfc bm ue `cpðe, bm ac `uca sm bm`êc qum bcdc ac scdnburêc.

Burcetm ac mbcb jmbnc ium mstcebcrtm `rnstnceg, cpcrm`nmebg me  
ac jcygrêc bm acs `cscs me igrjc bm vmamtc sgdrm acs tgrrms y `nj-
 dgrrngs bm acs `ctmbrcams. Camhgrêc bm ac rmsurrm``nðe. Pnjdganzc ma 
bmspmrtcr bm ac `ge`nme`nc me prnjmrc pmrsgec, vmr ma Pga, ac auz  
 prnjnhmenc. Mstcr bmspnmrtg `ucebg ma @rnstg cpcrm`m. Ac pcrãdgac 
bm ‑acs bnmz vêrhmems y acs aãjpcrcs bm c`mntm =<‚ mstã `getmenbc  me 
ac camhgrêc bma crqumtnpg bma hcaag.
Me su cspm`tg emhctnvg, ac rmprmsmetc`nðe bma bngs hcaag me ma pc-
hcensjg prm`rnstnceg mrc snjdganzcbg pgr ma hcaag `gjg sêjdgag bm 
vnrnanbcb y prg`rmc`nðe, y pgr msm jgtnvg sm csg`nð `ge ac acs`nvnc 
y ac aufurnc.

HCEPG (Dus`cr G@C)

HCRG 
Ma hctg egs jumstrc ue snjdgansjg cjdnvcametm me tgbcs acs `ua-
turcs. [gr ue acbg tmemjgs ags cspm`tgs pgsntnvgs me `uaturcs `gjg  
ac mhnp`nc bgebm sm am ctrnduym c ac bngsc Dcstmt g c ac bnvnenbcb  
hrnmhc Crtmjnsc, hctc g jufmr `ge `cdmzc bm hctg, rmprmsmetcbc `ge 
ac buazurc jctmreca, hucrbncec bma lghcr y prgtm`tgrc bm ags lnfgs. 
Me @lnec y me gtrcs pcrtms bm Grnmetm ms snheg bm dume cuhurng,
ca nhuca qum pcrc cahuegs bm ags pumdags bma egrtm bm Cjîrn`c
Cjîrn`c pgr
su bmstrmzc, rmiamxnðe, nehmeng, gdsmrvc`nðe y `cutmac.
`cutmac.
Pne mjdcrhg me ma juebg jusuajãe ca hctg emhrg sm am ctrndu-

yme `ucanbcbms jãhn`cs pg`g dmeîin`cs.

=<
[crãdgac mxpumstc me ac prnjmrc pcrtm.
 >3  

Me ac Mbcb Jmbnc sm am rmac`ngec `ge acs drufcs y me Fcpðe eg

njpgrtc ma `gagr, snmjprm sge `getmjpacbgs `gjg snheg bm jca prm-
schng.

HCTVC 
Cenjca schrcbg pcrc ags bngsms Cpgag, Ctmemc
Ctmemc y Crtm
Crtmjnsc.
jnsc. Cbg-
rcbc pgr ags mtrus`gs.
Ac hcrzc, ac `nhñmóc y ma ndns sge cvms bmstru`tgrcs bm smrpnmetms. 
Ac hcrzc dace`c ms ac rmprmsmetc`nðe
r mprmsmetc`nðe tgatm`c bm Ctzace, csê metmebm-
jgs mstm cenjca `gjg cbvmrscrng bma jca. Me ma cetnhug Mhnp`ng, 
ma ndns mrc ue cspm`tg bm Rlgt,
Rlgt, pmrsgenin`c`nðe bm ac Pcdnburêc. Ac
c`tntub bm mstcs cvms, mrhunbcs, nejðvnams y sgantcrncs sgdrm ue sgag
 pnm, mvg`c `nmrtcjmetm ac `getmjpac`nðe.
`getmjpac`nðe.

HT]AAC 
Pm bn`m qum acs hruaacs iumrge tmstnhgs bma csmsnectg bma pgmtc  
hrnmhg Ndn`g me ma snhag YN, y vmehcrge su jumrtm ctmrrgrnzcebg
ctmrrgrnzcebg c 
ags csmsnegs lcstc
lcstc su `geimsnðe. Ms sêjdgag pums, bm fustn`nc, scdn-
burêc, agehmvnbcb.
Me @lnec c jmeubg sm girm`m c ags ce`ncegs pneturcs g hrcdc-
bgs bgebm inhurce hruaacs, tgrtuhcs y pnegs, sêjdgags tgbgs maags bm
agehmvnbcb.
Cahuecs trcbn`ngems mhnp`ncs, `umetce qum uec hruaac bm
bm bgs `cdmzcs 
cpcrm`êc pgr me`njc bma Enag ceue`ncebg ue pmrêgbg bm prgspmrnbcb.

HGAGEBTNEC 
Mhnptg tuvg uec bngsc Hgagebrnec, tca `gjg cpcrm`m me ma ‑ Andrg
bm ags Jumrtgs‚. Acs crtms rmanhngscs mhnp`ncs ln`nmrge bm ac hgage-
brnec ac njchme bma cajc lujcec qum tgjcdc mstc cpcrnme`nc me  
ma trces`ursg bm trcesigrjc`nðe y rmsurrm``nðe, bcebg chnanbcb ca 
cajc pcrc bmsprmebmrsm csê bm ac `crem.
 >4  

Me Dcdnagenc ac hgagebrnec mrc ue sêjdgag `geschrcbg c acs bng-

scs Cruru Enejcol rmprmsmetcebg ac andmrc`nðe y ma vncfm lc`nc uec 
vnbc bmspuîs bm ac jumrtm.
Me ma `rnstncensjg, trcs ac jumrtm camhðrn`c bma nevnmreg, ac hg-
agebrnec rmhrmsc [aneng
`cbc =>cóg,  
bm rmsurrm``nðe. egsmstm lm`lg
`umetc qummspcrc
tgjcbg
`urcr `gjg sêjdgag
ags gfgs c sus
 pgaaumags, mstgs cenjcams mjpamce ac pacetc bm ‑Pcvnc  bm Grg‚  g
‑@manbgenc‚.9; Ms pums mstc pacetc `geg`nbc `gjg ac bm acs hgage-
brnecs y ac pgbmjgs me`getrcr bm`grcebg eujmrgscs `ctmbrcams, tc-
ams `gjg ac bm Tmnjs, Cjnmes y @lcrtrms metrm gtrcs.

HGTTNÐE 
Ac pm`uancrnbcb bm mstm cenjca burcetm ac îpg`c bma cpcrmcjnme-
tg, lnzg qum ags rgjcegs ag `gevnrtnmrce me sêjdgag bm ac aufurnc, 
 pumstg qum ssmm cpcrmce jãs bm `ucrmetc vm`ms ca bbêc
êc burcetm bn`lc 
mtcpc.
 Egs bn`m ac amymebc qum ma hgrrnðe mrc ma hucrbnãe bma iumhg y
 pmrsnhunð c ac hgagebrnec `ucebg îstc ag qunsg rgdcr pcrc bãrsmag c 
ags lgjdrms ([rgjmtmg). Gtrcs egs `umetce qum ma `cetg bma hgrrnðe
ms ue c`gjpcócjnmetg ca cajc `ucebg îstc mstã me trãesntg, tcetg ca 
aamhcr-ec`mr `gjg ca pcrtnr-jgrnr.
Ma hgrrnðe ms ue jcmstrg bma vumag y bma `cjuiacfm, ms purc memr-
hêc, sm jumvme me hrupgs y mstg
mstg prgbu`m uec hrce smhurnbcb me ac 
`gam`tnvnbcb.

HTNAAG 
Bm hrce njpgrtce`nc me @lnec, rmprmsmetc ma `n`ag bm ac vnbc y ma 
 prg`msg bm ec`njnmetg-jumrtm,
ec`njnmetg-jumrtm, bmdnbg c su jmtcjgrigsns bm lumvg-
lumvg-
acrvc-nesm`tg.
=>
[ANENG. Lnstgrnc Ecturca
9;
@lmanbgenuj, bmrnvc bma hrnmhg @lmanbge ↔hgagebrnec.
 >0  

Me bnimrmetms `uaturcs ms snheg bm dumec sumrtm bmdnbg c su `ges-

tcetm `cetg.
Me cahuegs auhcrms ms cprm`ncbg pgr ma pgbmr bm su vgz `ge ac  
qum prgbu`nr mstcbgs nebu`nbgs bm `ge`nme`nc jgbnin`cbc.

H]PCEG 
Pmhöe Fueh ms uec inhurc andnbneca qum jctc me auhcr bm vnvnin`cr,
bcbg su `crã`tmr sudtmrrãemg y ags mstcbngs bm bnsgau`nðe dngaðhn`c.
[gr su igrjc bm `gagenzc`nðe
`gagenzc`nðe me ac `crem putrmic`tc, me ju`lgs
 pcêsms ms sêjdgag bm gs`urnbcb. Burcetm ma Jmbngmvg, sm csg`nð
csg `nð c 
ac smrpnmetm y ca bncdag.

LCA@ÐE 
Ac mstrnbmetm aacjcbc bma Lca`ðe pmemtrc me ma mstcbg bm ac eg-
`ge`nme`nc y ceue`nc
ceue`nc ca qum mstã bnspumst
bnspumstgg c bmspmrtcr ma jgjmetg 
bma nen`ng bm ac dösqumbc netm
netmrngr.
rngr.
Ags ce`ncegs nebêhmecs
nebêhmecs bm CCjîrn`c
jîrn`c @metrca rm`geg`êce me mstc 
cvm ca jmescfmrg qum trcêc dumecs eumvcs me su `cjneg sgdrm ac Rnm-
rrc. Ma hrntg bma lca`ðe smócac ac em`msnbcb bm chubnzcr ac ctme`nðe 
 pcrc pmr`ndnr ma jmescfm.

Me Me ac Mbcb bm
ma `acustrg Jmbnc
Pnagsmrc camhgrêcvmr
sm pumbme bm lca`gems
jcac `ge`nme`nc bma pm`cbgr.
bmshcrrcebg `gemfgs 
y anmdrms, ca pcrm`mr `ge mstm jnsjg snhenin`cbg.
snhenin`cbg.
[gr gtrg acbg pumbm tcjdnîe snjdganzcr ma trnueig sgdrm ags nes-
tnetgs `ge`upns`metms, bm clê ma bmshcrrg bm ac pnmzc.

LNMEC 
Cenjca `crrgómrg y eg`tureg, sm `crc`tmrnzc pgr su vgrc`nbcb,  
gaictg y uec
hgrêc bma hrce
scdmr y acpgtme`nc
`nme`nc.me sus jcebêduacs. @gestntuym uec cam-
 >2  

Cjdnvcametm y `ge `getrcstms, mstm scdmr cbfubn`cbg c ac Lnmec 

eg ms scdmr rmca en supmrngr, sneg prgiceg y pmrtmem`nmetm c ags mstc-
bngs neimrngrms.

LN[G[ÐRCJG 
Bmnbcb `ge ctrndutgs bnimrmetms bmpmebnmebg bm sn egs rmimrnjgs 
ca jc`lg g c ac lmjdrc.
Ac lmjdrc bm lnpgpðtcjg tmeêc ue snhenin`cbg dmeîvgag pgrqum
sm ac csg`ncdc `ge acs bngscs Rcurmt m Npmt, prgtm`tgrcs acs bgs bm  
ac jctmrenbcb. Ma Lnpgpðtcjg
Lnpgpðtcjg jc`lg pgsmêc ctrndutgs jcanhegs
jcanhegs ca 
csg`ncrag `ge ma tmjgr prgbu`nbg pgr su vgrc`nbcb y su chrmsnvnbcb, 
yc qum pgeêc me rnmshg c ags ecvmhcetms y bmstruêc ags `uatnvgs.

LGTJNHC 
Pmhöe ma pmescjnmetg bm ags Bghðe y ags Dcjdcrc bm Jcaê,  
ac lgrjnhc rmprmsmetc
rmprmsmetc ue pcpma njpg
njpgrtcetm
rtcetm me ac grhcenzc`n
grhcenzc`nðe
ðe bma 
juebg `gjg prne`npng nen`ncbgr `nmag-tnmrrc g lnmrghcjnc.
Me ac cetnhñmbcb sm utnanzcdc `gjg jce`nc y me ju`lcs `uaturcs 
ms mjdamjc bm acdgrngsnbcb y prmvnsnðe.
[gr su juatnpan`nbcb
juatnpan`nbcb c vm`ms sm am lc qumrnbg bcr ue snhenin`cbg 
bmsicvgrcdam.
[crc acs trndus bm Egrtmcjîrn`c, ms ac mstrctmhnc bm ac pc`nme`nc, 
`gestru`tgrc `gjg ma `cstgr, rmsnstmetm `gjg ma ca`m y jneu`ngsc 
`gjg ma rctðe. @cbc lgrjnhc igrjc pcrtm bm ac jmetm hrupca, trcdc-
 fc pcrc ma dnme bm ac `gam`tnvnbcb
`gam`tnvnbcb y ac pc`nme`nc ms su ‑crjc‚. 

NDNP 
@ucebg ma Ndns bumrjm `gag`c su `cdmzc bmdcfg bma cac cbgptce-
bg csê ac igrjc bm ue `grczðe.
 >=  

Me Mhnptg ms rmac`ngecbc `ge ma bngs bm ac scdnburêc Rlgt, y jãs

tcrbm smrêc nbmetnin`cbc `ge Lmrjms, bngs bm ac jntgaghêc hrnmhc, g
Jmr`urng me ac jntgaghêc rgjcec,
rgjcec, lnfg bm Vmus y ac paîycbm Jcyc.
Me ags pgmjcs îpn`gs ctrndunbgs c Lgjmrg, Lmrjms ms `gesnbmrcbg
`gjg lmrcabg93 bm ags bngsms.
Ium c pcrtnr bma Cetnhug Rmstcjmetg qum `gjmezð c cbqunrnr  
`geegtc`ngems emhctnvcs, pumstg qum tgbcs acs cvms zce`ubcs
zce`ubcs mrce 
`gesnbmrcbcs njpurcs ca mstcr öen`cjmetm sujmrhnbc me ma chuc pcr-
tm bm sus pctcs y prgbu`nrsm metge`ms uec ne`gjpamtc purnin`c`nðe.

FCDCAÊ 
Pêjdgag bm netrmpnbmz rcaacebg ne`ausg ac tmjmrnbcb. Me ma zg-
bnc`g Fcpgeîs ms mjdamjc bm vcagr.
vcagr.
Me acs amymebcs `îatn`cs y hcacs su snjdgaghêc ms icvgrcdam y mstã  
rmac`ngecbc `ge ma pgbmr bm ags brunbcs.
Ma fcdcaê ms uec bm acs prumdcs bm Lmrcoams g Lîr`uams ‑Ma Fcdcaê 
bm Mrnjctmc‚, sêjdgag bm acs dcfcs pcsngems eg `getrgacbcs pgr   ma 
lgjdrm y qum bmdme smr `gequnstcbcs pgr ma Lîrgm.
Csg`ncbg c ags bngsms hrnmhgs bm ac aufurnc Mrgs y Bngensgs, bmdn-
bg c sus acrhgs pmrngbgs bm `mag y su hrce pgbmr bm im`uebnbcb. ^ ca 
bngs bm ac humrrc Crms me ac jntgaghêc hrnmhc y Jcrtm me ac rgjcec, 
me rmac`nðe c su netmesc tmjmrnbcb.

ACHCTRG 
Pu tmebme`nc c mstcr dcfg ma sga icvgrm`nð ac njchme bma cajc  
qum dus`c ac auz
auz y ac nejgrt
nejgrtcanbcb,
canbcb, y `ucebg ac me`umetrc sm qumbc 
nejðvna acrhg tnmjpg. Me ags hanigs y fmrghanigs mhnp`ngs ma achcrtg  
snhenin`c ac dmemvgame`nc.
Burcetm ac Mbcb Jmbnc, igrjð pcrtm bm acs grecjmetc`ngems iu-
emrcrncs snjdganzcebg ac rmsurrm``nðe
rmsurrm``nðe bma cajc,
cajc, ctrnduyîebgsm c ac 
 pîrbnbc ceuca y pgstmrngr rmhmemrc`nðe bm su pnma.
pnma.
93
Me ac cetnhñmbcb ags lmrcabgs bmsmjpmócdce ue pcpma njpgrtcetm, Lgjmrg ags aacjc
bnvnegs, nevngacdams, hrcebms y cbjnrcdams.
 >9  

AM@L]VC (Dus`cr DÖLG) 

AMÐE 
Pêjdgag bm ags bngsms sgacrms. Bmsbm tnmjpgs juy rmjgtgs sm
nbmetnin`c ca bngs Pga g bmnbcb sgacr `ge ma Amðe, snmebg snheg bm
rmcamzc.
Ma @rnstncensjg lc`m jme`nðe bm mstm sêjdgag me eujmrgscs
g`csngems6
‑Eg   aagrms, jnrc, lc trnueicbg ma amðe bm ac trndu bm Fubã, ma  
‑Eg
rmtgóg bm Bcvnb‚. Cpg`canpsns =,=.
Cpg`canpsns =,=.  
‑Îa  ruhnrã
 ruhnrã `gjg amðe? ruhnrã y ags
a gs lnfgs vmebrãe tmjdacebg bms-
bm g``nbmetm‚. Gsmcs 33,3;.
Gsmcs 33,3;.  
Me ags bgs Rmstcjmetgs ma amðe ms uec jmtãigrc bm ac Bnvnenbcb, 
 pmrg tcjdnîe bma jca.
jca.
‑Pmb sgdrngs, vmacb! Yumstrg cbvmrscrng, ma bncdag, `gjg amðe  
ruhnmetm, rgebc dus`cebg c qunme trchcr‚. 3ª [m =,<.
[m =,<.  
Me caqunjnc `grrmspgebm ca sêjdgag bma czuirm. Ca Grg sm am bc 
ma egjdrm bm Amðe bm ags jmtcams.
@gestntuym ac rmprmsmetc`nðe bma rmy bm ags cenjcams me ac Rnmrrc,  
ma gpumstg y c vm`ms ma mqunvcametm bma ãhunac me ma @nmag.
Me ac jntgaghêc, eujmrgscs amymebcs egs lcdace bm acs prumdcs c 
supmrcr y bm ac au`lc bma mspêrntu sgdrm ac jctmrnc, bgebm bnimrmetms 
Lîrgms bm ac lnstgrnc aamvce c `cdg `gjg pcrtm bm su ‑Rrcdcfg‚ mstm 
tnpg bm gbnsmc. ]e mfmjpag ag tmemjgs
tmemjgs me Lîr`uams `ge ueg bm sus
‑bg`m trcdcfgs‚? ma amðe ms metge`ms ueg bm ags gdstã`uags c   scavcr  
 pcrc aamhcr c trcs`mebmr ma mstcbng me ma qum sm me`umetrc ma prgtc-
hgenstc.
[gr su mstcbg scavcfm, ma amðe ms, smhöe Fueh, uec jcenimstc`nðe  
bma nen`ng bm acs pcsngems actmetms y snheg
sn heg bmvgrcbgr bma ne`ges`nme-
tm. Ac
 pc, snjdgaghêc
`gjg
`gjg mmaa qum ac bma c`tglc`m
Rnmrrc bmmbmvgrcr
lc` bm `cbcegs nebn`c
`umrpg ma ineca
bmspuîs bmbm
ac uec mtc-
jumrtm.
 >8  

Ms ue sêjdgag qum sm pnmrbm me ac eg`lm bm ags tnmjpgs. Pm 

me`umetrc me acs rmanquncs jãs cetnhucs y me tgbgs ags trctcbgs y
tmjpags bm cr`cn`cs `uaturcs. Ma amðe mstcrã prmsmetm me ma `cjneg  
mvgautnvg `gjg
`gjg rmprmsmetcetm bm burcs prumdcs c supmrcr y hucrbc 
rmac`nðe `ge uec inhurc qum sm lc`m pctmetm me ma smr
s mr lujceg y qum
ms em`mscrng trcs`mebmr6 ac pmrsgecanbcb.

ANDÎA]AC 
[crc ags cetnhugs pgdacbgrms bm acs prcbmrcs bm Egrtmcjîrn`c, ac 
andîauac ms ac msme`nc bm ags vnmetgs bma `cjdng, jmescfmrc bm scdn-
s cdn-
burêc m netmr`msgrc bm ac `gjuen`c`nðe `ge ma juebg mamjmetca. Ma 
mspêrntu bm acs pacetcs y ags mamjmetgs bma cnrm, chuc, iumhg y tnmrrc.
Me psn`gaghêc, ac andîauac egs trcsacbc c ac nbmc bm rgjpmr ags
aêjntms bm acs nbmcs y c``ngems.
Bmsbm ma puetg bm vnstc mtnjgaðhn`g y snjdðan`g eg bmfc nebn-
imrmetm ma egjdrm bm mstm nesm`tg me ac amehuc `ctcacec, pums ac  
 pcacdrc andîauac sm ceue`nc
ceue`nc `gjg mspnc-bnjgens (mspêc-bmjgengs).

AGDG 
Ma agdg rmprmsmetc ca rcstrmcbgr, ca jcmstrg, ca prm`ursgr bm acs 
nbmcs eumvcs, qum rmhrmsc ca `ace pcrc mesmócr y `gjpcrtnr. Ma agdg
sm mjpcrmfc bm pgr vnbc y ms amca. Rnmem ue iumrtm
iumrtm smetnbg icjnancr  
rmspm`tg c ac jcecbc y c ac vmz ue pgbmrgsg nestnetg nebnvnbuca.
Me ac Hrce Ec`nðe bm acs Mstrmaacs,
Mstrmaacs, ma Agdg ms rmprmsmetcbg
rmprmsmetcbg pgr
ac mstrmaac bma @ce, Pnrng, `uyc amymebc `umetc qum ium ma lghcr
grnhnecrng bm eumstrgs jcmstrgs bm ags tnmjpgs cetnhugs. Metrm ags
cetnhugs mhnp`ngs, Pnrng
Pnrng g Pnrnus me su rcêz bma actêe, ms ma egjdrm 
 prgpng bm ac mstrmaac Caic @cens Jcngrns, `gesnbmrcbc ma lghcr bm 
ags bngsms y ac trndu bm ags Bghgems, me Ãirn`c, cue ag `gesnbmrc csê. 
AgsAgdg
ca ectnvgs
`gjgcjmrn`cegs
ma `ace bm ln`nmrge msc jnsjc `gemxnðe y cbgptcrge 
ags jcmstrgs.
 ><  

Cuaacr c ac auec? ac auec csg`ncbc ca sud`ges`nmetm nebn`c ma bm-

smg bm `gemxnðe `ge tgbg ue pgtme`nca sujmrhnbg
sujmrhnbg y `ge em`msnbcb 
bm ciagrcr. Ms ag eumvg qum mjmrhm y qum lc bm jgstrcrsm.
Ma agdg ceue`nc?
ceue`nc? sgag c trcvîs bm ac ``cpc`nbcb
cpc`nbcb bm `gjpcrt
`gjpcrtnr,
nr, ac 
`ge`nme`nc sm mxpcebm. Ms ma hrce jcmstrg bm ac trndu.
[crc mhnp`ngs y rgjcegs snjdganzcdc ma vcagr. ^ me su cecag-
hêc `getrcrnc, smhöe ac `gsjghgeêc heðstn`c, ms `gesnbmrcbg `gjg  
 prne`npng bma jca.

JCERNP TMANHNGPC 
Ma cdrczg bm ac Jcetns y su rntuca bm cpcrmcjnmetg c`cdc cahuecs  
vm`ms `ge ma jc`lg bmvgrcbg me drczgs bm ac lmjdrc burcetm ac 

`gpuac`nðe.
Mstm c`tg bm `rumabcb pcsð nnecbvmrtnbg
ecbvmrtnbg pgr ags cetnhugs hrnmhgs
qum lgercrge mstm nesm`tg y am ctrnduymrge
ctrnduymrge ma pgbmr bm ac cbnvnec-
`nðe. Bm clê su egjdrm Jcetns bma hrnmhg ‑jcetns, jcetmg‚  qum 
qunmrm bm`nr ‑cbnvneg‚ g ‑prgimtc‚. 
@ucebg cahunme sm c`mr`c c uec Jcetns, îstc panmhc acs pctcs bmace-
tmrcs uenîebgacs, tgjcebg csê ac cpcrnme`nc bma c`tg bm pmbnr
pmbn r `amjme`nc.
Mstc pgsn`nðe bm grc`nðe ium vnstc pgr ags `rnstncegs `gjg njc-
hme pncbgsc y ium bmsnhecbg mstm nesm`tg `gjg huêc bm acs cajcs 
me trãesntg.

JCTN[GPC 
Ms mjdamjc bma cajc y bm ac ctrc``nðe ne`ges`nmetm lc`nc ac auz 
g ac aujnegsnbcb. Ags heðstn`gs rmprmsmetcdce ma Ãehma bm ac Jumr-
tm `ge ue pnm cacbg pnscebg uec jcrnpgsc, bmbu`nîebgsm bm maag qum 
ag `ge`mptucdce `ge ac vnbc jãs qum `ge ac trcs`mebme`nc bma cajc.
Me ma psn`gceãansns su snjdgaghêc sm rmac`ngec `ge ma rmec`n-
 
jnmetg
ac y ac rmsurrm``nðe.
jmtcjgrigsns Pu `cpc`nbcbbmabmPmr.
y acs pgtme`ncanbcbms trcesigrjc`nðe me`crec
 >>  

Metrm ags cztm`cs, ac jcrnpgsc ms ue sêjdgag bma cajc g bma canme-

tg vntca. ]ec jcrnpgsc fuhcebg metrm acs iagrms rmprmsmetc ma cajc
bm ue humrrmrg `cêbg me ags `cjpgs, snmebg smjmfcetm ac csg`nc`nðe 
`ge ac inhurc bma `gandr
`gandrê.ê.

Ma bngs bma iumhg metrm ags cztm`cs aamvc me ma pm`lg ue mjdamjc  

bmegjnecbg ‑jcrnpgsc bm gdsnbncec‚. Ac gdsnbncec ms  `gesnbmrcbc 
`gjg pnmbrc bm iumhg. Csê jnsjg, ma Pga me ma Rmjpag
Rmjpag bm ags Hum-
rrmrgs sm grecjmetcdc `ge uec njchme bm jcrnpgsc.
Me Jîxn`g ac jcrnpgsc ms sêjdgag bma sga emhrg ctrcvmscebg ags 
juebgs sudtmrrãemgs. Rcjdnîe sêjdgag bma iumhg `tðen`g g`uatg,  
anhcbg c ac eg`nðe bm sc`rnin`ng,
sc `rnin`ng, jumrtm y rmsurrm``nðe.
Me ac `uaturc hrm`grrgjcec, sm am bc ca cajc qum scam bma `umrpg 
bm ags jumrtgs ac igrjc bm uec jcrnpgsc. ^ sgdrm ags irms`gs bm  
[gjpmyc, [snqum mstã rmprmsmetcbc `gjg uec enóc cacbc, smjmfcetm 
c uec jcrnpgsc.

JGEG 
Me ac jntgaghêc lnebunstc, Fãeujce ms uec bm acs bmnbcbms jãs
njpgrtcetms bma pcetmðe, bgebm au`lc me ac mxpmbn`nðe `getrc ma 
mfîr`ntg anbmrcbg pgr ma bmjgeng Tãvcec,
Tãvcec, pgsmmbgr bm uec iumrzc y
 pgbmr `csn nanjntcbgs.
nanjntcbgs.
[gr gtrg acbg, me ma cetnhug Mhnptg ma jcebrna mrc `gesnbmrcbg
`gjg ue bngs y cpcrm`êc grecjmetcebg cahuecs bm acs tujdcs bm  
ags icrcgems me su `gesnbmrc`nðe bm [sn`gpgjpg.
[sn`gpgjpg.
Me su cspm`tg gpumstg,
gpumstg, sm am csg`nc ``ge
ge Agon, bngs bm ac jntgag-
hêc eðrbn`c, `gesnbmrcbg ue bngs tnjcbgr.
Me ags Mbbcs,94 ms bms`rntg `gjg ma ‑grnhme  bma ircubm‚.  Pm am 
`geg`nð `ge ju`lgs egjdrms, metrm ags qum sm pumbme bmstc`cr6  
‑Lmrrmrg jmetnrgsg‚, ‑@cjdnc igrjcs‚, ‑Amehuc bm pactc‚,  ‑Bngs 
cstutg‚, ‑Rrcesigrjnstc‚, ‑Ma cstutg‚, ‑Yncfmrg bma `nmag‚, ‑@cjn-
94
@gam``ngems bm lnstgrncs y rm`gpnac`ngems antmrcrncs nsacebmscs jmbnmvcams qum `geigrjce
ac jntgaghêc eðrbn`c.
 3;;  

ecetm bma `nmag‚, ‑Jchg bm acs jmetnrcs‚, ‑Bngs bm acs   trcvmsurcs‚,

‑Bngs bm ac jcac sumrtm‚ ,‚Bngs bm acs Jmetnrcs‚ g ‑Bngs bma @cgs‚,
mstcs sgag sge cahuecs bm acs igrjcs me acs qum sm pumbm me`getrcr  
ma ‑bngs‚ Agon.

Me ac n`geghrciêc `rnstncec ag me`getrcjgs pgrtcebg ue mspmfg 

me su jceg, snîebgegs jgstrcbg `gjg ac rmprmsmetc`nðe bm acs bm-
 dnanbcbms lujcecs.

JGP@C 
bmr nvc mtnjgaðhn`cjmetm bm ‑ Dc„ca  Vvuv
Dma`mdö g Dmmazmdud bmrnvc  Vvuv‚, 
qum snhenin`c ‑Ma Pmógr bm acs Jgs`cs‚. [gr gtrg acbg, ma egjdrm
Dmmazmdud mrc uscbg pgr ags lmdrmgs `gjg uec igrjc bm durac lc-
`ncags
bm agssc`rnin`ngs
cbgrcbgrmssmbm Dcca,pubrnr,
bmfcdc bmdnbgpgr
pgcr qum me mstgs
ag qum sus tmjpags `crem 
auhcrms acmstcdce
neimstcbgs bm jgs`cs.
Pm juatnpan`ce sgdrm ac pgbrmbujdrm y ac bms`gjpgsn`nðe,
trcespgrtce ags pmgrms hîrjmems bm meimrjmbcbms y bmsciêce tgbc  
 prgtm``nðe.
Metrm ags dcjnamoî, ms ma sêjdgag bm ac sganbcrnbcb. Me ma rmneg 
bm ags pmqumógs nesm`tgs cacbgs, ac uenðe lc`m ac iumrzc, yc qum ue
sgag nebnvnbug sm me`umetrc nebmimesg.
[crc ags hrnmhgs, ac jgs`c mrc ue cenjca schrcbg, ca `uca sm rm-
inmrme `nmrtgs egjdrms bm Vmus y bm Cpgag. Rca vmz mvg`cdc ma tgr-
 dmaaneg bm ac vnbc gaêjpn`c.
gaêjpn`c.

JGPS]NRG 
Pêjdgag bm ac chrmsnvnbcb. Dus`c `ge gdstnec`nðe vngacr ac vnbc  
êetnjc bm su vê`tnjc y canjmetcrsm bm su scehrm.

Cahuegs
jgestrug qumjntðaghgs pnmescec qum
pacetmc menhjcs ac icjgsc
ags vncfmrgs y agsmsinehm
bmvgrc bm Rmdcs,
sn eg bms-
 3;3  

`udrme ma c`mrtnfg, eg ms sneg ma jgsquntg bm ac jcacrnc. Ma jgestrug

jumrm me `ucetg Mbnpg rmsumavm ma menhjc.
Ma pcetceg ms ueg bm ags sêjdgags bm ag ne`ges`nmetm. Mstm sðag
andmrc sus chucs jumrtcs,
jumrtcs, qum imrjmetce y juatnpan`ce
juatnpan`ce ags jgsqun-
tgs snbmsmaccdrme
vêcs `cecams?
mxprmsnðe bmamstgs `cecams
sê jnsjg.   snjdðan`cjmetm snhenin`ce acs

J]T@NÎACHG  
Bm `crã`tmr cjdnhug `ge snhenin`c`nðe `getrcbn`tgrnc. Me @lnec
ms mjdamjc bm iman`nbcb y acrhc vnbc.
Pus `crc`tmrêstn`cs y `gstujdrms egs nebn`nce ma rujdg bm su
snjdgaghêc.
Ma lãdntct bm mstm cenjca ms uec `umvc y egs lcdac bm uec su-
 pumstc metrcbc c ac vnbc, lc`nmebg causnðe csê c ac nejgrtcanbcb. Ma 
jur`nîachg rmcanzc sus c`tnvnbcbms pgr ac eg`lm, mstã bgtcbg pcrc 
grnmetcrsm me ac gs`urnbcb, lc`nme
lc`nmebg
bg bm îa me cahuegs pumda
pumdags
gs cirn-
`cegs ac njchme bm ac netmanhme`nc.
Pne mjdcrhg, Grêhmems90 bmsnhec mstm cenjca `gjg ue sêjdgag 
lmrmfm, pgrqum sm g`uatc burcetm acs lgrcs bm auz y pgrqum pcrtn`npc 
tcetg bm acs `crc`tmrêstn`cs prgpncs bm acs cvms, `gjg bm acs bm ags
jcjêimrgs.
Me ac Murgpc grnmetca, sm rmac`ngec ca jur`nîachg `ge acs c`-
`ngems bm ags hmengs eg`turegs bma jca. [aneng92 `umetc qum me su
tnmjpg ags `acvcdce dg`c cdcfg me acs pumrtcs bm acs `cscs pcrc  
cluymetcr ags hmengs jcaîin`gs pgrtcbgrms bm bmshrc`ncs.
Me ma snjdgansjg `rnstnceg ag me`getrcjgs me gpgsn`nðe cdsgau-
tc `ge ma [maê`ceg. Jnmetrcs qum mstm öatnjg bmrrcjc su scehrm cd-
90
 Rmðaghg y [cbrm bm ac Nhamsnc hrnmhc,
hrnm hc, ium ma prnjmrg me `ge`mdnr ue snstmjc `gjpamtg
bma `rnstncensjg netmhrcebg acs tmgrêcs emgpactðen`cs. @umetc `ge carmbmbgr bm <;; gdrcs
ms`rntcs. Pm am `geg`nð `ge ma sgdrmegjdrm bm ‑cbcjcetnus‚ (lgjdrm bm c`mrg) bmdnbg c su
hrce `cpc`nbcb pcrc ma trcdcfg.
92
[ANENG. Lnstgrnc Ecturca.
 3;4  

emhcbcjmetm pgr sus lnfgs y ms sêjdgag bm sc`rnin`ng, ma gtrg, pgr ma

`getrcrng, cdsgrdm ac scehrm bm sus vê`tnjcs pcrc dmemin`ng prgpng.
Me `getrcstm, me Grnmetm ma jur`nîachg ms ue tcansjãe juy cprm-
`ncbg.

E]RTNC 
Ac eutrnc cpcrm`m y bmscpcrm`m me ac supmrin`nm bm acs chucs y
mstã bgtcbc bm snjdgansjg auecr. Pu pnma sm utnanzc me acs sg`nmbcbms 
nen`nãtn`cs, tcetg metrm ags ectnvgs bm Cjîrn`c `gjg me Ãirn`c.
Acs jufmrms nen`ncbcs Gznac,
Gznac, jchcs imrtnanzcetms qum bcezce 
 prne`npcajmetm me acs `mrmjgencs bm ec`njnmetg y jctrnjgeng, sgs-
tnmeme ue `umreg me ac jceg y aamvce ue `neturðe bm pnma bm eutrnc.
Metrm ags Gfndwc, me Cjîrn`c bma egrtm, ma `lcjãe `gesmrvc sus
`ge`lcs jãhn`cs me uec dgasc bm pnma bm eutrnc. Me ag rntgs bm nen-
`nc`nðe, bmspuîs bm `cetgs y dcequmtms, ma egvma
egvma nen`ncbg rm`ndm su
 prgpng sc`g bm eutrnc bm jcegs bm ags sc`mrbgtms.
Ac eutrnc ms pums ma mspêrntu nen`ncbgr qum jctc y rmsu`ntc.
Me Murgpc, ma pcpma bm psn`gpgjpg csg`ncbg c ac eutrnc qumbc 
rmhnstrcbg me ue `cetg jgrtugrng
j grtugrng rujceg6

 Ac eutrncbm
 Ma grbme scdm
scdm 
ags  rêgs
rêgs  
^ ma smetnbg bm ags vcbgs
Rm lcrã pcscr  
Pne qum tm clghums
^ tm aamvcrã 
aamvcrã 
 Lcstc acs irêcs iumetms 
 [crc rmirms`crtm
rmirms`crtm  
 Bm ags ms`cagirêgs bm ac jumrtm.
9=
(Rrîsgr
(Rrîsgr bm ac pgîsnm uenvmrsmaam
uenvmrsmaa m  ) 
 ) 
9=
@CAAGNP T. , ACJDMTR F.@. Mb. Hcaanjcrb
 3;0  

G@C - HCEPG - CEPCT  

Me Mhnptg y @lnec acs g`cs iumrge `gesnbmrcbcs jmescfmrcs y
`gem`tgrcs metrm ma `nmag y ac tnmrrc.
Me ac cetnhuc Tgjc, acs g`cs schrcbcs `rncbcs me ma Rmjpa
Rmjpagg bm ac 
bngsc
`ge agFueg tmeêce
qum sm bm`êc`gjg iue`nðeueprnjgrbnca
qum tmeêce ssmetnbg camrtcr
metnbg chubg bmbm ags pmanhrgs y
netun`nðe.
Me ags rntgs `lcjãen`gs,
`lcjãen`gs, ac g`c ms ac jgetu
jgeturcrc bma `lcjãe pcrc 
rmhrmscr bm ags neinmregs.
Metrm ags `matcs iumrge acs mjnscrncs bma gtrg juebg, mjdamjc 
 dmeîin`g csg`ncbg c ac hrce Jcbrm y sêjdgag bma bms`mesg c ags
neinmregs em`mscrng pcrc qum sm prgbuz`c jãs tcrbm ac cs`mesnðe.
Ma trcbn`ngeca ‑Fumhg bm ac G`c‚ g tcjdnîe aacjcbg ‑Mspnrca  bm 
ags `gestru`tgrms‚ mstã `gesnbmrcbg `gjg ma acdmrnetg me   mspnrca, 
ntnemrcrng bma mspêrntu qum lc bm rm`grrmr ma lîrgm g nen`ncbg pcrc 
rmhrmscr g ca`cezcr ac sudanjnbcb
sud anjnbcb `gjg prne`npng bm mjcec`nð
mjcec`nðe. e.

GT]HC 
Gruhc y husceg eg `gjpcrtme ma jnsjg snhenin`cbg. Ma sumóg
im`uebg bm ac gruhc bmscpcrm`nbc y ``gevmrtnbc
gevmrtnbc me `rnsãanbc c ac ms-
 pmrc bm su prnjmr vumag, egs jumstrc uec camhgrêc bnimrmetm c ac bm 
su pcrnmetm `mr`ceg ma husceg.
Ac jmtcjgrigsns `gjg mjdamjc bma @rnstg rmsu`ntcbg, `gjpcr-
tm sêjdgag me ma `rnstncensjg `ge me ma cetnhug Mhnptg.
Ac `rnsãanbc me bnimrmetms `uaturcs, rmvmac me`mrrcbc me ma sname-
`ng bma `cpuaag, ma sêjdgag bma lgjdrm qum cpcrtcbg bm ac vnbc grbn-
ecrnc sm trcesigrjc me su ms`ghnbg rmtnrg, me ue mstcbg jãs pmrim`tg 
qum ma cetmrngr.

GPG 
[crc ags `matcs ma gsg ms ma mjdamjc g sêjdgag bm ac `cstc humrrm-
rc y su egjdrm (`îatn`g `gjöe crtgs crtl,, drmtðe 
crtgs,, nracebîs crt , hcaîs crtl
crzl)) mstã csg`ncbg ca jêtn`g Crturg.
crzl
 3;2  

Me Pndmrnc y me Cacsoc sm csnjnac c ac auec pgrqum bmscpcrm`m  

`ge ma nevnmreg y rmcpcrm`m me ac prnjcvmrc. Mstg jumstrc csê jns-
jg sus aczgs `ge ma `n`ag vmhmtca, tcjdnîe bnrnhnbg pgr ac auec.
Ags cahgequnegs bma @cecbã aacjce ca gsg Hrce [cbrm. Metrm ags
Ogrnco bma egrgmstm bm Pndmrnc, ma gsg mstã prmsmetm me acs `mrmjg-
encs bm nen`nc`nðe,
nen`nc`nðe, c smjmfcezc bma pcpma msme`nca qum bmsmjpmóð 
burcetm acs `mrmjgencs bma pcamgaêtn`g.
Metrm ags nebngs [gjg (@canigrenc bma sur) ags `cebnbctgs sge
nen`ncbgs pgr ma gsg hrnzzan
hrnzzan qum ags jctc y cdrm `ge sus hcrrcs uec 
hrce drm`lc me ac mspcabc.
Me Murgpc, ac mjcec`nðe bma netmrngr bm ac ‑`cvmrec‚ yc me sê
jnsjc ms ac mxprmsnðe bm ac gs`urnbcb, bm acs tnenmdacs.

Me ac jntgaghêc hrnmhc ma gsg c`gjpcóc c Crtmjns, bnvnenbcb  

auecr.
auec r. Tmprmsmetc têpn`cjmetm
têpn`cjmetm ma cspm`tg jgestrugsg, `ruma, sc`rn-
in`cbgr bma jntg.
Fueh ag `gesnbmrc sêjdgag bm ue cspm`tg pmanhrgsg bm ag ne`ges-
`nmetm. Ma gsg igrjc pcrtm bm ags sêjdgags bm ag sujmrhnbg y `tðen-
`g auecr y pgr mebm eg`tureg, pmrtmem`m c ags pcnscfms netmregs bm  
ac tnmrrc jcbrm.
Pmhöe ags cetnhugs pgdacbgrms egrtmcjmrn`cegs, ac jmbn`nec bma 
gsg mstã rmac`ngecbc `ge ac vumatc ca netmrngr.
netmrngr. A
Acc lndmrec`n
lndmrec`nðe
ðe qum 
ma gsg rmcanzc tnmem auhcr me ac `umvc-ötmrg bm ac tnmrrc, snmebg pums
uec nevntc`nðe c ac netrgspm``nðe.
Me caqunjnc `grrmspgebm ca enhrmbg bm ac prnjmrc jctmrnc, pgr
tcetg, hucrbc rmac`nðe `ge acs mtcpcs nen`ncams g bm ags nestnetgs.

[CAGJC 
Ags jãs cetnhugs bg`ujmetgs sgdrm ma `uatg
`uatg c ac pcagjc
pcagjc sm rm-
 
inmrme c ac mansac
 Emgaêtn`g bm @rmtc
jgbma cfm bmy njãhmems
jgbmacfm ma njpmrngme
bmtmrrc`gtc.
ags Lntntcs, rmjgetãebgsm ca
 3;=  

Bngscs `gjg Cstcrctc

Cstcrctc y @egsgs, Ctcrhctns-Bmr`mrg,
Ctcrhctns-Bmr`mrg, aamvcdce ac 
 pcagjc me igrjc bm sêjdgag, me ac `cdmzc `gjg njcec`nðe bm su
ecturcamzc bnvnec.
Me ma crtm `rnstnceg cbgptc ma mjdamjc bm [cz c trcvîs bma rmactg 
bma Cr`c bm Egî, pgrtcbgrc bm ac rcjc bm ganvg trcs ma Bnauvng `gjg 
ineca bma `cstnhg bnvneg y rm`ge`nanc`nðe. Me ags mvcehmangs, ac pc-
agjc rmprmsmetc ca Mspêrntu Pcetg, pmrsgenin`c`nðe bm ac Pcetêsnjc
Rrnenbcb, lm`lg qum egs aamhc c trcvîs bma dcutnsjg bm Fmsös pgr
Fuce ma Dcutnstc.
Dcutnstc. Fe 3, 04-02. Metrm ags tmxtgs jãs cetnhugs
cetnhugs rmactn-
vgs c ac pcagjc-cajc pgbmjgs smócacr ma rmactg bma jcrtnrng bm sce
[gan`crpg, smhöe ma
ma `uca uec pcagjc scanð bma `umrpg
`umrpg bma jãrtnr me 
ma jgjmetg bm su jumrtm.
Me ma crtm
crtm iuemrcrng sm pumbm cprm`ncr c jmeubg ac rmprmsmetc-
`nðe bm uec pcagjc, sêjdgag bma cajc, dmdnmebg me ue vcsg `gjg  
mjdamjc bma jcecetnca bm ac jmjgrnc.
Pmhöe ma Rcajub,
Rcajub, mesmóc ac `cstnbcb, y me Hrm`nc
Hrm`nc mrc ma pãfcrg 
schrcbg bm Cirgbntc, sêjdgag bma rmhcag metrm ags cjcetms.
Ac pcagjc snjdganzc, `gjg tgbgs
tgbgs ags cenjcams
cenjcams cacbgs (cacs), ac 
sudanjc`nðe bm ags nestnetgs y ma prmbgjneng bma mspêrntu sgdrm ac 
jctmrnc.

[CERMTC - FCH]CT - []JC 

[CERMTC
[cetmrc ge`c g pcetmrc emhrc ms ue hrce imaneg ectnvg bm Pubc-
jîrn`c, @metrgcjîrn`c y pcrtm bm Egrtmcjîrn`c, bgebm sm am `geg`m 
 pgr jöatnpams egjdrms smhöe ac zgec, tcams `gjg6 ychucrmtm, ec-
luma, ychucr, gtgrgehg g tnhrm, snmebg fchucr
f chucr ma jãs utnanzcbg.
Mstm cenjca ms ue `czcbgr sgantcrng y eg sm rmac`ngec `ge gtrgs
bm su mspm`nm jãs caaã bm ac îpg`c bm cpcrmcjnmetg. Lc snbg gd-
 fmtg bm `uatg pgr hrce pcrtm bm acs mtencs cdgrêhmems cjmrn`cecs? 
tcjdnîe mstã `gesnbmrcbg `gjg mamjmetg anhcbg ca `lcjãe y sus
 prã`tn`cs.
 3;9  

Ags humrrmrgs-fchucr cztm`cs, bm cs`mebme`nc egdam, pgrtcdce  

 pnmams bm [cetmrc
[ cetmrc sgdrm acs mspcabcs c jgbg bm bnstnetnvg me ac dc-
tcaac.
Ags hrcebms imanegs, ca `getrcrng bm ag qum pumbc pcrm`mr, eg
 dus`ce ma meirmetcjnmetg,
ems c jmegs jãs dnme
qum smc nemvntcdam sumame
pgrqum ac mvntcr acs `geirgetc`ng-
smhurnbcb bma hrupg sm
me`umetrm me pmanhrg.
Ma mspêrntu bma hrce imaneg, smhöe ags ectnvgs egrtmcjmrn`cegs, 
egs mesmóc c prmstcr ctme`nðe c tgbg ag qum egs rgbmc y vcagrcr  
`ge bmtcaam acs `gesm`ume`ncs bm eumstrcs c``ngems. Ma crqumtnpg bma 
hrce imaneg egs jumstrc eumstrc vmrbcbmrc iumrzc, pmrg tcjdnîe c 
scdmrac cpan`cr bm ac igrjc cbm`ucbc.
Bmsbm ac cetnhñmbcb ac pcetmrc mrc `gesnbmrcbc ma memjnhg jgr-
tca bma brchðe. Bm mstm jgbg ma snjdgansjg bm ac ecrrctnvc crqumtê-
 pn`c bm ac au`lc metrm acs iumrzcs bm ac Auz (ac pcetmrc eemhrc)
mhrc) y acs 
bm ac Gs`urnbcb (ma brchðe) sm vmêce rmprmsmetcbcs.
Me ac Mbcb Jmbnc
Jmbnc ac pcetmrc mrc c jmeubg `gesnbmrcbc ue sêj-
 dgag bma @rnstg. Pm bn`m bm maac qum, `ucebg lc `gjnbg bumrjm trms 
bêcs smhunbgs, mqunpcrãebgag c ac jumrtm y rmsurrm``nðe.
rmsurrm``nðe.

[CYG TMCA 
[crc ags hrnmhgs y rgjcegs mrc snheg bm ne`grruptndnanbcb. Mstc  
nbmc `gebufg metrm ags `rnstnce
`rnstncegs
gs ca `ge`mptg
`ge`mptg bm rmsurrm``nðe, cpan-
`cebg ac jnsjc camhgrêc c ac `cêbc bm ac lgfc bma ãrdga burcetm ma  
gtgóg y c su rm`upmrc`nðe me prnjcvmrc, ca nhuca qum ac ``cêbc
cêbc bm ac 
 paujc bma pcvg rmca y su pgstmrngr paujcfm
paujcfm ca ineca bma nevnmreg.
Me`getrcjgs su njchme bm`grcebg andrgs antörhn`gs `gjg pgr  
mfmjpag ma ‑ Jnsscam Hcaagruj Ym`tus
Ym`tus‚ bma Yctn`ceg.
Me ac `uaturc `aãsn`c g``nbmetca  ‒ c trcvîs bm Lmrc me Hrm`nc y
Fueg me Tgjc ‒  ma
 ma pcvg rmca mstã rmac`ngecbg `ge ac nejgrtcanbcb, 
jgtnvcbg pgr ags jöatnpams puetgs bm `gagr me su `gac qum sm csg-
`nce c acs mstrmaacs bma inrjcjmetg.
 3;8  

Me su cspm`tg emhctnvg, lc snbg ``gesnbmrcbg

gesnbmrcbg `gjg ac rmprmsme-
tc`nðe bm uec bm acs `crcs bma bmjgeng bma grhuaag, dcscbg me ac  
 dmaamzc y ma `uatg ca `umrpg
`umr pg me `grrmspgebme`nc c ac mvg`c`nðe bm 
ac vcenbcb.

[MAÊ@CEG  
Me ac trcbn`nðe g``nbmetca, `umetc ac amymebc qum ma [maê`ceg  
cjcdc tcetg c sus `rêcs qum me `csg bm mxtrmjc em`msnbcb acs can-
jmetcdc `ge su prgpnc scehrm. [crc maag sm cdrêc uec lmrnbc me ma  
 pm`lg `ge su pn`g pcrc qum pubnmrc
pubnmrcee dmdmr y eutrnrsm. Ms uec bm acs 
jãs `geg`nbcs camhgrêcs bm @rnstg y bm ac metrmhc bm su scehrm pcrc 
ac rmbme`nðe.

Me ma crtm `rnstnceg  
su enbcbc me ma i rnsg bmapgbmjgs
irnsg cprm`ncr
snhag \NNN mstm cenjca
me ac `ctmbrca rmsu`ntcebg c
bm Mstrcsdurhg.

[MTBNV 
Pmhöe Crnstðtmams y [aneng, metrm gtrgs cutgrms bm ac cetnhñmbcb, 
ac `gstujdrm bm ac pmrbnz bmtmrj
bmtmrjnec
nec su `crã`tmr snjdðan`g.
snjdðan`g. Pm cinr-
jc qum pgsmm uec hrce `cpc`nbcb pcrc mehcócr.
Pce Cjdrgsng csmhurc6 ‑ac  pmrbnz, qum tgjc su egjdrm bm ac  
 [mrbmebg y me lmdrmg `grm (bm aacjcr y vg`mcr) sm bn`m qum ms
vgz [mrbmebg
vgz
Pctceãs qum ctrcm c ju`lgs `ge su vgz‚.99 

[MTNS]NRG - AGTG 
Ma pmrnquntg y acs 02; vcrnmbcbms bm cvms qum tnmeme ac `cpc`nbcb 
bma vmrdg, me ac jcygrêc bm `uaturcs sm am ctrnduym ma sêjdgag bm  
jmescfmrg bma cajc.
Ac trndu Lgpn sm cutgbmegjnecdc ‑Ma `ace bma Agrg‚ y  cprm`nc-
 dce c mstm cenjca `gjg sêjdgag bm ac ac cduebce`nc.
99
@NTAGR
@NT AGR Fuce Mbucrbg. Bn``ngecrng bm ags sêjdgags (pãh. 090)
 3;<  

Me su gpumstg, me ma [gpga Yul, andrg schrcbg bm ags Jcycs, sm

ecrrc qum cetms bm nen`ncr
nen`ncr su cvmeturc me ma \ndcadã, ags Hmjmags
Bnvnegs, Lueclpö m Nxdcacequî, vme`nmrge c ue smr grhuaagsg aac-
jcbg Yu`ud @cqunx, egjdrm qum sm lc trcbu`nbg `gjg Huc`c-
jcyg, cuequm
rmac`ngece `ge me
acsgtrcs
snmtmtrcbu``ngems
vmrhñmezcs gjãs `mr`cecs c ags Sun`lîs ag 
pm`cbgs.

[MTTG 
Mjdamjc bm inbmanbcb. Me ma snjdgansjg `rnstnceg ms ma hucrbnãe
y huêc bm rmdcóg (camhgrêc bma sc`mrbgtm). C`gjpcócjnmetg tcj-
 dnîe bm ags jumrtgs me su vncfm eg`tureg pgr ma jcr, sm csg`nc ca 
sêjdgag jctmreg y bm rmsurrm``nðe.
Me bnimrmetms `uaturcs
`uaturcs bm ac cetnh
cetnhñmbcb
ñmbcb ms csg`ncbg ca juebg
neimrngr y c ac jumrtm, snmebg hucrbnãe
hucrbnãe bma neinmreg rmprmsmetcebg
ma pcpma bm [sn`gpgjpg. Me Mhnptg
Mhnptg ms Ceudns y me Hrm`nc ma @ce
@mrdmrg. [rã`tn`cjmetm eg mxnstm enehuec jntgaghêc qum eg lcyc 
csg`ncbg ma pmrrg
pmrrg c ac jumrtm
jumrtm,, c ags neinmregs, ca ju
juebg
ebg bm cdcfg, c
ags njpmrngs nevns
nevnsndams
ndams qum rnhme acs bnvnenbcbms
bnvnenbcbms `tðen`cs g smaîen`c
smaîen`cs.
s.
Metrm ags hmrjcegs, ue pmrrg tmrrndam, aacjcbg Hcrj, hucrbc ac  
metrcbc bma Enialmnj, rmneg bm ags jumrtgs, pcês bm ags lnmags y acs

tnenmdacs.
Ma snjdgansjg bma pmrrg me Mxtrmjg Grnmetm ms msme`ncajmetm 
cjdnvcametm y bmetrg bm ac jnsjc `uaturc pgsmm ags bgs snhenin`c-
bgs.
Me ma Fcpðe ma pmrrg hgzc bm uec `gesnbmrc`nðe icvgrcdam? `gj-
 pcómrg inma, su njchme prgtmhm c ags enógs y ic`nantc ma trcdcfg bm acs
jufmrms mjdcrczcbcs.
[crc ags caqunjnstcs y inaðsgigs ma pmrrg bmvgrcbg pgr ma agdg
rmprmsmetc
bm ac ‑hrceac purnin`c`nðe
 gdrc‚.   bma grg pgr ma cetnjgeng, pmeöatnjc mtcpc
 3;>  

[MV 
Pêjdgag bma chuc, pgr tcetg, tcjdnîe bm vnbc, ec`njnmetg, imrtn-
anbcb y rmhmemrc`nðe.
Pu rmprmsmetc`nðe ms ctmjpgrca y sm pnmrbm me ac eg`lm bm ags
tnmjpgs, jumstrc bm maag ac me`getrcjgs me rmprmsmetc`ngems pn`tð-
rn`cs sgdrm rg`c me ma netmrngr bm `umvcs, `gvc`lcs y `cvmrecs.
Me ac Nebnc, @cabmc, Dcdnagenc, Jmsgpgtcjnc, Csnrnc y [mrsnc me-
trm gtrcs, sm prc`tn`cdc ma `uatg ca pmz `gjg njchme bm ac bnvnenbcb.
Ags `cabmgs rmprmsmetcdce ue pmz `ge `cdmzc bm hgagebrnec,  
ceue`ng bm rmegvc`nðe `ê`an`c meaczcbc bnrm`tcjmetm `ge ma snjdg-
ansjg bm [ns`ns.
Me Murgpc y Csnc ium sêjdgag bm ac im`uebnbcb `gjg `gesm-
`ume`nc bmrnvcbc bm ac ne`rmêdam `cetnbcb bm lumvgs qum hmstce y
trcespgrtce me su netmrngr.
Burcetm ags prnjmrgs tnmjpgs bma `rnstncensjg, ma pmz `gestntuyð 
ac rmprmsmetc`nðe jãs irm`umetm bma @rnstg bmdnbg c su rmac`nðe `ge
`ge 
ma chuc (dcutnsjg
(dcutnsjg y rmhmemrc`nðe mspnrntuc
mspnrntuca).
a). Ac bmegjnec`nðe me 
hrnmhg bm pmz N@LR^P g N@LRL^P
N@LRL^P `grrmspgebm c acs nen`ncams bm 
vcrngs têtuags bcbgs ca @rnstg ‑lnfg bm Bngs -ma Pcavcbgr‚. 
Mstm c`rðstn`g tuvg hrce îxntg me Tgjc metrm acs `gjuenbcbms  
`rnstncecs bgebm njpmrcdc ac ‑bns`npanec bma sm`rmtg‚ y me acs   qum 
sgag ags nen`ncbgs `gjprmebêce ma sêjdgag.
Ma cpghmg bma pmz `rê`rêstn`g
stn`g sm mxtmebnð burcetm ags ttrms
rms prnjmrgs
snhags bm eumstrc mrc lcstc ac Hcanc, qum bmrnvð me ac trcesigrjc`nðe 
bm bnimrmetms mamjmetgs me fgycs y cjuamtgs.
Ags prnjmrgs `rnstncegs sm lc`êce aacjcr c sê jnsjgs `gjg ‑Ln-
 fgs bma N`tus `mamstnca‚. Ms`rndêc Rmrtuanceg6
‑Egsgtrgs, pm`m`naags `geigrjm eumstrg pmz, Fmsu`rnstg, 
Fmsu`rnstg,   ec`m-
jgs me ma chuc
jcem`mjgs (dcutnsjg)
me ma y eg
chuc, g smc mepgbmjgs
ac im bma scavcregs jãs
dcutnsjg‚. 
dcutnsjg‚.   qum sn pmr-
 33;  

[]A[G - PM[NC 
Mstgs bgs cenjcams `gjpcrtme rmprmsmetc`nðe y `ge`mptg. Pmhöe
cahuegs snjdganstcs, lce rmac`ngecbg ma `crnz bm ags G`tðpgbgs c ac 
nbmc bma prne`npng bm ac vnbc me ma juebg cenjca.
Pus drczgs mergaacbgs
mergaacbgs me mspnrc
mspnrcaa csmjmfcdce c ac ``ruz
ruz prm-`rns-
tncec, me mspm`nca c ags trnsomams.
Me ac `uaturc `rmtmesm cpcrm`m rmac`ngecbg `ge ac crcóc y `g `gee ac 
mspnrca. Me Hrm`nc, sm cbgrecrge
cbg recrge acs tujdcs rmcams bm Jn`mecs.
Me ma crtm prnjntnvg `rnstnceg su rmprmsmetc`nðe pn`tghrãin`c neue-
bð ac n`geghrciêc rmanhngsc. Eg gdstcetm, burcetm ac Mbcb Jmbnc,  
mstc snjdgaghêc
snjdgaghêc sm ium nevnrtnmebg hrcbucajmetm, lcstc `gesnbmrcr  
ma ‑cdrczg‚ bma puapg qum csinxnc lcstc ac jumrtm `gjg camhgrêc bma
 dmsg lnpð`rntc bm Fubcs.

TCEC 
@ge pmrsgecanbcb auecr ms sêjdgag bm imrtnanbcb. Tmprmsmetc ac 
rmsurrm``nðe y metrm ags `matcs mrc ac smógrc bm ac tnmrrc.
Inhurc rmprmsmetctnvc bm ac trcesn`nðe metrm ags mamjmetgs tnmrrc- 
chuc. Me Mhnptg ium ctrndutg bm ac bngsc Lmrnt
Lmrnt qum csnstnð c Nsns
Nsns me 
su rntuca bm Tmsurrm``nðe bm Gsnrns, cyubãebgam c rm`gjpgemrag m 
nesuiaãebgam aumhg ma lãantg bm ac vnbc.
Me Grnmetm snjdganzc ma rmtgreg y pcrc ags `rnstncegs ac rmsu-
rrm``nðe. Ac rcec ‑jumrm‚ burcetm ma nevnmreg, y jãs qum lndmrecr  
qumbc `rnghmenzcbc bmetrg bm ags `lcr`gs qum lcdntc, ‑rmsu`ntcebg‚ 
`ge ac aamhcbc bm acs catcs tmjpmrcturcs y ma bmslnmag bm acs `lcr`cs.
Ac rcec prminmrm cjdnmetms löjmbgs y gs`urgs y pgr maag me
Grnmetm sm ac nbmetnin`ð `ge ac aauvnc y ac auec, ma prne`npn
prne`npngg ^neh bm
ac imrtnanbcb. [gr tcetg, ms `gesnbmrcbc `gjg mamjmetg prgpn`ncbgr  
bm acs aauvncs.
Rcjdnîe me acs `uaturcs jmsgcjmrn`cecs, Jcyc y Cztm`c, sm csg-
`nc c mstgs cenjcams `ge ma Bngs @lcc` y Racag`, bngsms
bngsms bm acs chucs.
 333  

Me psn`gaghêc cecaêtn`c, ac rcec rmprmsmetc ac au`lc pmrjcemetm 

`getrc ma mstce`cjnmetg, rmiamfcebg ue `crã`tmr ne`geigrjnstc.
ne`geigrjnstc.
Pu cetêtmsns ms ma Pcpg, snjdganzcebg ma juebg sudtmrrãemg, acs  
eãusmcs y ma pm`cbg. Burcetm ac Mbcb Jmbnc ium `gesnbmrcbg pgr-
tcbgr bm ac
Metrm agsjumrtm.
`matcs sm `gestntuyð `gjg sêjdgag bma jca. ^ me ma crtm 
g``nbmetca, cpcrm`m `gjg mjdamjc bm ac aufurnc y ma grhuaag.
grhuaag.

TCRC 
Pm csg`nc me g``nbmetm `ge ac meimrjmbcb y ac jumrtm, snmebg
sêjdgag jcaîin`g bm ac [mstm burcetm ac Mbcb Jmbnc.
Me ac Nebnc ac rctc ms vmemrcbc pgr su cstu`nc y su `cpc`nbcb bm 
vme`mr gdstã`uags, cvcezcr y mxpcebnrsm. Mstm cenjca ms mamvcbg c  
ac `ctmhgrêc bm bnvnenbcb lcstc ma puetg bm tmemr ma prnvnamhng bm smr
ma vmlê`uag bma bngs Hcemsl, bngs mamicetm bm ac scdnburêc.
bm  Ocren Jctc
Me ma tmjpag bm Ocren Jctc,, mstcbg bm Tcfcstlce, ms `geg`nbg 
`gjg ma ‑Rmj pag bm acs Tctcs‚, sm cadmrhce uecs 4;.;;; acs  `ucams 
‑Rmjpag
`nr`uace y sm jumvme `ge cdsgautc andmrtcb. Pge trctcbcs `ge rmspm-
tg y cbgrc`nðe, y sn cahunme jctc cahuec nevgauetcrncjmetm bmdm smr
rmmjpaczcbc pgr gtrc bm grg g pactc pcrc mxpncr ma ‑mrrgr‚. 

TCRÐE 
Me ma `rnstncensjg sm am rmprmsmetc rgymebg ue ãrdga, csg`nãebg-
ag ca jca y c ac bmstru``nðe bma ãrdga bm ac vnbc.
Me ac Mbcb Jmbnc sm ag rmac`ngeð `ge ma bncdag. Me `cjdng, pcrc 
ags nebngs egrtmcjmrn`cegs snjdganzc ma ms`rutneng. Rgbg tnmem qum 
smr supmrvnscbg pgr sus dnhgtms? egs canmetc y csmvmrc qum ms pgsndam 
 prgiuebn
 prgi uebnzcr
zcr jãs y cprmebmr
cprmebmr jãs me ags bnimrme
bnimrmetms
tms cspm
cspm`tgs
`tgs bm ac vnbc
vnbc..

TNEG@MTGERM 
Pmhöe Crnstðtmams bms`rndm me su ‑Gdrc Dngaðhn`c‚, ms mstm   cen-
jca rm`geg`nbg me Grnmetm `gjg ma Cseg bm ac Nebnc.
 334  

Ms sêjdgag bm pgbmr y cutgrnbcb, y me lmrãabn`c mjdamjc bm  

tmec`nbcb, vnhgr y `ge`grbnc. Me Ãirn`c sm csg`nc ca vcagr y ac imr-
tnanbcb.

PCACJCEBTC  
Ma `rnstncensjg ac ne`grpgrð c ac snjdgaghêc bm ags jãrtnrms y bma 
cajc bm ags purgs qum aamhcdce c mstm mstcbg c trcvîs bma mamjmetg 
iumhg.
Me ma rmec`njnmetg igrjð pcrtm bm ac lmrãabn`c `gjg nbmetnin`c-
tnvg bm `grcfm y `gestce`nc.
Pm ac csg`nc `ge ma mspêrntu bma iumhg me ac caqunjnc, snmebg ma 
sêjdgag bm ac pnmbrc infcbc ca rgfg.
Ac rmac`nðe metrm ac scacjcebrc y ma iumhg ac bms`udrnjgs c trc-
gdrc  Lnstgrnc Ecturca bm [aneng. Me maac egs rminmrm uec
vîs bm ac gdrc Lnstgrnc
cetnhuc `rmme`nc me
me ac qum am ctrnduyme c mstm ceindng uec hrce `c-
 pc`nbcb bm rmsnstme`nc ca iumhg. Bn`lc `rmme`nc sm bmscrrgaað `gjg 
`gesm`ume`nc bm ac lcdnanbcb qum pgsmm mstm cenjca bm rmspnrcr y
cdsgrdmr ma chuc c trcvîs bm su pnma. Rce
Rcetg
tg ms csê, qum ac scacjcebrc, 
snrvnîebgsm bm su bmstrmzc pcrc sm`rmtcr uec sustce`nc qum pumbm 
aamhcr c smr tðxn`c y qum am bc ue cspm`tg drnaacetm,
drnaacetm, prgvg`ð ma `ge-
vme`njnmetg qum pgbêc sgdrmvnvnr ca iumhg.

PCARCJGERMP - ACEHGPRC 
Me ac jcygrêc bm ags `csgs ac acehgstc ms netmrprmtcbc `gjg sêj-
 dgag bm jca cuhurng, bm jcams iêsn`gs
iêsn`gs g `ctãstrgims ecturcams.
Me ma Cetnhug Rmstcjmetg ac nevcsnðe bm ac acehgstc ms prgvg-
`cbc pgr bm`nsnðe bm ue bngs c `cusc bm su `ðamrc y sm anjntc c uec  
`cacjnbcb bm grbme iêsn`g6
‑^clvîl bnfg c Jgnsîs6 Mxtnmebm
Mxtnmebm tu jjceg
ceg sgdrm
sgdrm,, ma pcês
bm Mhnptg pcrc qum vmehc ac acehgstc. Sum nevcbc ma pcês
bm Mhnptg y bmvgrm tgbc su vmhmtc`nðe, tgbg ag qum rmspmtð
rmspmtð  
 330  

sgdrmm ma tmrrntgrng bm 

ma hrcenzg. Jgnsîs mxtmebnð su dcstðe sgdr
 Mhnptg y ^cl
^clvîl sgdrmm ma pcês ue vnmetg bma mstm, qum 
vîl trcfg sgdr
 sgpað msm bêc y tgbc ac eg`lm. [gr ac jcócec, ma vnmetg bm 
Grnmetm lcdêc trcêbg ac acehgstc qum nevcbnð tgbg ma pcês bm 
 
 Mhnptg,
 hrce y sm pgsð
eöjmrg qum sgdrm
juatntubtgbg ma tmrrntgrng
smjmfcetm cöe bm
eg Mhnptg
sm lcdêcme vns-
tce
tg eue`c y eg lcdrêc bm vgavmrsm c vmr fcjãs. ^ `udrnð ac  
acehgstc ac supmrin`nm bma sumag, y sm gs`urm`nð ac tnmrrc? y
bmvgrð tgbc ac vmhmtc`nðe bma pcês y tcjdnîe tgbg ma irutg bm  
ags ãrdgams qum lcdêc rmspmtcbg ma hrcenzg, y eg qumbð uec
cjpgs. Ma  
drnzec bm vmrbgr me ags ãrdgams en lnmrdcs me ags ``cjpgs.
 icrcðe sm cprmsurð c aacjcr c Jgnsîs y Ccrðe y ams bnfg6 Lm
 pm`cbg `getrc
`getrc ^c
^clvî
lvîll vumstrg bngs, y `getrc vgsgtrgs. [mrbg-
ecb jn pm`cbg, gs ag rumhg, snqunmrc uec vmz jãs, y supan`cb
c ^clvîl
^clvîl vumstrg bngs qum, ca jmegs, camfm bm jê mstcmst c jumrtm.
 Jgnsîs scanð bm ac `csc bma icrcðe m nevg`ð c ^ ^clv
clvîl. ^clvîl 
îl. ^clvîl
metge`ms lnzg qum `cjdncsm ma vnmetg, qum sgpað tce iumrtm bma  
gmstm qum amvcetð ac acehgstc y ac aamvð lc`nc ma jcr bm ags
 Fue`gs. Eg qumbð uec sgac acehgstc me tgbg ma tmrrntgrng bm 
 Mhnptg. [mrg ^clv
^clvîl
îl mmeburm`nð
eburm`nð ma `grczðe bma icrcðe, qum eg
bmfð pcrtnr c ags lnfgs bm Nsrcma.‚ (Mx 3;.34-4;)
3;.34-4;)  
Me ma Eumvg Rmstcjmetg, ac nevcsnðe bm ac acehgstc sm ``gevnmrtm
gevnmrtm 
me ue supan`ng jgrca.
‑^ ma qunetg ãehma tg`ð ac trgjpmtc. ^ vn ue cstrg qum qum   bma  
a m lcdêc snbg bcbc ac aacvm bma  
`nmag lcdêc `cêbg c ac tnmrrc, y am
 pgzg bma cdnsjg. @ucebg ludg cdnmrtg msm pgzg, sudnð bm 
caaê ue lujg `gjg ma bmb m ue nejmesg lgreg. Ma sga y ma cnrm sm
gs`urm`nmrge. Bma lujg scanmrge acehgstcs sgdrm ac tnmrrc? y  
ams ium bcbc pgtmstcb `gjg ac ppgtmstcb
gtmstcb qum tnmeme ags ms`gr-
 pngems bm ac tnmrrc. ^ sm ams rm`gjmebð rmrmspmtcr
spmtcr acs prcbmrcs,
tgbc lnmrdc y tgbg ãrdga, y bcócr öen`cjmetm c ags lgjdrms
qum
qum eg
eg aamvcsme sgdrmsneg
ams jctcsme, ac irmetm
qum amsmactgrjmetcsme
smaag bm Bngs.burcetm
Pm ams grbmeð
`ne`g  
`ne`g 
 332  

jmsms. Ma bgagr qum prgvg`ce ms smjmfcetm c ac pn`cburc bma  

ms`grpnðe. Me msgs bêcs, ags lgjdrms dus`crãe ac jumrtm sne
maags.‚  (Cp 
me`getrcrac, bmsmcrãe jgrnr y ac jumrtm lunrã bm maags.‚ 
>,3-9).  
>,3-9).
Öen`cjmetm me ac @lnec me`getrcjgs causngems ca snjdgansjg 
bm ac acehgstc me smetnbg pgsntnvg. Ma rntjg bm su scatg sm csg`ncdc 
c ags rntgs mstc`ngecams bm ac im`uebnbcb y c acs rmhacs bma mqunandrng 
sg`nca y icj
icjnancr.
nancr.

PC[G 
Mstm cenjca snjdganzc ma juebg sudtmrrãemg, acs eãusmcs y ma  
 pm`cbg pcrc ma g``nbmetm `rnstnceg, burcetm ac Mbcb Jmbnc ium `ge-
snbmrcbg pgrtcbgr bm ac jumrtm.
Metrm ags `matcs sm `gestntuyð `gjg sêjdgag bma jca, y me ma crtm
c rtm 
g``nbmetca cpcrm`m `gjg mjdamjc bm ac aufurnc y ma grhuaag.

PMT[NMERM 
Ac smrpnmetm ms ueg bm ags cenjcams bm pgbmr bm ac jmbn`nec Ce-
bnec, y bm ac jcygrêc bm acs `uaturcs bma pacemtc. Ms mstm ginbng ueg
bm ags crqumtnpgs jãs njpgrtcetms bma cajc lujcec.
Ac trcesjutc`nðe
trcesjutc`nðe bmbmaa `n`ag vnbc-jumrtm-rmme`crec`nðe qumbc 
 pctmetm `ge ac jubc ceuca bm ac pnma
pnma qum rmcanzc mstm rmptna.
Pêjdgag bm Lmrjms, bgebm acs bgs smrpnmetms jumstrce ac cjdn-
vcame`nc. Me Jmsgpgtcjnc, ma `cbu`mg prmsmetð acs bgs smrpnmetms  
metrmaczcbcs (ma snstmjc emrvngsg `metrca) carmbmbgr bm ue dcstðe (ac 
mspnec bgrsca) `ge acs cacs me cjdgs acbgs, ags bgs lmjnsimrngs
lmjnsimrngs bma 
`mrmdrg y ma `êr`uag qum rmprmsmetc ma `metrg psêqun`g netmreg.
Me ac `uaturc cjmrnebnc bmsbm Jîxn`g lcstc
lcstc ma [mrö, ma jntg bma 
 pãfcrg-smrpnmetm `gne`nbm `ge acs rmanhngems jãs cetnhucs bm ac `ua-
turc bma jcêz? mstã csg`ncbg c ac lujmbcb y c aacs
cs chucs bm ac tnmrrc
 33=  

y me sus igrjcs jãs mamvcbcs pmrjcem`m anhcbg ca `nmag. Mjdamjc 

bm ac bucanbcb `nmag-tnmrrc.
Ags `cabmgs tmeêce uec öen`c pcacdrc pcrc bms`rndnr ac vnbc y ac 
smrpnmetm. ^ pcrc ags lmdrmgs rmprmsmetcdc ac scavc`nðe y ac scdn-
burêc. Ma dcstðe bm `gdrm me igrjc bm smrpnmetm bm Jgnsîs sm lnzg  
icjgsg pgr sus jöatnpams jnachrgs.
Me ma
ma `rnst
`rnstncensjg
ncensjg sm csg`ncdc c aacs
cs iumrzcs bma j
jca,
ca, mmaa pm`cbg 
y ac tmetc`nðe. Pnjdganzc ac smbu``nðe bm ac iumrzc pgr jmbng bm ac  
jctmrnc netmrprmtcbg c trcvîs bm ags jntgs bm ac lnstgrnc `gjg ‑Fc-
sðe pgr Jmbmc‚ bm ‑Lîr`uams pgr Geicam‚ y ‑Cbãe pgr  Mvc‚. 
Me su mvcehmang, Fuce csg`nc ac smrpnmetm `ge ac mamvc`nðe bm  
Fmsös me ac `ruz

‑Ag jnsjg
bmsnmrtg, ma Lnfgqum Jgn
qum
bma Jgnsîs
sîs amv
lgjdrm amvcet
cetððqum
tnmem ac smr
smrpnm
smrpnmetm
etm bm dr
amvcetcbg drge
mege`m
`m me
catg ma
pcrc
qum tgbg ma qum `rmc me Îa tmehc ac vnbc mtmrec‚
mtmrec‚ (Fe
 (Fe 0, 32-3=). 
32-3=). 
Me ma tcetrnsjg ms ac Ouebcanen, mergs`cbc me ac dcsm bm ac `g-
aujec vmrtmdrca.
Ma Gurgdgrgs ms tcjdnîe sêjdgag bm jcenimstc`nðe y bma grbme
`ê`an`g? ms uenðe smxuca me sê jnsjg, cutg-im`uebcbgr pmrjceme-
tm, `gjg ag jumstrc su `gac netrgbu`nbc me su dg`c? ms pmrpmtuc  
trcesjutc`nðe bm jumrtm me vnbc qum sm jceninmst
jceninmstcc c trcvîs bm ags
`gajnaags qum neym`tce vmemeg me su prgpng `umrpg.
Me hmemrca ma sêjdgag bm ac smrpnmetm ms ma bm
bmsmg
smg lujceg bm ac 
c``nðe y ac trcesjutc`nðe,
trcesjutc`nðe, bm ac jcenim
jcenimstc`nðe
stc`nðe bma `cjdng qum sm
cprgxnjc y qum njpan`c pcrc ma gdsmrvcbgr mstcr prmpcrcbg pcrc ac 
c`tuc`nðe.

RNHTM 
Me acs amymebcs @lnecs sm am bc ma egjdrm bm ‑ags `ne`g   tnhrms‚ 
c hrupgs
 dace`g ms bm humrrmrgsbmvcanmetms
ue sêjdgag vnrtub prgtm`tgrms
ac vnrtub bmamsnjpmrng.
rmhnc. Ma tnhrm pgr ag Ma tnhrm 
hmemrca
 339  

ue cenjca bma egrtm, bma sgastn`ng bm nevnmreg, me bgebm bmvgrc acs 

neiaume`ncs jcaîin`cs.
Me ac n`geghrciêc lnebö ma tnhrm ms ac jgeturc bm ac Plcotn, bm ac 
memrhêc bm ac ecturcamzc c ac `uca Plnvc eg mstã sgjmtnbc, sneg qum  
ac bgjnec.
Me Jcacsnc ma `urcebmrg tnmem pgbmr pcrc trcesigrjcrsm me tnhrm.  
Îa `gebu`m c ags emðintgs pgr ac fuehac
fuehac pcrc nen`ncrags, pmrg me rmc-
anbcb ms pcrc jctcrags y rmsu`ntcrags.
Geêrn`cjmetm snjdganzc ma gs`urm`njnmetg bm ac `ge`nme`nc su-
jmrhnbc pgr ags bmsmgs mamjmetcams. Pn ag bms`udrnjgs rmprmsmetce-
bg uec au`lc `getrc cenjcams neimrngrms `gjg ags rmptnams, metge`ms 
ms mjdamjc bm uec inhurc supmrngr. Pn ma `gjdctm ms ms `ge ue amðe g
`ge ue ãhunac,
ãhunac
rntu sgdrm , inhurcs bm mstcbgs supmrngrms,
ac jctmrnc. supmrngrms, ms ma irc`csg bm
bmaa mspê-

RGTG 
Pêjdgag bm ac memrhêc `rmcbgrc, rmprmsmetc ac iumrzc vntca y ma  
 pgbmr jcs`uaneg. Mvg`c ac nbmc bm pgtme`nc y bma pgbmr mehmebrc-
bgr.
Me Jmsgpgtcjnc, sm udn`cdce tgrgs cebrg`îicags bm prgtudmrce-
tms cacs, me ac metrcbc bm tmjpags y pcac`ngs pcrc su prgtm``nðe.
Ms `gesnbmrcbg sgacr, jcs`uaneg y hmemrcbgr. Me cahuecs g`c-
sngems y bmdnbg c sus `umregs me igrjc bm auec `rm`nmetm,
`rm `nmetm, pumbm smr
csg`ncbg c ac eg`lm, c ags rntgs bm im`uebnbcb y c ags `uatgs auecrms 
y `tðen`gs.
Me ac cetnhuc Hrm`nc y csg`ncbg c ueg bm ags trcdcfgs bm Lîr-
`uams, ma tgrg rmprmsmetc
rmprmsmetc ma bmsmg cenjca,
cenjca, c ags celmags dcscbgs me 
ac jctmrnc, y qum uenbgs bce auhcr c ‑jcyc‚, ac hrce nausnðe, qum 
ms prgbu`nbc ca `metrcr ac `ge`nme`nc me cqumaag qum egs camfc bma  
trcdcfg prnjgrbnca.
 338  

Ma tgrg lc bm smr jgetcebg y `gebu`nbg

`gebu`nbg lc`nc ma mspêrntu pgr ma 
lgjdrm. Me psn`gaghêc ms ac iumrzc ne`getrgacbc,
ne`getrgacbc, scavcfm, mxprmsc
acs pcsngems, ma nestnetg
nestnetg qum ma smr me mstcbg bm mvgau`nðe bmdm bg-
jnecr pcrc aghrcr ac vn`tgrnc pmrsgeca bma
b ma mspêrntu sgdrm ac jctmrnc.
Mxnstm ue rmactg qum `umetc qum, ma ‑`nr`g‚ tcurneg c`tuca,  rmca-
jmetm ms ue vmstnhng
vmstnhng ce`mstrca cetnquêsnjg
cetnquêsnjg bm ac inmstc bma tgrg Ct-
acetm.
Ags tgrgs sumatgs bma tmjpag bm Emptueg mrce cenjcams
cen jcams schrcbgs
c ags qum sm ams rm`ndêc `ge ue trctg bnimrmetm ca bm lgy. Ma `aãsn`g  
crtm tcurðjc`g ms `nmrtcjmetm Nen`nãtn`g
Nen`nãtn`g y rmac`ngecbg `ge ma `uatg 
jnstmrngsg bm ac Yc`c Pchrcbc.
Ma Nen`ncbgr g Lnmrgicetm ms ma Jcmstrg? aagsgs dcebmrnaamrgs mrce 
ags `gjpcómrgs
tc`nðe bma trcdcfgy caquêjn`g
ags pn`cbgrms ags cprmebn`ms.
c rmcanzcr Rgbg maag
pcrc ma bgjnengmaag rmprmsme-
bm acs pcsng-
ems y ac jumrtm g bnsgau`nðe bma ^g.

RGTR]HC 
Ac tgrtuhc ms ma snheg jãs cetnhug qum sm csg`nc ca snjdgansjg 
bma pacemtc Rnmrrc. [gsmm ue `cpcrczðe snjnacr c ac prgtm`tgrc `gr-
tmzc tmrrmstrm.

Ac tgrtuhc metnmrrc sus lumvgs me ac crmec, y bmfc qum ma sga ne`u-

 dm c ags pmqumógs. Mstc camhgrêc ms`gebm ac mesmócezc bm ac em`msn-
bcb bma bmscrrgaag bm acs nbmcs cetms bm jgstrcracs c ac auz.
[aneng98`ntc 99 usgs bm ac tgrtuhc me jmbn`nec, ne`auymebg ac bm 
rmpmamr acs jcacs crtms bm ac jchnc,
jchnc, emutrcanzcr vmemegs, jmfgrcr ac 
vnstc, rmjgvmr `ctcrctcs y csê su`msnvcj
su`msnvcjmetm.
metm.
Me @lnec y Fcpðe sm `rmêc qum ma juebg mstcdc sgpgrtcbg pgr
tgrtuhcs y sm acs csg`nc pgr
p gr tcetg c ac agehmvnbcb, ametntub y bmandm-
rc`nðe.
98
[ANENG. Lnstgrnc Ecturca.
 33<  

]TTC@C 
Ac igrjc me qum `cpturc y ms`gebm gdfmtgs drnaacetms lnzg qum sm
am csg`ncrc `ge ac tgtcanbcb bm ags pm`cbgs. Pm ac tgjð `gjg pgrtc-
bgrc bma jca cuhurng y bm jumrtms prmjcturcs.
Me Hrm`nc ms sêjdgag bm Bngensgs y bm ac ag`uc`nbcb. Me cahuecs 
`uaturcs csnãtn`cs sm netmrprmtð su `cetg bm igrjc jãs pgsntnvc y
rmiamfg bm dumec sumrtm.

YC@C 
Csg`ncbc c ac tnmrrc y c ac auec. Pêjdgag bm ac jctmrenbcb y bm  
acs tnmrrcs iîrtnams sgdrm tgbg me ac Nebnc, qum ms vmemrcbc pgr me`n-
jc bm `ucaqunmr gtrg cenjca.
Me Mhnptg, ac vc`c Clmt ms ma grnhme bm ac jcenimstc`nðe bma Pga
g curgrc prnjgrbnca. Pm rmprmsmetcdc `ge ue cjuamtg aamvcebg ma 
bns`g sgacr metrm sus `umregs pcrc bcr `cagr
`cagr c ags
ags `umrpgs jgjnin-
`cbgs. Mstc `gstujdrm prg`mbêc bm ac `rmme`nc qum ecrrc acac lnstgrnc 
qum `ucebg ma sga Tc sm pusg pgr prnjmrc vmz me ma lgrnzgetm, ac 
bngsc vc`c mevnð c smrms bm iumhg pcrc sg`grrmram lcstc ac jcócec c 
ine bm qum eg pmrbnmsm ssuu `ca
`cagr.
gr.
Ags sujmrngs `gjpcrcdce ac auec `ge ags `umregs bm ac vc`c y

ac auz bm`uyc
ma Rgrg, ac auec
Yc`c`geim`uebc
su am`lm.
ms Ac eg`lm
ac auec mstrmaacbc,
aamec, bgjnecbc
y ma rmdcóg pgr 
ms ac Yêc
Aã`tmc. 
Me Jmsgpgtcjnc, ac Hrce Jcbrm g Hrce Yc`c ms uec mvnbme`nc 
bm ac bngsc bm ac im`uebnbcb.

VGTTG 
Ma bge ecturca bma zgrrg ms su cbcptcdnanbcb ca jmbng. Pgdrmvnvm
nhucajmetm
vcrnmbcb bm me ma bmsnmrtg
pnmams qum mesmhöe
qum utnanzcrã ma ãrtn`g
ãrtnbgebm
`g hrc`ncs c su `cjcamðen`c 
sm me`umetrm.
 33>  

Bnspgem bm uec hrce lcdnanbcb pcrc ac gdsmrvc`nðe bma metgreg 

y pcscr necbvmrtnbg cetm ags bmjãs. Bmstc`c pgr sus maghncdams `c-
 pc`nbcbms bm pmrsnstme`nc, `cjuiacfm, rcpnbmz y pc`nme`nc. [gr tgbg
maag am lce cbfubn`cbg pgr mx`mame`nc ma mjdamjc bm ac cstu`nc, iru-
tg bm su hrce netmanhme`nc pcrc aghrcr aamvcr c `cdg sgrprmebmetms
lczcócs.
Burcetm ac Mbcb Jmbnc sm rmac`ngeð mstm cenjca `ge ma bncdag  
`gjg ue cspm`tg
cspm`tg bm aags
gs `metrgs neimrngrms. Mehcóg y trmtcs sge cp-
tntubms rmac`ngecbcs `ge ma zgrrg.
Me Fcpðe, ms sêjdgag bm ac agehmvnbcb, jnmetrcs qum me @lnec sm
am `gesnbmrc `gjg ue `crc`tmrêstn`g
`cr c`tmrêstn`g snheg bm trcn`nðe.
Metrm acs trndus egrtmcjmrn`cecs ms tðtmj bm ac netmanhme`nc y
cstu`nc.
 34;  

RMT@MTC
RMT@ MTC [CTRM
[CTRM 

‑@rncturcs  Jntgaðhn`cs‚ 
‑@rncturcs
 

 
 

CT[ÊCP 
Me ac jntgaghêc hrnmhc acs Lcrpêcs g Crpêcs  ‒ me
me hrnmhg cetn-
hug Ήσϋύξγ  Lcrpync “qum vumac y scqumc„‒   mrce lmrjgscs ju-
 fmrms cacbcs qum rgdcdce ac `gjnbc bm Inemg cetms qum mstm pumbc 
`gjmrac, lc`nmebg `ujpanr csê ue `cstnhg njpumstg pgr Vmus.
Acs crpêcs mrce lnfcs bm Mam`trc y Rcujcetm y lmrjcecs bm Nrns.
Lmsêgbg acs bms`rndêc me su Rmghgeêc
Rmghgeêc `gjg `rncturcs bm ‑cbgrcdams 
`cdmaags‚. 
[mrg `ge ma tnmjpg ma jntg ium trcesigrjãebgsm y sm iumrge `ge-
vnrtnmebg me pmrsgecfms hrgtms`gs `ge ue amehucfm dcscbg me hrntgs
y `c`crmgs juy bmschrcbcdams. Pne mjdcrhg, acs crpêcs `cetcdce 
uec `ce`nðe jãhn`c, `cpcz bm lm`lnzcr c tgbgs ags lujcegs qum ac 
ms`u`lcdce, camhgrêc pcrm`nbc c ac bm acs snrmecs.

Pgaêce netmrprmtcrsm `gjg pmrsgenin`c`ngems bm ecturcamzc bms-

tru`tnvc.

CYM IÎEN\ 
Pu sêjdgag prg`mbm bm ac amymebc qum lc`êc bma Iîenx ue cvm  
nejgrtca. Mstc amymebc egs `umetc qum `ucebg vmêc `mr`ceg su ine,  
igrjcdc ue enbg bm jcbmrcs y rmsnecs crgjãtn`cs qum mxpgeêc c ags
rcygs bma sga pcrc qum crbnmrce, me `uycs aacjcs sm `gesujêc. Bm
ac jîbuac bm sus lumsgs ec`êc ue eumvg Iîenx. Ms sêjdgag pums bm 
rmsurrm``nðe, nejgrtcanbcb y rmegvc`nðe.
 340  

Cpcrm`m me pneturcs bm smpua`rgs mhnp`ngs `ðjg snheg bm ne-

jgrtcanbcb. Ac jnsjc jcenimstc`nðe ac pgbmjgs me`getrcr metrm  
hrnmhgs y rgjcegs.
Me @lnec y me `ge`rmtg me ac bns`npanec inagsðin`c bma Rcgêsjg
Ynbc. Burcetm ac Mbcb 
ms sêjdgag bm nejgrtcanbcb, bma Pga y bm ac Ynbc.
Jmbnc ium mjdamjc bm rmsurrm``nðe bma @rnstg.

DCPNANP@G 
Tmy bm acs smrpnmetms. Pu snjpam canmetg
canmetg jcr`lntcdc acs pacetcs.
Lcy bgs vmrsngems c`mr`c bm su ec`njnmetg6
3)  Ca smr bm`cpntcbc ac Jmbusc, bm su scehrm ec`nmrge tgbcs acs 
smrpnmetms ne`aunbg ma Dcsnans`g,
Dcsnans`g, y lmrmbc bm su jcbrm
jcbrm ac `c-
 pc`nbcb bm jctcr `ge ac jnrcbc.
jnrcbc.
4)  @ucebg ue hcaag ca`cezc ags 8 cógs bm vnbc, pgem ue lumvg
qum smrã im`uebcbg pgr uec smrpnmetm m ne`udcbg sgdrm ma ms-
tnîr`ga pgr ue scpg burcetm > cógs, bm mstc hmstc`nðe ec`m ma 
Dcsnans`g.
Pu snjdgansjg ms `gjpamfg, pmrg ac nbmc bm ac jnxtc uenðe bm acs 
trms inhurcs pgbrêc smhöe cahuecs `uaturcs rmimrnrsm c ac nevmrsnðe bm
acs `ucanbcbms trnentcrncs.

Mstuvg csg`ncbg c Pc
Pctãe
tãe y ium mjdamj
mjdamjcc bma jca y bm ac jumrtm,  
rmprmsmetcbg me juatntub bm g`csngems me ac n`geghrciêc `rnstncec. 
Ag me`getrcjgs me tgbg tnpg bm ms`uaturcs me `ctmbrcams `gjg Am 
Jces g Cjnmes m nhucajmetm me nhamsncs rurcams.

@MERC]TG G @MERC]TMC ME P] YMTPNÐE

@MERC]TG YMTPNÐE IMJMENEC 
@umrpg bm `cdcaag y `cdmzc lujcec. Pm am supgem ec`nbg bm  
Ometcurgs (lnfg bm Nxnðe y Eîimam) y bm acs ^mhucs
^mhucs Jchemsncs.
Jchemsncs . Ma 
jãs icjgsg bm ags
jnbngsms. ags `metcurgs ium Sunrðe, mbu`cbgr bm lîrgms y sm-
 342  

Sunrðe qumbc lmrnbg me su au`lc `ge Lîr`uams y trcs eumvm bêcs

bm suirnjnmetg pnbm c ags bngsms qum ag bmfme jgrnr.
jgrnr. @mbm metge`ms 
su nejgrtcanbcb c [rgjmtmg, y Vmus, `gejgvnbg, ag trcsacbc ca `nmag 
`gevmrtnbg me ac `gestmac`nðe bm Pchntcrng.
Pchntcrng.
Bmsbm ue puetg bm vnstc snjdðan`g egs nebn`c ac nevmrsnðe bma  
`cdcaamrg, bgebm ma mamjmetg neimrngr ‒ ma
ma ne`ges`nmetm y ags nestne-
tgs ‒  bgjnec
 bgjnec me su tgtcanbcb.

@CE @MTDMTG 
Hucrbnãe bma pcac`ng bm [autðe. [mrrg bm trms `cdmzcs `ge ac hcr-
hcetc mrnzcbc bm smrpnmetms. Ms `gesnbmrcbg pgr ac `uaturc emgpactð-
en`c `gjg sêjdgag bma hmeng bma jca.
[gr su ag`canzc`nðe
ag`canzc`nðe me ags neinmregs fuetg c Lcbms, sm am `gesn-
bmrc me gtrcs netmrprmtc`ngems ma me`crhcbg bm njpmbnr ac scanbc y
ma rmtrg`msg lc`nc
lc`nc ma juebg j jctmrnca
ctmrnca ma cajc bm aags
gs jumrtgs, me ma 
qum tgbcvêc `cdrêc  ‒ smhöe
smhöe cahuecs `rmme`ncs ‒  ac  ac pgsndnanbcb bm 
rm`tnin`c`nðe y ac scavc`nðe.
Ac `cpturc bma @ce @mrdmrg y `gesmhunr sc`crag bma neircjuebg,
ms ma öatnjg bm ags bg`m trcdcfgs bm Lîr`uams.

BTCHÐE 
Cenjca icduagsg y inhurc snjdðan`c uenvmrsca. Pm am ctrnduym ma
`ge`mptg bm ‑cbvmrscrng‚. Me `uaturcs `gjg ac `lnec g ac imen`nc  
 pumbm cpcrm`mr bmnin`cbg. Me juatntub bm amymebcs vnmem rmprmsme-
tcbg `gjg memjnhg
memjnhg prnjgrbnca, y mmaa `gjdctm `ge îa `gestntuym
`gestntuym ac 
 prumdc pgr mx`mame`nc. Cpgag, @cbj
@cbjg, g, [mrsmg metrm gtrgs, vm
vme`me
e`me ca 
brchðe. Rcjdnîe Pce Fgrhm y ma Cr`ãehma Pce Jnhuma.
Ags cutgrms `aãsn`gs y ac Dndanc ag jumstrce `ge irm`ume`nc.
irm`ume`nc. Am 
 
ctrnduyme
su egjdrmiumrzc y vnhnace`nc,
prg`mbm bma hrnmhgsu vnstc ms‚chubêsnjc
‑ bmr`mne y pcrm`m
p crm`m
(vnmebg). [gr smr qum
mstc rczðe ca
 34=  

brchðe ag `gevnrtnmrge me hucrbnãe bm tmjpags y tmsgrgs. Rcjdnîe

Rcjdnîe 
bmstc`c `gjg camhgrêc bma vctn`neng y ac scdnburêc.
Me ma cpg`canpsns bm ac Dndanc sm mxchmrc su `crã`tmr emhctnvg,  
juatnpan`cebg c vm`ms sus `cdmzcs, bãebgam ue smetnbg nevgautnvg.
[gr gtrg acbg ma brchðe qum sm jumrbm ac `gac u Gurgdgrgs bm  
ags heðstn`gs ms sêjdgag bma prg`msg `ê`an`g. Ags caqunjnstcs ag utn-
anzcrãe `ge irm`ume`nc, y vcrngs brchgems `gjdctnmebg mxprmsce ma 
mstcbg bm ‑putrmic`tng‚ (ms`nsnðe bm ags mamjmetgs y  bnshrmhc`nðe 
 psêqun`c).
Me tîrjnegs hmemrcams, me psn`gaghêc sm bminem ma sêjdgag bma
brchðe `gjg ‑cahg tmrrndam qum vme`mr‚, pums sgag ma qum vme`m   ca 
brchðe bmvnmem lîrgm.
 
Ma brchðe
ma `cjneg uenvmrsca
c trcvîs (Octganogs
bm tgbcs gplnns)
acs `gscs‚. smhöe ma hegstn`nsjg,
 Pm rmac`ngec ‑ms 
`ge ma [rne`npng
bma @cgs y `ge ma [rne`npng bm Bnsgau`nðe.

MPINEHM 
Ms ma menhjc pgr mx`mame`nc. Pmr `ge `cdmzc y pm`lg bm jufmr,
`umrpg bm tgrg
tgrg g pmrrg, hcrrcs bm amðe, cacs y `gac
`gac bm brchðe. Lnfc 
bm Mqunbec y Rniðe. Ac msinehm nestcacbc me ags carmbmbgrms bm ac
`nubcb, bmvgrcdc c tgbg ma qum pcscdc sneg mrc `cpcz bm cbnvnecr ma 
menhjc qum am prgpgeêc rmsgavmr.
Mbnpg ium ma öen`g qum pcsð ac prumdc.
‑Cbnvnec mstm c`mrtnfg‚, prgpusg ac msinehm c Mbnpg, ‑g me`getrc-
rãs tu jumrtm‚6 
 ‒  ·@uãa
  ·@uãa ms ac `rncturc qum me ac jcócec `cjnec me `uctrg pc-
tcs, ca jmbng bêc me bgs y me ac eg`lm me trms7
Mbnpg jnrð c ac Msinehm y am rmspgebnð6

qum‒ms  Ma lgjdrm.
`gjg tmemr Me
tmemr su neice`nc
`uctrg hctmcms`ge
pnms. @ucebg ue sus jcegs
cbuatg me bgs  
y rgbnaacs,
`cjnec
`cjnec
 349  

 pnms. ^ me ma ceg`lm`mr bm su vnbc, `ucebg ms ue ce`nceg, usc ue

 dcstðe, ag qum mqunvcam c `cjnecr
`cjnecr me trms pnms.
Mstc amymebc vnmem
vnmem rmhnstrcbc pgr su hm
hmemcaghêc
emcaghêc pctmrec. Mbnpg 
snhenin`c ‑pnm lne`lcbg‚, su pcbrm sm aacjcdc ma ‑pctgsg‚ y su cdum-
ag ma ‑`gfg‚. Ma `n`ag g prg`msg cpcrm`m me tgbcs acs `uaturcs bcbg
qum ms ac nbmetnin`c`nðe pcrc ac prgpnc `gestru``nðe bma nebnvnbug.
Ca prne`npng ma enóg bmdm nbmetnin`csm `ge ag qum sm bmspac`m c
`uctrg pctcs, `gesnhg jnsjg, `ge su yg, `ge su egjdrm mt`. C pcrtnr  
bm îsm puetg sm `gestruyme sus mstru`turcs jmetcams.
Bmspuîs, pcrc netmhrcr ac smxucanbcb, bmdm nbmetnin`crsm `ge ags
qum vce c bgs pctcs, sus pcbrms.
Inecajmetm, pcrc metmebmr ma prg`msg bm ac jumrtm, ag lcrã c trc-
vîs bma crqumtnpg bma cdumag.
Me ma msgtmrnsjg y acs `nme`ncs lmrjîtn`cs, snjdganzc tgbc ac 
`nme`nc g`uatc bma pcscbg qum uenin`c ‒ bcbg
bcbg su `crã`tmr tmtrcjðrin-
`g ‒  c
 c ags `uctrg mamjmetgs y ma mspêrntu me su pcrtm lujcec.

HGTHGECP 
Rrms lmrjcecs,
lmrjcecs, trms jgestrugs `ge `cdmzc bm smrpnmetm me`gamrn-
zcbc, `gajnaags bm fcdcaê y cacs. Pus egjdrms sge Jmbusc, Murncam 
y Ptmeg.
Pnjdganzce ma memjnhg c `gjdctnr. Pge Acs bmigrjc`ngems bm ac 
 psnqum bmdnbcs c acs iumrzcs pmrvmrtnbcs
pmrvmrtnbcs bm acs trms puasngems6 sg`nc-
 dnanbcb, smxucanbcb y mspnrntucanbcb.
‒  Murncam ms ac pmrvmrsnðe smxuca
‒  Ptmeg ac pmrvmrsnðe sg`nca
‒  Jmbusc snjdganzcrêc ac prne`npca bm acs trm trmss puasngems6 ac 
mspnrntuca pmrvmrtnbc.

 Eg
jãs qumsmpgr
pumbm `gjdctnr ac `uapcdnanbcb vcenbgsc bm ags bmsmgs
ma msiumrzg.
 348  

Sunme vm ac `cdmzc bm Jmbusc qumbc pmtrnin`cbg. Maac rmiamfc

rmiamfc ac
njchme bm uec `uapcdnanbcb pmrsgeca pcrtnmebg bm ue `geg`njnmetg 
bm sê, pgrqum eg dcstc `ge bms`udrnr ac `uapc, lcy qum rmsnstnr su
vnsnðe bm jcemrc gdfmtnvc.

HTNIG 
@gjdnec `umrpg bm amðe `ge `cdmzc, pm`lg y hcrrcs bm ãhunac. C
vm`ms pumbm cpcrm`mr cacbg. [gr sus `crc`tmrêstn`cs sm bmbu`m qum 
snjdganzc ac uenðe bm ags `crc`tmrms bm cenjcams pgbmrgsgs bm ac  
tnmrrc y ma
ma cnrm. Ca nhuca qum cahuecs igrjcs bm brchðe, sm am rm`g-
eg`m `gjg vnhnacetm bm ags `cjnegs bm scavc`nðe. Mvg`c acs bgs
ecturcamzcs bma @rnstg, ac lujcec y ac bnvnec. Ca nhuca qum ac bgdam  
`ucanbcb bm iumrzc y scdnburêc.
Bmsbm ma puetg
puetg bm vnstc bm ac psn`gaghêc, snj
snjdganzc
dganzc ac rmac`nðe 
metrm ac memrhêc psêqun`c y ac iumrzc `ðsjn`c.
]ec trcbn`nðe `rnstncec jãs tcrbêc netmrprmtc ma hrnig me smetnbg  
bmsicvgrcdam y rmprmsmetc ac iumrzc `ruma. Pm csg`nc inecajmetm c ac
njchme bma bmjgeng.
Metrm ags hrnmhgs, ags hrnigs sm csnjnacdce
csnjnacdce c ags jgestrugs hucr
hucr--
bncems bm qum `ustgbn
`ustgbncdce
cdce ags tmsgrgs bm ags lnpmrdðrmgs. Pnjdga
Pnjdganzce
nzce 
ac iumrzc y ac vnhnace`nc y ca jnsjg tnmjpg ma gdstã`uag c supmrcr.

LCBC 
actêe  Ictc,, su snhenin`cbg ms ‑bmstn-
Ac pcacdrc Lcbc vnmem bma actêe Ictc
eg‚. Rnmem su grnhme me acs [cr`cs Hrnmhcs. Me ma igaoagrm   hrm`gac-
tneg mrce rmprmsmetcbcs pgr trms mstctucs ‑Ac Rrnc Ictc‚? sm trctc  bm 
acs lcbcs qum lnacdce ma bmstneg bm ags lujcegs y aamhcbc ac lgrc
ag `grtcdce.
Mstm sêjdgag tmrecrng tcjdnîe pumbm rmprmsmetcr acs trms mtcpcs 
bm ac vnbc6
eg`nbg `gjgfuvmetub,
ac Bngscjcburmz y vmfmz. Me ac trcbn`nðe @matc mrc `g-
Cec-Bcec-Bceccj.
 34<  

Msgtîrn`cjmetm snjdganzc ags pgbmrms suprcegrjcams bma cajc.  

Pu pgtme`nca me ac gdtme`nðe bm bgems egs jumstrce acs ic`uatcbms  
lujcecs me mstcbg actmetm.
Pmhöe @nragt9< sm pumbm vne`uacr ac inhurc bma ‑lcbc gavnbcbc‚ bm
acs amymebcs, ca ‑c`tg icaanbg‚ bm ac psn`gaghêc irmubncec.

LNBTC 
Lnfc bm Rniðe y Mqunbec sm trctc bm ue tmrrndam brchðe `ge vcrncs  
`cdmzcs `cpcz bm jctcr
jctcr c tgbg smr vnvg qum bms`udrc me su metgr-
eg. Pn sm am `grtcdc
`grtcdc uec `cdmzc me su auhcr ec`êce bgs. Ium jumrtc 
 pgr Lîr`uams me ma smhuebg ((smhöe
smhöe cahuecs vmrsngems) bm sus bg`m 
trcdcfgs.
Lmrc`ams ms cyubcbg
c yubcbg pgr su sgdrneg
sgdr neg ^
^gacg, ma `uca ndc qumjcebg 
gacg,
ags juógems bm `cbc `cdmzc qum Lîr`uams `grtcdc, aghrcebg ineca-
jmetm vme`mr c ac Lnbrc bm Amrec.
Inhurc bm ags jöatnpams vn`ngs lujcegs. Jnmetrcs vnvc ma jges-
trug ac vcenbcb eg mstã bgjnecbc? acs `cdmzcs, snjdganzce acs bmdn-
anbcbms lujcecs, y cuequm smce bm`cpntcbcs, mstcs vumavme c scanr  
uec y gtrc vmz. Pgag
Pgag ac iumrzc bma iumhg rmhmemrcbgr pgbrã rmcanzcr  
ac bnsgau`nðe bma yg.

OTCOME 
@rncturc jcrnec
jcrnec prg`mbmetm bm ac jntgagh
jntgaghêc
êc ms`cebnecvc y ine-
acebmsc, pcrm`nbc c ue hrce puapg g `cacjcr qum ctc`cdc ags dcr`gs
y ags aamvcdc ca igebg bma jcr, `ge ac trnpuac`nðe ne`aunbc.
Ags jntgs rmac`ngecbgs `ge mstc `rncturc prg`mbme me su jcygrêc 
bm ags pcêsms eðrbn`gs, y ac mtnjgaghêc bm ac pcacdrc Orcome `grrms-
`grrms -
 pgebm ca tîrjneg ms`cebnecvg orcom
orcom,, mjpamcbg pcrc bmsnhecr ue
cenjca jcanheg.
9<
@NTAGR
@NT AGR Fuce Mbucrbg. Bn``ngecrng bm ags sêjdgags.
 @NTAGR
@NT AGR Fuce Mbucrbg. Bn``ngecrng bm ags sêjdgags.

34>  

ENEIC 
 Eneic, bma hrnmhg  Enjplm, snhenin`c ‑rm`nîe `cscbc‚. Pm  `grrms-
hrnmhg Enjplm
 pgebm `ge acs chucs `grrnmetms, jcecetncams, iumetms y `cs`cbcs. 
[mrtmem`m ca jmbng c`uãtn`g y tnmem qum vmr `ge acs mjg`ngems. Fueh
`gesnbmrc c acs Eneics ags cspm`tgs imjmenegs bma ne`ges`nmetm.

JNEGRC]TG 
Jntcb tgrg jntcb lgjdrm, lnfg bm [csnicm, mspgsc bma rmy Jnegs
bm @rmtc. [csnicm mehmebrð ca Jnegtcurg c pcrtnr bm ac uenðe `ge ue
tgrg. Jnegs jcebð `gestrunr ue acdmrnetg pcrc rm`aunr me îa ca lnfg  
bm su mspgsc. Rmsmg, `ge ac cyubc bm Crncbec
Crncbec y su lnag jãhn`g, sge
ags me`crhcbgs bm c`cdcr `ge ac dmstnc bmvgrcbgrc y scanr bma acdm-
rnetg snhunmebg ma lnag.
]ec vmz jãs qumbc rmiamfcbc ac pcrtm cenjca g nestnetnvc bgjn-
ecetm bma lgjdrm, me rmac`nðe `ge ma mspêrntu g pcrtm prg`mbmetm bm 
ac bnvnenbcb.
@cbc snmtm cógs sm am girm`êc me sc`rnin`ng ca jgestrug snmtm fð-
vmems g bge`maacs. Egs nebn`c bn`lc camhgrêc ac mspm`nin`nbcb bm ue
eöjmrg `ge`rmtg, `getmenbg bm uec hrce `crhc msgtîrn`c. Egs smóc-
ac ac gpgsn`nðe bm acs iumrzcs, ma snmtm `getrc ma snmtm, snmtm pm`cbgs-
snmtm vnrtubms.
Ma 8 ms ma eöjmrg bm ac pmrim``nðe. Me lmdrmg snmtm ms ‑`lmvcl‚. 
Ynmem bm ac rcêz ‑Pcdcl‚, qum qunmrm bm`nr aameg g sctnsim`lg, tmemr  
suin`nmetm. Csê, ma snhenin`cbg bm ac pcacdrc ‑snmtm‚ me ac gdrc bm   ac
@rmc`nðe egs bn`m qum ma sîptnjg bêc Bngs bms`cesð. Mstcdc pameg 
y `gjpamtg, dumeg y pmrim`tg.
Me ac vnsnðe bm Vc`crêcs, ma `cebmamrg tmeêc 8 drczgs pcrc 8 aãj-
 pcrcs g 8 ddrczgs
rczgs pcrc `cbc uec bm acs 8 aãjpcrcs me jmbng bm bgs
ganvgs.

Me ma andrg
jchentub. bma ms
Ma ‑8‚ Cpg`canpsns qumbcTminmrme
uscbg =2 vm`ms. `gestce`nc ma snmtm 8me tgbc
8 nhamsncs, su
`cebm-
 30;  

amrgs, 8 mstrmaacs, 8 mspêrntus bm Bngs,

Bngs, 8 smaags, 8 gfgs, 8 ãehmams, 8
trgjpmtcs, 8 trumegs, 8 `cdmzcs, 8 pachcs, 8 jgetcócs, 8 rmyms, mt`.
Me bminentnvc, rmprmsmetc ag schrcbg y ac uenðe bm ag Bnvneg y ag
lujceg, igrjcbg pgr ma Rrms, ac bnvnec Rrnenbcb,
Rrnenbcb, y mmaa @uctrg, ags
Mamjmetgs Rmrrmstrms.

[MHCPG 
Me acs amymebcs hrnmhcs, ma `cdcaag cacbg mstã rmac`ngecbg `ge ma 
chuc? ms ma lnfg bm [gsmnbðe y aacc Hgrhgec. Pu egjdrm sm rmac`ngec 
`ge ac pcacdrc iumetm, ma qum ec`m me acs iumetms bma
b ma G`îceg.
G`îceg.
Pnjdganzc ma pgbmr cs`mesngeca bm acs iumrzcs ecturcams, bm ac  
`cpc`nbcb neectc bm mspnrntucanzc`nðe y ac nevmrsnðe bma jca me dnme. 
Ac uenðe sêjdgag cacs-`cdcaag lc snbg netmrprmtcbg `gjg ac sudan-
jc`nðe bma sud`ges`nmetm
s ud`ges`nmetm lujceg.
Me `lcjcensjg ma `cdcaag snjdganzc ma vncfm y ma cs`mesg c ags
`nmags, ma trnueig bma mspêrntu sgdrm ac jctmrnc.

S]NJMTC 
Cenjca icduagsg `ge `cdmzc bm Amðe, `umrpg bm `cdrc y `gac bm 
smrpnmetm. Ec`nbc bm Rniðe y Mqunbec, y lmrjcec bm acs Hgrhgecs.
Dmamrgicetm jctc c ac qunjmrc `ge cyubc bm [mhcsg.
Me ac Mbcb Jmbnc snjdganzcdc ac prgstntu`nðe.
Ms mstm cenjca ue sêjdgag `gjpamfg prg`mbm
prg`mbmetm
etm bm `rmc`ngems 
scanbcs bm acs prgiuebnbcbms bm ag ne`ges`nmetm y qum rmprmsmetce  
ags bmsmgs qum ac irustrc`nðe
ir ustrc`nðe trcesigrjc me iumetm bm bgagr. Ac Sun-
jmrc smbu`m y pnmrbm c qunme c maac sm cdcebgec.
Me hmemrca ms sêjdgag bm `gjpamfc pmrvmrsnðe.
pmrvmrsnðe.

PNTMEC 
[umbm cpcrm`mr `ge bgs cspm`tgs, jufmr-pãfcrg g dnme jufmr-
 pmz. Pmhöe ac jntgaghêc
jntgaghêc hrnmhc sm ams supgem lnfcs bma rmy Cqumagg
 303  

y bm ac eneic @caêgpm.
@caêgpm. Pm ams ctrnduym ue bua`m `cetg pcrc ctrcmr c 
ags `cjnecetms g pms`cbgrms pcrc bmspuîs bmvgrcrags. Bmsbm ags
rmactgs bm Crnstðtmams
Crnstðtmams lcstc acs amymebcs bm ac Mbcb Jmbnc, cpcrm`me 
me lnstgrncs y tcjdnîe bm`grcebg `cpnaacs,
`cpnaacs, `gjg pgr mf
mfmjpag
mjpag ac bm 
Pce Jnhuma
Jnhu ma me Cnhunalm bm [uy
[uy..
Pu snjdgaghêc ms `gjpamfc, pubnmebg smr rmprmsmetc`nðe bma bm-
smg y ctrc``nðe `ge inecanbcbms neimrngrms. Rcjdnîe ms sêjdgag bm
tmetc`nðe rmvmstnbc bm ‑me`cetg‚,  lnpegtnsjg ma `uca njpmbnrã ac 
mvgau`nðe bma smr lujceg.

]EN@GTENG 
Ma sêjdgag bma ]en`greng sm mxtnmebm pgr
pgr tgbc ac `uaturc murgc-
snãtn`c. @ge bnimrmetms
acs `uaturcs. bnimrmetms snhenin`cbgs c ag acrh
acrhgg bm ags tnmjpgs y bm
Pm am `gesnbmrc ue Pmr vmagz y vcanmetm.
Me ac Mbcb Jmbnc sm am lc trctcbg `gjg sêjdgag bm purmzc y
vnrhnenbcb. Acs amymebcs bm`êce qum sgag acs bge`maacs pgbêce c`mr-
`crsm c îa y tg`cram.
Me ac trces`rnp`nðe bma fun`ng bm Lgegrng bm Cutue, me su ‑Ppm-
`uauj bm Jystmrnns m``amsncm‚, sm amm6

jca‑[crc `cpturcrag
sm cprgxnjc, sm mxpgem
ms `ucebg sm ca
c` uen`greng
c`mr`c c uec ac
mr`c y rm`umstc vnrhme y  mamecen-
y 
`cdmzc su
rmhczg qum sm am `cpturc.‚
`cpturc.‚  
C trcvîs bm mstm cenjca ms rmprmsmetcbg ma @rnstg y pgr jmbng 
bm su öen`g `umreg su iumrzc nesupmrcdam. Ma qum sm pgsð sgdrm ac 
vnrhme ium `cpturcbg. Mstg snhenin`c qum îa ium me`getrcbg
me `getrcbg me igrjc
lujcec pgr cqumaags qum ag cjce.
 304  

 JC
 J C E ]C
]CAAB
BMM@
@GEP] A RC  
GEP]A

M spc
spc`n
`ngg pcr c ac netr
n etrg
gsp
spm
m``n
``nððe.  
 Ac rmiamxnðe c pcrtnr bma bms`udrnjnmetg bma snhenin`cbg bm ags
bnimrmetms sêjdgags am
a m aamvcrã ca bmscrrgaag bm uec
uec  
lgfc bm rutc netmrec. 
netmrec. 

 Ac rmiamxnðe dcfg ma prnsjc bm ac ‑Amy bm Rrms‚  

mrhcsgincKhjx.ms 
mrhcsgincKhjx.ms 
lttp6//mrhcsginc.`gj 
M a vn
vn cf m N etm
etmr eg© 
eg©
 300  

 
 

DNDANGHTCIÊC ^ I
I]MERMP
]MERMP 

-   CERNH]G RMPRCJM
RMPRCJMERGERG  
-   CTNPRÐRMAMP. Jmtciêsn`c. Mbn`nðe Mam`trðen`c bm ac Ms`um-
ac bm Inagsgiêc - ]envmrsnbcb CT@NP. 
CT@NP. 
-   DMTEC^P, M. [rgpchcebc. Jmausnec. 
Jmausnec. 
-   JG]TCYNMI
 JG]TCY NMII,
I, D. Hegsns Rg
Rgjg
jg N. @n`ag Msgtîrn`g. Ams îbn-
tnges bm acs Dc``genîrm P.C. 
P.C. 
-  @CJ[DMAA, Fgsmpl. Ma Lîrgm bm acs Jna @crcs. I Igebg
gebg bm
`uaturc m`geðjn`c. 
m`geðjn`c. 
-  @CPRCEMBC, @crags. Dndanghrciêc `gjpamtc. 
`gjpamtc. 
-  @LCTDGEEMC]-ACPPC^,
@LCTDGEEMC]-ACPPC ^, A. Ma dmstncrng bm @rnstg. Pgplnc
 [mrmeens.  
 [mrmeens.
-  @NTAGR,
@NTAG R, Fuce Mbucrbg. Bn``ngecrng bm ags sêjdgags. 
sêjdgags. 
-  @LMYCANMT, Lmrbmr, Fmce. Bn``ngecrng bm ags sêjdgags. 
sêjdgags. 
-   BM H]DMTECRNP, Cehmag.
Cehmag. Jntgaghêc Vggaðhn`c. 
Vggaðhn`c. 
-   BMA @CPRNAAG, [.
[. [sn`ghmemcaghêc Cpan`cbc. Gdmans`g. 
Gdmans`g. 
-   BMP@CTRMP, Tmeî. Jmbntc`ngems Jmtciêsn`cs. Cancezc.
Cancezc.  
-   MANCBM, Jnr`mc. Dndanghrciêc `gjpamtc. 
`gjpamtc. 
-   I]A@CEMAAN. Ma jnstmrng bm acs `ctmbrcams. 
`ctmbrcams. 
-  HCAAÎE, Tgdmrtg. Tmvnstc bnhntca. Msinehm 
Msinehm 
-  HTCYMP, Tgdmrt. Ags jntgs hrnmhgs N y NN. @cssmaa. 
@cssmaa.  
 30=  

-  H]PRCY
H]PRC Y F]EH, @cra. Dndanghrciêc `gjpamtc. 
`gjpamtc. 
-  H]TBFNMII, H.N. Dndanghrciêc `gjpamtc. 
`gjpamtc. 
-   LGGH, Tn`lcrb J., BMENPGE, Bcvnb. Bcvnb. C Lnstgry gi tlm
 Mehansl Acehuchm. 
Acehuchm. 
-   ONEHPAM
 ONEH PAM^,
^, [
[mtm
mtmr.
r. Me ags gs`urgs auhcrms bma scdmr.
scdmr. Ctacetc.
Ctacetc.  
-   EMTD]TE, O. Emntlmr Xga Xgaii egr B
Bgh.
gh. Ge Igrhgttme Tgcbs
wntl ce Nebnce Mabmr, Emw Xgrab Andrcry, 3>>2. 
3>>2. 
-   E]MYG RMPRCJ
RMPRCJMERMERG G 
-  G]P[MEPO^, [.B. Me dus`c bm ag jnachrgsg ‑Irchjmetgs
‑Irchjmetgs  
bm uec mesmócezc bms`geg`nbc‚ Memchrcjc.
bms`geg`nbc‚ Memchrcjc.  
-   [ANENG. Lnstgrnc Ecturca  
-   [A]RCT@G. Nsns y Gsnrns 
Gsnrns 
-  PCJP, Fcjnm, @CTPGE, Bcvnb. Ac Tumbc Jmbn`neca. 
Jmbn`neca. 
-  PMEH, Pmrmec. Rlm Grnhne gi @lnemsm surecjms. 
surecjms. 
-  PMTTCEG, Caigesg, [CP@]CA @L., Ãavcrg. Ma andrg bm ags
sêjdgags.
-  PGBG^ CA@CERCTC,
CA@CERCTC, Fgsî. M Mescyg
escyg Lnstðrn`g Mtnjgaðhn`g
 Inagaðhn`g sgdrm ags cpmaanbgs `cstmaacegs.
`cstmaacegs.  
-  RGTTCADC, Irce`ms`. Ma Crtm bm scdmr mstcr sgag.  sgag. 
 
- YMTTNC J., Nhec`ng. Dmstncrng Jmbnmvca. 
Jmbnmvca. 
 309  

 
 

 
 

Mstm andrg sm tmrjneð bm njprnjnr

me Cajmrêc burcetm ma jms bm memrg bm 4;39