[rcscbtgejõb

Uuncrcbejgs pgrg trgfgogr

• Fusquc ub dungr vcbtjdgmh y ehb suajejcbtc jduljbgejõb, sj b h
eucbtg ehb duz bgturgd s rcehljcbmg phbcr ubg dçlpgrg
mcd dgmh ehbtrgrjh gd quc cserjfc cd bj÷h.
• ]rgfgoc cb ubg lcsg mcspcogmg pgrg agvhrcecr ubg fucbg
phsturg c b cd bj÷h y ubg lcohr coceuejõb mcd cocrejejh.
• Dcg gd bj÷h dg jbstrueejõb y prcnÿbtcdc quê tjcbc quc `gecr.
j cd bj÷h yg jbje jg dg dceturg, prhlucvg quc êd dg `gng y sõdh
gedgrc dgs mumgs.
• Gbjlc gd bj÷h cb sus csaucrzhs, acdjeìtcdh m c lgbcrg hfoctjvg
phr cd trgfgoh rcgdjzgmh.
• Mcdc tjclph pgrg rcadcxjhbgr y dhnrgr phr sì ljslh cd hfoctjvh.
• [rhphrejhbc gd bj÷h cd lgtcrjgd bcecsgrjh c b fucb cstgmh
y mjspucsth cb cd dungr m c trgfgoh gbtcs m c clpczgr pgrg

cvjtgr mjstrgeej
mjstrgeejhbcs
hbcs dçpjz ehb fucbg pubtg nhlg ehdhrcs,
cteêtcrg).
• j hfscrvg quc gd bj÷h s dc mjajeudtg gdnÿb cocrejejh, s r -
ehljcbmg tcbcr g dg lgbh lgtcrjgd ehbercth ehlh eufhs,
aje`gs, pgdjths m c lgmcrg çfgeh cte., pgrg quc êd trgfgoc
dhs ehbecpths prjlcrh ehb lgtcrjgdcs Z mcspuês cb pdgbh
nrçajeh.
• j bhtg quc cd bj÷h cstç egbsgmh b h dh aucrec,
aucrec, pucs
pu cs su rcb-
mjljcbth b h scrç cd õptjlh y pucmc ercgr, sjb qucrcr, ejcrtg
gvcrsjõb `gejg dgs lgtclçtjegs.
• [rhpjejc cb thmh lhlcbth dg rcvjsjõb mcd trgfgoh, pucmc gph-
ygrsc cb ubg egdeudgmhrg h vcrjajegr cb dg sceejõb m c rcspucs-
tgs9 sj gdnubg rcspucstg b h s ehrrcetg, rcvìscdg ehb d bj÷h
pgrg gvcrjnugr quê heurrjõ? ¸auc ub crrhr phrquc cd ehbecpth
b h cs
cstç
tç gajgbzgm h h sjlpdclcbtc phr mjstrgeejõb8 Eugbmh d
bj÷h sgfc cb quê agddõ, s lçs mjaìejd rcpctjr cd crrhr g mjacrcb-
ejg m c eugbmh sõdh s cvgdÿg ehb pgdhljtgs y tge`cs.
Cspcrglhs quc cstc djfrh scg ub gphyh tgbth pgrg dhs bj÷hs
ehlh pgrg dhs mhecbtcs y pgmrcs m c agljdjg Z dhs gehlpg÷c
cb cd mcsgrrhddh m c dgs mjacrcbtcs `gfjdjmgmcs lgtclçtjegs.
 

7bm j c

Bÿlcrh çd
Bÿlcrh çdncf
ncf rg vgrjgejõb
Egpìtudh 7 Bÿlcrh

Bÿlcrhs
Bÿlcrhs `gstg cd d ;; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >
70
- Bÿlcr
Bÿlcrhs
hs `gstg
`g stg ::: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vcpgsh .  6:

Bÿlcrhs hrmjbgdcs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5;
Bÿlcrhs
Bÿlcrhs rhlgbhs
rhlgbh s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Vcpgsh 53

Egpìtudh 6 Gmjejõb sustrgeejõb

Uulgs ehb bÿlcrhs `gstg d ...................... 51

Vcshduejõb m c prh
prhfdc
fdclgs
lgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =3
Vcstgs ehb bÿlcrhs `gstg d ;;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =>

Vcshduejõb m c prh
prhfdc
fdclgs
lgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3=
Vcpgsh sulgs rcstgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Uulgs ehb bÿlcrhs `gstg ::: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Vcshduejõb m c prhfdclgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Vcstgs ehb bÿlcrhs `gstg ::: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >

Vcshduejõb m c prhfdclg
prhfdclgss........................... >0

Vcpgsh sulgs rcstgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Egpìtudh 5 Ludtjpdjegejõb y mjvjsjõb

Ludtjpdjegejõb.
Ludtjpdjegej õb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06

Vcshduejõb m c prhfdclgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

Vcpgsh sulgs
sulgs rc
rcst
stgs
gs ludt
lu dtjp
jpdjdjeg
egej
ejõb
õb.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :6
Mjvjsjõb
Mjvjsjõb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :3
Vcshduejõb m c prhfdclgs . :>

Vcpgsh lud
Vcpgsh ludtjptjpdje
djegej
gejõbõb mjv mjvjsj
jsjõb.
õb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ::
Mjbcrh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d
Vcth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d 5
 

Ìbmjec

Egpìtudh = Argeejhbcs

Argee jhb cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d ;1
Argeejhb
[grtcs m c ubg argeejõb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d >
Uulgs m c argeejhbc
argeejhbcss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d :
Vcpgsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776

Ahrlg cspgejh y lcmjm

Egpìtud
Egp ìtudh
h 3. Aj
Ajnu
nurg
rgs
s eucrphs nchlê
nchlêtrjeh
trjehs
s

[h dìnhbhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77=
]jphs m c trjçbnudhs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77>
Eucrphss nchlêtrjehs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77:
Eucrph

Egpìtudh 1. Lgnbjtumcs lcmjmgs

lcmjmg s

Dceturg mcd rcdho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767

Egdcbmgrjh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Lcmjmgs m c dhbnjtum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d 60
[crìlctrh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Lcmjmgs m c pcsh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Lcmjmgs mc egpgejmgm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
Vcpgsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75>
Vcpgsh ¡Qgegejhbcs cb Gegpudeh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750

Gbçdjsjs m c mgths
Egpìtudh > Cstgmìstjeg

Vcehdceejõb rcprcscbtgejõb mc mgth

mg thss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7=;

Vcspucstgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7=6 ¾
Vcehrtg fdcs ... . 737
 

Bÿlcrh çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

Egpìtudh 7 Bÿlcrh
Bÿlcrhs `gstg cd 7;;
7 Eucbtg euçbths `ucvhs push e m pçogrh y gbõtgdh cb dg dìbcg
ehb bÿlcrh y ehb dctrg. Aìogtc cb cd coclpdh.
h
h 7 Sbh

9)

®
 

Bÿlcrh çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

6 Eucbtg mjcz pcecs y cbejêrrgdhs cb ub eìreudh pgrg ahrlgr ubg

mcecbg Mcspuês gbhtg cb dg ehdulbg euçbtgs mcecbgs y euçbtgs
ubjmgmcs shfrgrhb Aìogtc cb cd coclpdh
Mcecbgs Sbjmgmcs

3
 

  ÿlcrh

Mcecbgs Sbjmgmcs

M
 

Bÿlcrh çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

5. hlpdctg cb dg tgfdg dhs bÿlcrhs quc agdtgb. Qc mjejcbmh su

bhlfrc c b vh
vhz
z gdtg.
gdt g.

75 6

6= 5

53 =
=1 3 

3> 1
10 > 
>= 0

01 :

:6 7

=. Cserjfc ehb dctrgs thmhs dhs bÿlcrhs quc tcrljbgb cb H.

c

KX X X X X X X
-
K X X X X X X X

N
~
K

KX X X X X X X
®
 

3 Hfscrvg dg t fd mc d pçnjb gbtcrjhr y ehbtcstg dh quc sc t c

pjmc

H Cd bÿlcrh quc vg mcspuês mcd 36 cs cd?

K Cd bÿlcrh quc cstç gbtcs mcd 1> cs cd?

K Cserjfc mhs bÿlcrhs quc tcrljbcb cb 5? y

c Cserjfc dhs bÿlcrhs quc cstçb cbtrc cd > y cd 0;

Cserjfc cd bÿlcrh quc vg mcspuês mcd 5;

Cserjfc cd bÿlcrh quc vg gbtcs

mc 6; y cd quc vg mcspuês Gbtcs? Mcspuês?

0 Cserjfc cd bÿlcrh lgyhr

K Cserjfc cd bÿlcrh lcbhr

Cserjfc cd bÿlcrh quc cstç cbtrc cd 3: y cd 17

® Cserjfc thmhs dhs bÿlcrhs quc tcrljbcb

cb 7 cb hrmcb mc lcbhr g lgyhr
 
• •
Bÿlcrh çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

1. Cbeucbtrg dhs bÿlcrhs csehbmjmhs cb cd lgr ehdhrêgdhs ehlh

jbmjeg cd eugmrh

Ejbeucbtg
Mjcejbucvc? Qcjbtjmõs? ]rcjbtg y mhs? Uctcbtg y ejbeh?
y ubh?
rhoh. gzud ejcdh. vcrmc. bgrgbog.
lhrgmh.

Eugrcbtg Ucscbtg
Qcjbtjhe`h? He`cbtg y trcs? Mjcejsêjs?
y eugtrh? y bucvc?
gzud lgrjbh. egaê. bcnrh.
nrjs. glgrjddh.

Uj hfscrvgs ehb gtcbejõb vcrçs quc dhs bÿlcrhs

`gstg cd 5; sc cxprcsgb ehb ubg shdg pgdgfrg dhs
mclçs ehb trcs.
66 vcjbtjmõs 56 trcjbtg mhs
 

Bÿlcrh

> Cserjfc cb egmg fgreh cd bÿlcrh quc sjnuc suecshr). Aìogtc c b cd

coclpdh

5 56 =>

3= :

15 =:

53

: ::
 

Bÿlcrh çdncfrg vgrjgejõb

0 Cserjfc cb egmg fgreh cd bÿlcrh quc vg gbtcs gbtcecshr). Aìogtc

cb cd coclpdh.

h K

7 d 7 d

63 61 >0

65 :7

=3 67

>0 7

5: 7
 

Bÿlcrh

: Cserjfc mcd dgmh mcrce`h dhs bÿlcrhs quc shb lgyhrcs gd quc cstç
c b cd ecbtrh
ecb trh y cb cd m c dg jzqujcrmg dhs quc shb lcbhrcs Aìogtc c b
cd coclpdh

7: > =6 >1
Lcbhr Lgyhr Lcbhr Lgyhr
5 65 53 1

K
h
5 0 7: sh
> 65

67 13 6 >1
Lcbhr Lgyhr Lcbhr Lgyhr
>5 77 >= 0>

K c

= >3

3 :3 1: >0
Lcbhr Lgyhr Lcbhr Lgyhr
5 55 13 31

57 11

07 01 5= 7>
Lcbhr Lgyhr Lcbhr Lgyhr
06 0: 67 6:

0 c

05 63
 

Bÿlcrh çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

d H Cserjfc dhs sjnbhs2 lgyhr quc),4 lcbhr quc) h < jnugd), ÷ogtc c b
cd coclpdh.

jp Vceucrmg quc dg gfcrturg nrgbmc

sjclprc sc÷gdg gd bÿlcrh lgyhr y
dg pubtg gd lcbhr?

746

• >1 N >7 0 61 H 3:

; u H 7; ¿ g7 H =5

; 5; 5 6: 6>

H H
c 1= H :3 K 1 H 1

; =3 H 36 K =6
H =7
 

Bÿlcrh

77 Sbc hs bÿlcrhs p r ahrlgr ub gbjlgd lgrjbh

•
7 :: c6
• • c:0

• 0:
:; :6•

:5
c •: >

•:1 • =
c5

• := :3

h •0> 00

• •1

??? 1• c0 3 • • • •
>:
0=• 0 0 >>
>
• •06
5
•0

>

•76

1:•
7=

10

1>•

11

•13

• > 3

=:

•
c=0

=>
5>• • 3

=5 •6 7
=1
• 3
51

53•
c36
•=3
66

• 35 65

• •
:
5
O •6>
 60

Bÿlcrhs `gstg cd :::

Bhshtrhs
Bhshtrhs usglhs
usglh s cd sjstclg m c bulcrgejõ
bulcrgejõbb mcejlgd sc ddglg gsì
phrquc tjcbc ehlh fgsc cd bÿlcrh d H.

;; 7

Ecbtcbg Mcecbg Sbjmgm

7;; ejcb 6;; mhsejcbths 5;; trcsejcbths

=;; eugtrhejcbths 3;; qujbjcbths 1;; scjsejcbths
>;;
>;; sctcejcbths
sctcej cbths 0;; he`hejcbths :;;
:;; bhvcejcbths
bhvcejcbth s

7 Eucbtg dgs ecbtcbgs mcecbgs y ubjmgmcs quc `gy y cserjfc c b cd

eugmrh d g egbtjmgm. Aìogtc c b cd coclpdh.

•b
K

•b •b
õ

Ecbtcbgs Mcecbgs Sbjmgmcs Ecbtcbgs Mcecbgs Sbjmgmcs

6 = 5

@@
K

õ õ
õ
õ õ
õ õ
õ õ õ

••
õ
õ õ
õ õ
õ

Ecbtcbgs Mcecbgs
 Ecbtcbgs Mcecbgs Sbjmgmcs •b Sbjmgmcs

Bÿlcrh

cbtcbgs Mcecbgs Sbjmgmcs cbtcbgs Mcecbgs Sbjmgmcs

cbtcbgs Mcecbgs Sbjmgmcs cbtcbgs Mcecbgs Sbjmgmcs

cbtcbgs Mcecbgs Sbjmgmcs cbtcbgs Mcecbgs Sbjmgmcs

•
 cbtcbgs Mcecbgs
~
Sbjmgmcs cbtcbgs Mcecbgs Sbjmgmcs

Bÿlcrh çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

6 [hb ubg P c b cd bÿlcrh ehrrceth. Aìogtc c b cd coclpdh

H trcsejcbths 5; K qujbjcbths 3;; 3;

0 eugtrhejcbths = =; c sctcejcbths >; >;;

K scjsejcbths 1; 1;; M vcjbtc 6; 6;;

bhvcejcbths :;; :; K ejcb 7; 7;;

; he`hejcbths 0; 0;; ® sctcbtg y trcs >5; >5

K mhsejcbths
M bhvcejcbths vcjbtc :6 :6; 63; 63
ejbeucbtg

aM he`hejcbths
© qujbjcbths vcjbtc 3;6 36; 0>; 0>
sctcbtg

® scjsejcbths
© ejcbth trcjbtg 75; 75 11; 1;
scscbtg

; qujbjcbths
163 361 © trcsejc
trcsejcbths
bths trcjbtg
trcjbt g 55> 5>5
vcjbtjsêjs y sjctc
 K eugtrhejcbths
==: =:: ^ ejcbth bucvc 7: 7;:
bhvcbtg y bucvc

Bÿlcrh

5. Cserjfc dhs sjnujcbtcs bÿlcrhs

H ejcbth mjcejhe`h 770 K scjsejcbths eugrcbtg y ubh

K trcsejcbths ejbeucbtg y scjs c eugtrhejcbths sctcbtg y ejbeh

mhsejcbths bhvcbtg M bhvcejcbths vcjbtjmõs

H eugtrhejcbths eugrcbtg y eugtrh a qujbjcbths scscbtg y bucvc

sctcejcbths he`cbtg y eugtrh K trcsejcbths ubh

JM ejcbth bhvcbtg y bucvc K he`hejcbths he`h

© scjsejcbths ejbeucbtg y trcs « qujbjcbths mhs

=. Cserjfc hb dctrg dhs sjnujcbtcs bÿlcrhs

H 765

K > 6

K 73>

c 6>

; >13

M 6 7

H :35

a
 1 0

>=

K : :

•
= •
 

Bÿlcrh çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

3. Cser
Cserjfc
jfc dhs
dhs sjnujcbtcs
sjnuj cbtcs bÿlcrhs

bhvcejcbths ejbeucbtg y
H bhvcejcbths
K sctcejcbths he`cbtg y ubh
eugtrh

K trcsejcbths ubh qujbjcbths scscbtg y ejbeh

scscbtg
c
; mhsejcbths eugrcbtg y ubh ê) ejcbth vcjbtjsêjs

H eugtrhejcbths ejbeucbtg K scjsejcbths

scjsejc sctcb tg y scjs
bths sctcbtg

; bhvcejcbths bucvc K mhsejcbths vcjbtc

H qujbjcbths K eugtrhejcbths he`h

© trcsejcbths trcs scjsejcbths ejbeh

1. Cserjfc hb dctrg dhs sjnujcbtcs bÿlcrhs

0:>

K 6::

K 5 3

c =

; > 3
ê) 771

H : 5

K
 3 3
; 11;

K 7;7

Bÿlcrh

> Cbejcrrg dgs ecbtcbgs, dgs mcecbgs y dgs ubjmgmcs quc ahrlgb
egmg egbtjmgm. Aìogtc c b cd coclpdh.

h 5>0 5 K N 0
;
K 5: 5 : 5 : :

K 0>0 0 0 0 > >

c 307 3 3 7 7 0

> 6 > > > 6 6

; 735 7 7 7 3 5

:13 : : 1 3 3

K = 0 = = = 0 0

555 5 5 5 7 >

K 3 6 3 3 6 6 6

M 61: 6 6 1 : 1

K
 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
© :>3 : : > 3 3

Bÿlcrh. õdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

0. Sbc dhs trcs eugmrhs quc rcprcscbtgb dg ljslg egbtjmgm Aìogtc c b

cd coclpdh

Mhs ecbtcbgs y
ubg ubjmgm Mhsejcbths ubh

6 7

h Ejbeh ecbtcbgs eugtrh

mcecbgs y eugtrh ubjmgmcs N Ejcbth he`cbtg

Ucjs ecbtcbgs scjs mcecbgs Eugtrhejcbths

N
K y ubg ubjmgm ejbeucbtg y eugtrh
T

Ujctc ecbtcbgs y trcs

ubjmgmcs N Uctcejcbths trcjbtg

Sbg ecbtcbg y he`h Wujbjcbths

c mcecbgs eugrcbtg y eugtrh
T

Eugtrh ecbtcbgs ejbeh

mcecbgs y eugtrh ubjmgmcs ; T
Ucjsejcbths
mjcejsêjs

; Sbg ecbtcbg y he`h

ubjmgmcs N T
Ucjsejcbths
scscbtg y ubh
 N
Ucjs ecbtcbgs ubg mcecbg Uctcejcbths trcs
y scjs ubjmgmcs

K Ujctc ecbtcbgs y trcs

mcecbgs N Ejcbth he`h

Bÿlcrh

:. Cserjfc cd suecshr mc egmg bÿlcrh Aìogtc c b cd coclpdh

h 1:: > K >00

K 6 c 3:

; 73: 6::

:3 57

1:: K 7 :

JM => K 0::

d H Cserjfc cd gbtcecshr m c egmg bÿlcrh Aìogtc c b cd coclpdh

h 1 - 1 7 K 3=5

K 50> c =

013 ; >3

657 K :::
 ; 1> K 7

JM 3=7 K 6

Bÿlcrh çdncfr y vgrjgejõb

77 Cserjf
Cserjfc c c d b tc e   h r y c d su ec
ecss hr m c e m bÿlcrh scnÿb
e h rrcsph
rcsphbbm

h 0=: 03 ; d
037
K =>0 •
7
t

K 73:

c 77;

; 5::
; 616

0 >:;

t . 5;;

; 1::

K 3;:

l ==7
 K
7;:
© 1;;

>5;

© 63:

Bÿlcrh

76 Ehdhrcg m c rhsg dgs pcdhtgs quc tjcbcb bÿlcrhs lgyhrcs g 3;; y

m c lhr mh dgs quc tjcbcb bÿlcrhs lcbhrcs

75 Hfscrvg dhs bÿlcrhs quc ` y c b dgs pcdhtgs y ehbtcstg

H Cserjfc ehb dctrg cd bÿlcrh lgyhr

K Cserjfc cd bÿlcrh quc cstç ahrlgmh phr mhs ecbtcbgs y mhs ubjmgmcs X X
0 Cserjfc ehb dctrgs cd bÿlcrh lcbhr X X  
Cserjfc cd bÿlcrh quc cstç ahrlgmh phr sjctc ecbtcbgs y ubg ubjmgm
 ; Cserjfc cd bÿlcrh quc tjcbc 5 ecbtcbgs

; Cserjfc dhs bÿlcrhs cb hrmcb clpczgbmh phr cd lcbhr

• =
 

Bÿlcrh çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

7=. Cserjfc dhs sjnbhs 2 lgyhr quc),4 lcbhr quc) h < jnugd), scnÿb
ehrrcsphbmg . Aìogtc c b cd coclpdh.

1:1 1:3 0 > 0 7 0

2
= 1 c 33 =1;

; 3:6 3:6 ; 6:> 6::

:3 :1: K 7 7

; 56: 57: K 0 0 00

l=> >>> K ::: :::

73. Cserjfc cd bÿlcrh quc ehrrcsphbmg m c geucrmh g d sjnbh. Aìogtc cb

cd coclpdh. ¾

H :1 2 : 31: -

0 > > 4 c 1>0 2

 ; 6:7  - ; :5 4

=>1 2 K 7 -

© 730 4 K 0 0 2

l555 K :1 4

G t ...
 

Bÿlcrh

cpgsh
7 Ehdhrcg ehlh jbmjeg cd eugmrh y cbehbtrgrçs u b pgjsgoc geuçtjeh

Ucjsejcbths? ]rcsejcbths Uctcejcbths Ejcbth Bhvcejcbths

ejbeucbtg vcjbtjhe`h trcjbtg
trcjb tg eugtrh? sctcbtg ejbeh?
rhoh
lhrgmh gzud ejcdh vcrmc bgrgbog

Mhsejcbths Bhvcejcbths Eugtrhejcbths Bhvcejcbths Uctcejcbths

mjcz? gzud trcjbtg eugtrh vcjbtjejbeh? ejbeucbtg he`cbtg mhmhss  
lgrjbh egaê nrjs sjctc? glgrjddh bcnrh
 

ÿlcrh, çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

Bÿlcrhs hrmjbgdcs

Dhs bÿlcrhs hrmjbgdcs bhs sjrvcb pgrg gsjnbgrdc ub hrmcb g dgs ehsgs g
hg
dhs suecshs dgs pcrshbgs. Uc cserjfcb mc dg sjnujcbtc lgbcrg?
7¿ prjlcrh 0» hetgvh 73¿ mêejlh qujbth
¿ scnubmh :» bhvcbh 71¿ mêejlh scxth
5 ¿ tcrecrh 7;¿ mêejlh 7>¿ mêejlh sêptjlh
= ¿ eugrth 77 ¿ ubmêejlh 70 ¿ mêejlh hetgvh
3¿ qujbth 76¿ muhmêejlh 7:¿ mêejlh bhvcbh
1¿ scxth 75 ¿ mêejlh tcrecrh 6;¿ vjnêsjlh

>¿ sêptjlh 7= ¿ mêejlh eugrth

7 ubc ehb ubg dìbcg dhs bÿlcrhs hrmjbgdcs ehb su bhlfrc Aìogtc cb
cd coclpdh

N
 

Bÿlcrh

6 Sbc ehb ub dìbcg dhs bÿlcrhs hrmjbgdcs ehb su bhlfrc

77¿

6 ¿

76¿

vjnêsjlh
7:¿

73¿

7=¿
 75¿

ubmêejlh

71¿

Bÿlcrh çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

5 @hy cd nruph m c 6¿ g÷h auc m c cxeursjõb g csegdgr ubg lhbtg÷g

cserjfc
cserj fc cd bÿlcrh hrmjbgd quc dc ehrrcsphbmc g egmg bj÷h. Aìogtc
c b cd coclpdh.

c
36 ~

j
Grlgbmh Ljnucd

9
K-X

H Srjcd 7¿ prjlcrh K [gfdh

K Ljnucd c Vgagcd
; Uusgbg ; @crbçb

0 Egrdhs M [ghdg
 ; [cmrh K Ohsê

M Qcrh K Grlgbmh

© [jdgr Duejgbg

© Lgrjgbg K Lõbjeg

; Zgbj © ]hly

© Ougb Gbthbjh

Bÿlcrh

Bÿlcrhs rhlgbhs

d j Dhs bÿlcrhs rhlgbhs sc ahrlgb sulgbmh y

sjnujcbtcs mgmcs thlgbmh ehlh fgsc dhs

rcstgbmh bÿlcrhs?
egbtjmgmcs
egbtj
7< 7 Q< 3 P < 7;

Bÿlcrh Bÿlcrh Uc ahrlg Bÿlcrh Bÿlcrh Uc ahrlg

grçfjnh Vhlgbh grçfjnh Vhlgbh
7 J 7 PJ 7; 7

6 JJ 7 7 76 PJJ 7; 6

5 JJJ 7 7 7 75 PJJJ 7; 5

= JQ 3 7 7= PJQ 7; =

3 Q 3 73 PQ 7; 3

1 QJ 3 7 71 PQJ 7; 1

> QJJ 3 6 7> PQJJ 7; >

0 QJJJ 3 5 70 PQJJJ 7; 0

: JP 7;-7 7: PJP 7; :

7; P 7; 6; PP 7; 7;

7 Gpõygtc m c dg tgfdg gbtcrjhr y cserjfc cd

cd bÿlcrh rhlgbh quc
ehrrcsphbmc

7< K 1< K 7: < c 5<

 ; 3< ;7> < 0 6;< K =<

;70 < ® 76 < ; >< K 75 <

© 71 < :< © 77< © 73 <

; 6< © 7=< © 0< 7;<

Bÿlcrh çdncfr y vgrjgejõb

6. Cserjfc cd bÿlcrh rçfjnh quc ehrrcsphbmc

H P< KPQ< 0 < c PQJJ

QJJJ J PJQ K JJJ <

PQJ K JP< g PP KQ

©PJJ tM QJJ ©PQJJJ< © PJ<

JQ< ©PJJJ< © QJ< PJP

5. Cserjfc cd bÿlcrh rhl bh quc vg mcspuês Aìogtc c b cd coclpdh

H P< PJ KQ 0 JJJ < c PJ<

QJJ < PQ K J<

PQJJ K JP< g JQ< K QJ<

© PJJJ tM QJJ ©PQJJJ< © PJ<

QJJJ © PJJ< © JP< P<

=. Ehdhrcg dg pcdht mc eucrmh g dh quc jbmje cd eugmrh

Sbh? nrjs Eugtrh? rhoh Ucjs? glgrjddh He`h? gzud Bucvc? bgrgbog 7

Mjcz? rhsg Wujbec? egaê Mjcejsêjs? lhrgmh Qcjbtc? vcrmc

 PQT

Bÿlcrh

Vcpgsh
7 @hy auc dg hdjlpjgmg csehdgr gbhtg cb dg dìbcg cdcd hrmcb
hrm cb cb quc
aucrhb ddcngbmh dhs bj÷hs. Cbejcrrg cb ub eìreudh gzud g d bj÷h quc
vg cb hetgvh dungr cb ubh glgrjddh g d quc vg cb mcejlh sêptjlh
cb ubh rhsg cb cd quc vg cb vjnêsjlh
vjn êsjlh y cb ubh gzud gd quc vg cb
ubmêejlh
 6 Gyumg g dg l g c strg g egdjajegr cd cxglcb phbjcbmh ubg t sj cs
ehrrceth
ehrrcet h y sj b h dh cs phb cd bÿlcrh quc ehrrcsphbmg .

H d J K dH   Q K 6 PP

c 7: PJP 0 QJJ M 73 PJJJJJ

1 QJ K 7= PJJJJ PJ

K 76 QJJ H 71 PJQ K 75 PJJ

Egpìtudh 6 Gmjejõb y sustrgeejõb

Uulgs ehb bÿlcrhs `gstg 7;;

jp s rcehlcbmgfdc sjclprc clpczgr g sulgr cd

bÿlcrh lgyhr sjb jlphrtgr cd hrmcb? phr coclpdh
sj tjcbcs 5 + 1 + 7 rctêb cb tu lcbtc cd 1 y mcspuês
gnrêngdc 5 y gd ajbgd cd 7 gsì dh `grçs lçs rçpjmh.

d ]hlçs y sus gljnhs cstçb oungbmh g tjrgr mgmhs Uulg dhs mgmhs y
ehdhrcg cb cd eugmrh m c dg sjnujcbtc `hog cd thtgd m c egsjddgs. Aìogtc
cb cd coclpdh.

H [cmrh mo + + Da 7

K Mgvjm
Da + Da + Da
K Ougb Egrdhs + + Da
0 Dujs mo + +

Mjcnh + +
 ]hlçs + + Da --

0 Cljdjh + + mo
K Glgury + Da +

6;
7:
70
7>
71
73
7=
75
76

7;
:

0
>
1
3
=
5
6
7
Ougb
[cmrh Mgvjm Egrr dh s
Eg Dujs Mjcnh ]hlçs Cljdjh Glgury
6 Mc eucrmh ehb dg t fd ehbtcstg?
¸Wujêb sulõ lçs pubths8
 K ¸Wujêb sulõ lcbhs pubths8

K ¸Wujêbcs sulgrhb lçs mc 7;8

c ¸Wujêbcs sulgrhb lcbhs mc 7;8

[ucmcs oun r ehb dnÿb ljnh c jr sul bmh dhs rcsudtgmhs Ucnurh t c
vgs g mjvcrtjr ¾

Bÿlcrh. çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

5 Vcsucdvc dgs sjnujcbtcs sulgs.

G hs bÿlcrhs quc sc vgb g sulgr sc ddglgb

sulgbmhs y gd rcsudtgmh sulg h thtgd
7 = 2 Uulgbmhs
5
7> s ulg

h 5; 3<-- K : 7< K >; 0<

c 13 6<-- ; =7 > < ; 65 5<--

  1> 6< K :6 H< ; 55 =<--

K 0; :< l= = 3<-- K >1 6<

37 >; :; 11 3;
+ 3 + 0 h + 6 >
 =3
= 65
1 >7> + 3 07 h
+ 56

Gmjejõb y sustrgeejõb

= Vcsucdvc dgs sjnujcbtcs sulgs.

h
51 07 = 03 55
5 > 6 6 1

67 > 35 5= 7

7 : 6 = :

33 1 >= 6 :>

6 h 5 0 h
 17 33 :7 >5 7=
5 6 = 5 =

Bÿlcrh, çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

3. Vcgdjzg dgs sulgs y ÿbcdgs ehb dgs sulgs m c dg mcrce`g quc mcb
cd ljsl
l jslh
h rcsudtgmh. Aìogt
Aìogtc
c c b cd coclpdh

6= 55< X X>X g 5> + 16 <

K 33 + 77 < f == + 6 <

K : + >; < c 5= = <

c 16 5>< m 6 + >1 <

; = + 5= < c ¾77 + 33 <

; >1 + 6 < a 55 + 6= <

 6 + == < n >; + : <

jp ¸ c mjstc eucbtg quc bh jlphrtg cd hrmcb

cb quc gehlhmcs dhs sulgbmhs sjclprc
mgrç cd ljslh rcsudtgmh8
Csth sc ehbhec ehlh prhpjcmgm ehblutgtjvg.

Gmjejõb y sustrgeejõb

1 Vcsucdvc dgs sjnujcbtcs sulgs

h
7; 7; 6 = 6
6; =; 3; 7; 6;
5; 6 7; 7; 5;

1; 5; 56 =7 3;
6; 7; 6= 6= 55
7; 6 7; 75 71

>6 31 =3 1; 6=

75
76 65
7; 66
6 61
76 66
=6
 36 53 71 5= 65
75 76 36 65 65
7= 66 77 6 65

Bÿlcrh
Bÿlcrh.. õdncfr
õd ncfr g y vgrjgejõb

> Vcsucdvc dgs sulgs

jp Vceucrmg quc gd sulgr egbtjmgmcs mhbmc cd

rcsudtgmh mc dgs ubjmgmcs cs lgyhr g : tjcbcs quc
60 60
phbcr ÿbjeglcbtc cd vgdhr mc dgs ubjmgmcs y cd vgdhr
= =
mc dg mcecbg dg sulgs cb dg ehdulbg ehrrcsphbmjcbtc
g dgs mcecbgs. Hfscrvg? 6 5

h
3
 

Gmjejõb y sustrgeejõb

0 Vcsucdvc dgs sulgs

. K
h

>
>
 06
0

 
• •
Bÿlcrh çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

:. Vcsucdvc dgs sulgs y mcspuês ehdhrcg cd mjfuoh m c geucrmh g d

rcsudtgmh ehlh sc jbmjeg

Gzud Vhoh Glgrjddh Vhsg

60 11 06 56
Lhrgmh Bgrgbog Egaê Nrjs
=> > 31 :
 c 3
zg

K K K

Gmjejõb sustrgeejõb

Vcshduejõb c prhfdclgs
7. Vc
Vcsuc
sucdvc
dvc dhs
dhs prhfdc
prhf dclgs
lgs

H Ngfrjcdg auc g dg tjcbmg y ehlprõ

ehlprõ 75 ounhs mc pj÷g y 75 mc lgbnh
¸Euçbths ounhs ehlprõ8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V unhs

K Gdcogbmrg cb sus vgegejhbcs cstuvh 6> mìgs cb Wucrêtgrh y 73

cb Gegpudeh. ¸Euçbths mìgs cstuvh aucrg8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V mìgs.

@hy `gfrç tgehs pgrg ehlcr cb ubg rcubjõb agljdjgr. Çbncdcs `grç =>
y Lgrecdg 55 ¸euçbths tgehs `gfrç cb thtgd8
gths Hpcrgejõb
 V gehs.

c Gfjngjd ehlprõ 51 cstglpgs cd dubcs 76 cd ljêrehdcs y 66

cd vjcrbcs ¸euçbtgs cstglpgs tjcbc cb thtgd8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V cstglpgs

Bÿlcrh çdncfr vgrjgejõb

6. Ehbtcstg dhs sjnujcbtcs prhfdclgs.

H b ub sgdõb `gy 6= bj÷gs y 7> bj÷hs. ¸Euçbths bj÷hs

`gy cb thtgd8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V bj÷hs.

K b ubg pgstcdcrìg `jejcrhb 61 pgstcdcs mc e`hehdgtc

y 31 mc arcsg. ¸Euçbths pgstcdcs `gy8

gths Hpcrgejõb

V pgstcdcs.

G dg prjlcrg aubejõb mc tìtcrcs ddcngrhb 6= pcrshbgs g dg

scnubmg 5; y g dg tcrecrg 51. ¸Euçbtgs pcrshbgs aucrhb
g vcr dhs tìtcrcs8
gths Hpcrgejõb
 V pcrshbgs.

c L j prjlh tjcbc 63 egbjegs

lj `crlgbh 5= y yh 70 .
¸Euçbtgs egbjegs tcbclhs cbtrc dhs trcs8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V egbjegs.

Gmjejõb y sustrgeejõb

Vcstgs ehb bÿlcrhs `gstg d ;;

Vceucrmg
mc dg rcstg quc
shb?rcstgr cs qujtgr Dgs pgrtcs
= 1 XX ljbucbmh
6 6 XX sustrgcbmh
6 = XX mjac bejg
 

7 Vcsucdvc dgs rcstgs y l re ehb ub P cd rcsudtgmh Aìogtc cb

coclpdh
0 > 1 3 = 5 6 7

h : 7 < P
0>   3<

0: 1<

0> 6<

; 0 7 <
 ;: 5<

07 ;<

K5 7<

;0 ;<

®0 =<

¹1 =<

K3 =<

Bÿlcrh çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

6 Vcsucdvc dgs sjnujcbtcs rcstgs.

h 5; 3< K :> 7< K >5 6<

c 33 =< ; =: >< ; 5 5<

h 1> 1< K :6 7< ; 5= 6<

K 00 =< l= = < K >1 3 <

3 >5 :: 13 35
 3; 76 0> 56 76

>0 11 >= 5: =6
63 =1 >6 7; 5

Gmjejõb y sustrgeejõb

5 Vcsucdvc
Vcsucd vc dgs sjnuj
sjnujcbtc
cbtcs
s rcs
rcstg
tgs
s Gd tc
tcrl
rljb
jbgr
gr cb
cbej
ejcr
crrg
rg c b u b eìreudh
gzud cd rcsudtgmh lgyhr y c b ubh rhoh cd lcbhr

h >= 3: 00 =3 ::
56 60 55 6 >

1> 71 > 61 0
3 73 65 75 1
 33 0: => 3= 10
57 >> = 6 =

:> 65 13 > 10
11 75 3= 7 50

 
• •

Bÿlcrh. õdncfr y vgrjgejõb

= Vcsucd
Vcsucdvc
vc dgs sjnu
sjnujcbt
jcbtcs
cs rcs
rcstgs
tgs

jp Uj gd rcstgr mhs egbtjmgmcs dg ubjmgm mcd C  5; sc ehbvjcrtc

cb 6; y cd = cb 7=.
Gd 6; dc qujth 7; /
ljbucbmh cs lgyhr g dg mcd sustrgcbmh, qucmgb 7;
dh ÿbjeh quc mcfcs `gecr cs pcmjr g dg
6 7=
mcecbg quc tc prcstc ubg y sc dg sulgs g 5= = Uj gd 7=

dgs ubjmgmcs. Hfscrvg? 70 70 dc qujth 0 lc

ucmgb 1.
1

h
01 =3 >6 6> :=
5> 6: 3> 0 5:

5 1 >> 3 05

1 : 5: =3 1>
 =5 03 1 31 >7
0 50 3 =0 63

35 1= :3 >5 07
=3 0 5: 30 3>

Gmjejõb sustrgeejõb

3 Vcsucdvc dgs rcstgs ehdhrcg mcd ljslh ehdhr dhs pgpgdhtcs quc
tcbngb dhs rcsudtgmhs jnugdcs

h 01
:3
=0
>

1=
>
 03
:6 10

=1

5=
>

Bÿlcrh çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

1 Vcsucdvc dgs rcstgs. Gd tcrljbgr cbejcrrg cb ub eìre

eìreudh
udh gzu
gzudd cd
rcsudtgmh lgyhr y c b ubh rhoh cd lcbhr.

h
> 6 01 =3 1>
5: 5 5: 6: 30

: > 1 :5 1=
1 3 =3 33 =0

01 1 >6 > 3>

: 60 11 50 5:
 1= => > : 05
53 6: 0 > 11

Dgs rcstgs sc ehlprucfgb sulgbmh

cd rcsudtgmh y cd sustrgcbmh Hfscrvg?

Gmjejõb y sustrgeejõb

> Vcsucdvc dgs rcstgs y vcrjajeg cd rcsudtgmh

h
:= >1 30 = 1
33 =0 5: 65 5>

11 1 6= 3= :3
> 0 0 63 >:
 =6 63 :5 0 16
5> 0 53 13 ==

30 16 =5 :3 01
6: = 6 => 60

•
 

Bÿlcrh. çdncfr vgrjgejõb

Vcshduejõb c prhfdclgs
7 Vcs
Vcsuc
ucdv
dvc
c dh
dhs
s sjnujcbtcs prhfdclg
prhfd clgs.
s.

H Cbrjquc sc ehlprõ 71 ounhs cd dubcs cd vjcrbcs yg sõdh tcbìg 0. /

¸Euçbths ounhs sc thlõ8 H
gths Hpcrgejõb 7D

~D.

V X X X X X X unhs.

K Jsgfcd ddcvõ g dg cseucdg ubg fhdsg ehb >= pgdctgs pgrg mgr
g sus gljnhs eugbmh ddcnõ g su egsg tcbìg 5>. ¸Euçbtgs
pgdctgs rcngdõ8
gths Hpcrgejõb
 V pgdctgs.

K Gmrjgbg cstç dcycbmh ub djfrh quc tjcbc 01 pçnjbgs, sj yg dcyõ

50. ¸Euçbtgs pçnjbgs dc agdtgb phr dccr8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V X X X X X pçnjbgs.

H Dg lgcstrg ddcvõ 31 dçpjecs y cb lj sgdõb `gy ~---~_2

5> bj÷hs . ¸Euçbths dc shfrgrhb8
X XX

gths Hpcrgejõb

V çpjecs .

mjejõb y sustrgeejõb

6. Vcsucdvc dhs sjnujcbtcs prhfdclgs

H Vhsglgry qujcrc tcbcr 3; lu÷cegs. j yg tjcbc 5>

¸euçbtgs dc agdtgb8
Mgths Hpcrgejõb

V lu÷cegs.

Lgrngrjtg gmhrbõ su egsg ehb :5 ndhfhs. j sc

phbe`grhb 51 ¸euçbths ndhfhs qucmgrhb8
Mgths Hpcrgejõb
 V ndhfhs.

K Ohsjc ehlprõ ub adgb quc dc ehstõ >= pcshs. j tcbid

:; pcshs ¸euçbth mjbcrh dc shfrõ8
Mgths Hpcrgejõb

V pcshs.

j
Cstrcddg pcnõ
¸euçbtgs dc agdtgb pcngr8 cb ub eugmcrbh.
35 cstglpgs tjcbc 07
Mgths Hpcrgejõb

V cstglpgs

Bÿlcrh çdncfr y vgrjgejõb

Vcpgsh sulgs y rcstgs

7 Uufrgyg dg hpcr ejõb quc rcprcscbtg cd prhfdcl y cserjfc f oh

cd rcsudtgmh.

H Cb ub rcstgurgbtc vcbmjcrhb 36 qucsgmjddgs sj 6> aucrhb

mc pgpg. ¸Euçbtgs vcbmjcrhb mc qucsh8
36 6> <>:
36 6> <63

V qucsgmjddgs.

0 L j pgpç ehdceejhbg thrtungs tjcbc 55 mc lgmcrg 6: mc

erjstgd y mc pdçstjeh. ¸Euçbtgs thrtungs tjcbc cb thtgd8
55 6: <>5
55 6: -   <
 55 - 6: < 3

V hrtungs.

0 Djdj `jzh =7 mjfuohs dc rcngdõ 61 g su lglç y 73 g su

gfucdjtg. ¸Euçbths mjfuohs dc qucmgrhb8
= 61 3 < 06
=7 61 73 <H
= 61 -   3 <36

c Cb cd vgnõb mc ub trcb `gfìgb 5> pcrshbgs cb dg

prjlcrg pgrgmg sc sufjcrhb 61 y cb dg scnubmg
fgogrhb 70. ¸Euçbtgs pcrshbgs qucmgrhb cb vgnõb8
5> - 6 1 0 <6:
5> 61 0 <0
5> 61 -   0 <= 3
V pcrshbgs.

6. Vcsucdvc dhs sjnujcbtcs prhfdclgs.

H Cb ub cstgejhbgljcbth pÿfdjeh cb dg lg÷gbg cbtrgrhb 11 ehe`cs.

g Cb dg tgrmc cbtrgrhb 63 lçs, ¸euçbths
cbtrgrhb cb cd mìg8
f C b dg bhe`c qucmgfgb 5>, ¸euçbths sgdjcrhb8

e ¸Euçbmh cbtrgrhb lçs guths, cb dg lg÷gbg

h cb dg bhe`c8

K Cb dg cseucdg `ufh ub ehbeursh mc tgdcbths.

g Egbtgrhb 63 bj÷hs mc scnubmh 71 mc eugrth
y 6: scxth, ¸euçbths bj÷hs egbtgrhb cb thtgd8
 f Fgjdgrhb >5 bj÷hs, sj 6: fgjdgrhb rhei y 56. sgdsg.
¸Euçbths fgjdgrhb rcnjhbgd8
e ¸Cb quê getjvjmgm pgrtjejpgrhb lçs bj÷hs8

0 Cb cd nruph mc scnubmh sc hrngbjzgrhb pgrg `gecr ubg rcubjõb.

g Ddcvgrhb 75 sçbmwje`cs mc qucsh y 7: mc oglõb. Uj `gy 5; bj÷hs cb cd
sgdõb, ¸euçbths agdtgb h euçbth
euçbths
s shfrgb8
f @gfìg 7= vgshs mc gnug mc `hre`gtg
mc djlõb y 7: mc bgrgbog.

¸Euçbths vgshs `gy8

¸Euçbths agdtgb h euçbths shfrgb pgrg
quc egmg bj÷h tcbng ubh8

e @gfìgb 5; ncdgtjbgs sc egycrhb 7> pcrh dg

lgcstrg ddcvõ 7= lçs. ¸Euçbtgs agdtgrhb h
shfrgrhb pgrg quc egmg bj÷h pucmg ehlcr ubg8

Bÿlcrh. çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

Uulgs ehb bÿlcrhs `gstg :::

7 Vcsucdvc dgs sulgs lgreg ehb ub P cd rcsudtgmh. Aìogtc

Aìogtc c b
coclpdh.

7 6 5 = 3 1 > 0 :

H 1;; 6;; <

5;; 5;; <

K 6;; >;; <

c 1;; 7;; <

=;; 7;; <

 M 6;; 7;; <

0 7;; H<

K 5;; 6;; <

7;; 3;; <

K 6;; >;; <

M 7;; =;; <

K 6;; 6;; <

© 0;; 7;; <

=;; =;; <

© 7;; 7;; <

6 Vcsucdvc dgs sjnujcbtcs sulgs

H 7 7 < K 7;; 6;;< K 7;; 5;;? X X

c 7;; =;;< ; 7;; 3;;< M 7;; 1;;? X X

0 7 >;; < ; 7;; 0;;? X X ; 6;; 5;; <

 K 3;; =;; < M 6;; 6;; < K 5;; 5;; <

60; 71> 7:5 6=7 =7=

576 =;6 >;7 >70 6=6

3=1 106 5=6 =>1 537

675 5;3 16= 765 16>

Bÿlcrh,
Bÿlcrh, õdn
õdncfr
cfrg
g y vgrjgejõb

5 Vcsucdvc dgs sjnujcbtcs sulgs.

h
71= 350 >=1 =6> 1=:
6: 666 75> 65> 676

0=> 355 111 660

 1;1
53 77= 76> 663 365

c .
>;3 :7= 1:6 355 601
6;3 11 700 6=0 1;1

1;> >5: 573 =00 3=>

5;5 6: 573 5;3 6=5

mjejõb y sustrgeejõb

= Vcsucdvc dgs sjnujcbtcs sulgs.

h
35; =>3 555 1=> 3>7
605 6=6 6>5 716 637
 51; 151 =:= 3>7 >15
51; 705 50= 60= 7==

631 >53 605 50; 6:6

537 7>= 7:3 33; =73

706 333 3>= 6:5 >00

506 505 65= 777 757

 
•
Bÿlcrh õdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

3 Vcsucdvc dgs sulgs y ehdhrcg gd rhfht m c geucrmh g d rcsudtgmh.

H Gzud 0 Egaê K Lhrgmh c Bgrgbog

531 >00 = = 6:5

6>5 7;6 517 6;0
 ; Vhsg ; Qcrmc

7>1 16: 753

3:; 563
0:

3 7

0 Bcnrh t Glgrjddh

066 7;3
01 7>3
; Vhoh ® Nrjs

315 71;
60> 7:;

mjejõb y sustrgeejõb

1 Vcsucdvc dgs sjnujcbtcs sulgs.

h
=56 >33 555 =6> >;7
¾ 601 =6 6;1 713 631
7;6 70; 6;7 650 7:
 =31 551 6:= 75= >;3
6:= 705 5>= 507 7:=
=;3 =
73; =77 6;7

73: 653 305 60; 6>6

507 71= 7:3 535 =31
5>1 510 00 5=> 61:

Bÿlcrh çdncfr y vgrjgejõb

> Vcsucdvc dgs sjnujcbtcs sulgs.

h
1;7 7>1 >51 6=6 17;
560 3=0 7>5 311 6:5
 3;6 110 ==> 3>7 >=5
7>: 7;0 7=> 60= 7:=

500 1>3 3;5 603 >:6

63: 6>3 7:> 73: 770

>>6 533 6>= =:5 101

7:0 =01 5:= 6>3 66:

K Cserjfc ehb dctrgs cd rcsudtgmh lcbhr?

mjejõb y sustrgeejõb

0 Vcsucdvc dgs sjnujcbtcs sulgs

h
53: >6= =56 =6= 655
=1> 7>1 =3: 501 5>>
 >63 715 3>5 5>0 1>5
7>: ==0 5=0 603 6:0

516 331 >=1 56=

50: 6>= 7:0 6>0

600 =:3 53: >06 301

3:3 501 =3> 70: 63:

g Cserjfc ehb dctrgs cd rcsudtgmh lgyhr?

=
 

Bÿlcrh, õdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

jp Vceucrmg quc `gy bÿlcrhs quc tjcbcb ub ecrh

jbtcrlcmjh ehlh cd 7;7 csh sjnbjajeg quc csg
egbtjmgm bh tjcbc mcecbgs.
 :. Cserjfc cb bhtgejõb mcsgr
mcsgrrhdd
rhddgmg
gmg dg
dgs
s sjnujcbtc
sjnujcbtcs
s egbtjmgmcs. Aìogtc
cb cd coclpdh.

>5=< >;; 5; =

K 6=:<

K 13; <

c =;7<

; 3:6<

5;><

0 7:0 <

K :;1 <

7H Cserjfc cd rcsudtgmh mc dg bhtgejõb mcsgrrh

mcsg rrhddg
ddgmg.
mg. Aìog
Aìogtc
tc cb cd
coclpdh.

:;; >< :;> K 3;; 6; 5<

K 7;; d < c 0;; =; 3<

6;; 1; < ; 6;; 1<

0 =;; =; = < K 5;; 6<

; >;; 7; 6 K 7;; 7; 5<

M 1;; :; 1 K 3;; 3

Gmjejõb y sustrgeejõb

77. Uulg g e g m g egbtjmgm ubg ubjmgm Aìogtc cb cd coclpdh.

H =: =:7 K 61>

K > c 031
 360 M >65

: K 7=7

; 507 K 0

76. Uulg g e g m g e g b t j m g m ubg mcecbg Aìogtc cb cd coclpdh.

H 6=5 635 K >>>

K 7
c 313
:>6 M 107

5=7 K 015

07> K 363

75. Uulg g e g m g egbtjmgm ubg ecbtcbg Aìogtc cb cd coclpdh.

666 566 K 30

K >35 c =71

016 M 717

=6 K >

7 6 K 13=

= =
 

Bÿlcrh çdncfr vgrjgejõb

Vcshduejõb c prhfdclgs
d . Vc
Vcsu
sucd
cdvc
vc dhs
dhs sjnujcbtcs prhf
p rhfdcl
dclgs
gs..
 Gìmg sc ehlprõ ubg fdusg mc 6=> pcshs y ubg agdmg mc
53; pcshs ¸Euçbth pgnõ phr dhs mhs8
gths pcrgejõb

V pcshs

K dogrmjbcrh pdgbtõ 73; adhrcs cb cd ogrmìb quc cstç

cbarcbtc mcd ehdcnjh y 111 cb cd quc cstç gtrçs
¸Euçbtgs adhrcs pdgbtõ cb thtgd8
gths pcrgejõb

V dhrcs

Cmjt` vcbmjõ 51: fhdcths pgrg ubg rjag cd sçfgmh y =;> cd

Nrgb Vjag
mhljbnh. ¸Euçbths fhdcths vcbmjõ8
rgb
Vjag

gths pcrgejõb

V fhdcths

c Duz g`hrrõ 3=: pcshs cb cbcrh y 513 cb acfrcrh

acfrcrh..
¸Euçbth mjbcrh g`hrrõ8
gths pcrgejõb

V pcshs .

 
•
Gmjejõb y sustrgeejõb

6. Vcsucdvc dhs sjnujcbtcs prhfdclgs

H Lõbjeg nugrmõ 15: pcdhtgs cb ubg egog y 6>6 cb ub fgÿd.

 ¸Euçbtgs pcdhtgs nugrmõ8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V pcdhtgs.

K bubg nrgbog `gfìg 53: phddjths y `hy bgejcrhb 375.

¸Euçbths phddjths `gy cb thtgd8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V phddjths

Ucdlg ehlprõ lh÷hs pgrg gmhrbgr ubg egrpctg Uj  ehlprõ

5=6 lhrgmhs 630 rhsgs y 7>= gzudcs ¸euçbths lh÷hs
ehlprõ cb thtgd8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V lh÷hs.

H b ub oucnh Dupjtg hftuvh 730 pubths cd dubcs 5>7 cd lgrtcs

y 753 cd ljêrehdcs. ¸Euçbths pubths hftuvh cb thtgd8
gths pcrgejõb

V pubths  
pubths

Bÿlcrh õdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

Vcstgs m c bÿlcrhs `gstg

`gst g :::
 d Ehlpdctg dgs scrjcs rcstgbmh ehlh c b cd coclpdh

H Vcstgbmh 7;;

K Vcstgbmh 7;

0 Vcstgbmh 7

6 Vcgdjzg
Vcgdjzg dgs sjn
sjnujc
ujcbtc
btcss rcst
rcstgs
gs Aìogtc c b cd coclpdh

: = > 1 7 0 5 3  6
h
7 0;;

:> ; 51 30 06 63 ; 7= =5 >7 11
K

7 :1

310 :=5 60> 75: 5== 013 6:6 =>7 151

0
7 31>

Gmjejõb y sustrgeejõb

5 Vcsucdvc dgs sjnujcbtcs rcstgs

 H 56; 67;< X X 0 :> 33 < K 6>5 6>6 <

c 333 =3; < ; >1: 63>< M 65: 755 <

0 1> 13; < K =:6 < ; :5= 16= <

K 0;0 =;= Hd 3>= 666 < K 1>1 3=6 <

30; 6>5 ::: =13 357

33; 767 0;> 566 =;7

=>0 511 >>= 15: 3=6

6>3 5=1 >=6 761 657

Bÿlcrh õdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

 = Vcsucdvc dgs sjnujcbtcs rcstgs

H K 0 c ;
=51 >5: 501 05 653
665 = 0 6>6 >7 77=

; 0 aM ; ®
5>> 35= :10 6>= 0:5
71= 575 361 636 =1

N K © ©
>:3 =11 0=: 3=: 1=7
6 5 5=5 561 67> 55

K ©
3=0 1=: 5=3 =53 >=1
556 = = 767 666 656

 
3 Cbeucbtrg dh
dhs
s rcsudtgmhs m c dgs rcstgs cb d g shpg m c dctrgs
h
1>: 51 : 3 0>0
7>: 751 7 3 1>0

:5> 3 0 >01 :3=

55> = 3 >11 13=

7
sQ cg fj sc c
m c ca b
n `tt̀ hj so s
h
c q q u j b j c b t h s
j t r c s c j c b t h s
b m h s j c b t r c s c
t c j c b t h t r c s 7
c c j h P j b t h s c c
h c ` h c j c b t h s b
c m m h s c 7 c b t h s

1 Ehpjg c b hrmcb mcd lcbhr g d lgyhr dhs rcsudtgmhs quc

cbehbtrgstc
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -
  ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -
 
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -
  ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
 

Bÿlcrh çdncfr y vgrjgejõb

> Vcsucdvc dgs sjnujcbtcs rcstgs

d j Eugbmh gd rcstgr mhs egbtjmgmcs dg

6; dc qujth 7;
Cd 5; sc ehbv jcrtc

cb 6; y cd = cb 7=  
/
ubjmgm mcd ljbucbmh cs lgyhr g dg mcd
d

qucmgb 7;
7;..
sustrgcbmh, dh ÿbjeh quc mcfcs `gecr cs 6 7=

pcmjr g dg mcecbg quc tc prcstc ubg y sc dg 57 0

= =
70
Uj gd 7=
dc qu jth 0 lc
sulgs g dgs ubjmgmcs9 `gz dh ljslh sj csth ucmgb 1.
heurrc ehb dgs mcecbgs. Hfscrvg? 1

h
3=0 >35 :30 51= 1=1
=6: 57= =7: 751 573

656 =0= 5>0 :33 315

7 3 6=1 65: >61 6=>

1>= 011 36> =11 >3=

65: =50 7 0 6=> 360
 

0 Vcsucdvc dgs sjnu

sjnujcb
jcbtcs
tcs rc
rcst
stgs
gs

h K K) c ;
=30 1=> >>> 3=6 50=
6>3 503 =:1 5: 7:5

; 0 ; M K
:16 >51 1>1 =3 :>3
=0 =36 7:7 6> >:6

K © M ©
307 =51 153 :56 615
5:7 735 507 33 7>6

® ; © ©
>7: 031 36 1 0 ==5
603 306 6> =15 5>
 

Bÿlcrh çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

: Vcsucdvc dgs sjnujcbtcs rcstgs

H 0 Kd H M
=01 1>6 :5: 5=0 =03
7:3 555 ==0 7 : 730

; K ; K
313 :5> >06 305 1=
=0> =1: 1:: 6:= =1

JM K © c
>=6 30= :37 035 1=6
511 6:> 1>6 33: 7::

; K ©
156 =6= >57 35> 000
=>5 5=> =60 60: 5:6
 

Gmjejõb y sustrgeejõb

7H Vcsucdvc dgs rcstgs y mcspuês ehdhe cd sjnbh 2 4h < scnÿb

ehrrcs
ehr rcsphb
phbmg.
mg. Aìog
Aìogtc
tc c b cd coclpdh.

:=0 056
>5: 7 7 165
6 : 6 :

h >0 1=6 3:> :5:

567 =1 501 M =6:

=3= 057 5 0 1=:

5> >15 710 M 5:3

70> :37 :13 :51

7>: :=5 160 M 70:

0>6 51: 0=6 1>

730 = 1
=1= 3>0
 M M

= =
 

Vcshduejõb c prhfdclgs
d Vcsucdvc dhs sjnujcbtcs prhfdclgs

H Erjstjbg tcbìg 03; pcshs y sc ehlprõ ubg egsg mc lu÷cegs

quc ehstõ 3>=. ¸Euçbth mjbcrh dc shfrõ8
gths pcrgejõb § dd
YNgj ìE]D
V pcshs.

K b ub trcb jfgb 05> pcrshbgs sc fgogrhb =>:. ¸Euçbtgs

pcrshbgs sc qucmgrhb8
gths pcrgejõb

V pcrshbgs.

Ehbsucdh mcfc vcbmcr 1;; fhdcths pgrg dg aubejõb mc tcgtrh mc

su sgdõb. Uj yg vcbmjõ =3; ¸euçbths fhdcths dc agdtgb mc vcbmcr8

gths pcrgejõb

V X X X X X fhdcths.

c Djdj ehlprõ ub rcdho su prcejh rcnudgr cs mc :;; pcshs pcrh

`hy `gfìg ubg vcbtg cspcejgd y sõdh pgnõ 31:. ¸Euçbth
mjbcrh sc g`hrrõ8
 gths Hpcrgejõb

V pcshs

Gmjejõb y sustrgeejõb

6. Vcsucdvc dhs sjnujcbtcs prhfdc¾lgs

H [grg `gecr ub gmhrbh sc bcecsjtgb 13; vcdgs. Uj yg tjcbcb 6>0

¸euçbtgs vcdgs bcecsjtgb ehlprgr8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V cdgs.

K Sbg fhdsg tcbìg =;; egbjegs sc rhlpjõ y qucmgrhb 561

¸euçbtgs egbjegs sc pcrmjcrhb8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V egbjegs.

Qìethr tcbìg 1;; fgrqujths dc prcstõ =0: g su `crlgbh

¸ehb euçbths sc qucmõ8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V XXXXXX fgrehs.

b ub oucnh lceçbjeh egfcb 36; bj÷hs. Uj sc sufjcrhb

51> ¸euçbths dungrcs qucmgrhb vgeìhs8
 gths Hpcrgejõb

V ungrcs.

=
 

Bÿl
Bÿ l crh,
crh, çdncfrg vgrjgejõb

Vcpgsh sulgs y rcstgs

H Vhmhdah ehlprõ ub pgstcd mc e`hehdgtc ubg ncdgtjbg y ubg tgrtg mc

lgbzgbg. ¸Euçbth mjbcrh pgnõ8
gths Hpcrgejõb

K Vcsgbg qujcrc ehlprgr ub pgstcd mc e`hehdgtc. Uj tjcbc 50; pcshs ¸euçbth

mjbcrh dc agdtg8
gths Hpcrgejõb

K Ljnucd ehlprõ ub pgy mc djlõb y ub pgstcd mc arcsg. Uj mjh 0;; pcshs

 ¸euçbth mjbcrh dc mjcrhb mc eglfjh8

gths Hpcrgejõb

d. ...

  mjejõby sustrgeejõb

c Uusgbg qujcrc ehlprgr ub pgstcd mc e`hehdgtc y ubg ncdgtjbg pgnõ

:;; pcshs. ¸Euçbth mjbcrh dc shfrõ8
gths Hpcrgejõb

¸Euçbth mjbcrh bcecsjtg Lgdcbg sj qujcrc ehlprgr mhs tgrtgs y ub pgy8

gths Hpcrgejõb

E Gdcogbmrh qujcrc ehlprgr ubg ncdgtjbg y ubg tgrtg ¸euçbth mjbcrh dc agdtg sj
sõdh tjcbc 6;; pcshs8
gths Hpcrgejõb

Mjgbg tjcbc 5;; pcshs ¸ehb csc mjbcrh quc prhmueths phmrìg ehlprgr8
 aM Mjcnh qucmõ mc ddcvgr mhs phstrcs g ubg ajcstg sj tjcbc 3;; pcshs ¸euçdcs
pucmc ehlprgr
ehl prgr8
8

 
. =

Egpìtudh 5 Ludtjpdjegejõb y mjvjsjõb

Ludtjpdjegejõb
Ludtjpdjegr cs ubg hpcrgejõb lgtclçtjeg quc ehbsjstc cb sulgr ub bÿlcrh
tgbtgs vcecs ehlh jbmjeg htrh cs mcejr cs ubg sulg gfrcvjgmg. Hfscrvg?
@gy 5 nruphs mc = gfcogs9 cs
mcejr 5 vcecs =.

= = =< 6
5 P =< 6

7 Hfscrvg dhs mjfuohs y ehbtcstg

ehbtcstg Nu
Nuìg
ìgtc
tc ehb cd
cd coclpd
coc lpdh
h gb
gbtc
tcrj
rjhr
hr

. ~ ?????. .X .. ~
Q Q

?. ?

..
Q Q

?. ?.

@gy nruphs
nrup hs mc egrgehdcs.
egrgehdcs. @gy nruphs
nrup hs mc X X X nrjddhs.
Cs mcejr? X X X vcecs Cs mcejr? X X X vcecs
 @gy nruphs
nruph s mc egtgrjbgs. @gy X X X nruphs mc XXX grg÷gs.

Cs mcejr? X X X vcecs Cs mcejr? X X X vcecs

 
••
Ludtjpdjegejõb y mjvjsjõb

; ;
~ ~ ~ ~ X j. -~ -   X 7, 7,

  ~ ~ ~ ~ X ~ V X j. -~ -
X XV X X X X X X X X X
X XV X X X X X X X X X

@gy X nruphs mc X hrungs. @gy nruphs mc `hrljngs.

s mcejr? X v c e c s s mcejr X vcecsX
 @gy nruphs mc ejclpjês. @gy nruphs mc lgrjphsgs.
s m c e j r X vcecs -   sm c e j r X vcecs

=
 

Bÿlcrh çdncfr y v rj ejõb

6 [hb dhs rcsudtgmhs cb e m egsh.

h
< d P :< dx1< dx 0 < dxU<

dx=< d P >< dx5< dx < d P }H<

K
x3< x0< x5< x>< P 7 <

x1< x=< x < x:< P d<

5x0< 5x>< 5x5< 5x1< 5x3<

5x=< 5x < 5xd< 5x:< 5 7 <

c
= P 7 < =x:< =x3< = P > ?c =x0<

=x1< =x=< =x5< =x < = P d<

;
 3 P d< Ux:< Ux3< 3x0< Ux5<

3 P 7 < Ux>< Ux=< Ux < Ux1<

Dhs bÿlcrhs quc jbtcrvjcbcb cb dg ludtjpdjegejõb

sc ddglgb agethrcs y cd rcsudtgmh cs cd prhmueth

P 3< 7
t t
agethrcs prhmueth

Ludtjpdjegejõb y mjvjsjõb

(M

1x1< 1x0< 1x5< 1x:< 1x3<

1P d < 1P 7 < 1x < 1x=< 1x><

0
>xd< >x>< >x5< >x1< >x3<

>x=< >P 7 < >x < >x:< >x0<

9)

FxF 0x < 0x>< 0x=< 0x:<

0x1< 0x5< Fxd 0x3< 0P7 <

;
:P d< :x>< :x5< :x1< :P 7 <

:x=< :x < :x0< :x:< :x3<

7 P 7 < 7 P < 7 P :< 7 P =< 7 P ><

 7 P 1< 7 P 3< 7 P 0< 7 P 5< 7 P d<

Egmg rcspucstg tjcbc ub nclcdh ,

drja quc pucmc scr lçs açejd mc rcehrmgr.
[hr coclpdh sj tc hdvjmgs mc : x 6,
pucmcs gehrmgrtc mc 6 x :.

Bÿlcrh çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

5. Ehlpdctg d g tgfdg m c [jtçnhrgs

[jtçnhrgs..

P 7 6 5 = 3 1 > 0 : 7

7 7

6 =
5 :

= 71

3 63

1 1

> =:
0 1=

: 07
 7 7;;

=. ]gpg ehb ubg `hog d g tgfdg gbtcrjhr y rcsucdvc dgs ludtjpdjegejhbcs

mcspuês vcrjajeg tus rcspucstgs.

; 5P 5< K 6 P < K : P :<

c 3 P 3< ; =x=< ; >x><

0 P 0< K 7; P 7; < K 1 P 1<

K 5 P 7; < H 0x < K = P 6<

© > x=< 6P < © >x 3 <

Ludtjpdjegejõb y mjvjsjõb

]j [grg ludtjpdjegr ub bÿlcrh phr htrh 7~

quc tjcbc 6 ejargs ludtjpdjeg prjlcrh dgs 5 x6< 1 7 <>
6= x=

ubjmgmcs sj cd rcsudtgmh cs lgyhr g : cserjfc ~52

dgs ubjmgmcs y dgs mcecbgs dgs sulgs cb su
>6
dungr. Hfscrvg ?

3. Vcsucdvc dgs sjnujcbtcs ludtjpdjegejhbcs

=¾1 16 5: 3= 03
3 5 = : 6

33 5> 06 >5 1
= 1 5 6 1
 >= 30 : 3= =6
5 > 6 3 :

15 == >5 >1 5
> = 0 5 0

Bÿlcrh çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

1 Vcsucdvc dgs ludtjpdjegejhbcs y ehdhrcg m c geucrmh g d rcsudtgmh

H Gzud lgrjbh K Nrjs K Lhrgmh

= ¾ 10 >3
0 5 1

Bgrgbog ; Vhsg
c :6 1
P > P =

M
 Qcrmc Vhoh
35 0
P 3 P 1

K Glgrjddh ; Gzud ejcdh K Egaê

> 0 =:
P 0 P : P >

Ludtjpdjegejõb y mjvjsjõb

> Vcsucdvc dgs sjnujcbtcs ludtjpdjegejhbcs

h
0 3: >5 0= 15
P 5 P 1 P 3 P P =

50 =3 35 0 1
P > P : P 0 P > P =
 1 >= 51 31 >0
P 1 P 5 P 3 P = P 5

> =3 5= 11 05
P 0 P 1 P P 5 P 3

Bÿlcrh çdncfr y vgrjgejõb

Vcshduejõb c prhfdclgs
d Vcsucdvc dhs sjnujcbtcs prhfdclgs

Sbg egog mc csacrgs tjcbc 0 `jdcrgs ehb 3 csacrgs egmg ubg.

¸Euçbtgs csacrgs `gy cb egmg egog8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V csacrgs.

dcmjajejh mhbmc vjvc l j gfucdh tjcbc : pjshs y `gy = mcpgrtglcbt

mcpgrtglcbths
hs
cb egmg ubh ¸euçbths mcpgrtglcbths `gy cb thtgd8  T
; ;
gths Hpcrgejõb H h

H HM
aìd
 V mcpgrtglcbths

K Lj tìg vcbmjõ 1 ehddgrcs sj egmg ubh eucstg :3 pcshs ¸euçbth

mjbcrh rcejfjõ8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V pcshs.

c Vgagcd qujcrc prgetjegr dgs ludtjpdjegejhbcs y `grç 0 egmg mìg.

¸Euçbtgs `grç cb 7= mìgs8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V ludtjpdjegejhbcs

udtjpdjegejõb y mjvjsjõb

6. Vcsucdvc dhs sjnujcbtcs prhfdclgs

bubg pgdctcrìg tjcbcb =1 pgdctgs mc > sgfhrcs mjstjbths

¸Euçbtgs pgdctgs tjcbcb cb thtgd8
gths Hpcrgejõb
ìd
V pgdctgs.

K L j gfucdjtg bhs trgoh mc rcngdh ubg fhdsg ehb : mudecs.

Uj shlhs 6> bjcths ¸euçbths mudecs ehlprõ8
gths Hpcrgejõb
 V mudecs.

K L j lglç ehlprõ 1 egogs mc gtÿb. Uj egmg ubg tjcbc

6= dgtgs ¸euçbtgs dgtgs eglpr~8
gths Hpcrge7hb ddX~

V gtgs.

Auj ehb ljs prjlhs g ub ehbejcrth y egmg fhdcth ehstõ >= pcshs.
Uj ehlprglhs = fhdcths ¸euçbth pgnglhs cb thtgd8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V pcshs.

Bÿlcrh
Bÿlcrh õdnc frg vgrjgejõb

Vcpgsh sulgs rcstgs y ludtjpdjegejõb

7 Hfscrvg ehbtcstg.

H [cmrh ehlprõ gdjlcbth pgrg su pcrrh. j pgnõ 1;; pcshs ¸euçbth mjbcrh dc
shfrõ8
gths Hpcrgejõb
 V

[gfdh ehlprõ 1 thrtungs ¸euçbth mjbcrh pgnõ8

gths Hpcrgejõb

K @crbçb ehlprõ ub dhrh ub `çlstcr y ub pdgth. ¸Euçbth pgnõ8

gths Hpcrgejõb

Ludtjpdjegejõb mjvjsjõb

c Lgrjgbg ehlprõ gdjlcbth pgrg su pcrrh y mhs pdgth ¸Euçbth pgnõ8

gths Hpcrgejõb

Edgumjg ehlprõ 3
pcshs8 ¸Euçbth dc thrtungs ¸euçbthdctjcbc
shfrg h euçbth agdtg8quc pgngr8 ¸Dc gdegbzg ehb 3;;
gths Hpcrgejõb
 V

[gty tjcbc =;; pcshs ¸euçbth mjbcrh dc agdtg sj qujcrc ehlprgr gdjlcbth
pgrg pcrrhs y ub dhrh8
gths Hpcrgejõb

Hjng qujcrc ehlprgr 5 thrtungs j pgnõ ehb ub fjddctc mc 6;;

¸euçbth mjbcrh dc shfrõ8
gths Hpcrgejõb

=
 

Bÿlcrh 17ncfrg y vgrjgejõb

6 Vcsucdvc dgs hpcrgejhbcs y ubg vcz quc tcbngs thmhs dhs rcsudtgmhs
vc trgzçbmhdhs cb hrmcb cb cd eugmrh
eugmr h Aì
Aìog
ogtc
tc cb cd cocl
coclpdh
pdh
h 7 6 5 = 3 1 > 0 : 7; K
0= • • • • • • • • • • 30
16 77 • • • • • • • • • 6; 7=
67 • j • • • • • • • • 5;
57 • • • • • • • • • =;
=7 • • • • • • • • • 3;
• • 1; c 51
K

>:6
37 • • • • • • •
>7: 17 • • • • • • • • • >; 7>
 >7 • 2
t • • • • • • • 0;

07 • • • • • • • • • • :;

:7 • • • • • • • • • • 7;;

; H K

>x0< =30 h 77 6:
506 > 70
K

0x1<

5=7 63 75 137 7:
606 6 5 166 6

©
>x=< 167 77 >10
30= 5 >=1

Ludtjpdjegejõb y mjvjsjõb

Mjvjsjõb

Uj tjcbcs = pgbcs y dhs qujcrcs rcpgrtjr cbtrc mhs

pcrshbgs dh quc tjcbcs quc `gecr cs?

6 = pgbcs cbtrc
 6 r¡+
6 pcrshbgs dc thegb 6
7 pgbcs g egmg ubh

7 Vcpgrtc dhs pgbc

pgbcss ehlh
ehl h sc pjmc `gejcb
`g ejcbmh
mh nrup
nruphs
hs ehlh cb cd
coclpdh gbtcrjhr

H 0 phbquês cbtrc = pcrshbgs

Dc thegb phbquês g egmg

ubh.
d 6 ehbe`gs cbtrc 5 pcrshbgs

K K K K ~~
ÿ a8[&
~ajn8 ~~~w~ Dc thegb
ubh.
ehbe`gs g egmg

Dc thegb mhbgs g egmg

ubh.

Bÿlcrh õdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

6 Vcsucd
Vcsucdvc
vc dgs
dgs sjnujcbtcs
sjnujcbt cs mjvjsjhbcs Aìog
Aìogtc
tc cb cd coclpdh
 Ì00

sass =a=0

1a1h >Ì>>

Ludtjpdjegejõb mjvjsjõb

c
Vcshduejõb prhfdclgs
7 Vcs
Vcsucd
ucdvc
vc dh
dhs
s sjnujc
sjnujcbtcs
btcs pr
prhfd
hfdclg
clgss

H Lgrjgbg qujcrc nugrmgr 56 djngs cb 0 fhdsgs. ¸Euçbtgs

djngs `gfrç cb egmg fhdsg8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V jngs.
 K Edgumjg rcngdõ g sus = `johs 51 pcdhtgs. thmhs rcejfjcrhb
j
cd ljslh bÿlcrh ¸euçbtgs pcdhtgs rcejfjõ egmg ubh8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V pcdhtgs.

K Grlgbmh tjcbc 31 pcecs. j push 0 cb egmg pcecrm

¸euçbtgs pcecrgs ush8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V pcecs.

[gty rcejfjõ 6= adhrcs. j push cd ljslh bÿlcrh mc adhrcs cb

5 adhrcrhs ¸euçbtgs push cb egmg ubh8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V
dhrcs.

Bÿlcrh
Bÿlcrh.. çdn cfrg y vgrjgejõb

6. Vcsucdvc dhs sjnujcbtcs prhfdclgs.

L j lglç ehlprõ 5 fhdsgs mc ogfhbcs y pgnõ 1: pcshs
¸euçbth ehstõ egmg fhdsg8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V X
 pcshs.
 
L j pgpç ehlprõ :; djfrctgs vcbìgb cb : pgquctcs
¸euçbtgs `gfìg cb egmg ubh8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V jfrctgs.

K Çbncdcs `jzh :1 pudscrgs y dgs rcpgrtc cbtrc 5 bj÷gs

¸euçbtgs rcej
rcejfjõ
fjõ egmg ubg8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V
pudscrgs.
c Oumjt` tjcbc 00 egdehlgbìgs. Uj pcnõ = cb egmg
pçnjbg ¸euçbtgs pçnjbgs ush8
gths Hpcrgejõb

V pçnjbgs..
pçnjbgs

Ludtjpdjegejõb y mjvjsjõb

  cpgshludt
ludtjpdje
jpdjegejõ
gejõbb y mj
mjvj
vjsj
sjõb
õb

[grg hftcbcr cd mhfdc m c ub bÿlcrh tjcbcs

tjcbcs quc
ludtjpdjegrdh phr 6
d mhfdc m c =; cs 0; phrquc =; x 6 <0;

[grg hftcbcr dg ljtgm m c ub bÿlcrh tjcbcs

tjcbcs quc mjvjmjrdh
 cbtrc 6
g ljtgm =; cs 6; phrquc H
Y=h

7 Cserjfc cd mhfdc y dg ljt m m c dhs sjnujcbtcs bÿlcrhs

Mhfdc Ljtgm

11

0 =

=0

c 0

Bÿlcrh. çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

Mjbcrh

Eugbmh qucrclhs pgngr gdnÿb grtìeudh h scrvjejh utjdj

utjdjz
zglhs cd mjbcrh cb
Lêxjeh sc utjdjzgb dhs pcshs y usglhs dgs sjnujcbtcs lhbcmgs y fjddctcs.
Lhbcmgs
 Fjddctcs

h
.
¾-
¿¿ j o
'
.
7
7
ì'"õ"' D -

.. . ....

X Fgr m L xih ¾ . ?

77 7
¡O  
7
7
~
-
.. . .. <
-

7 Sbc dgs ehdulbgs mhbmc `gyg dg ljslg egbtjmgm c mjbcrh

f} ;
c

Ludtjpdjegejõb mjvjsjõb

6 [grg sgfcr euçbth ehstõ e m prhmueth eucbt cd mjbcrh quc sc

p nõ phr cddhs.

h
 Ehstgrhb? cshs Ehstõ? pcshs

Ehstõ? cshs Ehstõ? X   cshs

Ehstõ
hstõ?? pcshs Ehstõ? pcshs

Bÿlcrh, õdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

5. ]hlçs qujcrc ehlprgr vgrjhs grtìeudhs, gyÿmgdh g sgfcr euçbth

mjbcrh mcfc mgr ehlpdctgbmh d g tgfdg Cd Cdjn
jnc
c mhs
mh s ahrlgs
ahrlg s mjacrcbtcs
m c rcubjr dg ljslg egbtjmgm Aìogtc cb cd coclpdh
c X

j ?-.????
l/lg cs
 7$ .??????....
KYW Th8 /
$1>3 $5=5 $>0= $:36 $1=>

~$3;:7d
Y $6;;7
Y $7;;~
Y$3;~o

c
c 6

K
K
© 3

I K
...XX
c X

,-.??????
l/lgtcs

.??????.... /W Th8/
$1>3 $5=5 $>0= $:36 $1=>
~$3;:7d
Y $6;;  5
Y $7;;~
Y$3;~o

c >

K
K
©
 
• .
Ludtjpdjegejõb y mjvjsjõb

Vcth

7 hlpdctg dgs sceucbejgs thlgbmh c b eucbtg cd eugmrh m c grrjfg.

 h K

h
K
h
® h
K c

r t r r 7; 6; 5;

> >> 6;; 5;;

E

M MM

 
h h
Bÿlcrh
Bÿlcrh.. õd ncfr
ncfrgg y vgrjgejõb

6 hlpdctg dg hpcrgejõb quc sc t c shdjejtg, gbhtgbmh dg egbtjmgm

bcecsgrjg pgrg hftcbcr 3;;.
 53

•13 3

K3 P

5 hlpdctg d g hpcrgejõb quc sc t c shdjejtg, gbhtgbmh d g egbtjmgm

bcecsgrjg pgrg hftcbcr >;;?

66

K03 >

K> P

Ludtjpdjegejõb y mjvjsjõb

= Ujnuc cd egljbh quc rcehrrjõ cd bj÷h pgrg ddcngr g su egsg

 ehbtcstgbmh dgs hpcrgej
hpcr gejhbc
hbcs.
s. Aìog
Aìogtc
tc c b cd coclpdh

+ 33 13 x= h
-  

1;

K K
=>5 + 53;
-

x6

K M
+ >>; 6=
-  
:;; YNO

 
= =
 Egpìtudh =. Argeejhbcs

Eugbmh qucrclhs pgrtjr ub hfocth cb pgrtcs jnugdcs

utjdjzglhs dgs argeejhbcs.
Mcpcbmjcbmh mcd bÿlcrh cb quc dh mjvjmglhs
tjcbc ub bhlfrc.

Uj dg Uj dg Uj dg mjvjmcs
mjvjmcs cb mjvjmcs cb . K K O~ cb = egmg
6 egmg 5 egmg • c. ¾ TT pgrtc sc
pgrtc sc pgrtc sc ~¾- ddglg
ddglg ddglg . ;
 ' ¾ ¾ eugrth.
lcmjh. tcrejh.

Uj dg mjvjmcs cb 3 Uj dg mjvjmcs cb 1
sc ddglg qujbth. sc ddglg scxth.

d . Ehdhrcg
Ehdh rcg dg ajnurg quc rcprcscbtc dh quc mjec egmg cbubejgmh.
g f

EM C
H Dg ajnurg quc cstç mjvjmjmg cb lcmjhs.

g f
0 Dg ajnurg quc cstç mjvjmjmg cb qujbths.

rrC
g

0 Dg ajnurg quc cstç mjvjmjmg cb scxths. f)

c Dg ajnurg quc cstç mjvjmjmg cb tcrejhs.

g
C f) ;
g f
Dg ajnurg quc cstç mjvjmjmg cb eugrths.

 
 Argeejhbcs

[grtcs m c ub ar eejõb

6 bulcrgmhr [grtcs quc sc thlgrhb mcd cbtcrh

= mcbhljbgmhr [grtcs cb quc sc mjvjmjõ cd cbtcrh

6 Gbh
Gbhtg
tg cd bulcr mhr m c e m ajnurg. Aìogtc cb cd coclpdh.

7
6
5
c
® 1

C =
aaj 6

YJdjd\ 5
1

5 Ehdhrc
Ehdhrcgg cd bulcr mhr cb e m ajnurg. Aìogtc cb cd coclpdh.

6 6
h
= = 5

3
5
6 3 1

=
 

Bÿlcrh çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

= Lgreg d g argeejõb quc dc ehrrcsphbmc g egmg pjzzg Aìogtc c b cd

coclpdh

5
1
 

Argeejhbcs

Uulg m c argeejhbcs

]jn [grg sulgr argeejhbcs ehb cd ljslh mcbhljbgmhr

sc sulgb dgs egbtjmgmcs mcd bulcrgmhr y cd
mcbhljbgmhr qucmg jnugd.

6 X X 5
3 3 3

7. Vcdgejhbg ehb ubg adce`g dg

dgs
s mhs ehdul
ehdulbgs
bgs y ehdhrcg dh jbmjegmh
cb egmg hpcr
hpcrgejõ
gejõb.
b. Aìo
Aìogt
gtc
c cb cd coclpdh.
coc lpdh.

h 5 =
<

1 1 1

6 6 =
<

= = =

6 5
<

= = =

m
6
< <
 5 5 5

Bÿlcrh
Bÿlcrh.. çdn cfrg y vgrjgejõb

6. Vcdgejhbg ehb ub adce` dgs mhs ehdulb s y ehdhrc dh jbmje mh

cb e m hpcrgejõb.

g 6
<

= = =

f.  6 5
<

5 5 5

c 5 =
<

3 3 3

m = 3
+ < <
1 1 1

c 6
6 6 <
6
 

Argeejhbcs

5 Gbhtg g egmg ajnurg dg argeejõb quc dc ehrrcsphbmc, mcspuês

sulg dgs argeejhbcs y ehdhrcg cd rcsudtg
rcsudtgmh.
mh. Aìogtc
Aìogtc c b cd coclpdh

<
5 6 3
<
1 1 1
h

<

<

<

<
 <

Bÿlcrh. çdncfrg y vgrjgejõb

cpgsh
7 bhtg g egmg ajnurg dg argeejõb quc dc ehrrcsphbmc, mcspuês
sulg dgs argeejhbcs y ehdhrcg cd rcsudtgmh.

<

<

<

<

<
 <

6 Uulg dgs
dgs sjnujcbtcs arge
argeejhbc
ejhbcs
s Aì
Aìog
ogtc
tc c b cd coclpdh

7 X 3
1 1 1

6 5
c- -<
1 1
 

Ahrlg cspgejh lcmjm

Egpì
Eg pìtud
tudhh 3. Ajnurgs eucrphs nchl
nchlêtrj
êtrjehs
ehs
[hdìnhbhs

Dhs phdìnhbh
phdìnhbhs s shb
shb ajnurgs
ajnurgs pdgbgs.
Ejreubacrcbejg? dìbcg eurvg ecrrgmg
euyhs pubths cstçb
0 ugmrgmg

g dg ljslg mjstgbejg mcd ecbtrh.

Eugmrgmh? tjcbc = dgmhs jnugdcs.
]rjçbnudh?
]rjçbnudh? tjcbc 5 dgmhs.
d gmhs. Vcetçbnudh
Vcetçbnudh?
Vcetçb nudh? tjcbc = dgmhs mhs jnugdcs).
jnugdcs).

7 Ehdhrcg egmg ajnurg m c geucrmh g dh quc jbmjeg cd eugmrh

Eìreudh? glgrjddh Eugmrgmh? gzud ]rjçbnudh? vcrmc Vcetçbnudh? bcnrh

M M
 

Ajnurgs y eucrphs nchlêtrjehs

6 Mjfuog cb e m eu mrh d ajnurg quc sc t c pjmc

H Ajnurg ehb eugtrh dgmhs jnugdcs

Uu bhlfrc cs?

0 Eurvg ecrrgmg

Uu bhlfrc cs?

0 Ajnurg ehb trcs dgmhs

Uu bhlfrc cs?
 c Ajnurg ehb eugtrh dgmhs? 6 dgmhs mc = el y mhs
dgmhs mc 5 el

Uu bhlfrc cs?

Ahrl
Ahrlg.
g. cspge jh y lcmjmg

5 Ehlpdctg dg tgfdg sjnujcbmh dg jbahrlgejõb m c dgs jlçncbcs.

Aìogtc c b cd coclpdh

Gzud Qcrmc Bcnrh Vhoh

h
M
= Fuseg c b dg pçnjbg 737 dgs ajn
ajnurg
urgs
s rceõr
rceõrtgdgs
tgdgs y pêngdgs mhbmc
ehrrcsphbmg pgrg ahrlgr ub fgreh.
 

Ajnurg
Ajnurgs
s eucrphs
eucr phs nchl
nchlêtrj
êtrjehs
ehs

jphs c trjçbnudhs

hlgbmh c b eucbtg dg dhbnjtum m c sus dgmhs dhs trjçbnudhs

pucmcb scr?

Cqujdçtcrh? tjcbc sus trcs dgmhs jnugdcs?

Jsõsecdcs? tjcbc mhs dgmhs jnugdcs y ubh mcsjnugd?
Csegdcbh? ]jcbc thmhs sus dgmhs mcsjnugdcs?

7 Hfscrvg dh
dhs
s sjnujcbtcs trjç
trjçbnud
bnudhs
hs cserjfc
cser jfc cb d g dìbcg su bhlfrc.
 

Ahrlg cspgejh lcmjmg

6 Mcdjbcg egmg trjçbnudh ehlh sc jbmjeg

Csegdcbh? lhrgmh Jsõsecdcs? gzud Cqujdçtcrh? rhsg

 

Ajnurg
Ajnurgs
s eucrphs
eucrp hs nchl
nchlêtrj
êtrjehs
ehs

ucrphs nchlêtrjehs

Dhs eucrphs nchlêtrjehs mcpcbmjcbmh m c su ahrlg sc bhlfr b

m c mjacrcbtc lgbcrg

hbh jdjbmrh ufh Csacrg [rjslg

rcetgbnudgr

d Hfscrvg dhs hfocths y phb ub sìlfhdh m c t e`c sc÷ d bmh d

eucrph nchlêtrjeh d quc sc dc gsc
gsclco
lcog g Aì
Aìog
ogtc
tc cb cd
cd co
coclp
clpdh
dh

h
®
0
 K

•
5 •• •
• ••• •

Ahrlg cspgejh lcmjm

6 _gry `jzh ub lu÷ceh clpdc bmh eucrphs nchlêtrjehs Cserjfc c b

dg dìbcg cd eucrph nchlêtrjeh quc usõ p r e m pgrtc

6
 

  gpìtudh1 Lgnbjtumcs y lcmjmgs

Dceturg mcd rcdho
d rcdho cs ubg lçqujbg quc usglhs pgrg lcmjr cd tjclph. Dhs
bÿlcrhs ehrrc
ehr rcsph
sphbm
bmcb
cb g dgs `hrg
`hrgs.
s. ]j
]jcb
cbc
c mhs lgbce
l gbcejdd
jddgs
gs ubg
ehrtg quc sc ddglg `hrgrjh y sc÷gdg d g `hrg y ubg dgrng quc sc
ddglg ljbutcrh y bhs jbmjeg dhs ljbuths. Eugbmh cd ljbutcrh cstç
cb cd bÿlcrh 76 sc mjec quc cs dg `hrg cb pubth.

@hrgrjh

5?;;
Uhb dgs trcs cb pubth

7 Cserjfc dg `hrg quc lgreg egmg rcdho. [rjlcrh ehb bÿlcrhs y

gfgoh ehb dcdctr
trgs
gs ÷og
÷ogtc
tc cb cd cocl
coclpdh.
pdh.
 5?;;
trcs cb pubth

Ahrlg. cspgejh y lcmjmg

jp

=?73 eugtrh y eugrth 7?5; ubg y lcmjg

Eugbmh dg lgbcejddg nrgbmc (ljbutcrh) Eugbmh dg lgbcejddg nrgbmc
lgreg dgs 5 `g pgsgmh ub eugrth mc (ljbutcrh) lgreg dgs 1 `g pgsgmh
`hrg y mc lgbcrg ehlÿb sc mjec quc lcmjg `hrg y mc lgbcrg ehlÿb sc
shb dgs eugtrh y eugrth . mjec ? ubg y lcmjg .

6. Lgreg cb cd rcdho dg `hrg jbmjegmg

]rcs y lcmjg Ejbeh y eugrth Ucjs y eugrth

 Hbec y lcmjg He`h y eugrth Ejbeh y lcmjg

Mhs y eugrth Ujctc y eugrth Sbg y lcmjg

Eugtrh y lcmjg Bucvc y lcmjg Mhec y eugrth

  gnbjtumcs lcmjmgs

5 [hb ubg eruz rhog g thmhs dhs rcdhocs quc lgregb dg `hrg c b pubth
vcrmc g dhs quc lgregb lcmjg `hrg m c rhsg g dhs quc lgregb
u b eugrth m c `hrg.
 

Ahrlg cspgejh y lcmjmg

ljbutcrh egmg vcz quc sc lucvc gvgbzg ub ljbuth

d
d j cb ubg `hrg rcehrrc 1; ljbuths
Cstc rcdho `g gvgbzgmh 7; ljbuths sc cserjfc? 76?7
 6?5

Lgnbjtumcs lcmjmgs

3 Lgreg c b cd rcdho d g `hrg jbmjegmg ìogtc c b cd coclpdh

7 ?5 5?73 76?53
 0?61 =?=0 7?3

77?55 3?75 >? =

Ahrlg cspgejh y lcmjmg

gdcbmgrjh

egdcbmgrjh bhs sjrvc pgrg rcprcscbtgr

Cd
dhs mìgs dgs sclgbgs y dhs lcscs mc
ub g÷h.

7 Cserjfc cd bhlfrc m c dhs lcscs quc dc agdtgb gd egdcbmgrjh

Egdcbmgrjh
Cbcrh
5 5 7 6 5 = 3 6> 60 6: 5 5 7 6 >= 67 1 6> 60 7 6
 1 > 0 : 7 6 5 = 3 1 > 0 : 5 = 3 1 > 0 :
5 7= 3 71 > 70 7: 7 6 5 7= 3 71 7 6 5 7= 3 71

6 6 66 65 6= 63 61 > 70 7: 6 6 66 65 > 70 7: 6 6 66 65
6> 60 6: 5 57 6= 63 61 6> 60 6= 63 61 6> 60 6: 5
5

6. Mc geucrmh gd egdcbmgrjh m c cstg pçnjbg y dg sjnujcbtc ehbtcstg.

H ¸Euçd cs cd lc
lcs
s quê tjcbc
tjc bc 60 mìgs8 X X X X X X X X X X X X X

K ¸Cserjfc cd bhlfrc mc dhs lcscs quc tjcbcb 5; mìgs8 X X X X X X X

K ¸Cserjfc cd bhlfrc mc dhs lcscs quc tjcbcb 57 mìgs8 X X X X X X X

Cserjfc dg ace`g mc tu e u l p d c g ÷ h s -
Dhegdìzgdg cb cd egdcbmgrjh y lçrehdg ehb ubg eruz rhog.

Lgnbjtumcs y lcmjmgs

ubjh
57 7 6 5 = 3 1 0 6: 5 7 6 5 = 63 61 6> 60 6: 5 7
> 0 : 7 76 5 3 1 > 0 : 7 6 5 = 3 1 > 0
7= 73 71 7> 70 7: 6 76 5 7= 73 71 7> 70 : 7 76 5 7= 73
67 66 65 6= 63 61 6> 7: 6 67 66 65 6= 63 71 7> 70 7: 6 67 66
60 6: 5 61 6> 60 6: 5 57 65 6= 63 61 6> 60 6:
5

5 7 6 5 = 3 1 0 6: 5 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 = 3 1 >
> 0 : 7 76 5 = 3 1 > 0 : 7 0 : 7 76 5 7=
7= 73 71 7> 70 7: 6  76 5 7= 73 71 7> 73 71 7> 70 7: 6 67

67 66 65 6= 63 61 6> 70 7: 6 67 66 65 6= 66 65 6= 63 61 6> 60
 60 6: 5 57 63 61 6> 60 6: 5 57 6: 5

jejclfrc
: 5 7 6 5 = 3 6 0 : 5 5 7 6 7 6 5 = 3 1 >
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[çn Cocr. Vcspucstgs [çn Cocr. Vcspucstgs

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[çn. Cocr. Vcspucstgs [çn. Cocr. Vcspucstgs

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