Assignment-Iv: (I) Operating Time of Feeder Relay

ASSIGNMENT-IV
Module 4:
1. Why secondary of C.T should not be kept open? Justify your answer.
2. What problems are observed in an electromagnetic attraction type relay when connected to
an A.C source? Justify your answer with suitable diagram.
3. Using universal torque equation of relays draw the characteristic of mho relay.
4. Why is it necessary to suppress the field immediately after disconnection of faulty alternator
from the system?
5. Even though there is no phase change in star-star connected transformers, CTs used for
differential protection are delta-delta connected. Why
6. A current transformer has turns ratio 1:399 and is rated as 2000/5A. The core loss component
is 3A and magnetizing component is 8A, under full load conditions. Find the phase angle and
ratio errors under full condition if secondary circuit power factor is 0.8 leading.
7. Following Fig. 1(a) shows the part of a typical power system. If for the discrimination, the
time grading margin between the relays is 0.6 sec; calculate the time of operation of relay 1
and time setting multiplier for relay 2. Refer to characteristics given in Fig. 1(b). The time
setting multiplier of relay 1 is 0.3.
Fig. 1(a) Fig. 1(b)

8. A 20 MVA transformer which is used to operate at 30% overload feeds an 11 kV bus-bar
through a circuit breaker. The transformer circuit breaker is equipped with a 1,000/5 current
transformer and the feeder circuit breaker with 400/5 current transformer and both the current
transformers feed IDMTL relays having the following characteristics.
PSM 2 3 5 10 15 20
Time for unity TMS 10 6 4.1 3 2.5 2.2
The relay on the feeder circuit breaker has 125% plug setting and a 0.3 time multiplier
setting. If a fault current of 5,000 A flows from the transformer to the feeder, determine
(i) Operating time of feeder relay.

(ii) Suggest suitable plug setting and time multiplier setting of the transformer relay to ensure
adequate discrimination of 0.5 s between the transformer relay and feeder relay
9. Fig. 2 shows a radial distribution system having identical IDMTL overcurrent relay at A, B
and C. For a time delay step of 0.5 second, calculate the time multiplier settings at A and B.
IDMTL relay characteristic is given below:
PSM 2 3 5 1 20
0
Time for unity TMS 1 6 4.5 3 2
0
Fig. 2
CT Ratio 200/ 200/5 200/5

5
Plug setting current 5A 2.5A 2.5A
Time setting ---- ---- 0.1
multiplier
0 0
10. Draw necessary pharos diagrams of (i) 30 connection, (ii) 90 connection, as applied to
directional relay in different circuit conditions. Also mention necessary reasons for the above
connections.
11. On a R-X diagram show a line having an impedance of 3+j4 Ω. On the same diagram show
the operating characteristics of.
(i) Impedance relay
(ii) Reactance relay
(iii) Reactance relay
Assume that these relays are adjusted to just operate for a zero impedance short circuit at the
end of the line section. If an arcing short circuit fault having an arc impedance of 1+j0 Ω
occurs anywhere on the line, find for each type of distance relay, the maximum portion of the
line that can be protected.
12. A 500 kVA. 6.6 kV star connected alternator has a synchronous reactance of 1.0 Ω per phase
and negligible resistance. The differential relay operates if the out of balance current through
it exceeds 30% of the normal full toad current of the alternator. The star point of the
alternator is earthed through a resistance of 5 Ω. What percent of the stator winding is left
unprotected? Show that the effect of the alternator reactance can be neglected.
13. A 13.8 kV, 125 MVA, star-connected alternator has a synchronous reactance of 1.4 per unit
per phase and a negligible resistance. It is protected by a Merz-Price balanced current system
which operates when out of balance current exceeds 10% of the full load current. If the
neutral point is earthed through a resistance of 2Ω, determine what proportion of winding is
protected against earth fault.
14. Fig. 3 shows percentage differential relay has a 0.1 amperes. minimum pick up and 10%
I −I Vs ( I 1 + I 2 ) / 2
slope of characteristic ( 1 2 ) . A high resistance ground fault occurred
near the grounded neutral end of the generator winding while generator is carrying a load. As
a consequence the currents flowing at each end of the winding are shown in the Fig. 3.
Assuming C.T. ratio of 400/5 amperes, will the relay operate the trip of the breaker?
Fig. 3
15. A 3 phase, 200 kVA, 11 kV/400 V transformer is connected in delta-star. The C.T.s on low
voltage side have turns ratio of 500/5. i) Determine the CT. ratio on high voltage side. Also
obtain the circulating current when the fault of 750 A of fallowing types occur on the low
voltage side;
ii) Earth fault within the protective zone.
iii) Earth fault outside the protective zone.
iv) Phase to phase fault within the protective zone.
v) Phase to phase fault outside the protective zone. Assume balanced voltage.
16. A 132 kV, 3 phase, 100 MW at 0.8 p.f lag, alternator has reactance of 0.2 p.u. If it is
equipped with a circulating current differential protection set to operate at least at 500 A fault
current, determine the magnitude of the neutral grounding resistance that leaves the 10% of
the winding unprotected.
17. A 6.6 k.V. star connected alternator has a transient reactance of 2 Ω per phase and negligible
winding resistance. It is protected by circulating current Metz-Price protection. The alternator
neutral is earthed through the resistance of 7.5 Ω. The relays are set to operate when there is
out of balance current of 1 A in secondary of 500/5 current transformers. How much % of
winding is protected against earth fault?
18. A synchronous generator rated at 20 KV protected by circulating current system having
neutral grounded through a reliance of 15 Ω. The differential protection relay is set to operate
when there is an out Of balance current of 3 A. The C.T.s have ratio of 1000/5. Determine,
i) The % of winding remains unprotected.
ii) Value of earth resistance to achieve 75 % protection of winding.
19. Why use of single bus-bar arrangement is restricted to small and medium sized substations
and small power stations?
20. In a simple differential scheme, the two CTs have a nominal ratio of 100:1. The CT errors for
a 'through fault' current of 1000 A are as follows:
CT1 CT2
Ratio error 5 % +6 %
Phase angle 2 % -4 %
error
Determine the pick-up of the OC relay in the spill path so that the scheme remains stable.
21. Consider a single-phase 11 kV/11 kV, 1.1 MVA transformer protected by percentage
differential protection. CTs with 5 A secondaries are used. It is known that the magnetizing
currents of the two CTs, for maximum external fault current, differ by 0.5 A. Assuming no
other source of error and a minimum pick-up of 0.01 A, find the minimum percentage bias
setting so that the scheme remains stable on maximum external fault current.
22. Design the differential protection for a three-phase, 50 Hz transformer with the following
nameplate ratings: MVA 250, 15.75 kVl400 k y 50 Hz, delta-star.
23. The impedance seen from the relay side in a distance relay is 10 ohms. Given that the CT
ratio is 1000:1 and the PT ratio is 100,000:110, determine the actual impedance. Given that
the line has a resistance of 1 milliohm per km and a reactance of 20 milliohm per km, find
the distance to fault. Assume single-phase line.
24. Why conventional differential protection cannot detect inter-turn faults on the same phase?
25. A 100 MVA Δ/Y – connected, 11/220 KV transformer is to be protected by percentage
differential scheme. CTs used are of ratio 6,000/5 and 300/1 respectively. Draw the sketch of
complete scheme. Relays are rated up to 1 A.

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ASSIGNMENT-IV

Fig. 1(a) Fig. 1(b)

(i) Operating time of feeder relay.

CT Ratio 200/ 200/5 200/5

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