Ee8712 - Ren Energy Systems Lab

EE8712-Renewable Energy Systems Lab Dept.
of EEE 2020-2021
INDEX
Name of the Lab:
Staff Name:
Date
S. Page Date of Staff
of Name of the Experiment Remark Date
No. No. Submission Sign
Expt.
St. Joseph’s College Of Engineering 1

EE8712-Renewable Energy Systems Lab Dept. of EEE 2020-2021
ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS
E8712 – RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS LABORATORY

1.Simulation study on Solar PV Energy System.
2.Experiment on VI-Characteristics and Efficiency of 1kWpSolar PV System.
3.Experiment on Shadowing effect and diode based solution in1kWpSolar PV System.
4.Experiment on Performance assessment of Grid connected and Standalone 1kWp Solar Power System.
5.Simulation study on Wind Energy Generator.
6.Experiment on Performance assessment of micro Wind Energy Generator.
7.Simulation study on Hybrid (Solar-Wind) Power System.
8.Experiment on Performance Assessment of Hybrid (Solar-Wind) Power System.
9.Simulation study on Hydel Power.
10.Experiment on Performance Assessment of 100W Fuel Cell.
11.Simulation study on Intelligent Controllers for Hybrid Systems.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
CYCLE I :
1.Simulation study on Solar PV Energy System.
2.Experiment on VI-Characteristics and Efficiency of 1kWpSolar PV System.
3.Experiment on Shadowing effect and diode based solution in1kWpSolar PV System.
4.Experiment on Performance assessment of Grid connected and Standalone 1kWp Solar Power System.
5.Simulation study on Wind Energy Generator.
6.Experiment on Performance assessment of micro Wind Energy Generator.
CYCLE II:
7.Simulation study on Hybrid (Solar-Wind) Power System.
8.Experiment on Performance Assessment of Hybrid (Solar-Wind) Power System.
9.Simulation study on Hydel Power.
10.Experiment on Performance Assessment of 100W Fuel Cell.
11.Simulation study on Intelligent Controllers for Hybrid Systems.

Expt. No.: Date:

1. SIMULATION STUDY ON SOLAR PV ENERGY SYSTEM
AIM: To study the characteristics of Solar Photo-voltaic system using MATLAB software.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system designed to
supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several
components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to
convert the output from direct to alternating current, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical
accessories to set up a working system. It may also use a solar tracking system to improve the system's
overall performance and include an integrated battery solution, as prices for storage devices are expected
to decline. Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses the ensemble of solar panels, the visible part
of the PV system, and does not include all the other hardware, often summarized as balance of system
(BOS). As PV systems convert light directly into electricity
SIMULATION DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Open the Mat lab program.
2. In command window, from the file tab, select New Simulink file.
3. Create a new model project file.
4. From tool bar, Drag and drop
5.
6.
7.
8.
RESULT:
INFERENCE:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is PV system?
2. What are the two different characteristics of PV system?
3. Draw the equivalent circuit of a PV cell
4. How a PV cell converts sunlight into electricity
5. What is the need of a battery in a PV system?
Expt. No.: Date:

2. EXPERIMENT ON VI-CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFICIENCY OF 1KWPSOLAR PV
SYSTEM
AIM:
To plot the V-I characteristics of 1kWsolar PV panel and determine its efficiency using an
experimental setup.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
SOLAR CELL V-I CHARACTERISTICS:
Solar Cell I-V Characteristic Curves show the current and voltage ( I-V ) characteristics of a
particular photovoltaic ( PV ) cell, module or array giving a detailed description of its solar energy
conversion ability and efficiency. Knowing the electrical I-V characteristics (more importantly Pmax) of
a solar cell, or panel is critical in determining the device’s output performance and solar efficiency.
Photovoltaic solar cells convert the suns radiant light directly into electricity. With increasing demand for
a clean energy source and the sun’s potential as a free energy source, has made solar energy conversion
as part of a mixture of renewable energy sources increasingly important. As a result, the demand for
efficient solar cells, which convert sunlight directly into electricity, is growing faster than ever before.
Photovoltaic ( PV ) cells are made almost entirely from silicon that has been processed into an extremely
pure crystalline form that absorbs the photons from sunlight and then releases them as electrons, causing
an electric current to flow when the photoconductive cell is connected to an external load. There are a
variety of different measurements we can make to determine the solar cell’s performance, such as its
power output and its conversion efficiency.
The main electrical characteristics of a PV cell or module are summarized in the relationship between the
current and voltage produced on a typical solar cell I-V characteristics curve. The intensity of the solar
radiation (insolation) that hits the cell controls the current ( I ), while the increases in the temperature of
the solar cell reduces its voltage ( V ).
Solar cells produce direct current (DC) electricity and current times voltage equals power, and thus
create solar cell I-V curves representing the current versus the voltage for a photovoltaic device.
Solar Cell I-V Characteristics Curves are basically a graphical representation of the operation of a solar
cell or module summarising the relationship between the current and voltage at the existing conditions of
irradiance and temperature. I-V curves provide the information required to configure a solar system so
that it can operate as close to its optimal peak power point (MPP) as possible.
FIG: SOLAR PANEL: I-V CHARACTERISTICS

The above graph shows the current-voltage ( I-V ) characteristics of a typical silicon PV cell operating
under normal conditions. The power delivered by a solar cell is the product of current and voltage ( I x V
). If the multiplication is done, point for point, for all voltages from short-circuit to open-circuit
conditions, the power curve above is obtained for a given radiation level.With the solar cell open-
circuited, that is not connected to any load, the current will be at its minimum (zero) and the voltage
across the cell is at its maximum, known as the solar cells open circuit voltage, or Voc. At the other
extreme, when the solar cell is short circuited, that is the positive and negative leads connected together,
the voltage across the cell is at its minimum (zero) but the current flowing out of the cell reaches its
maximum, known as the solar cells short circuit current, or Isc.Then the span of the solar cell I-V
characteristics curve ranges from the short circuit current ( Isc ) at zero output volts, to zero current at the
full open circuit voltage ( Voc ). In other words, the maximum voltage available from a cell is at open
circuit, and the maximum current at closed circuit. Of course, neither of these two conditions generates
any electrical power, but there must be a point somewhere in between was the solar cell generates
maximum power.
However, there is one particular combination of current and voltage for which the power reaches its
maximum value, at Imp and Vmp. In other words, the point at which the cell generates maximum
electrical power and this is shown at the top right area of the green rectangle. This is the “maximum
power point” or MPP. Therefore the ideal operation of a photovoltaic cell (or panel) is defined to be at
the maximum power point.
The maximum power point (MPP) of a solar cell is positioned near the bend in the I-V characteristics
curve. The corresponding values of Vmp and Imp can be estimated from the open circuit voltage and the
short circuit current: Vmp ≅ (0.8–0.90)Voc and Imp ≅ (0.85–0.95)Isc. Since solar cell output voltage
and current both depend on temperature, the actual output power will vary with changes in ambient
temperature.Thus far we have looked at Solar Cell I-V Characteristic Curve for a single solar cell or
panel. But many photovoltaic arrays are made up of smaller PV panels connected together. Then the I-V
curve of a PV array is just a scaled up version of the single solar cell I-V characteristic curve as shown.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1.
INFERENCE:
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Plot the V-I characteristics of a PV cell
2. Plot the P-V characteristics of a PV cell.
3. What is Voc and Isc of a PV cell?
4. What is MPP?
5. What is Vmp and Imp of a PV cell?
Expt. No.: Date :

3. EXPERIMENT ON SHADOWING EFFECT AND DIODE BASED SOLUTION IN
1KWPSOLAR PV SYSTEM.
AIM:
To analyse the performance characteristics of 1kW solar PV system under shadowing effect.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
SHADOWING EFFECT:
Shadowing effect occurs when a photovoltaic system does not receive the same amount of incident
irradiation level throughout the system due to obstacles. In these conditions, the cells receiving a lower
level of irradiance can absorb power instead of producing it. Bypass diodes are used to reduce the impact
of shadowing effect and to protect the solar panel. The shadowing effect on a panel is analyzed. A single
diode solar cell model is built from datasheet values and the parameters are used to obtain the Simulink
model of the panel with irradiance for each cell as a variable. Bypass diodes are used across every 10
cells in the panel and shadowing effect on this system is studied. A maximum power point tracking
system using the perturb and observe algorithm and a buck converter are also added to the system. The
simulation results show that the model derived is accurate. When the irradiance level is changed, the
percentage increase in the maximum power point (MPP) is almost equal to the percentage increase in the
incident irradiance level on the panel. Additionally, when bypass diodes are added to the system, higher
values of MPP can be obtained during a partial shadow. However, they also introduce multiple local
MPP into the system and this cause the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to get stuck at
a local maximum instead of the global maximum in some cases.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
PROCEDURE :
INFERENCE:
RESULT:

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is shadowing effect?
2. What is the use of bypass diodes?
3. Name some MPPT techniques.
4. What is P&O MPPT?
5. Why a DC-DC converter is interfaced with solar panel?
Expt. No.:4. EXPERIMENT ON PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF GRID CONNECTED AND
STANDALONE 1KWP SOLAR POWER SYSTEM. Date:
AIM:
To analyse the performance characteristics of grid connected and stand - alone 1kW
solar power system
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
Grid connect solar power:
A grid connect system is one that works in with the local utility grid so that when your solar panels produce
more solar electricity than your house is using the surplus power is fed into the grid. With a grid connect solar
power system when your house requires more power than what your solar panels are producing then the
balance of your electricity is supplied by the utility grid. So for example if your electrical loads in your house
were consuming 20 amps of power and your solar power was only generating 12 amps then you would be
drawing 8 amps from the grid. Obviously at night all of your electrical needs are supplied by the grid because
with a grid connect system you do not store the power you generate during the day.
Stand- alone solar power:

A standalone solar system, the solar panels are not connected to a grid but instead are used to charge a bank of
batteries. These batteries store the power produced by the solar panels and then your electrical loads draw their
electricity from these batteries. Standalone solar power systems have been used for a long time in areas where
no public grid is available. However, the real growth in solar power systems in the last 5 years has been in grid
connect systems.

PROCEDURE :
RESULT:
INFERENCE:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is Stand-alone PV system?
2. What is grid connected PV system?
3. Which one is better ,grid or stand-alone?
4. What is grid?
5. Give the significance of batteries.
Expt. No. Date:

5. SIMULATION STUDY ON WIND ENERGY GENERATOR
AIM:
To study the characteristics of wind generator by simulating the model using MATLAB
software.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY
Wind turbines work on a simple principle: instead of using electricity to make wind—like a fan
—wind turbines use wind to make electricity. Wind turns the propeller-like blades of a turbine around a
rotor, which spins a generator, which creates electricity.
Wind is a form of solar energy caused by a combination of three concurrent events:
*The sun unevenly heating the atmosphere
*Irregularities of the earth's surface
*The rotation of the earth.
The terms "wind energy" and "wind power" both describe the process by which the wind is used to
generate mechanical power or electricity. This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as
grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity.
A wind turbine turns wind energy into electricity using the aerodynamic force from the rotor blades,
which work like an airplane wing or helicopter rotor blade. When wind flows across the blade, the air
pressure on one side of the blade decreases. The difference in air pressure across the two sides of the
blade creates both lift and drag. The force of the lift is stronger than the drag and this causes the rotor to
spin. The rotor connects to the generator, either directly (if it’s a direct drive turbine) or through a shaft
and a series of gears (a gearbox) that speed up the rotation and allow for a physically smaller generator.
This translation of aerodynamic force to rotation of a generator creates electricity.
SIMULATION DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE

PANEL DIAGRAM
INFERENCE:
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is the principle of wind generator?
2. Wind is a form of what energy? Brief it.
3. How the mechanical rotation is converted to electrical signals?
4. What are the two types of force in wind energy generation?
5. How the translation of aerodynamic force produces electricity?
Expt. No.: Date:

6. EXPERIMENT ON PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF MICRO WIND ENERGY
GENERATOR.
AIM:
To analyse the performance characteristics of micro wind energy generator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
Micro-wind turbines are used in micro-wind generation and are much smaller in scale than those used in
conventional wind generation making them more suitable for residential energy production. Micro-wind
generation is a method of micro generation that uses the flow of wind energy to produce electricity for a
house or farm. Broadly speaking, there are two types of wind turbines that can be installed: vertical axis
wind turbines and horizontal axis wind turbines.
The installation of a micro-wind turbine usually consists of the turbine and an inverter. Wind causes the
blades of the wind turbine to rotate, generating mechanical energy. The mechanical energy from the
rotation is converted to direct current (DC) in the turbine and using the inverter, is converted to
alternating current (AC). The inverter output is connected to a breaker panel where the electricity can be
shared among the electrical equipment in the home. Excess electricity can be exported from the home to
the electrical grid using a bidirectional meter and credits will be provided accordingly by the retailer
based on the electric current tariff for electricity.
The generation of electricity is mostly based on the rotational wind speeds of the wind turbines. Certain
geographic locations are more suitable for producing electricity compared to others. Depending on the
amount of wind that can be obtained from a region, the generation can vary. Another factor that can
affect the performance of wind turbines is the obstructions in the area of the installed turbine.
Obstructions from trees or other buildings will hinder the turbines from producing at its optimum
capacity.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
INFERENCE:
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is micro-wind energy generator?
2. How a micro wind system is installed?
3. What are the factors affecting generator performance?
4. What are the installation requirements of microwind turbine system?
5. Compare PV and wind power generation system.
Expt. No.: Date:
7. SIMULATION STUDY ON HYBRID (SOLAR-WIND) POWER SYSTEM.
AIM:
To study the characteristics of hybrid (Solar-wind) power system by simulating the model using
MATLAB software.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Personal Computer, MATLAB 7.10
THEORY:

PV-wind hybrid energy system’s main components are shown in Figure. PV array and wind turbine
generate energy for the load. Battery stores excess energy and supplies the load when the generated
energy is not enough for the load. Battery charge controllers keep battery voltage within specific voltage
window and thus, they prevent over discharge or overcharge regimes. To protect the battery against
overcharging, PV array and wind generator is disconnected from the system when the DC bus voltage
increases above and when the current required by the load is less than the current generated by the PV
array and wind generator. They are connected again when DC bus voltage decreases below. To protect
the battery against excessive discharging, the load is disconnected when the DC bus voltage falls below
and when the current required by the load is greater than the current generated by the PV array and wind
generator. The load is switched on when DC bus voltage increases above. The inverter converts
generated energy from DC to AC for an AC load.
FIGURE : HYBRID (SOLAR-WIND) POWER SYSTEM
SIMULATION DIAGRAM:
INFERENCE:
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What do you mean by hybrid system?
2. How the performance is analysed in hybrid system?
3. Why hybrid systems play a vital role than an individual system?
4. What are the major components in a PV-wind hybrid system
5. What is the role of battery in PV-wind system?
Expt. No. 8. EXPERIMENT ON PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF HYBRID (SOLAR-

WIND) POWER SYSTEM.
Date:
AIM :
To analyse the performance characteristics of hybrid (solar-wind) power system
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

THEORY:
Hybrid systems are basically an integration of solar panels and wind turbine, the output of
this combination is used to charge batteries, this stored energy can then be transmitted to local power stations.
In this system wind turbine can be used to produce electricity when wind is available and solar energy panels are
used when solar radiations are available. Power can be generated by both the sections at the same time also.
The usage of batteries is to provide uninterrupted power supply. This system requires high initial investment.
The power output of the wind turbinewind turbine is AC which is converted to DC with the help of a rectifier.The
The voltage can be stepped up or stepped down with the help of a ‘SEPIC’ converter which uses
MOSFET switching.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
RESULT :
INFERENCE:
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. How solar energy is produced?
2. How wind energy is produced?
3. Name any other source other than wind which can form a hybrid system with PV?
4. Give some examples of hybrid systems.
5. Give some examples of wind hybrid sytems.
Expt. No.: Date:
9. SIMULATION STUDY ON HYDEL POWER
AIM:
To study the characteristics of hydel power system by simulating the model using MATLAB software.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
Hydropower or hydroelectricity refers to the conversion of energy from flowing water
into electricity. It is considered a renewable energy source because the water cycle is constantly renewed
by the sun. oday, modern hydro plants produce electricity using turbines and generators, where
mechanical energy is created when moving water spins rotors on a turbine. This turbine is connected to
an electromagnetic generator, which produce electricity when the turbine spins.
Hydro plant facilities can be categorized into three sizes: large (>30 MW), small (100 kW - 30
MW), or micro (<100 kW),
There are three main types of hydro plants:
Impoundment facilities are the most common technology which uses a dam to create a large
reservoir of water. Electricity is made when water passes through turbines in the dam.
Pumped storage facilities are similar but have a second reservoir below the dam. Water can be
pumped from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir, storing energy for use at a later time.
Run-of-river facilities rely more on natural water flow rates, diverting just a portion of river
water through turbines, sometimes without the use of a dam or reservoirs. Since run-of-river hydro is
subject to natural water variability, it is more intermittent than dammed hydro.
SIMULATION DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
INFERENCE:
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What do you mean by hydel power generation?
2. Why hydel power is a renewable source?
3. How the hydro plants are classified?
4. What are the main types of hydro plants?
5. Give the advantages of hydro power plants.
Expt. No. 10. Experiment on Performance Assessment of 100W Fuel Cell Date:
AIM:
To analyse the performance characteristics of 100W fuel cell.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
A fuel cell is a device that converts chemical potential energy (energy stored in molecular bonds)
into electrical energy. A PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) cell uses hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas
(O2) as fuel. The products of the reaction in the cell are water, electricity, and heat. This is a big
improvement over internal combustion engines, coal burning power plants, and nuclear power plants, all
of which produce harmful by-products.
There are four basic elements of a PEM Fuel Cell:
The anode, the negative post of the fuel cell, has several jobs. It conducts the electrons that are freed
from the hydrogen molecules so that they can be used in an external circuit. It has channels etched into it
that disperse the hydrogen gas equally over the surface of the catalyst.
The cathode, the positive post of the fuel cell, has channels etched into it that distribute the oxygen to the
surface of the catalyst. It also conducts the electrons back from the external circuit to the catalyst, where
they can recombine with the hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water.
The electrolyte is the proton exchange membrane. This specially treated material, which looks something
like ordinary kitchen plastic wrap, only conducts positively charged ions. The membrane blocks
electrons. For a PEMFC, the membrane must be hydrated in order to function and remain stable.
The catalyst is a special material that facilitates the reaction of oxygen and hydrogen. It is usually made
of platinum nanoparticles very thinly coated onto carbon paper or cloth. The catalyst is rough and porous
so that the maximum surface area of the platinum can be exposed to the hydrogen or oxygen. The
platinum-coated side of the catalyst faces the PEM.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
INFERENCE:
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is a fuel cell?
2. Is fuel cell a renewable source?
3. How fuel cell generates electricity?
4. What is the difference between a fuel cell and a battery?
5. Write the chemical reactions of a fuel cell.
Expt. No.: 11. Simulation study on Intelligent Controllers for Hybrid Systems. DATE:
AIM:
To study the characteristics of intelligent controllers for hybrid systems by simulating the model using
MATLAB software.
APPARATUS REQUIRED :
THEORY:
An intelligent control of hybrid system is explained here.The regulatory methods is implemented to
obtain maximum available energy during the deviating constraints such as irradiance and wind speed
along with power quality maintenance. Levelised cost of electricity is being practiced in major parts of
the system for better operation. In additional an efficient energy management system was employed in a
standalone system for even power distribution throughout a day. The usage of Intelligent supervisory for
switching of boost converter is most important in obtaining output of PV system. Integration of the
system with grid by utilising DC-AC converter (Inverter) for energy transfer from the PV array and wind
turbine to grid with constant common dc voltage. The simulation results depicts that the entire regulatory
system has been deployed utilizing power system transient analysis tool in MATLAB Simulink. Results
also depict the controlled performance and dynamic behaviour of the hybrid system.
SIMULATION DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:

INFERENCE:
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What do you mean by intelligent control?
2. Name some intelligent control techniques for hybrid systems.
3. What is the controlling factor in intelligent systems?
4. How the efficiency is improved in intelligent control system.
5. Why intelligent control plays a vital role?

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EE8712-Renewable Energy Systems Lab Dept.

Name of the Lab:

St. Joseph’s College Of Engineering 1

ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS

E8712 – RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS LABORATORY

St. Joseph’s College Of Engineering 2

Expt. No.: Date:

Expt. No.: Date:

FIG: SOLAR PANEL: I-V CHARACTERISTICS

Expt. No.: Date :

St. Joseph’s College Of Engineering 6

Stand- alone solar power:

St. Joseph’s College Of Engineering 7

Expt. No. Date:

St. Joseph’s College Of Engineering 9

Expt. No.: Date:

St. Joseph’s College Of Engineering 11

FIGURE : HYBRID (SOLAR-WIND) POWER SYSTEM

Expt. No. 8. EXPERIMENT ON PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF HYBRID (SOLAR-

St. Joseph’s College Of Engineering 12

St. Joseph’s College Of Engineering 16

St. Joseph’s College Of Engineering 17

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