Arabic - 2.2 DIN 31635
Arabic - 2.2 DIN 31635
Arabic - 2.2 DIN 31635
ARABIC
Arabic script*
b b b b b b
+ , - .
03
t t t t t t
/ 0 1 2
04
( ( ( ) ( (
; < = >
07
* + + kh kh kh
? @
08
d d d d d d
A B
09
, , , dh dh dh
C D
10
r r r r r r
E F
11
z z z z z z
G H I J
12
s s s s s s
K L M N
13
- - - sh sh sh
O P Q R
14
. . . / . .
S T U V
15
0 0 0 d1 0 0
W X Y Z
16
2 2 2 3 2 2
[ \ ] ^
17
4 4 4 z1 4 4
_ ` a b
18
5 5 5 6 6 5
c d e f
19
7 7 8 gh gh gh
g h i j
20
f f f f f f
k l m n
21
q q q q q 9
o p q r
22
k k k k k k
s t u v
23
l l l l l l
w x y z
24
m m m m m m
{ | } ~
25
n n n n n n
• € • ‚
26
h h h h h h
ƒ „ "
27
w w w w w w
‡ ˆ ‰ Š
29
y y y y y y
‹ Œ
30
31 ! = — y y !
• Ž l! la" l! l! l! l!
s!
32
33 # al- (1.2) "#al (2.2) al- (3.5) al- (4.4) al- (5.3) al-, %l- (6.2)
a a a a a a
%’
35
u u u u u u
%“
36
i i i i i i
! ‘% " ‘%
37
! a" ! ! ! !
%”
38
! ! — ! ! !
‹ ‘%
39
! a= à á á !
•%
40
! != à — — —
…’ % †’ %
41
? iy ? ? ? ?
– %, —%
43
% an á", á @A aA an (5.5) —
‹ —%
44
% an á= — — — —
%˜
45
% un ú BA uA un (5.5) —
%™
46
% in í CA iA in (5.5) —
…š ‘% †š ‘%
47
aw aw° aw aw aw aw
š‡ ‘% š ‰ ‘%
48
ay ay° ay ay ay ay
…’ %
49
uww uwD uww, > (3.7) uww >w (5.6) uww, > (6.3)
›‡ “%
50
Other signs
%š % (1.3)
F° — (3.9) (4.5)
— —
%›
52
& (1.4)
FD (3.10) (4.6) (5.8) (5.5)
œ
52
Additional characters H
• ž Ÿ p — p — p p
¡ ¢ £ ¤
55
H — H — ch, zh H
¥ ¦
56
I — I — zh zh
§ ¨ © ª
57
v — v — v —
« ¬ - ®
58
v — v — v —
g h i j
59
q q q — f —
¯ ° ± ²
60
f f f — q —
³ ´ µ ¶
61
g — g — g g
· ¸ ¹ º
62
g — g — g g
» ¼
63
64 v — v — v —
Punctuation
½ ,
¾
65
;
¿
66
67 ?
Numbers
À 0
Á
68
1
Â
69
2
Ã
70
3
Ä
71
4
Å
72
5
Æ
73
6
Ç
74
7
È
75
8
É
76
77 9
Notes
* Character forms: iso isolated form, ini initial form, med medial form, !n (nal form.
! ham°za: (hamza;).
" ta"$ mar°buw2a: (t!’ marb>2a;).
# The de(nite article. Se individual notes.
$ madDa: (madda;).
% sukuwn (suk>n).
& !adaD : (-adda;).
' ham°za: G" al°wa.°l (hamza< al-wa.l).
) Characters used in various Arabic-speaking countries to represent sounds not found in standard
Arabic. Not all transliteration systems have a complete list of these characters.
1.0 DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung) 31635: Umschrift des arabischen Alphabets as referenced
in Klaus Lagally: ArabTeX – a System for Typesetting Arabic.
General notes:
i. Hyphen is used to separate grammatically differing elements within single units of Arabic
script, notably the noun from the article and/or from the particles wa-, fa-, ta-, bi-, li-, ka-, la-, sa-
and a-.
1.1 As t in the construct state.
1.2 The de(nite article is assimilated with the following “sun” letter (+, /, ?, A, C, E, G, K, O, S, W, [, s,
{).
1.3 Suk>n is not transliterated.
1.4 The consonant is written twice.
2.1 With bearer (Ê Ë Ì): #, without bearer: $. E.g. ˜G’Ë’C ruw#usú (ruw#us); ‘s‘#"‘H sa"$ala.
supply vowels, only those characters appearing in the text will be transliterated.
2.2 The de(nite article is always joined to the next word without a hyphen, e.g. ÍJÎyÏMÐtÑ "#al-am°su
D .
3.0 International Standards Organization. This standard was withdrawn and replaced by ISO
233:1984. Nevertheless, this version of ISO 233 can still be found in various publications.
General notes:
i. The standard distinguishes between transliteration with and without i‘r!b (case endings):
Í.‰Ð(
With i‘r!b Without i‘r!b
Ò.‰Ð(
baytB bayt
ÓŒ}aÐx
baytuBA bayt
Ð~ˆDQÔx
ma5nàA ma5nà
mi.riyy?n@ mi.riyy?n
ii. Hyphen is used in transliteration to separate grammatically differing elements, especially the
noun from the article and/or from the particles wa-, fa-, ta-, bi-, li-, ka-, la-, sa- and a-.
iii. ~(Õ and ~( in transliteration without i‘r!b : always transliterated ibn.
3.2 Special condition for Ê, Ì and Ë : The base letter is not transliterated, e.g. ÖÑÐ× ra’à, zÐ ØÔ t li’am, ÙÕÐÚÍH su’!l.
3.1 See entry under the section “Vowels and diphthongs” and note 3.2.
that the vowel is not pronounced, e.g. ÜÔ "yÔ-€ÝÔ( bi-Khtim!mC, ÔrÔuÐÛÞ Í.ΉÐ( baytB Ll-malikC; without i‘r!b after a
3.11 Hamza< al-wa.l (alif wa.la;): With i‘r!b transliterated by its original vowel with a breve, indicating
vowel as with i‘r!b, e.g. Ü"y-€Ý( bi-Khtim!m; without i‘r!b after a consonant without the breve, e.g. ruÛÕ
.‰( bayt al-malik.
4.2 Not romanized in initial position. E.g.: ÐBÐ<Ð Ñ akhadha, DÎ Ø( bi’r, ÙÕÐßÍH su’!l, J‰Ôà×Ð ra’?s, ÐvÔØÍH su’ila, áÕÐ#"Ð }Ô(
4.1 Not romanized in itself. Se “Vowels and diphthongs” section for other uses.
ii. Prime (M) is used to resolve disambiguity, e.g. z€?! AdMham, "•-xDpÕ akramatMh!; to mark the use
personal names when they are written in Arabic as a single word.
of a letter in its (nal form when it occurs in the middle of a word, e.g. Œ4 „aul Qal6ahMj?, ãäå >‰L
ShaykhMz!dah.
iii. ~( and ~(Õ are both romanized ibn, except in modern names, typically North African, in which ~(
is romanized bin.
5.1 Hamzah in initial position is not romanized; when medial or (nal it is romanized ’, e.g. „tæIx
mas’alah, çY< kha2i’a.
5.2 T!’ marb>2ah: In a word in the construct state: t, e.g. „‰(D-tÕ è×Õåé Wiz!rat al-Tarb?yah; in an inde(nite
noun or adjective or proceeded by the de(nite article: h, e.g. èŽP .al!h, „‰•)tÕ „t"HDtÕ al-Ris!lah al-
bah?yah.
ception is the preposition s followed by the article: lil-, e.g. Œ}‰(DMut lil-Shirb?n?.
5.3 The de(nite article is always romanized al-, whether is it followed by a “sun letter” or not. An ex-
5.4 Initial • is romanized !; medial • is romanized %! when it represents the phonetic combination, e.g.
j‰tæ, ta’!l?f; otherwise • is not romanized different from Õ, e.g. #•iu< khulaf!’.
5.5 Tanw?n is not normally romanized. For exceptions see ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
5.6 …› ’% representing the combination of long vowel plus consonant, is romanized >w.
5.7 Medial ‡ › %“ representing the combination of long vowel plus consonant, is romanized ?y; (nal ‡› %“
is romanized ?, e.g. êÖÔDQÛÕ al-Mi.r?, „ê ˆÔDQÛÕ al-Mi.r?yah.
5.8 Shaddah or tashd?d is romanized by doubling the letter.
5.9 œ (wa.lah), is not romanized. When alif with wa.lah is part of the article s! , the initial vowel of the
Sources
• ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Schemes for Non-Roman Scripts. Randal K. Berry (ed.). Li-
brary of Congress, 1997. (http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html).
• Anleitung zur Transkription des Arabischen. Fachschaft Asiatisch-Orientalische Kulturwissenschaften,
• Araabia / Œ(D` ‘Arab!y. Eesti Keele Instituut / Institute of the Estonian Language. KNAB: Kohanimeand-
Universität Bonn, No date. (http://www.orientasia.uni-bonn.de/downloads/arab_trans.pdf).