Noise Control Paper
Noise Control Paper
Noise Control Paper
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Miljko Eric
University of Belgrade
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microphone array, A ( k ) is a matrix whose columns are where X ( k ) and Ș ( k ) denote vectors of the k-th spectral
steering vectors whose elements have a general form: sample of the signal and noise spectrum respectively on
j 2 S k ' W (pm ) / N microphone array, A ( k ) is a matrix whose columns are
a (pm ) b p( m ) e (4)
steering vectors whose elements have a general form:
(m)
j 2 S k ' W cp /N
a (pm ) e (8)
Elements of the vector
1 2 M T
S 0 ( k ) [ S 0 ( k ) S 0 ( k ) ... S 0 ( k )] are the k-th
spectral samples of all M superposed acoustic signals on
the reference point (microphone) in the space.
So it can be seen that key differences of mathematical
models of near and far-field signal scenario are related to
the modeling of the propagation delays. Also,
Fig.1 Near-field signal scenario mathematical model of far-field signal scenario depends on
the level of acoustic signal on the reference point in space
Elements of the vector so far-field beamforming provides relative level of acoustic
1 2 M
S 0 ( k ) [ S 0 ( k ) S 0 ( k ) ... S 0 ( k )]T
are the k-th power at the locations of the microphone array. However,
spectral samples of all M superposed acoustic signals on mathematical model of near-field signal scenario depends
the sound source locations. It can be noticed that signal on the level of acoustic signal on the sound location so
model given by (3) depends on the signal levels and source near-field beamforming can provide direct estimation of
signal locations, regardless of far-field signal model, where the signal level at the location of acoustic source.
there is a dependence of the signal model on Directions of III. GENERIC VERSIONS OF NEAR-FIELD AND FAR-FIELD
Arrivals and signal levels in reference point (microphone) DELAY-AND-SUM BEAMFORMERS
in space, so far-field signal model is basically TDOA base
model. It can be noticed that steering vectors are frequency From the array processing point of view acoustic signals
dependent so this model describe wideband nature of has to be modeled as wideband signals, so acoustic
acoustic signals in array processing context. beamforming is broadband beamforming and it can be
basically implemented in spectral domain or in time
B. Mathematical model of acoustic signal on domain with implicitly included some transformations in
microphone array in far-field scenario spectral domain. Generic versions of near-field and far
field Delay-and-Sum beamformers are presented in the
Time samples x p ( n ) of the signal in far-field scenario figures 3 and 4. Time delays in generic versions of
beamformers can be realized in frequency domain using
on p-th microphone can be expressed as:
M
the following matrix transformation:
x p (n ) ¦s (m)
( n ' W cp( m ) ) K p ( n ) (5) 1 M
c
xp ¦ (S (0m ) P p( m ) W H Ș: H ) (9)
m 1
N m 1
where ' W cp( m ) ( k ( m ) ) T r p / v denote relative propagation
where x p denotes vector of time samples of the signal on
time delay of the m-th signal on the p-th microphone
related to the referent point (microphone) in the space. the p-th beamformer finger, P p( m ) denotes steering matrix
Vector k ( m ) is unit vector represent direction of arrival with spectral elements of the steering vector of the m-th
(m)
(azimuth M and elevation T (m)
) of the m-th signal and source on the p-th microphone and W H is inverse FFT
matrix.
it can be expressed as:
k (m) [(cos(T ( m ) ) sin(M ( m ) ) i x (cos(T ( m ) ) sin(M ( m ) )) i y (cos(T ( m ) )) i z
(6)
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control of merasurement setup, collection of signal samples performances of the near-field beamforming regarding
and off-line implementation of beamformers More detatils spatial resolution and dynamic range (side-lobe
about this microphone array development platform are suppression). Some theoretical background of near and far-
presented in [21]. field beamforming is highlighted and generic version of
near and far-field delay and sum beamformers are
formulated. Presented experimental results prove that
realized development platform with low cost microphone
array and multichannel acquisition system is a good basis
for future research.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Fig.4. Generic version of far-field Delay-and-Sum This work was supported by the Serbian Ministry of
beamformer Education and Science project TR32026
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