TURBIN Gas

TURBIN GAS
Figure 1 – An Open Cycle Gas-Turbine Engine Figure 2 – A Closed Cycle Gas-Turbine Engine
T-s and P-v Diagrams of an Ideal Brayton Cycle
All four processes of the Brayton cycle
are executed in steady flow devices so
they should be analyzed as steady-
flow processes. When the changes in
kinetic and potential energies are
neglected, the energy balance for a
steady-flow process can be express, on
a unit-mass basis, as
Therefore, heat transfers to and from the

working fluid are
and
SIKLUS BRAYTON
The ideal cycle that the working fluid undergoes in this

closed loop is the Brayton cycle, which is made up of
four internally reversible processes:
1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)

2-3 Constant pressure heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection (2)
Compressor:
An Axial-Flow Compressor
A Combustion Chamber Can
Air-standard assumptions: Assumptions that the compression and
expansion processes are adiabatic (insulated) and reversible
(isentropic), that there is no pressure drop during the heat addition
process, and that the pressure leaving the turbine is equal to the
pressure entering the compressor. (3)
Internally reversible processes: Thermodynamics states that, for given

temperature limits, a completely reversible cycle has the highest possible
efficiency and specific work output, reversibility being both mechanical
and thermal. Mechanical reversibility is a succession of states in
mechanical equilibrium, i.e. fluid motion without friction, turbulence, or
free expansion. Thermal reversibility is a consequence of the Second
Law of thermodynamics, which states that heat must be added only at
the maximum temperature of the cycle and rejected at the minimum
temperature.
Isentropic: Processes held at constant volume or constant pressure.

Then the thermal efficiency of the ideal Brayton cycle under the cold air-standard
assumptions becomes
Processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic, and P2 = P3 and P4 = P1. Thus,
Substituting these equations into the thermal efficiency relation and simplifying give
is the pressure ratio and k is the specific heat ratio. Under
the cold-air assumptions, the thermal efficiency of an ideal
where Brayton cycle depends on the pressure ratio of the gas
turbine and the specific heat ratio of the working fluid (if
different from air).
Isentropic expansion
 -1 Cp
and  
 Cv
Polytropic expansion
n -1 and n> 
n
If air is assumed to be diatomic ideal gas, so:

k = Cp/Cv = 1,4
(Cp = 7/2 R dan Cv = 5/2 R)

Perkirakan temperatur akhir kompresi
isentropik dari tekanan P1 = 1 atm, 25 oC
menjadi P2 = 17 atm, jika udara
dianggap gas ideal (diatomic),   Cp Cv  1, 4
 1 0, 4
 P2  
 17  1, 4
T2  T1    (273  25)   669K
 P1  1
Sebuah turbin gas dioperasikan atas dasar siklus Brayton sederhana yang mengikuti
tahapan:
(a) Kompresi isentropik dari kondisi-1 (1 bar, 27 oC) menjadi kondisi -2 (8 bar)
(b) Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pemasukan panas pada tekanan tetap sampai pada
kondisi-3 (900 oC)
(c) Ekspansi isentropik ke kondisi -4 (1 bar)
Fluida kerja dianggap gas ideal dengan Cp 30 J/mol.K. Turbin ini dioperasikan dengan
bahan bakar gas dengan komposisinya (fraksi mol): 30% CH4, 16% CO2 dan 4% N2.
a. Hitung efisiensi siklus sederhana ini
b. Hitung heating rate (dalam satuan kJ/kWh) dari power plant ini
c. Hitung produksi kerja neto (dalam kW), jika laju alir bahan bakar 100 kmol/jam
d. Gambarkan Sunkey diagram yang menggambarkan distribusi energi pada turbin gas ini.
•Basis: energy masuk, Qmasuk= 100 kJ/s
Kerja neto keluar: Wneto= 44,8% x 100 = 44,8 kJ/s= 44,8 kW
Heating rate= 3600 x 100/44,8= 8035,7
•Laju alir bahan bakar= 100 kmol/jam
Qmasuk= 100 (kmol/jam) x 1000 (mol/kmol)/3600 (detik/jam) x 802
kJ/mol= 22278 kW
Basis hitungan, laju alir fluida kerja, m= 1 mol; ambil Cp=
30 J/(mol.oC)
•Kompresi, Wmasuk= 30 (270,4 – 27) = 7302 (28%)

•Pemanasan, Qmasuk= 30 (900 – 270,4) = 18888 (72%)
•Ekspansi, Wkeluar= 30 (900 – 374,5) = 15765 (60%)
•Panas terbuang, Qkeluar= 30(374,5 -27) = 10425 (40%)
Ekspansi gas ideal monoatomik dalam sebuah turbin sentrifugal (sistem
mengalir) secara adiabatik tak reversibel dengan efisiensi isentropik 82,5 %
dengan sengaja dilakukan pada gas ideal monoatomik.
Kondisi awal gas adalah 85 oC dan 1250 kPa, sedangkan tekanan akhirnya 50
kPa
a. Hitung temperatur nyata akhir ekspansi

b. Jika laju alr gas 300 mol/menit, hitung kerja nyata hasil ekspansi
Sistem turbin gas bekerja dengan compression ratio 6. Fluida kerja turbin
ini adalah udara (dianggap sebagai gas ideal Cp =7/2 R). R= 8,2 J/(mol.K).
1. Jika udara masuk kompresor pada tekanan 1 atm dan temperatur 27 oC,
berapakah tekanan dan temperatur udara pada akhir kompresi yang
dianggap isentropic.
2. Jika panas yang dimasukan pada langkah pemanasan isobar-reversibel
adalah 40 kJ untuk setiap mol udara, tentukan temperatur udara pada
akhir pemanasan.
3. Jika ekspansi udara panas (setelah langkah dalam soal b. di atas)
dilaksanakan secara isentropiK sampai tekanan 1 atm, tentukan
temperatur gas keluar turbin.

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TURBIN GAS

Therefore, heat transfers to and from the

The ideal cycle that the working fluid undergoes in this

1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)

Internally reversible processes: Thermodynamics states that, for given

Isentropic: Processes held at constant volume or constant pressure.

If air is assumed to be diatomic ideal gas, so:

(Cp = 7/2 R dan Cv = 5/2 R)

•Kompresi, Wmasuk= 30 (270,4 – 27) = 7302 (28%)

a. Hitung temperatur nyata akhir ekspansi

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