ADVANCED STATISTICS

Grade 9 Elective
Module No. 5: Week 5: First Quarter
Frequency Distribution and Graph

Lesson/s
1. Pareto Graph
2. Time Series Graph
3. Pie Graph

Objectives
a. Define Pareto Graph, Time Series Graph and Pie Graph.
b. Determine types of graphs appropriate for specific data.
c. Construct Pareto Graph, Time Series Graph and Pie Graph.
d. Interpret information displayed in graphs.

Let’s Recall (Review)

Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. A histogram is like a bar graph, except that... (choose all letters that apply.)
A. The bars touch C. It is for quantitative data
B. The bars are arranged in ascending order D. It is for qualitative data
2. The horizontal axis of a histogram comes from this column:
A. Class B. Frequency C. Midpoint D. Class Endpoints/Boundaries
3. The vertical axis of a histogram comes from this column:
A. Class B. Frequency C. Midpoint D. Class Endpoints/Boundaries
4. The horizontal axis of a frequency polygon comes from this column:
A. Class B. Frequency C. Midpoint D. Cumulative Frequency
5. The vertical axis of a frequency polygon comes from this column:
A. Class B. Frequency C. Midpoint D. Cumulative Frequency
6. The horizontal axis of an ogive comes from this part of the frequency table:
A. Frequency B. Class Endpoints C. Midpoint D. Cumulative Frequency
7. The vertical axis of an ogive comes from this column:
A. Frequency B. Class Endpoints C. Midpoint D. Cumulative Frequency
8. What is wrong with this histogram? Choose all letters that apply.

A. The vertical axis label is not descriptive

B. The bars are different widths
C. The horizontal axis describes quantitative data
D. There is no broken-axis symbol

9. A city in the Pacific Northwest recorded its highest temperature at 91 degrees Fahrenheit and its
lowest temperature at 12 degrees Fahrenheit for a particular year. Use this information to find the
upper and lower limits of the first class if you wish to construct a frequency distribution with 10
classes.
A. 7-17 B. 12-19 C. 12-20 D. 12-18
10. Cumulative frequency polygon is also called __________.
A. ogive B. histogram C. abscissa D. frequency polygon

Page | 1
 Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)

Lesson 1: Other Types of Graphs

1.1 Pareto Chart/Graph
- is a bar graph in which the bar height represents frequency distribution of an event and the
bars are arranged from left to right according to decreasing height. Frequently used to investigate
causes of problems.

Example 1. This is adapted from The Deming Management Causes for Lateness (September – October)
Method by Mary Walton. Suppose you want to arrive at school
15 minutes before the first class so that you can feel relaxed when
you walk into class. An early arrival time also allows room for
unexpected delays. However, you always find yourself arriving
“just in time” or slightly late. What causes you to be late?
Charlotte made a list of possible causes and then kept a checklist
for 2 months. On some days more than one item was checked
because several events occurred that caused her to be late.

Solution:

(a) Make a Pareto chart showing the causes for lateness. Be

sure to label the causes, and draw the bars using the same
vertical scale.
Conditions That Might
Cause Lateness

(b) Interpretation. Looking to the Pareto chart, what recommendations do you have for
Charlotte?
According to the chart, rearranging study time, or getting up earlier to allow for studying,
would cure her most frequent cause for lateness. Repairing the car might be important, but for
getting to school early, it would not be as effective as adjusting study time.

1.2. Circle Graph / Pie Chart

-is another way to represent a data. Wedges of a circle visually display proportional parts of the
total population that share a common characteristic. Wedges are usually labeled with percentages. The
total quantity is 100%, represented by entire circle.

Example 2. How long do we spend talking on the video call after hours (at home after 5PM)? The
results from a recent survey of 500 people are shown in the table at the below. We will make a circle
graph to display these data.

Page | 2
 Time Spent on Home Telephone After 5 p.m.

Solution:
(a) ) Fill in the missing parts in Table 2-13 for "More than 1 hour." Remember that the central angle of a
circle is 360'. Round to the nearest degree.
121
For "More than 1 hour," Fractional Part = 500; Percentage = 24.2%;
Number of Degrees = 24.2% x 360° ≈ 87°.The symbol ≈ means " approximately equal.”
(b) Fill in the totals. What is the total number of responses? Do the percentages total 100% (within
rounding error)? Do the numbers of degrees total 360° (within rounding error)?
The total number of responses is 500. The percentages total 100%. You must have such a total to
create a circle graph, The numbers of degrees total 360°.
(c) Draw a circle graph. Divide the circle into pieces with the
designated numbers of degrees. Label each piece and show
the percentage corresponding to each piece. The numbers of
degrees are usually omitted from pie charts shown in
newspapers, magazine, journal, and reports.

Hours on Home Telephone After 5 p.m.

1.3. Time Series Graph

- is a graph that shows data measurements in chronological order. Data are plotted in order of
occurrence at regular intervals over a specific period of time.

Example 3. Suppose you have been in the walking/jogging exercise program for 20 weeks, and for
each week you have recorded the distance you covered in 30 minutes. Your data log is shown in table
below.
Distance (in Miles)
Walked/Jogged in 30 Minutes

Solution:

(a) Make a time-series graph. The data are appropriate

for a time-series graph because they represent the
same measurement (distance covered in a 30-
minute period) taken at different times. The
measurements are also recorded at equal time
intervals (every week). To make our time-series
graph, we list the weeks in order on the horizontal

Page | 3
 scale. Above each week, plot the distance covered that week on the vertical scale. Then
connect the dots. Bes sure the scales are labeled.
(b) Interpretation. Can you detect any patterns?
There seems to be and upward trend in distance covered. The distances covered in the
last few weeks are about a mile farther than those for the first few weeks. However, we
cannot conclude that this trend will continue. Perhaps you have reached your goal for this
training activity and now wish to maintain a distance of about 2.5 miles in 30 minutes.
Lesson 2: How to Decide Which Type of Graph to Use
Pareto charts identify the frequency of events or categories in decreasing order of frequency of occurrence.

Pie/Circle graphs display how a total is dispersed into several categories. The circle graph is very appropriate
for qualitative data, or any data for which percentage of occurrence makes sense. circle graphs are most effective
when the number of categories or wedges is 10 or fewer.

Time-series graphs display how data change over time. It is best if the units of time are consistent in a given
graph. For instance, measurements taken every day should not be mixed on the same graph with data taken every
week.

For any graph: Provide a title, label the axes, and identify units of measure. As Edward Tufte suggests in his
book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, don't let artwork or skewed perspective cloud the clarity
of the information displayed

Let’s Apply and Let’s Analyze

Below is the data (in hundreds) showing the enrollment of male students and female students in a
college in the years of 1995, 2000, 2005.

1. Using the data given, make a Pareto chart for male students enrolled for those three years.

2. Using the data in above, make a circle graph to display the distribution between male and
female students in 1995’s enrollment.

Page | 4
 3. Using the data given above, make a time-series graph for the female student enrollment in
those three years.

Let’s Try (Evaluation)

1. Construct a Pareto graph for the number of health conditions per 100 reported by the elderly in
a survey.
Condition Number
Arthritis 48
Hypertension 36
Heart Disease 32
Cataracts 17
Diabetes 11
2. A bacteriologist chartered the growth of a certain bacterium over a period of 8 hours. The data
are shown below. Construct a time series to represent the data.
Hour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of Cells 2 5 8 13 17 22 30 38
3. In a survey of 100 males concerning the sports they play, the following data were obtained.
Construct a pie graph.
Sports Number
Golf 45
Tennis 20
Swimming 10
Badminton 25

State which graph would most appropriately represent the given situation.
4. The number of students enrolled at a state university for each year during the last eight years.
5. The means of transportation the students used to get to school.
6. The percentage of votes each of the four candidates received in the last school election.
7. The frequency of each type of crime committed in a city during the year.

References:
Alferez, M. S., & Duro, M. C. (2018). MSA Statistics and Probability. Cainta: MSA Publishing House.
http://www.hawcc.hawaii.edu/math/Courses/Math115/Notes/pp059-064.pdf
file:///C:/Users/Admin/Downloads/2.2%20Bar%20Graphs,%20Circle%20Graphs%20Notes.pdf.pdf

Page | 5
 LEARNING PLAN IN ADVANVCED STATISTICS

MODULE 5: WEEK 5
GRADE LEVEL: 9 QUARTER: FIRST
Day No/ Objective/s NOTES TO THE FACILITATOR
Topic/Lesson
Day 1: Pareto Define Pareto chart/graph 1. Answer “Let’s Recall” part (page 1) on the module.
Chart / Graph 2. Guide and be a partner of the learner while studying the examples given in “Let’s Understand” part about
Construct Pareto Lesson 1.1 Pareto chart (page 2) and Example 1 (page 2) on the module.
chart/graph 3. Coordinate with the teacher through FB messenger/ text message for questions/ clarifications.
4. Guide the learner while performing the activities in Module.
Interpret information 5. Check learner’s answers in “Let’s Apply” and “Let’s Analyze” number 1 (page 4).
displayed in graphs 6. Guide the learner while performing “Let’s Try” number 1 (page 5) in Module.
7. Check learner’s answers in “Let’s Try” number 1.
8. Submit the Answer Sheet for Lesson 1.1 to the teacher for rating and feedback.
Day 2: Circle / Define Circle/Pie graph 1. Guide and be a partner of the learner while studying the examples given in “Let’s Understand” part about
Pie Graph Lesson 1.2 Circle / Pie graph (page 2) and Example 2 (page 3) on the module.
Construct Circle/ Pie 2. Coordinate with the teacher through FB messenger/ text message for questions/ clarifications.
graph 3. Guide the learner while performing the activities in Module.
4. Check learner’s answers in “Let’s Apply” and “Let’s Analyze” number 2 (page 4).
Interpret information 5. Guide the learner while performing “Let’s Try” number 2 (page 5) in Module.
displayed in graphs 6. Check learner’s answers in “Let’s Try” number 2.
7. Submit the Answer Sheet for Lesson 1.2 to the teacher for rating and feedback.
Day 3: Time- Define Time – series 1. Guide and be a partner of the learner while studying the examples given in “Let’s Understand” part about
Series Graph and graph. Lesson 1.3 Time-series graph (page 3) and Example 3 (page 4) and Lesson 2 How to decide which type of graph
How to Decide to use (page 4) on the module.
Which Type of Construct Time-series 2. Coordinate with the teacher through FB messenger/ text message for questions/ clarifications.
Graph to Use graph. 3. Guide the learner while performing the activities in Module.
4. Check learner’s answers in “Let’s Apply” and “Let’s Analyze” number (page 5).
Interpret information 5. Guide the learner while performing “Let’s Try” number 3 - 7 (page 5) in Module.
displayed in graphs. 6. Check learner’s answers in “Let’s Try” numbers 1 - 7.
7. Submit the answer sheet of Let’s Apply, Let’s Analyze and Let’s Try to the teacher for Module 4 final rating
Determine types of and feedback.
graphs appropriate for
specific data.

Page | 6