Theory
Theory
Theory
If you are reading this, it means that you’ve taken the first step to improving your English language proficiency.
We—Ira (@veryire) and Marina (@linguamarina)—are the authors of this magical workbook.
Our lives have changed thanks to English and we have been able to make our dreams come true. We know that
many of you didn’t enjoy English classes at school. They seemed so boring and complicated. However, the
problem was in the way they were delivered. If you turn classes into a fun game, studying will be so much easier
and more exciting.
And that’s what we did here—or at least, attempted to do—we’ve only included those learning methods that
worked for us and helped us reach our goals. What’s the purpose of this workbook? We want to debunk the
myth that English is hard. We want everyone to be able to speak and understand English in a very short time and
to make it stress-free!
The majority of words that teachers make us learn oftentimes seem unnecessary and hardly ever used. That’s
why here you will only find a thousand words. By learning them, you will be able to understand and
communicate with English native speakers. We have found a way to help you learn these words with the use of
your fridge and our magic cards.
Get ready to dive into hours of motivational videos, listen to the most popular songs, read your favorite books in
English and binge watch the best movies and shows! Popcorn and a good mood are mandatory.
Oh, and by the way, you will finally become fearless when it comes to English tenses. You know why? Because
Marina has created the most useful chart with English tenses and recorded an explanatory video.
We spent almost 4 months working on this workbook to make it as structured yet as simple as possible. Whether
you are a beginner or an advanced English learner, you will definitely find something useful here.
Let’s waste no more time and dive straight into the world of English! Good luck!
GOOD LUCK!
WITH LOVE MARINA & IRINA
How it works?
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Before you start studying this workbook, check out our video with instructions.
We talk in detail about each page and give many tips on how to make your studies more efficient,
fun and easy.
2. Since there are so many sheets here, we made a separate version of the workbook for print.
However, we recommend you print everything out. You don’t need a color printer for that.
3. This book is divided into two sections: general useful information and assignments for 30 days.
Try to do at least one assignment every day. We know you are busy and that’s why we made it
possible for each one to be completed within an hour.
4. When you reach the English tenses section, make sure to first watch the video provided.
It will make it easier for you to study the tenses.
5. The list of motivational videos and English speaking bloggers in our PDF files includes active links.
Simply click them!
6. Make sure to follow the tips and study every day. Your progress depends on it.
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26 27 28 29 30
Once you’re done, take a moment and imagine that you’ve already reached your goal…
That should give you energy and a desire to continue!
Many of us have studied English at school. Unfortunately, in most cases it seemed complicated and boring because all we did was
translation from our native language into English and vice-versa.
No wonder this kind of exercise does not lead to progress. Think about little babies: how do they learn to speak? They don’t have
any language knowledge that they could rely on or translate from. So, how does it work?
The answer is simple: they observe, feel and generate associations. You can learn English the same way. The most important part is
to learn to think in English. What do you need to do that? We are sharing some simple tips on how to improve your English
language proficiency in the pages below.
By the way, we suggest checking your level of English right now: http://lp.linguatrip.com/englishtest_en
To quickly learn the basic vocabulary, place stickers on furniture at home. It’s easier to learn words when there is something to
associate them with. Lifehack: Stick the most complicated words onto objects that have absolutely nothing to do with them. This
way your brain will be forced to create associations to remember the words.
When you’re at home, try to practice English by commenting on everything that you’re doing. Subconsciously, you will listen
to and try to correct yourself. You will also be prompted to remember the necessary words. At first, you will speak of simple
things but eventually you will develop a habit of thinking in English and it will really help you when talking to others.
You can practice the same in public. Just observe and describe what you see. This is one of the easiest exercises.
If reading, doing exercises or watching movies and shows are things you can’t do because you lack free time, you can always
listen to podcasts and audiobooks on the go, watch short YouTube videos or listen to online radio stations in English.
Just listening to your favorite songs can become an exercise for you. Try to catch the lyrics and understand the meanings of words
and then check yourself.
When you reach the advanced level, you will feel the pure joy of reading books in their original language (English, in our case) and
understanding all jokes and cultural references. This also expands your vocabulary.
But you don’t have to read books if it’s not something you enjoy doing—instead, pick a magazine, a newspaper or read news on
your favorite websites.
The best part is that you no longer need to look the words up in the dictionary every 2 minutes. The context will now help you guess
the meanings of unknown words, just like in your native language.
Think of all the information that instantly becomes available to you—you can now google, watch educational content on YouTube,
take online courses—all in English! This is a whole new world!
MOST COMMON WORDS
Do you know how many words you need to know to speak English fluently?
For example, on average, native speakers know from 10,000 to 20,000 words, while 8,000 words is enough
to read anything. But you don’t want to memorize that many words…
But there is no reason to be upset! Research has shown that 3000 words are enough for communication
since they represent almost 90% of the most frequently used words. It doesn’t sound scary at all, however
even after years of studying, many people don’t reach that level.
How many words do you think are used in everyday life by native speakers? Just a little more than 1000.
According to statistics, once you know 1000 words, you can freely communicate in English and understand
books and articles of almost any level of complexity.
Excited yet? Here is a list of the most frequently used 1000 words.
1000 WORDS
Here are 1000 words split into groups to make it easier for you to learn them. You can simply follow the order or start with the sections that
are of most interest to you. In our practice book you will find a fridge list and magic cards. Every day, fill them out with 10 new words. If you
stick to this routine, in 30 days you will know 300 new words, isn’t that exciting?!
Ready, set, go!
MANNERS [ˈmænərz] - ways of behaving toward people, esp. ways that are socially correct and show respect
for their comfort and their feelings
NOUN [naʊn] - a word that refers to a person, place, thing, event, substance, or quality
Businessman [ˈbɪznəsmæn] a man who works in business, especially one who has a high position in a company
Businessmen [ˈbɪznəˌsmen] plural for businessman
Teacher [ˈtiːtʃər] someone whose job is to teach in a school or college
Driver [ˈdraɪvər] someone who drives a vehicle
Worker [ˈwɜːrkər] someone who works in a particular job or in a particular way
Engineer [ˌendʒɪˈnɪr] a person whose job is to design or build machines, engines, or electrical equipment, or things such
as roads, railways, or bridges, using scientific principles
Doctor [ˈdɑːktər] a person with a medical degree whose job is to treat people who are ill or hurt
Lawyer [ˈlɔːjər] someone whose job is to give advice to people about the law and speak for them in court
Journalist [ˈdʒɜːrnəlɪst] a person who writes news stories or articles for a newspaper or magazine or broadcasts them on
radio or television
Nurse [nɜːrs] a person whose job is to care for people who are ill or injured, especially in a hospital
Shop assistant [ʃɑːp əˈsɪstənt] someone who serves customers in a shop
Waiter [ˈweɪtər] a man whose job is to bring the food to customers at their tables in a restaurant
Accountant [əˈkaʊntənt] someone who keeps or examines the records of money received, paid, and owed by a company or
person
Artist [ˈɑːrtɪst] someone who paints, draws, or makes sculptures
Musician [mjuˈzɪʃn] someone who is skilled in playing music, usually as a job
Actor [ˈæktər] someone who pretends to be someone else while performing in a film, play, or television or radio
programme
Student [ˈstuːdnt] a person who is learning at a college or university
Pupil [ˈpjuːpl] a person, especially a child at school, who is being taught
FAMILY [ˈfæməli] - a group of people who are related to each other, such as a mother, a father, and their children
COUNTRIES [ˈkʌntriz] - an area of land that has its own government, army, etc.
Cat [kæt] a small animal with fur, four legs, a tail, and claws, usually kept as a pet or for catching mice
Dog [dɔːɡ] a common animal with four legs, especially kept by people as a pet or to hunt or guard things
Bird [bɜːrd] a creature with feathers and wings, usually able to fly
Squirrel [ˈskwɜːrəl] a small animal covered in fur with a long tail. Squirrels climb trees and feed on nuts and seeds
Wolf [wʊl ] a wild animal of the dog family
Goose [ɡuːs] a large water bird similar to a duck but larger
Geese [ɡiːs] plural for goose
Giraffe [dʒəˈræ ] a large African animal with a very long neck and long legs
Rabbit [ˈræbɪt] a small animal with long ears and large front teeth that moves by jumping on its long back legs
Cow [kaʊ] a large female farm animal kept to produce meat and milk
Rat [ræt] a small rodent, larger than a mouse, that has a long tail and is considered to be harmful
Fox [fɑːks] a wild mammal belonging to the dog family that has a pointed face and ears, a wide tail covered
in fur, and often reddish-brown fur
Horse [hɔːrs] a large animal with four legs that people ride on or use for carrying things or pulling vehicles
Frog [frɔːɡ] a small animal that has smooth skin, lives in water and on land, has long powerful back legs with
which it jumps from place to place, has no tail, and is usually greenish-brown in colour
Bear [ber] a large, strong wild mammal with a thick fur coat that lives especially in colder parts of Europe,
Asia, and North America
Mouse [maʊs] a small mammal with short fur, a pointed face, and a long tail
Mice [maɪs] plural for mouse
Monkey [ˈmʌŋki] an animal that lives in hot countries, has a long tail, and climbs trees
Pig [pɪɡ] a large pink, brown, or black farm animal with short legs and a curved tail
Elephant [ˈelɪfənt] a very large grey mammal that has a trunk (= long nose) with which it can pick things up
Duck [dʌk] a bird that lives by water and has webbed feet (= feet with skin between the toes), a short neck, and
a large beak
Room [ruːm] a part of the inside of a building that is separated from other parts by walls, floor, and ceiling
Living room [ˈlɪvɪŋ ruːm] the room in a house or apartment that is used for relaxing in and entertaining guests
Bedroom [ˈbedruːm] a room used for sleeping in
Bathroom [ˈbæθruːm] a room with a bath and/or shower and often a toilet
Kitchen [ˈkɪtʃɪn] a room where food is kept, prepared, and cooked and where the dishes are washed
Hall [hɔːl] the room just inside the main entrance of a house, apartment, or other building that leads to other
rooms and usually to the stairs
Balcony [ˈbælkəni] an area with a wall or bars around it that is joined to the outside wall of a building on an upper
level
Floor [flɔːr] the flat surface of a room on which you walk
Ceiling [ˈsiːlɪŋ] the inside surface of a room that you can see when you look above you
Wall [wɔːl] a vertical structure, often made of stone or brick, that divides or surrounds something
Stairs [ˈsterz] a set of steps that lead from one level to another, esp. in a building
Door [dɔːr] a flat object that is used to close the entrance of something such as a room or building, or the
entrance itself
Window [ˈwɪndoʊ] a space usually filled with glass in the wall of a building or in a vehicle, to allow light and air in
and to allow people inside the building to see out
Windowsill [ˈwɪndoʊsɪl] a shelf below a window, either inside or outside a building
Curtain [ˈkɜːrtn] a piece of material, especially cloth, that hangs across a window or opening to make a room or part
of a room dark or private
Switch [swɪtʃ] a small device, usually pushed up or down with your finger, that controls and turns on or off an
electric current
To switch [tə swɪtʃ] to use a switch to change a device from one state or type of operation to another
Socket [ˈsɑːkɪt] the part of a piece of equipment, especially electrical equipment, into which another part fits
Faucet [ˈfɔːsɪt] a device that controls the flow of liquid, especially water, from a pipe
Pipe [paɪp] a tube inside which liquid or gas flows from one place to another
Chimney [ˈtʃɪmni] a hollow structure that allows the smoke from a fire inside a building to escape to the air outside
MEALS [ˈmiːlz] - an occasion when food is eaten, or the food that is eaten on such an occasion
Breakfast [ˈbrekfəst] a meal eaten in the morning as the first meal of the day
Lunch [lʌntʃ] a meal that is eaten in the middle of the day
Dinner [ˈdɪnər] the main meal of the day, usually the meal you eat in the evening
To stop [tə stɑːp] to finish doing something that you were doing or to not move anymore
Sidewalk [ˈsaɪdwɔːk] a path with a hard surface on one or both sides of a road, that people walk on
Path [pæθ] a route or track between one place and another, or the direction in which something is moving
Garden [ˈɡɑːrdn] a piece of land next to and belonging to a house, where flowers and other plants are grown, and
often containing an area of grass
Park [pɑːrk] a large area of land with grass and trees, usually surrounded by fences or walls, and specially
arranged so that people can walk in it for pleasure or children can play in it
To park [tə pɑːrk] to put a vehicle in a place where it can stay for a period of time, usually while you leave it
Bridge [brɪdʒ] a structure that is built over a river, road, or railway to allow people and vehicles to cross from one
side to the other
River [ˈrɪvər] a natural wide flow of fresh water across the land into the sea, a lake, or another river
Forest [ˈfɔːrɪst] a large area of land covered with trees and plants, usually larger than a wood, or the trees and
plants themselves
Field [fiːld] an area of land, used for growing crops or keeping animals, usually surrounded by a fence
Mountain [ˈmaʊntn] a raised part of the earth's surface, much larger than a hill, the top of which might be covered in
snow
Lake [leɪk] a large area of water surrounded by land and not connected to the sea except by rivers or streams
Sea [siː] the salty water that covers a large part of the surface of the earth, or a large area of salty water,
smaller than an ocean, that is partly or completely surrounded by land
Ocean [ˈoʊʃn] a very large area of sea
Coast [koʊst] the land next to or close to the sea
Beach [biːtʃ] an area of sand or small stones near the sea or another area of water such as a lake
Sand [sænd] a substance that consists of very small grains of rock, found on beaches and in deserts
Island [ˈaɪlənd] a piece of land completely surrounded by water
Border [ˈbɔːrdər] the line that divides one country from another
Customs [ˈkʌstəmz] the place at a port, airport, or border where travelers’ bags are examined for illegal or taxable
goods
Garbage [ˈɡɑːrbɪdʒ] waste material or unwanted things that you throw away
Waste [weɪst] an unnecessary or wrong use of money, substances, time, energy, abilities, etc.
To waste [tə weɪst] to use too much of something or use something badly when there is a limited amount of it
Stone [stoʊn] the hard, solid substance found in the ground that is often used for building, or a piece of this
FURNITURE [ˈfɜːrnɪtʃər] - things such as chairs, tables, beds, cupboards, etc. that are put into a house
or other building to make it suitable and comfortable for living or working in
Table [ˈteɪbl] a flat surface, usually supported by four legs, used for putting things on
Chair [tʃer] a seat for one person that has a back, usually four legs, and sometimes two arms
Armchair [ˈɑːrmtʃer] a comfortable chair with sides that support your arms
Sofa [ˈsoʊfə] a long, soft seat with a back and usually arms, on which more than one person can sit at the same
time
Bed [ˌbiː ˈed] a large, rectangular piece of furniture, often with four legs, used for sleeping on
Wardrobe [ˈwɔːrdroʊb] a tall cupboard in which you hang your clothes
Cabinet [ˈkæbɪnət] a piece of furniture with shelves, cupboards, or drawers, used for storing or showing things
Shelf [ʃel ] a long, flat board fixed horizontally, usually against a wall or inside a cupboard so that objects can
be stored on it
Mirror [ˈmɪrər] a piece of glass with a shiny, metal-covered back that reflects light, producing an image of
whatever is in front of it
Carpet [ˈkɑːrpɪt] (a shaped piece o ) thick material used for covering floors
Fridge [frɪdʒ] a piece of kitchen equipment that uses electricity to preserve food at a cold temperature
Microwave [ˈmaɪkrəweɪv] an electric oven that uses waves of energy to cook or heat food quickly
Oven [ˈʌvn] the part of a cooker with a door, used to bake or roast food
Stove [stoʊv] a large box-shaped device that is used to cook and heat food, either by putting the food inside or by
putting it on the top
FOODS [fuːdz] - something that people and animals eat, or plants absorb, to keep them alive
Bread [bred] a food made from flour, water, and usually yeast, mixed together and baked
Butter [ˈbʌtər] a pale yellow solid food containing a lot of fat that is made from cream and is spread on bread or
used in cooking
Oil [ɔɪl] a smooth thick liquid produced from plants or animals that is used in cooking
Cheese [tʃiːz] a food made from milk, that can be either firm or soft and is usually yellow or white in colour
Sausage [ˈsɔːsɪdʒ] a thin, tube-like case containing meat that has been cut into very small pieces and mixed with
spices
Ham [hæm] pig's meat from the leg or shoulder, preserved with salt or smoke
Meat [miːt] the flesh of an animal when it is used for food
Beef [biː ] the flesh of cattle (= cows), eaten as food
Pork [pɔːrk] meat from a pig, eaten as food
Lamb [læm] the flesh of a young sheep eaten as meat
Chicken [ˈtʃɪkɪn] a type of bird kept on a farm for its eggs or its meat, or the meat of this bird that is cooked and
eaten
Cutlet [ˈkʌtlət] small pieces of vegetables, nuts, fish, or meat that have been pressed into a round flat shape
Fish [fɪʃ] an animal that lives in water, is covered with scales, and breathes by taking water in through its
mouth, or the flesh of these animals eaten as food
Egg [eɡ] the oval object with a hard shell that is produced by female birds, especially chickens, eaten as food
Salad [ˈsæləd] a mixture of uncooked vegetables, usually including lettuce, eaten either as a separate dish or with
other food
Mushroom [ˈmʌʃrʊm] a fungus with a round top and short stem. Some types of mushroom can be eaten
Corn [kɔːrn] (the seeds o ) plants, such as wheat, maize, oats, and barley, that can be used to produce flour
Porridge [ˈpɔːrɪdʒ] a thick, soft food made from oats boiled in milk or water, eaten hot for breakfast
Oatmeal [ˈoʊtmiːl] a type of flour made from oats
Soup [suːp] a usually hot, liquid food made from vegetables, meat, or fish
Sandwich [ˈsænwɪtʃ] two pieces of bread with cheese, salad, or meat, usually cold, between them
Rice [raɪs] the small seeds of a particular type of grass, cooked, and eaten as food
Noodles [ˈnuːdəlz] a food in the form of long, thin strips made from flour or rice, water, and often egg, cooked in
boiling liquid
Flour [ˈflaʊər] powder made from grain, especially wheat, used for making bread, cakes, pasta, pastry, etc.
Spice [spaɪs] a substance made from a plant, used to give a special flavour to food
Pepper [ˈpepər] a grey or white powder produced by crushing dry peppercorns, used to give a spicy, hot taste to
food
Salt [sɔːlt] a common white substance found in sea water and in the ground, used especially to add flavour to
food or to preserve it
Onion [ˈʌnjən] a vegetable with a strong smell and flavour, made up of several layers surrounding each other
tightly in a round shape, usually brown or red on the outside and white inside
Garlic [ˈɡɑːrlɪk] a plant of the onion family that has a strong taste and smell and is used in cooking to add flavour
Sauce [sɔːs] a thick liquid eaten with food to add flavour
Vegetable [ˈvedʒtəbəl] a plant, root, seed, or pod that is used as food, especially in dishes that are not sweet
Potato [pəˈteɪtoʊ] a round vegetable that grows underground and has white flesh with light brown, red, or pink skin,
or the plant on which these grow
Carrot [ˈkærət] a long pointed orange root eaten as a vegetable
Beet [biːt] a plant with a thick root, often fed to animals or used to make sugar
Tomato [təˈmeɪtoʊ] a round, red fruit with a lot of seeds, eaten cooked or uncooked as a vegetable, for example in
salads or sauces
Cucumber [ˈkjuːkʌmbər] a long, thin, pale green vegetable with dark green skin, usually eaten uncooked in salads
Cabbage [ˈkæbɪdʒ] a large, round vegetable with large green, white, or purple leaves that can be eaten cooked or
uncooked
Squash [skwɑːʃ] a type of large vegetable with a hard skin and a lot of seeds at its centre
Eggplant [ˈeɡplænt] an oval, purple vegetable that is white inside and is usually eaten cooked
Bean [ˈbiːn] a seed, or the pod containing seeds, of various climbing plants, eaten as a vegetable
Pea [ˈpiː] a round, green seed, several of which grow in a pod, eaten as a vegetable
Nut [nʌt] the dry fruit of particular trees that grows in a hard shell and can often be eaten
FOODS [fuːdz] - something that people and animals eat, or plants absorb, to keep them alive
Fruit [fruːt] the soft part containing seeds that is produced by a plant
Apple [ˈæpl] a round fruit with firm, white flesh and a green, red, or yellow skin
Pear [per] a sweet fruit, usually with a green skin and a lot of juice, that has a round base and is slightly
pointed towards the stem
Banana [bəˈnænə] a long, curved fruit with a yellow skin and soft, sweet, white flesh inside
Berry [ˈberi] a small, round fruit on particular plants and trees
Strawberry [ˈstrɔːberi] a small juicy red fruit that has small brown seeds on its surface, or the plant with white flowers on
which this fruit grows
Raspberry [ˈræzberi] a small soft red fruit, or the bush on which it grows
Cherry [ˈtʃeri] a small, round, soft red or black fruit with a single hard seed in the middle, or the tree on which the
fruit grows
Plum [plʌm] a small, round fruit with a thin, smooth, red, purple, or yellow skin, sweet, soft flesh, and a single
large, hard seed
Grape [ɡreɪp] a small, round, purple or pale green fruit that you can eat or make into wine
Apricot [ˈæprɪkɑːt] a small, round, soft fruit with a pale orange, furry skin
Peach [piːtʃ] a round fruit with sweet yellow flesh that has a lot of juice, a slightly furry red and yellow skin,
and a large seed in its centre
Melon [ˈmelən] a large, round fruit with hard yellow or green skin, sweet flesh, and a lot of seeds
Watermelon [ˈwɔːtərmelən] a large, round or oval-shaped fruit with dark green skin, sweet pink flesh, and a lot of black seeds
Pumpkin [ˈpʌmpkɪn] a large, round vegetable with hard, yellow or orange flesh
Orange [ˈɔːrɪndʒ] a round sweet fruit that has a thick orange skin and an orange centre divided into many parts
Mandarin [ˈmændərɪn] a small, sweet type of orange that has a thinner, looser skin
Lemon [ˈlemən] an oval fruit that has a thick, yellow skin and sour juice
Pineapple [ˈpaɪnæpl] a large tropical fruit with a rough orange or brown skin and pointed leaves on top
Sugar [ˈʃʊɡər] a sweet substance especially from the plants sugar cane and sugar beet, used to make food and
drinks sweet
Honey [ˈhʌni] a sweet, sticky, yellow substance made by bees and used as food
Jam [dʒæm] a sweet, soft food made by cooking fruit with sugar to preserve it
Cake [keɪk] a sweet food made with a mixture of flour, eggs, fat, and sugar
Bun [bʌn] a small, sweet, usually round cake:
Cookie [ˈkʊki] a small, flat, sweet food made from flour and sugar
Pie [paɪ] a type of food made with meat, vegetables, or fruit covered in pastry and baked
Sweet [swiːt] a small piece of sweet food, made of sugar
Ice-cream [aɪs ˈkriːm] a small, cone-shaped, edible container that holds ice cream
Chocolate [ˈtʃɑːklət] a sweet, usually brown, food made from cacao seeds, that is usually sold in a block, or a small
sweet made from this
Water [ˈwɔːtər] a clear liquid, without colour or taste, that falls from the sky as rain and is necessary for animal
and plant life
Soda [ˈsoʊdə] any type of sweet fizzy drink (= with bubbles) that is not alcoholic
Juice [dʒuːs] the liquid that comes from fruit or vegetables
Wine [waɪn] an alcoholic drink that is usually made from grapes, but can also be made from other fruits or
flowers
Tea [tiː] (a drink made by pouring hot water onto) dried and cut leaves and sometimes flowers, especially
the leaves of the tea plant
Coffee [ˈkɔːfi] a dark brown powder with a strong flavour and smell that is made by crushing coffee beans, or a
hot drink made from this powder
Milk [mɪlk] the white liquid produced by cows, goats, and sheep and used by humans as a drink or for making
butter, cheese, etc.
Cream [kriːm] the thick, yellowish-white liquid that forms on the top of milk
Yogurt [ˈjoʊɡərt] a slightly sour, thick liquid made from milk with bacteria added to it, sometimes eaten plain and
sometimes with sugar, fruit, etc. added
Curd [kɜːrd] the solid substance that forms when milk turns sour
CULINARY UTENSILS [ˈkʌlɪneri juːˈtensəlz] - tools connected with cooking or kitchen
Cup [kʌp] a small, round container, often with a handle, used for drinking tea, coffee, etc.
Glass [ɡlæs] a small container for drinks made of glass or similar material, with a flat base and usually with no
handle
Mug [mʌɡ] a large cup with straight sides used for hot drinks
Plate [pleɪt] a flat, usually round dish with a slightly raised edge that you eat from or serve food from
Spoon [spuːn] an object consisting of a round, hollow part and a handle, used for mixing, serving, and eating food
Fork [fɔːrk] a small object with three or four points and a handle, that you use to pick up food and eat with
Knife [naɪ ] a tool, usually with a metal blade and a handle, used for cutting and spreading food or other
substances, or as a weapon
Chopsticks [ˈtʃɑːpˌstɪks] a pair of narrow sticks that are used for eating East Asian food
Saucer [ˈsɔːsər] a small, curved plate that you put a cup on
Bottle [ˈbɑːtl] a container for liquids, usually made of glass or plastic, with a narrow neck
Napkin [ˈnæpkɪn] a small square piece of cloth or paper, used while you are eating to protect your clothes or to clean
your mouth or fingers
Pan [pæn] a metal container that is round and often has a long handle and a lid, used for cooking things on
top of a cooker
Frying pan [ˈfraɪɪŋ pæn] a flat metal pan with a long handle, used for frying food
Kettle [ˈketl] a container for boiling water, that has a lid, handle, and spout and is made from plastic or metal
TRANSPORT [ˈtrænspɔːrt] - a system of vehicles, such as buses, trains, aircraft, etc. for getting from one place to another
Plane [pleɪn] a vehicle designed for air travel, with wings and one or more engines
Car [kɑːr] a road vehicle with an engine, four wheels, and seats for a small number of people
Tram [træm] an electric vehicle that transports people, usually in cities, and goes along metal tracks in the road
Bus [bʌs] a large vehicle in which people are driven from one place to another
Train [treɪn] a railway engine connected to carriages for carrying people or to wheeled containers for carrying
goods
Ship [ʃɪp] a large boat for travelling on water, especially across the sea
Bicycle/bike [ˈbaɪsɪkl/baɪk] a two-wheeled vehicle that you sit on and move by turning the two pedals
TIME [taɪm] - the part of existence that is measured in minutes, days, years, etc., or this process considered as a whole
Minute [ˈmɪnɪt] one of the 60 parts that an hour is divided into, consisting of 60 seconds
Hour [ˈaʊər] a period of 60 minutes
Week [wiːk] a period of seven days
Year [jɪr] a period of twelve months
Century [ˈsentʃəri] a period of 100 years
Today [təˈdeɪ] the present day
Tonight [təˈnaɪt] the night of the present day
Yesterday [ˈjestərdeɪ] the day before today
The day before yesterday
[ðə deɪ bɪˈfɔːr ˈjestərdeɪ]
Tomorrow [ðə deɪ təˈmɔːroʊ] the day after today
The day after tomorrow
[ðə deɪ ˈæftər təˈmɔːroʊ]
EVENTS [ɪˈvents] - anything that happens, especially something important or unusual
Birth [bɜːrθ] the time when a baby or young animal comes out of its mother's body
Game [ɡeɪm] an entertaining activity or sport, especially one played by children
Lesson [ˈlesn] a period of time in which a person is taught about a subject or how to do something
Vacation [vəˈkeɪʃn] a time when someone does not go to work or school but is free to do what they want, such as
travel or relax
Party [ˈpɑːrti] a social event at which a group of people meet to talk, eat, drink, dance, etc., often in order to
celebrate a special occasion
Meeting [ˈmiːtɪŋ] a planned occasion when people come together to discuss something
Wedding [ˈwedɪŋ] a marriage ceremony and any celebrations such as a meal or a party that follow it
Negotiation [nɪˌɡoʊʃiˈeɪʃn] the process of discussing something with someone in order to reach an agreement with them, or
the discussions themselves
Trip [trɪp] a journey in which you go somewhere, usually for a short time, and come back again
Death [deθ] the end of life
DAY [deɪ] - a period of 24 hours, especially from twelve o'clock one night to twelve o'clock the next night
Morning [ˈmɔːrnɪŋ] the part of the day from the time when the sun rises or you wake up until the middle of the day or
lunch time
Afternoon [ˌæftərˈnuːn] the period that starts at about twelve o'clock or after the meal in the middle of the day and ends at
about six o'clock or when the sun goes down
Evening [ˈiːvnɪŋ] the part of the day between the end of the afternoon and night
Night [naɪt] the part of every 24-hour period when it is dark because there is very little light from the sun
Monday [ˈmʌndeɪ]
Tuesday [ˈtuːzdeɪ]
Wednesday [ˈwenzdeɪ]
Thursday [ˈθɜːrzdeɪ]
Friday [ˈfraɪdeɪ]
Saturday [ˈsætərdeɪ]
Sunday [ˈsʌndeɪ]
WEATHER [ˈweðər] - the conditions in the air above the earth such as wind, rain, or temperature, especially
at a particular time over a particular area
Sun [sʌn] the star that provides light and heat for the earth and around which the earth moves
Moon [muːn] the round object that moves in the sky around the earth and can be seen at night
Wind [wɪnd] a current of air moving approximately horizontally, especially one strong enough to be felt
Fog [fɔːɡ] a weather condition in which very small drops of water come together to form a thick cloud close
to the land or sea/ocean, making it difficult to see
Rain [reɪn] drops of water from clouds:
Snow [snoʊ] the small, soft, white pieces of ice that sometimes fall from the sky when it is cold, or the white
layer on the ground and other surfaces that it forms
Sky [skaɪ] the area above the earth, in which clouds, the sun, etc. can be seen
Cloud [klaʊd] a grey or white mass in the sky, made up of very small floating drops of water
Air [er] the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth and that we breathe
Temperature [ˈtemprətʃər] the measured amount of heat in a place or in the body
Degree [dɪˈɡriː] any of various units of measurement, especially of temperature or angles, usually shown by the
symbol ° written after a number
PURCHASING [ˈpɝːtʃəsɪŋ] - the activity of buying goods and services
HOLIDAYS [ˈhɑːlədeɪz] - an official day when you do not have to go to work or school
Christmas [ˈkrɪsməs] a Christian holy day that celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ
Easter [ˈiːstər] a Christian religious holiday to celebrate Jesus Christ's return to life after he was killed
Birthday [ˈbɜːrθdeɪ] the day that is exactly a year or number of years after a person was born
MONTHS [ˈmənθs] - a period of about four weeks, especially one of the twelve periods into which a year is divided
FORM/TO FORM [fɔːrm/tə fɔːrm] - a paper or set of papers printed with spaces in which answers to questions can be
written or information can be recorded in an organized way/to begin to exist or to make something begin to exist
Name [neɪm] the word or words that a person, thing, or place is known by
First name [fɜːrst neɪm] the name that was given to you when you were born and that comes before your family name
Last name [læst neɪm] your family name, that you use in formal situations or with people you do not know well
Maiden name [ˈmeɪdn neɪm] a woman's maiden name is the family name she has before she gets married
Date of birth (or DoB) the day you were born, shown in numbers, or words and numbers
[deɪt əv bɜːrθ]
Place of birth [pleɪs əv bɜːrθ] the town, city, etc. where you were born
Address [əˈdres] the number of the house, name of the road, and name of the town where a person lives or works,
and where letters can be sent
Marital status [ˈmærɪtl ˈsteɪtəs] the fact of someone being married or not
Single [ˈsɪŋɡl] not married, or not having a romantic relationship with someone
Married [ˈmærid] having a wife or husband
Divorced [dɪˈvɔːrst] married in the past but not now married
Widowed [ˈwɪdoʊd] used to describe a person whose husband or wife has died
MEASUREMENTS [ˈmeʒərmənts] - a value, discovered by measuring, that corresponds to the size,
shape, quality, etc. of something
CLOTHES [kloʊðz] - things such as dresses and trousers that you wear to cover, protect, or decorate your body
Shoes [ˈʃuːz] one of a pair of coverings for your feet, usually made of a strong material such as leather, with a
thick leather or plastic sole (= base) and usually a heel
Boot [buːt] a type of shoe that covers the whole foot and the lower part of the leg
Sneakers [ˈsniːkərz] a type of light, comfortable shoes that are suitable for playing sports
Coat [koʊt] an outer piece of clothing with sleeves that is worn over other clothes, usually for warmth
Dress [dres] a piece of clothing for women or girls that covers the top half of the body and hangs down over the
legs
To dress [tə dres] to put clothes on yourself or someone else, especially a child
Suit [suːt] a jacket and trousers or a jacket and skirt that are made from the same material
To suit [tə suːt] to be right for a particular person, situation, or occasion
Shirt [ʃɜːrt] a piece of clothing worn, especially by men, on the upper part of the body, made of light cloth like
cotton and usually having a collar and buttons at the front
Blouse [blaʊs] a shirt for a woman or girl
Skirt [skɜːrt] a piece of clothing for women and girls that hangs from the waist and does not have legs
Glove [ɡlʌv] a piece of clothing that is worn on the hand and wrist for warmth or protection, with separate
parts for each finger
Mitten [ˈmɪtn] a type of glove with a single part for all the fingers and a separate part for the thumb
Hat [hæt] a covering for the head that is not part of a piece of clothing
Cap [kæp] a soft flat hat that has a curved part sticking out at the front, often worn as part of a uniform
Jacket [ˈdʒækɪt] a short coat
Cardigan [ˈkɑːrdɪɡən] a piece of clothing, usually made from wool, that covers the upper part of the body and the arms,
fastening at the front with buttons, and usually worn over other clothes
Scarf [skɑːr ] a strip, square, or triangle of cloth, worn around the neck, head, or shoulders to keep you warm or
to make you look attractive
Sock [sɑːk] a piece of clothing made from soft material that covers your foot and the lower part of your leg
Sweater [ˈswetər] a piece of clothing, typically with long sleeves and made from wool, that is worn on the upper part
of the body
T-shirt [ˈtiːʃərt] a simple piece of clothing, usually with short sleeves and no collar, that covers the top part of the
body
Tie [taɪ] a long, thin piece of material that is worn under a shirt collar, especially by men, and tied in a knot
at the front
Pants [pænts] a piece of clothing that covers the lower part of the body from the waist to the feet, consisting of
two cylinder-shaped parts, one for each leg, that are joined at the top
Shorts [ʃɔːrts] pants that end above the knee or reach the knee, often worn in hot weather or when playing a
sport
Tights [taɪts] a piece of clothing made of thin material that covers the legs and lower part of the body below the
waist, worn by women and girls
Stockings [ˈstɑːkɪŋz] one of a pair of tight-fitting coverings for the feet and legs made of light material and worn by
women
Jeans [dʒiːnz] trousers made of denim (= strong blue cotton cloth) that are worn informally
CLOTHES [kloʊðz] - things such as dresses and trousers that you wear to cover, protect, or decorate your body
Hood [hʊd] part of a piece of clothing that can be pulled up to cover the top and back of the head
Belt [belt] a strip of leather or material worn around the waist to support clothes or for decoration
Underwear [ˈʌndərwer] clothes worn next to the skin, under other clothes
Briefs [briːfs] underwear worn by men and women which covers the area between the waist and the tops of the
legs
Panties [ˈpæntiz] women's and girls' underpants
Bra [brɑː] a piece of women's underwear that supports the breasts
Pen [pen] a long, thin object used for writing or drawing with ink
Pencil [ˈpensl] a long, thin object, usually made of wood, for writing or drawing, with a sharp black or coloured
point at one end
Copybook [ˈkɑːpibʊk] a book used in education that contains examples of handwriting and blank space for learners
Notebook [ˈnoʊtbʊk] a book of plain paper or paper with lines, for writing on
Note [noʊt] a short piece of writing
Dictionary [ˈdɪkʃəneri] a book that contains a list of words in alphabetical order and explains their meanings, or gives a
word for them in another language
Letter [ˈletər] a written message from one person to another, usually put in an envelope and sent by post
Envelope [ˈenvəloʊp] a flat, usually square or rectangular, paper container for a letter
Paper [ˈpeɪpər] thin, flat material made from crushed wood or cloth, used for writing, printing, or drawing on
Magazine [ˈmæɡəziːn] a type of thin book with large pages and a paper cover that contains articles and photographs and
is published every week or month
Newspaper [ˈnuːzpeɪpər] a regularly printed document consisting of large sheets of paper that are folded together, or a
website, containing news reports, articles, photographs, and advertisements
(Tele)phone [(ˈtelɪ)foʊn] a device that makes it possible for you to speak to someone in another place who has a similar
device
Clock [klɑːk] a device for measuring and showing time, usually found in or on a building and not worn by a
person
Comb [koʊm] a flat piece of plastic, wood, or metal with a thin row of long, narrow parts along one side, used to
tidy and arrange your hair
TV-set [ˌtiːˈviːset] a device shaped like a box with a screen that receives electrical signals and changes them into
moving images and sound, or the method or business of sending images and sound by electrical
signals
Torch [tɔːrtʃ] a small light that is held in the hand and usually gets its power from batteries
Iron [ˈaɪərn] a piece of equipment for making clothes flat and smooth that has a handle and a flat base and is
usually heated with electricity
Soap [soʊp] a substance used for washing the body or other things
Radio [ˈreɪdioʊ] a piece of electronic equipment used for listening to radio broadcasts
Bag [bæɡ] a soft container made out of paper or thin plastic, and open at the top, used to hold foods and other
goods
Backpack [ˈbækpæk] a large bag used to carry things on your back, used especially by people who go camping or
walking
Map [mæp] a drawing of the earth's surface, or part of that surface, showing the shape and position of different
countries, political borders, natural and artificial features
Card [kɑːrd] a small, rectangular piece of card or plastic, often with your signature, photograph, or other
information proving who you are, that allows you to do something, such as make a payment, get
money from a bank, or enter a particular place
Suitcase [ˈsuːtkeɪs] a large, rectangular container with a handle, for carrying clothes and possessions while travelling
Present [ˈpreznt] something that you are given, without asking for it, on a special occasion, especially to show
friendship, or to say thank you
Camera [ˈkæmərə] a device for taking photographs or making films or television programmes
Vase [veɪs] a container for holding flowers or for decoration
THINGS [ˈθɪŋz] - used to refer in an approximate way to an object or to avoid naming it
Handkerchief [ˈhæŋkərtʃɪ ] a square piece of cloth or paper used for cleaning the nose or drying the eyes when they are wet
with tears
Balloon [bəˈluːn] a small, very thin rubber bag that you blow air into or fill with a light gas until it is round in shape,
used for decoration at parties or as a children's toy
Toy [tɔɪ] an object for children to play with
Ticket [ˈtɪkɪt] a small piece of paper or card given to someone, usually to show that they have paid for an event,
journey, or activity
Luggage [ˈlʌɡɪdʒ] the bags, suitcases, etc. that contain your possessions and that you take with you when you are
travelling
Battery [ˈbætri] a device that produces electricity to provide power for radios, cars, etc.
Bucket [ˈbʌkɪt] a container with an open top and a handle, often used for carrying liquids
Rope [roʊp] (a piece o ) strong, thick string made of long twisted threads
Board [bɔːrd] a thin, flat piece of cut wood or other hard material, often used for a particular purpose
Calendar [ˈkælɪndər] a printed table showing all the days, weeks, and months of the year
Laptop [ˈlæptɑːp] a computer that is small enough to be carried around easily and is flat when closed
Brush [brʌʃ] an object with short pieces of stiff hair, plastic, or wire attached to a base or handle, used for
cleaning, arranging your hair, or painting
Keyboard [ˈkiːbɔːrd] the set of keys on a computer or typewriter that you press in order to make it work
Key [kiː] a piece of metal that has been cut into a special shape and is used for opening or closing a lock,
starting a car engine, etc.
Wheel [wiːl] a circular object connected at the centre to a bar, used for making vehicles or parts of machines
move
Steering wheel [ˈstɪrɪŋ wiːl] a wheel in a vehicle that the driver turns in order to make the vehicle go in a particular direction
Trunk [trʌŋk] the thick main stem of a tree, from which its branches grow
Gas(oline) [ˈɡæs(əliːn)] a liquid obtained from petroleum, used especially as a fuel for cars, aircraft, and other vehicles
Purse [pɜːrs] a small container for money, usually used by a woman
Wallet [ˈwɑːlɪt] a small folding case for carrying paper money, credit cards and other flat objects, that can be
carried in a pocket and is used especially by men
Lamp [læmp] a device for giving light, especially one that has a covering or is contained within something
Ruler [ˈruːlər] a long, narrow, flat piece of plastic, metal, or wood with straight edges where centimetres or
inches, or both are printed. It is used for measuring things and for drawing straight lines
Shovel [ˈʃʌvl] a tool consisting of a wide, square metal or plastic blade, usually with slightly raised sides, attached
to a handle, for moving loose material such as sand, coal, or snow
Machine [məˈʃiːn] a piece of equipment with several moving parts that uses power to do a particular type of work
Hammer [ˈhæmər] a tool consisting of a piece of metal with a flat end that is fixed onto the end of a long, thin, usually
wooden handle, used for hitting things
Scissors [ˈsɪzərz] a device used for cutting materials such as paper, cloth, and hair, consisting of two sharp blades
that are joined in the middle, and two handles with holes to put your fingers through
Glasses [ˈɡlasəz] two small pieces of specially made glass or transparent plastic worn in front of the eyes to improve
sight and held in place with a frame that reaches back over the ears
Package [ˈpækɪdʒ] an object or set of objects wrapped in paper, usually in order to be sent by post
Stick [stɪk] a thin piece of wood or other material
Glue [ɡluː] a sticky substance that is used for joining things together permanently, produced from animal
bones and skins or by a chemical process
Gift [ɡɪft] a present or something that is given
Blanket [ˈblæŋkɪt] a flat cover made of wool or similar warm material, usually used on a bed
Pillow [ˈpɪloʊ] a rectangular cloth bag filled with soft material, such as feathers or artificial materials, used for
resting your head on in bed
Sheet [ʃiːt] a large piece of thin cloth used on a bed for sleeping on or under
Towel [ˈtaʊəl] a piece of cloth or paper used for drying someone or something that is wet
Mail [meɪl] the letters, etc. that are sent to or from people, or the system for sending letters, etc. from place to
place
Wire [ˈwaɪər] a piece of thin metal thread that can be bent, used for fastening things and for making particular
types of objects that are strong but can bend
Page [peɪdʒ] a side of one of the pieces of paper in a book, newspaper, or magazine, usually with a number
printed on it
Box [bɑːks] a square or rectangular container with stiff sides and sometimes a lid
FEELINGS [ˈfiːlɪŋz] - emotions
Language [ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ] a system of communication consisting of sounds, words, and grammar, or the system of
communication used by people in a particular country or type of work
Word [wɜːrd] a single unit of language that has meaning and can be spoken or written
Fire [ˈfaɪər] the state of burning that produces flames that send out heat and light, and might produce smoke
Case [keɪs] a particular situation or example of something
Circumstance [ˈsɜːrkəmstæns] a fact or event that makes a situation the way it is
Thought [θɔːt] the act of thinking about or considering something, an idea or opinion, or a set of ideas about a
particular subject
Choice [tʃɔɪs] an act or the possibility of choosing
Permit [pərˈmɪt] an official document that allows you to do something or go somewhere
To permit [tə pərˈmɪt] to allow something
Delivery [dɪˈlɪvəri] the act of taking goods, letters, parcels, etc. to people's houses or places of work
Achievement [əˈtʃiːvmənt] something very good and difficult that you have succeeded in doing
Duty [ˈduːti] something that you have to do because it is part of your job, or something that you feel is the right
thing to do
Delay [dɪˈleɪ] the situation in which you have to wait longer than expected for something to happen, or the time
that you have to wait
To delay [tə dɪˈleɪ] to make something happen at a later time than originally planned or expected
Relationship [rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp] the way in which two things are connected
Mark [mɑːrk] a typical feature or one that allows you to recognize someone or something
To mark [tə mɑːrk] to correct mistakes in and give points for a piece of work
Mistake [mɪˈsteɪk] an action, decision, or judgment that produces an unwanted or unintentional result
Behavior [bəˈheɪvjər] a particular way of acting:
Invitation [ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃn] the act of inviting someone to go to an event
Development [dɪˈveləpmənt] the process in which someone or something grows or changes and becomes more advanced
Decision [dɪˈsɪʒn] a choice that you make about something after thinking about several possibilities
Solution [səˈluːʃn] the answer to a problem
Advice [ədˈvaɪs] an opinion that someone offers you about what you should do or how you should act in a
particular situation
Agreement [əˈɡriːmənt] the situation in which people have the same opinion, or in which they approve of or accept
something
List [lɪst] a record of short pieces of information, such as people's names, usually written or printed with a
single thing on each line and often ordered in a way that makes a particular thing easy to find
Argument [ˈɑːrɡjumənt] a disagreement, or the process of disagreeing
Test [test] a way of discovering, by questions or practical activities, what someone knows, or what someone
or something can do or is like
To test [tə test] to do something in order to discover if something is safe, works correctly, etc., or if something is
present
Step [step] a stage in a process
To step [tə step] to move by lifting your foot and putting it down in a different place, or to put your foot on or in
something
Piece [piːs] a part of something
Area [ˈeriə] a particular part of a place, piece of land, or country
Pair [per] two things of the same appearance and size that are intended to be used together, or something
that consists of two parts joined together
Couple [ˈkʌpl] two or a few things that are similar or the same, or two or a few people who are in some way
connected
Surface [ˈsɜːrfɪs] the outer or top part or layer of something
Mess [mes] something or someone that is a mess, or is in a mess, looks dirty or untidy
BODY [ˈbɑːdi] - the whole physical structure that forms a person or animal
Head [hed] the part of the body above the neck where the eyes, nose, mouth, ears, and brain are
Face [feɪs] the front of the head, where the eyes, nose, and mouth are
Forehead [ˈfɔːrhed] the flat part of the face, above the eyes and below the hair
Nose [noʊz] the part of the face that sticks out above the mouth, through which you breathe and smell
Ear [ɪr] either of the two organs, one on each side of the head, by which people or animals hear sounds, or
the piece of skin and tissue outside the head connected to this organ
Mouth [maʊθ] the opening in the face of a person or animal, consisting of the lips and the space between them, or
the space behind containing the teeth and the tongue
Throat [θroʊt] the front of the neck, or the space inside the neck down which food and air can go
Eye [aɪ] one of the two organs in your face that are used for seeing
Eyebrow [ˈaɪbraʊ] the line of short hairs above each eye in humans
Lips [ˈlɪps] one of the two soft, red edges of the mouth
Tooth [tuːθ] one of the hard, white objects in the mouth that are used for biting and chewing
Teeth [tiːθ] plural for tooth
Hair [her] the mass of thin thread-like structures on the head of a person, or any of these structures that grow
out of the skin of a person or animal
Mustache [ˈmʌstæʃ] hair that a man grows above his upper lip
Cheek [tʃiːk] the soft part of your face that is below your eye and between your mouth and ear
Chin [tʃɪn] the part of a person's face below their mouth
Neck [nek] the part of the body that joins the head to the shoulders
Shoulder [ˈʃoʊldər] one of the two parts of the body at each side of the neck that join the arms to the rest of the body
Chest [tʃest] the upper front part of the body of humans and some animals, between the stomach and the neck,
containing the heart and lungs
Heart [hɑːrt] the organ in your chest that sends the blood around your body
Stomach [ˈstʌmək] an organ in the body where food is digested, or the soft front part of your body just below the
chest
Back [bæk] the part of your body that is opposite to the front, from your shoulders to your bottom
Wrist [rɪst] the part of the body between the hand and the arm
Hand [hænd] the part of the body at the end of the arm that is used for holding, moving, touching, and feeling
things
Finger [ˈfɪŋɡər] any of the long, thin, separate parts of the hand, especially those that are not thumbs
Nail [neɪl] a thin, hard area that covers the upper side of the end of each finger and each toe
To nail [tə neɪl] to fasten something with nails
Elbow [ˈelboʊ] the part in the middle of the arm where it bends, or the part of a piece of clothing that covers this
area
Leg [leɡ] one of the parts of the body of a human or animal that is used for standing or walking
Knee [niː] the middle joint of the leg that allows the leg to bend
Foot [fʊt] the part of the body at the bottom of the leg on which a person or animal stands
Feet [fiːt] plural for foot
Heel [hiːl] the rounded back part of the foot
Toe [toʊ] any of the five separate parts at the end of the foot
Beard [bɪrd] the hair that some men allow to grow on the lower part of their face
Bone [boʊn] any of the hard parts inside a human or animal that make up its frame
HEALTH [helθ] - the condition of the body and the degree to which it is free from illness, or the state of being well
PREPOSITIONS [prepəˈzɪʃənz] - words that are used before a noun, a noun phrase,
or a pronoun, connecting it to another word
QUESTIONS [ˈkwestʃənz]
PRONOUNS [ˈproʊnaʊnz] - words that are used instead of a noun or a noun phrase
NUMBERS [ˈnəmbərz]
DESCRIPTIONS [dɪˈskrɪpʃn] - something that tells you what something or someone is like
High [haɪ] being a large distance from top to bottom or a long way above the ground, or having the stated
distance from top to bottom
Tall [tɔːl] of more than average height, or of a particular height
Short [ʃɔːrt] small in length, distance, or height
Low [loʊ] not measuring much from the base to the top
Long [lɔːŋ] being a distance between two points that is more than average or usual
Heavy [ˈhevi] weighing a lot^ and needing effort to move or lift
Light [laɪt] not weighing a lot
Difficult [ˈdɪfɪkəlt] needing skill or effort
Easy [ˈiːzi] needing little effort
Simple [ˈsɪmpl] easy to understand or do; not difficult
Dark [dɑːrk] with little or no light
Expensive [ɪkˈspensɪv] costing a lot of money
Cheap [tʃiːp] costing little money or less than is usual or expected
Dear [dɪr] loved or liked very much
Poor [pɔːr] having little money and/or few possessions
Rich [rɪtʃ] having a lot of money or valuable possessions
Straight [streɪt] continuing in one direction without bending or curving
Left [left] on or towards the side of your body that is to the west when you are facing north
Right [raɪt] on or towards the side of your body that is to the east when you are facing north/correct
Wrong [rɔːŋ] not correct
Fast [fæst] moving or happening quickly, or able to move or happen quickly
Quick [kwik] happening or done with great speed, or lasting only a short time
Slow [sloʊ] moving, happening, or doing something without much speed
Soft [sɔːft] not hard or firm
Hard [hɑːrd] not easy to bend, cut, or break
Sad [sæd] unhappy or sorry
Glad [ɡlæd] pleased and happy
Happy [ˈhæpi] feeling, showing, or causing pleasure or satisfaction
Merry [ˈmeri] happy or showing enjoyment
Kind [kaɪnd] generous, helpful, and thinking about other people's feelings
Angry [ˈæŋɡri] having a strong feeling against someone who has behaved badly, making you want to shout at
them or hurt them
Evil [ˈiːvl] morally bad, cruel, or very unpleasant
Polite [pəˈlaɪt] behaving in a way that is socially correct and shows understanding of and care for other people's
feelings
Rude [ruːd] not polite; offensive or embarrassing
Gentle [ˈdʒentl] calm, kind, or soft
Brave [breɪv] showing no fear of dangerous or difficult things
Cowardly [ˈkaʊərdli] in a way that is not at all brave and tries to avoid danger
Shy [ʃaɪ] nervous and uncomfortable with other people
Hard-working [hɑːrdˈwɜːrkɪŋ] always doing a lot of work
Lazy [ˈleɪzi] not willing to work or use any effort
Useful [ˈjuːsfl] effective; helping you to do or achieve something
Useless [ˈjuːsləs] of no use; not working or not achieving what is needed
Strong [strɔːŋ] powerful; having or using great force or control
Weak [wiːk] not physically strong
Loud [laʊd] making a lot of noise
Noisy [ˈnɔɪzi] a sound or sounds, especially when it is unwanted, unpleasant, or loud
Quiet [ˈkwaɪət] making very little noise
Calm [kɑːm] peaceful, quiet, and without worry
Narrow [ˈnæroʊ] having a small distance from one side to the other, especially in comparison with the length
Wide [waɪd] having a larger distance from one side to the other than is usual or expected, especially in
comparison with the length of something
Clean [kliːn] not dirty
DESCRIPTIONS [dɪˈskrɪpʃn] - something that tells you what something or someone is like
to carry [tə ˈkæri] to hold something or someone with your hands, arms, or on your back and transport it, him,
or her from one place to another
to explain [tə ɪkˈspleɪn] to make something clear or easy to understand by describing or giving information about it
to stay [tə steɪ] to not move away from or leave a place or situation
to rest [tə rest] to stop doing a particular activity or stop being active for a period of time in order to relax
and get back your strength
to turn [tə tɜːrn] to move in a circle around a fixed point or line
to lift [tə lift] to move something from a lower to a higher position
to believe [tə bɪˈliːv] to think that something is true, correct, or real
to receive [tə rɪˈsiːv] to get or be given something
to help [tə help] to make it possible or easier for someone to do something, by doing part of the work
yourself or by providing advice, money, support, etc.
to order [tə ˈɔːrdər] to ask for something to be made, supplied, or delivered, especially in a restaurant or shop
to visit [tə ˈvɪzɪt] to go to a place in order to look at it, or to a person in order to spend time with them
to check [tə tʃek] to make certain that something or someone is correct, safe, or suitable by examining it, him,
or her quickly
to jump [tə dʒʌmp] to push yourself suddenly off the ground and into the air using your legs
to travel [tə ˈtrævl] to make a journey, usually over a long distance
to talk [tə tɔːk] to say words aloud; to speak to someone
to decide [tə dɪˈsaɪd] to choose something, especially after thinking carefully about several possibilities
to solve [tə sɑːlv] to find an answer to a problem
to drop [tə drɑːp] to fall or to allow something to fall
to agree [tə əˈɡriː] to have the same opinion
to save [tə seɪv] to stop someone or something from being killed, injured, or destroyed
to argue [tə ˈɑːrɡjuː] to speak angrily to someone, telling that person that you disagree with them
to count [tə kaʊnt] to say numbers one after the other in order, or to calculate the number of people or things
in a group
to surprise [tə sərˈpraɪz] to make someone feel surprise
to worry [tə ˈwɜːri] to think about problems or unpleasant things that might happen in a way that makes you
feel unhappy and frightened
to joke [tə dʒoʊk] to say funny things
to move [tə muːv] to change position
to match [tə mætʃ] if two colours, designs, or objects match, they are similar or look attractive together
to die [tə daɪ] to stop living or existing, either suddenly or slowly
to influence [tə ˈɪnfluəns] to affect or change how someone or something develops, behaves, or thinks
to support [tə səˈpɔːrt] to agree with and give encouragement to someone or something because you want him,
her, or it to succeed
to describe [tə dɪˈskraɪb] to say or write what someone or something is like
to punish [tə ˈpʌnɪʃ] to cause someone who has done something wrong or committed a crime to suffer, by
hurting them, forcing them to pay money, sending them to prison, etc.
to intend [tə ɪnˈtend] to have as a plan or purpose
to complain [tə kəmˈpleɪn] to say that something is wrong or not satisfactory
to avoid [tə əˈvɔɪd] to stay away from someone or something
to return [tə rɪˈtɜːrn] come or go back to a previous place
to disturb [tə dɪˈstɜːrb] to interrupt what someone is doing
to provide [tə prəˈvaɪd] to give someone something that they need
to offer [tə ˈɔːfər] to ask someone if they would like to have something or if they would like you to do
something
to introduce [tə ɪntrəˈduːs] to put something into use, operation, or a place for the first time or to tell someone another
person's name the first time that they meet
to persuade [tə pərˈsweɪd] to make someone do or believe something by giving them a good reason to do it
to approve [tə əˈpruːv] to have a positive opinion of someone or something
to appreciate [tə əˈpriːʃieɪt] to recognize how good someone or something is and to value him, her, or it
IRREGULAR VERBS [ˈvɝːbz]
These are a bit more complex as they have to be memorized. But there are some tricks we’ll share with you.
to bet [tə bet] bet [bet] bet [bet] to risk money on the result of an event or a competition, such as a
horse race, in the hope of winning more money
to cost [tə kɔːst] cost [kɔːst] cost [kɔːst] if something costs an amount of money, you must pay that amount
to buy or do it
to cut [tə kʌt] cut [kʌt] cut [kʌt] to break the surface of something, or to divide or make something
smaller, using a sharp tool, especially a knife
to hit [tə hɪt] hit [hɪt] hit [hɪt] to move your hand or an object onto the surface of something so
that it touches it, usually with force
to fit [tə fɪt] fit [fɪt] fit [fɪt] to be the right size or shape for someone or something
to hurt [tə hɜːrt] hurt [hɜːrt] hurt [hɜːrt] to feel pain in a part of your body, or to injure someone or cause
them pain
to let [tə let] let [let] let [let] to allow something to happen or someone to do something by not
doing anything to stop an action or by giving your permission
to put [tə pʊt] put [pʊt] put [pʊt] to move something or someone into the stated place, position, or
direction
to quit [tə kwɪt] quit [kwɪt] quit [kwɪt] to stop doing something or leave a job or a place
to set [tə set] set [set] set [set] to put something in a particular place or position
to shut [tə ʃʌt] shut [ʃʌt] shut [ʃʌt] to close something
Then there are verbs with the same form in infinitive and past participle:
to come [tə kʌm] came [keɪm] come [kʌm] to move or travel towards the speaker or with the speaker
to become [tə bɪˈkʌm] became [bɪˈkeɪm] become [bɪˈkʌm] to start to be
to run [tə rʌn] ran [ræn] run [rʌn] to move along, faster than walking, by taking quick steps in which
each foot is lifted before the next foot touches the ground
to choose [tə tʃuːz] chose [tʃoʊz] chosen [ˈtʃoʊzn] to decide what you want from two or more things or possibilities
to freeze [tə friːz] froze [froʊz] frozen [ˈfroʊzn] If you freeze something, you lower its temperature below 0°C,
causing it to become cold and often hard
to break [tə breɪk] broke [broʊk] broken [ˈbroʊkən] to separate suddenly or violently into two or more pieces, or to
stop working by being damaged
to speak [tə spiːk] spoke [spoʊk] spoken [ˈspoʊkən] to say words, to use the voice, or to have a conversation with
someone
to get [tə get] got [ɡɑːt] gotten [ˈɡɑːtən] to obtain, buy, or earn something
to forget [tə fərˈɡet] forgot [fərˈɡɑːt] forgotten [fərˈɡɑːtn] to be unable to remember a fact, something that happened, or
how to do something
to wake [tə weɪk] woke [woʊk] woken [ˈwoʊkən] to become awake and conscious after sleeping
to wear [tə wer] wore [wɔːr] worn [wɔːrn] to have clothing, jewellery, etc. on your body
to drive [tə draɪv] drove [droʊv] driven [ˈdrɪvn] to move or travel on land in a motor vehicle, especially as the
person controlling the vehicle's movement
to ride [tə raɪd] rode [roʊd] ridden [ˈrɪdn] to sit on something such as a bicycle, motorbike, or horse and
travel along on it controlling its movements
to rise [tə raɪz] rose [roʊz] risen [ˈrɪzən] to move upwards
to write [tə raɪt] wrote [roʊt] written [ˈrɪtn] to make marks that represent letters, words, or numbers on a
surface, such as paper or a computer screen
INFINITIVE PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) MEANING
Verbs that end with -EW in the second form, and -OWN in the third form:
to blow [tə bloʊ] blew [bluː] blown [bloʊn] to move and make currents of air
to fly [tə flaɪ] flew [fluː] flown [floʊn] when a bird, insect, or aircraft flies, it moves through the air
to know [tə noʊ] knew [nuː] known [noʊn] to have information in your mind
to grow [tə ɡroʊ] grew [gruː] grown [groʊn] to increase in size or amount, or to become more advanced or
developed
to throw [tə θroʊ] threw [θruː] thrown [θroʊn] to send something through the air with force, especially by a
sudden movement of the arm
to draw [tə drɔː] drew [druː] drawn [droʊn] to make a picture of something or someone with a pencil or pen
to show [tə ʃoʊ] showed [ʃoʊd] shown [ʃoʊn] to make it possible for something to be seen
to eat [tə iːt] ate [et] eaten [ˈiːtən] to put or take food into the mouth, chew it, and swallow it
to see [tə siː] saw [sɔː] seen [siːn] to be conscious of what is around you by using your eyes
to take [tə teɪk] took [tʊk] taken [ˈteɪkən] to remove something, especially without permission
to fall [tə fɔːl] fell [fel] fallen [ˈfɔːlən] to suddenly go down onto the ground or towards the ground
without intending to or by accident
to give [tə ɡɪv] gave [ɡeɪv] given [ˈɡɪvn] to offer something to someone, or to provide someone with
something
to forgive [tə fərˈɡɪv] forgave [fərˈɡeɪv] forgiven [fərˈɡɪvən] to stop blaming or being angry with someone for something that
person has done, or not punish them for something
Verbs where the double -E shortens in the second and third forms:
to keep [tə kiːp] kept [kept] kept [kept] to have or continue to have in your possession
to lead [tə liːd] led [led] led [led] to control a group of people, a country, or a situation
to feed [tə fiːd] fed [fed] fed [fed] to give food to a person, group, or animal
to feel [tə fiːl] felt [felt] felt [felt] to experience something physical or emotional
to meet [tə miːt] met [met] met [met] to see and talk to someone for the first time
to sleep [tə sliːp] slept [slept] slept [slept] the resting state in which the body is not active and the mind is
unconscious
Verbs in which -EA is pronounced differently in the second and third form:
to read [tə riːd] read [red] read [red] to look at words or symbols and understand what they mean
to hear [tə hɪr] heard [ˈhɝːd] heard [ˈhɝːd] to receive or become conscious of a sound using your ears
to buy [tə baɪ] bought [bɔːt] bought [bɔːt] to get something by paying money for it
to bring [tə brɪŋ] brought [brɔːt] brought [brɔːt] to take or carry someone or something to a place or a person
to teach [tə tiːtʃ] taught [tɔːt] taught [tɔːt] to give someone knowledge or to train someone; to instruct
to think [tə θɪŋk] thought [θɔːt] thought [θɔːt] to believe something or have an opinion or idea
to fight [tə faɪt] fought [fɔːt] fought [fɔːt] to use physical force to try to defeat another person or group of
people
to catch [tə kætʃ] caught [kɔːt] caught [kɔːt] to take hold of something, especially something that is moving
through the air
Verbs with an -I in the first form, -A in the second and -U in the third form:
to swim [tə swim] swam [swæm] swum [swʌm] to move through water by moving the body or parts of the body
to sing [tə sɪŋ] sang [sæŋ] sung [sʌŋ] to make musical sounds with the voice, usually a tune with words
to begin [tə bɪˈɡɪn] began [bɪˈɡæn] begun [bɪˈɡʌn] to start to happen or exist
to ring [tə rɪŋ] rang [ræŋ] rung [rʌn] the act of making a phone call to someone
to sink [tə sɪŋk] sank [sæŋk] sunk [sʌnk] to go down below the surface or to the bottom of a liquid or soft
substance
to stink [tə stɪŋk] stank [stæŋk] stunk [stʌnk] to smell very unpleasant
to drink [tə drɪŋk] drank [dræŋk] drunk [drʌnk] to take liquid into the body through the mouth
INFINITIVE PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) MEANING
Most frequently used verbs that don’t fall into any other category and have to be memorized:
to be [tə bi] was, were [wʌz, wər] been [bɪn] used to say something about a person, thing, or state, to show a
permanent or temporary quality, state, job, etc.
to do [tə duː] did [did] done [dʌn] to perform, take part in, or achieve something
to have [tə həv] had [hæd] had [hæd] to own
to go [tə ɡoʊ] went [went] gone [ɡɔːn] to travel or move to another place
to make [tə meɪk] made [meɪd] made [meɪd] to produce something, often using a particular substance or
material
to say [tə seɪ] said [sed] said [sed] to pronounce words or sounds, to express a thought, opinion, or
suggestion, or to state a fact or instruction
to pay [tə peɪ] paid [peɪd] paid [peɪd] to give money to someone for something you want to buy or for
services provided
to lay [tə leɪ] laid [leɪd] laid [leɪd] to put something in especially a flat or horizontal position, usually
carefully or for a particular purpose
to send [tə send] sent [sent] sent [sent] to cause something to go from one place to another, especially
by post or email
to spend [tə spend] spent [spent] spent [spent] to give money as a payment for something
to lend [tə lend] lent [lent] lent [lent] to give something to someone for a short period of time,
expecting it to be given back
to build [tə bɪld] built [bɪlt] built [bɪlt] to make something by putting bricks or other materials together
to find [tə faɪnd] found [faʊnd] found [faʊnd] to discover, especially where a thing or person is, either
unexpectedly or by searching
to hold [tə hoʊld] held [held] held [held] to take and keep something in your hand or arms
to stand [tə stænd] stood [stʊd] stood [stʊd] to be in a vertical state or to put into a vertical state, especially by
making the legs straight
to sit [tə sit] sat [sæt] sat [sæt] to be in a position in which the lower part of the body is resting on
a seat or other type of support, with the upper part of the body
vertical
to win [tə win] won [wʌn] won [wʌn] to achieve first position and/or get a prize in a competition,
election, fight, etc.
to leave [tə liːv] left [left] left [left] to go away from someone or something, for a short time or
permanently
must [məst] used to show that it is necessary or very important that something
happens in the present or future
should [ʃəd] should [ʃəd] used to say or ask what is the correct or best thing to do
used to refer to what
will [wɪl] would [wʊd] used to refer to what is likely
can [kən] could [kʊd] to be able to
may [meɪ] might [maɪt] used to express possibility
Useful expressions:
to be afraid of [tə bi əˈfreɪd əv] to be frightened because you think that something very unpleasant is going to happen to you
to be interested in [tə bi ˈɪntrəstɪd in] the feeling of a person whose attention, concern, or curiosity is particularly engaged by
something
to be surprised [tə bi sərˈpraɪzd] feeling or showing surprise
to have to [tə həv tə] to need or to be forced to
to get up [tə get ʌp] to stand up
to put on [tə pʊt ɑːn] to cover a part of your body with a piece of clothing
to take off [tə teɪk ɔː ] to remove something, especially a piece of clothing
VOCABULARY
BEAUTIFUL -
very attractive BIG - large in size
or amount BEGIN - to start
to happen or exist
hazardous - dangerous
risky - involving the possibility of
something bad happening
uncertain - not knowing what to
do or believe, or not able to
decide about something
unsafe - dangerous, or at risk
DELICIOUS - DARK - DO - to perform,
having a very pleasant taste with little or no light take part in, or achieve
or smell something
win - to achieve first position depart - to go away or leave, excellent - extremely good
and/or get a prize in a especially on a journey fine - good or good enough;
competition, election, fight, etc. disappear - if people or things healthy and well
earn - to receive money as disappear, they go somewhere superior - better than average
payment for work that you do where they cannot be seen or or better than other people or
catch - to take hold of found things of the same type
something, especially move - to change position wonderful - extremely good
something that is moving travel - to make a journey, qualified - having finished a
through the air usually over a long distance training course, or having
collect - to get and keep things particular skills, etc.
of one type such as stamps or pleasant - enjoyable, attractive,
coins as a hobby HAPPY - feeling, friendly, or easy to like
gather - to collect several showing, or causing pleasure agreeable - pleasant or
things, often from different or satisfaction pleasing
places or people well-behaved - behaving in a
pick up - to go somewhere in way that is accepted as correct
your car and collect somebody reliable - deserving trust;
pleased - happy or satisfied dependable
who is waiting for you
satisfied - pleased because you safe - not dangerous or likely to
accept - to agree to take
have got what you wanted, or cause harm
something
because something has
happened in the way that you
wanted
GROSS - delighted - very pleased HATE - to dislike
extremely unpleasant joyful - very happy someone or something
very much
cheerful - happy and positive
glad - pleased and happy
overjoyed - extremely happy
improper - dishonest and despise - to feel a strong dislike
against a law or a rule for someone or something
rude - dishonest and against a HELP - to make it possible because you think that that
law or a rule or easier for someone to do person or thing is bad or has
vulgar - not suitable, simple, something, by doing part of the no value
dignified or beautiful; not in work yourself or by providing loathe - to hate someone or
the style preferred by the advice, money, support, etc.
something
upper classes of society detest - to hate someone or
obscene - offensive, rude, or something very much
shocking disfavor - a feeling of dislike or
low - of bad quality, especially aid - help or support
assist - to help disapproval
when referring to something dislike - to not like someone or
that is not as good as it should support - to agree with and
give encouragement to something
be disapprove - to feel that
someone or something
because you want him, her, or something or someone is bad,
it to succeed wrong, etc.
HAVE - to own
well-liked - liked by many silent - without any sound race - to move or go fast
people still - staying in the same speed - to move, go, or happen
approved - used to refer to position; not moving fast
something that is generally or soundless - without sound hurry - to move or do things
officially accepted as being muted - not loud more quickly than normal or to
correct or satisfactory tranquil - calm and peaceful make someone do this
accepted - generally agreed to and without noise, violence, sprint - to run as fast as you can
be satisfactory or right worry, etc. over a short distance, either in a
favorite - best liked or most peaceful - quiet and calm race or because you are in a
enjoyed calm - peaceful, quiet, and great hurry to get somewhere
celebrated - famous for some without worry rush - to go or do something
special quality or ability restful - used to describe very quickly
common - the same in a lot of something that produces a escape - to get free from
places or for a lot of people feeling of being calm and something, or to avoid
current - of the present time relaxed something
cease - to stop something tale - a story, especially one odd - strange or unexpected
halt - to stop moving or doing that might be invented or peculiar - unusual and strange,
something or happening difficult to believe sometimes in an unpleasant
stay - to not move away from myth - an ancient story or set of way
or leave a place or situation stories, especially explaining unusual - different from others
pause - to stop doing the early history of a group of of the same type in a way that is
something for a short time people or about natural events surprising, interesting, or
discontinue - to stop doing or and facts attractive
providing something legend - a very old story or set unfamiliar - not known to you
conclude - to end a speech, of stories from ancient times, or uncommon - not seen,
meeting, or piece of writing the stories, not always true, that happening, or experienced
end - to finish or stop, or to people tell about a famous often
make something finish or stop event or person weird - very strange and
finish - to complete something account - a written or spoken unusual, unexpected, or not
or come to the end of an description of an event natural
activity curious - interested in learning
quit - to stop doing something about people or things around
or leave a job or a place you
THINK - to believe irregular - not according to
something or have an opinion
or idea usual rules or what is expected
TAKE - to remove
something, especially without
permission judge - to form, give, or have TRUE - right and
as an opinion, or to decide not wrong; correct
about something or someone
hold - to take and keep assume - to accept something
something in your hand or to be true without question or
proof accurate - correct, exact, and
arms
believe - to think that something without any mistakes
catch - to take hold of
is true, correct, or real right - correct
something, especially
ponder - to think carefully proper - real, satisfactory,
something that is moving
about something, especially for suitable, or correct
through the air
a noticeable length of time precise - exact and accurate
win - to achieve first position
consider - to spend time exact - in great detail, or
and/or get a prize in a
thinking about a possibility or complete, correct, or true in
competition, election, fight, etc.
making a decision every way
pick - to take some things and
reflect - to show, express, or be valid - based on truth or reason;
leave others
a sign of something able to be accepted
choose - to decide what you
genuine - being what something
want from two or more things
or someone appears or claims
or possibilities
to be; real, not false
select - to choose a small
number of things, or to choose UGLY - unpleasant real - being what it appears to
to look at; not attractive be and not false
by making careful decisions
actual - existing in fact
prefer - to like, choose, or want
sincere - not pretending or
one thing rather than another
lying; honest
remove - to take something or
hideous - extremely ugly or bad correct - in agreement with the
someone away from
shocking - offensive, upsetting, true facts or with what is
somewhere, or off something
or immoral generally accepted
steal - to take something
without the permission or horrible - very unpleasant or
knowledge of the owner and bad
keep it unpleasant - not enjoyable or
purchase - to buy something pleasant WRONG - not correct
monstrous - very cruel
gross - extremely unpleasant
repulsive - extremely
unpleasant or unacceptable inaccurate - not completely
correct or exact, or not able to
do something correctly or
exactly
incorrect - not correct or not
true
mistaken - wrong in what you
believe, or based on a belief
that is wrong
UNHAPPY - sad
or not satisfied
There are five main categories of prepositions grouped by function: prepositions of place, direction, time, cause and effect,
agent or instrument.
During I write an exam during the class. Because of They were late because of her boyfriend.
For I've known him for several years. In accordance In accordance with your request, I am sending
Since It's been a year since they last met. with you the package.
By Complete it by Monday. Through The car crashed into the building through
From ... to From 9 to 5 I am usually at work. human error.
Until/till He won't be here until his sister leaves. Due to Due to the low salary, he was not able to
Before Before his last trip, he got sick. afford himself a trip this year.
After After his Birthday he will get a driver's licens. For For the health of his children, he quit smoking.
Over She gained some weight over the last few Of She died of lung cancer.
months. Thanks to I found this job thanks to my friend.
Ago They got married five years ago. On account of She cannot walk much on account of her sick
Within Send your paper within two days prior to the cat.
deadline.
Up to The boat can take up to 5 people.
In Our friends will come in the evening.
At My class starts at 10:55.
On We will go to the cinema on Monday.
ON ACROSS
IN THROUGH
AT
NEAR INTO
BY
UNDER OUT OF
BEHIND FROM
ABOVE
UP
OVER
IN FRONT OF DOWN
BETWEEN ALONG
AMONG (A)ROUND
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
Before we move on to English tenses, let’s take a closer look at adverbs of frequency.
80%
GENERALLY, Normally I don’t enjoy action movies.
NORMALLY
65%
OFTEN, I often listen to music when I go for a walk.
FREQUENTLY
PERSONAL POSSESSIVE
PRONOUN EXAMPLE PRONOUN EXAMPLE
DEMONSTRATIVE RECIPROCAL
PRONOUN EXAMPLE PRONOUN EXAMPLE
this This trip was amazing. each other They love each other.
that That song is cool. one another All of them hate one another.
these These shoes are so comfortable.
those Those people are loud.
such I need such a camera.
INTERROGATIVE
PRONOUN EXAMPLE
REFLEXIVE
who Who wants ice cream?
PRONOUN EXAMPLE
what What ice cream do you want?
which Which flavor do you want?
myself I love myself. whose Whose ice cream is it?
yourself You should love yourself. whoever Whoever ate my ice cream is
himself He should love himself. a bad person.
herself She should love herself. whatever Whatever you eat, don’t eat
itself It created itself. my ice cream.
ourselves We love ourselves. whichever Whichever ice cream you take,
yourselves You love yourselves. leave the strawberry one.
themselves They love themselves.
SEPARATING
RELATIVE
PRONOUN EXAMPLE
PRONOUN EXAMPLE
other He doesn’t like the other car.
who He is the guy who saved the dog. another We’re changing from one system
whose Michael is the guy whose party to another.
I’ve been to.
which Here is the phone which I used
when I was 23 years old.
that I found that jacket which I lost
recently.
INDEFINITE NEGATIVE
PRONOUN EXAMPLE PRONOUN EXAMPLE
UNIVERSAL
PRONOUN EXAMPLE
Then there are modal verbs. The difficulty is that they work in a slightly different way, but there are just a few of them,
so it’s easy to memorize them. They are used to express ability, possibility, permission or obligation.
You probably already know at least a few of them such as “can,” “may” and “must.” However modal verbs are unlike
other verbs.
For example, they do not change their form (spelling) and they have no infinitive or participle (past/present).
He can walk that far!
Exception: have to
I have to sell the apartment;
He has to sell the apartment
1.
Modal verbs are never followed by an infinitive (to + verb), past participle or gerund (verb + -ing).
Exception: modal verbs with “to”: have to, had to, ought to, be to.
He must learn new words. (Correct);
He must to learn new words. (Incorrect)
2.
Modals are auxiliary verbs. They do not need an additional auxiliary in negatives or questions.
He cannot win. (Correct);
He does not can win. (Incorrect)
When asking a question, put the modal verb at the beginning of the sentence:
Can he win? (Correct);
Does he can win? (Incorrect)
NEED
They need leave now.
They need to get up early every day.
IMPORTANT! In general, modal verbs do not need an additional auxiliary or “to,” but there are
exceptions and this is one of them. A “bare” modal verb is used to indicate a one-time action (see
first two examples), while a modal verb with an auxiliary and “to” is used to indicate repeated
actions (see last two examples).
MUST
She must wait for her father.
HAVE TO /HAD TO
They have to find a new apartment.
BE TO
He is to go there.
CAN / COULD
He cannot run fast.
PRESENT SIMPLE
HOW TO FORM: SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT
WHEN TO USE:
To express habits, rituals, repeated actions, unchanging situations:
Example: He drinks coffee every day.
Does he drink coffee? (”Does” picks up the S-ending from the verb)
To express general truth:
Example: School sucks.
SIGNAL WORDS:
Today
Everyday/ Week/ Month
Usually
Sometimes
Often
Rarely
Always
PAST SIMPLE
HOW TO FORM: SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT
The structure is the same as for Present Simple, but the verb should be in the past tense.
For regular verbs add -ED, put irregular verbs in the second form. You will need to memorize irregular verbs, there is no
way around it.
WHEN TO USE:
To talk about things that happened or existed before now:
Example: He saw a cool car.
Did he see a car? (The main verb stays in the base form, while the auxiliary verb takes the second form, it will always be
“did”)
SIGNAL WORDS:
Yesterday
Last week / month / year
Two days / three months / five years ago
FUTURE SIMPLE
HOW TO FORM: SUBJECT + WILL + VERB + OBJECT
“Will” goes before the verb in the base form
WHEN TO USE:
Simple actions that will happen in the future.
Example: I will leave in 4 hours.
Spontaneous decisions (you have received a check at a restaurant and decided to pay)
Example: I will pay for your dinner.
SIGNAL WORDS:
Tomorrow
The day after tomorrow
Next day/week/month/year
Some day
In a day/in a week/in five years
Soon
Later
In the future
WHEN TO USE:
Unfinished actions now
Example: I am talking to you.
PRESENT PERFECT
HOW TO FORM: SUBJECT + HAVE + PAST TENSE FOR REGULAR VERBS/THIRD FORM FOR IRREGULAR VERBS
WHEN TO USE:
To describe the result of something that happened in the past
Example: I have bought a bike.
SIGNAL WORDS:
Ever
Never
Just
Already
Not … yet
Before
Lately
Recently
This week/month/year
HOW TO FORM
WHEN TO USE EXAMPLES
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
repeated actions
2. He usually does not do yoga.
SINGULAR
I + work I + do not + work Do + I + work ...?
You + work You + do not + work Do + you + work...?
True statements 1. My mom has a Twitter account.
He/She/It + works He/She/It + does not + work Does + he/she/it + work ...?
2. I do not like frozen yogurt.
PLURAL
Scheduled events in the future 1. I plan to sign up for a CrossFit class. You + work You + do not + work Do + you + work...?
They + work They + do not + work Do + they + work ...?
2. He does not drink alcohol during the week.
Things that happened in past 1. I walked across the Brooklyn Bridge last
PAST SIMPLE
I + worked / drank I + did not + work / drink Did + I + work / drink ...?
SINGULAR
3. Did you go to Burning Man last year?
You + worked / drank You + did not + work / drink Did + you + work / drink ...?
He/She/It + worked / drank He/She/It + did not + work / Did + he/she/it + work /
drink drink ...?
Repeated actions/events 1. I watched South Park when I was little.
in the past
2. He did not sleep last night because he
had insomnia.
PLURAL
Action/event that happened 1. He won the lottery 2 years ago. We + worked / drank We + did not + work / drink Did + we + work / buy ...?
at a particular time in the past You + worked / drank You + did not + work / drink Did + you + work / buy ...?
2. This time last year I did not have that many
followers on Instagram. They + worked / drank They + did not + work / drink Did + they + work / buy...?
regarding future
2. I will not go on another Tinder date.
SINGULAR
I + will + work I + will not + work Will + I + work...?
You + will + work You + will not + work Will + you + work ...?
He/She/It + will + work He/She/It + will not + work Will + he/she/it + work ...?
2. Kathy will call you. We + will + work We + will not + work Will + we + work ...?
PLURAL
You + will + work You + will not + work Will + you + work ...?
3. Will you visit me tomorrow?
They + will + work They + will not + work Will + they + work ...?
right now
2. She is not sleeping because she is looking
through her Facebook feed.
SINGULAR
3. Are you preparing for the exam right now?
You + are + working You + are not + working Are + you + working ...?
He/She/It + is + working He/She/It + is not + working Is + he/she/it + working ...?
PLURAL
They + are + working They + are not + working Are + they + working ...?
SIGNAL WORDS:
now today still
right now look! at this very moment
at the moment listen!
HOW TO FORM
WHEN TO USE EXAMPLES
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
SINGULAR
2. He has deactivated his Facebook account. You + have + worked / You + have not + worked / Have + you + worked /
drunk He/She/It + has + drunk drunk ...?
3. Have you ever tried ordering from amazon?
worked / drunk He/She/It + has not + worked Has + he/she/it + worked /
/ drunk drunk ...?
3. Why are you upset? Have the children made We + have + worked / We + have not + worked / Have + we + worked /
a mess in the kitchen again?
drunk drunk drunk ...?
PLURAL
You + have + worked / You + have not + worked / Have + you + worked /
drunk drunk drunk ...?
They + have + worked / They + have not + worked / Have + they + worked /
drunk drunk drunk ...?
Action happened in the past, 1. I have started learning English to have more
but it affects the present opportunities.
We have already talked about questions and negatives, but it’s such an important subject that we need to break it down.
Native speakers will understand you even if you make mistakes and put the words in the wrong order. But don’t you want to show
off your knowledge?
QUESTIONS IN
PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS
To form a Yes/No question, put the auxiliary verb to do (do/does/did) or to be (am/is/are/were/was/have, has, had +
been/are, is, was + being, etc.) at the beginning of the sentence.
In case of modal verbs, put them at the beginning instead of auxiliary verbs.
Affirmation:
He can run a full marathon.
Question:
Can he run a full marathon?
There are also questions where you have to use question words to make them more specific.
Question words go in front of the auxiliary verbs.
QUESTION WORDS:
Remember to add an -S to third-person verbs in singular! In questions, the auxiliary verb takes that -S, e. g. “Does.”
NEGATIVES IN
PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS
To form a negative you simply add “not” after an auxiliary verb (any form of to be or to do).
I am not an architect.
He is not (isn’t) cooking at the moment.
She is not (isn’t) a dancer.
It is not (isn’t) for you.
You are not (aren’t) such a good driver.
They are not (aren’t) coming over tonight.
Word order is very important in English. Every sentence has a subject and a verb and you can’t skip either.
If you change their order in a sentence, you may totally change the meaning.
Here is a chart for you that should help you understand and memorize the rules.
? auxiliary
verb subject verb
If a questions starts with a questions word, the subject
goes after the verb (or auxiliary verb, if any). If a
questions starts with an auxiliary verb, the subject goes
right after it and before the verb. The word order where
the subject goes after the verb is called indirect.
There are a few cases where an indirect word order is used in negative sentences and questions.
For example, there (here) is / there (here) are sentences:
Now that you have studied the theory, let’s dive straight into practice!
Change the following affirmative sentences into negatives and questions:
5. He feels good.
*check your answers against the keys at the end of the workbook
PHRASAL VERBS
Now that you know the most important verbs and prepositions, let’s move on to phrasal verbs. These are extremely common in
informal and spoken English and it’s important to know their meaning. Also, learning to use phrasal verbs correctly will help you sound
natural in casual conversation.
There are hundreds of phrasal verbs in English, but let’s start with a few to get you going. How cool is it, that you can combine one
verb with different prepositions and get absolutely different meanings? Start now, don’t put it off!
LOOK
LOOK AT – to direct your eyes toward someone
LOOK INTO – to consider or to investigate
or something so that you can see them
We will look into your application. Look at yourself in the mirror.
LOOK IN – to visit someone for a short time LOOK DOWN ON – to think that something
on your way to another place is not good enough for you
He quickly looked in and then ran away. They always look down on us as if they were
better than us.
TAKE BACK – to return or to admit that you TAKE UP – to start a new job/activity
were wrong to say something
Take up some art classes.
I take back my words.
BE
BE AWAY – to not be present at
BE OUT – to not be present in a particular place
a particular place
I am out for 5 minutes.
He is away this weekend.
GET
GET AHEAD – to make extra progress GET BEHIND – fail to keep pace with others
in something
He gets behind in his homework.
He got ahead in his homework.
GET OVER – to recover from something GET OUT OF – to benefit from something
I am not sure I will be able to get over this failure. My friend got a lot of money out of this deal.
LET
LET OFF – to release LET ON – to pretend
Why did he got let off the last time? My arm a little worse off than I let on.
TO THANK SOMEONE:
Thanks
Thank you so much (for...)!
Awesome! Thanks!
Thank you! That helps a lot!
I really appreciate you help / I really appreciate it
That’s so kind of you!
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
No worries / No problems (informal)
My pleasure
Anytime
When addressing strangers on the street, use “excuse me” instead of “sorry.”
You can use the same phrase when someone blocks your way.
“Excuse me! Could you please help me? “
“I’m sorry” is used to apologize for something.
AT A RESTAURANT:
I’ll have…(followed by whatever you are ordering)
How much does it cost?
Excuse me! Where is the restroom?
AT AN AIRPORT:
Where is my gate?
What time is my flight?
I am traveling for leisure
I am traveling for work
I will be here for … days
I am staying at my friends / at hotel
FOR EMERGENCIES:
Call the police
I have been robbed
Call the ambulance
I am hurt
I need a doctor
YOU LEARN,
YOU EARN
Tv
shows
&
movies
Everybody knows that watching TV shows and movies in their original language is the way to go if you want to learn a
language. But do you know how to make the most out of it? Forget about watching the show with subtitles in your native
language, because you will simply read the text in your language. This is not efficient. Also, don’t try to translate every single
word you hear. You risk never finishing watching that show… So yes, there are many details. Read on to take note of some
useful tips. At the end you will find our top list of movies and shows to help you study English.
Choose something that you are interested in. Motivation takes you halfway there. If you are not interested or motivated, then
watching turns into the same boring drill.
Think of your favorite English movie that you have watched hundreds of times in your native language and start with that.
The only right way to watch something in English is to watch either with or without English subtitles. Everything else is a waste of
time (no translated subtitles please).
Don’t focus on translation and don’t try to translate every single word. This won’t help you. Instead try to understand the context
and based on that, guess how strong the emotions behind the word are. Ask yourself a few questions about why it is used here
and what it could be related to, given the context.
Check yourself by looking the word up in the dictionary. Naturally, it’s better to use an English-English dictionary. But don’t
spend too much time translating. Better enjoy what you are watching! The experience should be both: fun and useful.
Translate only those words which you believe are important (for example, when you don’t understand what’s going on with the
character), or those words that are repeated all the time. You don’t need to know all the words to understand the big picture.
Pay attention to jokes, slang and idioms. This is a great way to learn spoken English. You can use URBANDICTIONARY.COM
to check their meanings.
Repeat the new words and phrases and try to mimic the characters. This way, you will improve pronunciation and memorize the
words. This technique is called shadowing: you are essentially following in the steps of native speakers.
The next step would be to turn off the subtitles completely or use them only to grasp the meaning or to check the unknown
words.
Don’t watch the whole movie at once: you will get tired really fast. Instead opt for shows with short episodes which are perfect
for beginners. Start with something like The Office—which is quite basic but also very binge-worthy and has already become a
classic. Each episode is only 20-25 minutes long and talks about office life at a paper company in Scranton, PA. By the way,
you can watch it for free here: WATCHTHEOFFICEONLINE.NET
To make the most out of watching a movie or show, do the following:
You can use any other resource you find to watch movies and shows in English with English subtitles. For example, you can
watch the content on streaming services. These services are usually paid but you can always do the 30-day free trial first to see
if you like it and then cancel it at any time. Just make sure the particular streaming service you choose has the shows / movies
you want to watch (just google it in advance). Subtitles are available on streaming services.
You’ve probably heard of the Netflix streaming service, which features such shows as Stranger Things, Money Heist, Mad Men,
Breaking Bad, Peaky Blinders and Better Call Saul. You can subscribe for $9-16 per month.
Such hits as Chernobyl, House of Cards, True Detective and Game of Thrones are available on HBO. Monthly subscription is
$15 per month.
There are a few binge-worthy shows on Showtime such as Billions, Twin Peaks, Dexter and Californication. Enjoy the 7- day
trial, monthly subscription is $7
Unfortunately, some of these streaming services are not available outside the US. So you might need to use a VPN.
Another option is iTunes. It’s convenient but expensive. There is a great variety of movies and shows. Pro tip! There is a Movies
and Shows section on YouTube where you can purchase and rent movies and classic favorite shows like Friends, Scrubs,
Modern Family, How I Met Your Mother.
As you can see, the options are plentiful. Just choose what works best for you and start watching in English.
our list
Here is the complete list of movies and shows that we
recommend. Start with the more basic comedy shows
and gradually move to more complicated titles.
Shows Animation
C OME DY Up
Friends Inside Out
The Office Coco
Spaced WALL-E
How I Met Your Mother Bambi
Modern Family Beauty and the Beast
The Big Bang Theory Toy Story
Silicon Valley Big Hero 6
S CI - FI
X-Files Movies
Stranger things
Mr. Robot
Rocketman
Forrest Gump
FANTASY
Harry Potter
Game of Thrones and the Philosopher's Stone
Interstate 60
HISTORICAL Jurassic Park
Chernobyl A Dog's Journey
Vikings The World's Fastest Indian
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
CRIME The Book Thief
AN D DE T E CT I V E S T OR I E S Gladiator
Breaking Bad Star Wars
Better Call Saul Jumanji
True Detective The Revenant
The Sopranos Police Academy
The Shawshank Redemption
DRAMA
Mad Men
Grey’s Anatomy
House M.D.
House of Cards