CAPITOL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Cagayan De Oro City

POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

ME 24

Hydro Power Theory and Calculation

TITLE

Plate No.4

EVALUATION RATING:

DATE PERFORMED: Criteria for Rating (100 pts.)

22/03/2021
Criteria Actual
DATE DUE: Score
22/03/2020
▪ Promptness (20 pts.)

▪ Neatness (10 pts.)

SUBMITTED BY:
Vincent Rey Olario ▪ Computations/Answers/
Student Data Analysis and Sketches (40
pts.)
SUBMITTED TO:
▪ Conclusion and
Dr. Rogelio C. Golez, Jr Recommendation
Professor (30 pts.)

❑
Remarks: 100
Total Score

2nd SEMESTER School Year:2020-2021

 Plate No. 4
Hydro Power Theory and Calculation

Objectives:  To be able to;

1. Familiarize with the concepts of Hydro power and computations 
2. Understand the basic concepts of Water power and its energy involved.
3. Understand about the different hydro turbines and its characteristics.

A. Discuss the following terms: 

1. Reservoir
- A reservoir is, most commonly, an enlarged natural or artificial lake, pond, or
impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water.
2. Spillway
- A spillway is a structure used to provide the controlled release of flows
from a dam or levee into a downstream area, typically the riverbed
of the dammed river itself.
3. Dam
- A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or underground
streams. Reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but
also provide water for activities such as irrigation, human consumption,
industrial use, aquaculture, and navigability.
4. Silt Sluice
- A sluice is a water channel controlled at its head by a gate. A mill race, leet,
flume, penstock or lade is a sluice channelling water toward a water
mill. 
5. Trash Rack
- A trash rack is a wooden or metal structure, frequently supported by
masonry, that prevents water-borne debris (such as logs, boats,
animals, masses of cut waterweed, etc.) from entering the intake of a
water mill, pumping station or water co
6. Valve
- device for controlling the flow of fluids (liquids, gases, slurries) in a pipe or
other enclosure. Control is by means of a movable element that opens,
shuts, or partially obstructs an opening in a passageway.
7. Surge Chamber
- is a large pressurized underground chamber creating a free surface in the
waterway to improve the dynamic abilities of the power plant
waterways. It is generally used for long waterways when a surge shaft
can not be created to fulfill the same purpose.
8. Penstock
- A penstock is a sluice or gate or intake structure that controls water flow, or
an enclosed pipe that delivers water to hydro turbines and sewerage
ystems. The term is inherited from the earlier technology of
mill ponds and watermills.
 9. Turbine
- is a device that harnesses the kinetic energy of some fluid - such as
water, steam, air, or combustion gases - and turns this into the
rotational motion of the device itself. These devices are generally
used in electrical generation, engines, and propulsion systems and
are classified as a type of engine.
10. Generator
- is a device that converts motive power (mechanical energy) into electrical
power for use in an external circuit. Sources of mechanical energy
include steam turbines, gas turbines, water turbines, internal
combustion engines, wind turbines and even hand cranks.
11. Draft Tube
- is a diverging tube fitted at the exit of runner of turbine and used to utilize
the kinetic energy available with water at the exit of runner. '.
This draft tube at the end of the turbine increases the pressure of the
exiting fluid at the expense of its velocity.
12. Tailrace
- a race for conveying water away from a point of industrial application
(such as a waterwheel or turbine) after use.
13. Undershot wheel
- An undershot wheel is a vertically mounted water wheel with a
horizontal axle that is rotated by the water from a low weir striking
the wheel in the bottom quarter.
14. Breast shot wheel
- The word breastshot is used in a variety of ways. Some authors restrict the
term to wheels where the water enters at about the 10 o’clock
position, others 9 o’clock, and others for a range of heights. In this
article it is used for wheels where the water entry is significantly above
the bottom and significantly below the top, typically the middle
half.
15. Over shot wheel
- A vertically mounted water wheel that is rotated by water entering buckets
just past the top of the wheel is said to be overshot. The term is
sometimes, erroneously, applied to backshot wheels, where the water
goes down behind the wheel.

B. Three categories of Dams based on head levels

1. High-head: ________328.084______ feet

2. Medium-head: __32.8084 and_328.084 feet
3. Low-head: ______32.8084________ feet

C. Scale of Hydropower in Watts:

1. Large-hydro: more than 1000 kW

2. Medium-hydro: 15 - 100 MW
3. Small-hydro: from 1 - 15 MW
 4. Mini-hydro: Capacity between 100 - 500 kW
5. Micro-hydro:  5 - 100 kW
6. Pico-hydro: from a few hundred watts up to 5kW

D: Discuss the following types of Turbine Designs and show illustrations.

1. Francis Turbine
- Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. "The
Francis design has been used with head heights of from 30 to 600 m, but it delivers
its best performance between 100 and 300 m" and are used primarily for electrical
power production. The electric generators that most often use this type of turbine
have a power output that generally ranges from just a few kilowatts up to 1000 MW,
though mini-hydro installations may be lower. 

2. Kaplan Turbine

- The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine, which means that

the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its
energy. Power is recovered from both the hydrostatic head and from the kinetic
energy of the flowing water.

3. Pelton Turbine

- The operation of a Pelton turbine is fairly simple. In this type of turbine, high
speed jets of water emerge from the nozzles that surround the turbine. These
nozzles are arranged so the water jet will hit the buckets at splitters, the center of the
bucket where the water jet is divided into two streams.

4. Turgo Turbine

-  is an impulse water turbine designed for medium head applications.

Operational Turgo Turbines achieve efficiencies of about 87%. In factory and lab
tests Turgo Turbines perform with efficiencies of up to 90%. It works with net heads
between 15 and 300 m.
 5. Tesla Turbine

- In a wind turbine, the wind (the fluid) causes the blades to rotate. The blades in
turn rotate a generator, which converts the rotational energy into electricity. In the
Tesla turbine, the smooth disks spin to generate energy

6. Archimedes Hydro Turbine

- Archimedes' screw, also known as the water screw, screw pump or

Egyptian screw, is a machine used for transferring water from a low-lying body of
water into irrigation ditches. Water is pumped by turning a screw-shaped surface
inside a pipe. Archimedes screws are also used for materials such as powders and
grains.

7. Whirlpool Turbine

- Whirlpool turbine is a low-pressure turbine fitted with a submersible generator, which

generates electricity that is sufficient to power up to 60 houses 24/7 without harming the
environment. Whirlpool turbine installation requires a 1.5 m height difference in water level.
E. Problem solving:
1. A pelton type turbine was installed 30 m below the head gate of the penstock. The
head loss due to friction is     15% of the given elevation. The length of the penstock is
80 m and the coefficient of friction is 0.00093.     
Determine the following:
  a) the diameter of the penstock in mm. (421.6 mm)           
  b) the power output in KW  (781.234 KW)
2. A Francis turbine is installed with a vertical draft tube. The pressure gauge located at
the penstock leading to 
the turbine casing reads 372.6 KPa and velocity of water at inlet is 6 m/sec. The
discharge is 2.5 m /sec. The
3

    hydraulic efficiency is 85%, and the overall efficiency is 82%. The top of the draft tube
is 1.5 m below the 
    centerline of the spiral casing, while the tailrace level is 2.5 m from the top of the draft
tube. There is no 
velocity of whirl at the top or bottom of the draft tube and leakage losses are negligible. 

Calculate the following:      

a) the net effective head in meters (43.817 m)
b) the brake power in kw. (881.2 kw)
c) the plant output for a generator efficiency of 92%. (810.7 kw)
d) the mechanical efficiency (96.550%)
3. A hydroelectric power plant using a Francis type turbine has the following data:
Headwater elevation - 190 m
Tailwater elevation - 50 m
Head loss due to friction - 3.5% of gross head
Turbine discharge at full gate opening - 6 m /sec
3

Turbine – Generator Speed – 600 RPM

Turbine efficiency at rated capacity - 90%
Turbine is to be direct connected to a 60 hertz a-c generator.

Determine the following: 

a) the brake power in kw  (7156.8 kw)
b)  the electrical power output of the generator if the efficiency is 94% (6727.4 kw)
c) the torque developed in N-m  (102 925.31 N-m)
d) the approximate length of the penstock, if the diameter is 1.5 m and friction factor 
                f is 0.018.  (693 m)