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Lecture 3.1: Algebra of matrix

Basic definitions of matrices are given in Lecture 1.

3.1.1 Properties of a matrix

1. Transpose of a Matrix: A transpose of a matrix is obtained by
interchanging rows and corresponding columns of the given
matrix. The transpose of the matrix A is denoted At .

1 4 
1 2 3
A , A  2 5
t

 4 5 6 3 6

Properties of the Transpose of a matrix

1. ( At )t  A
2. (AB)t = BtAt
3. (kA)t = kAt , where k is a scalar.
4. (A+B)t = At + Bt

2. Symmetric Matrix:
A square matrix is symmetric if At = A.

1 2 3 1 2 3
A  2 4 5, A  2 4 5 , At = A
  t

3 5 6 3 5 6

3. Skew – symmetric Matrix :

A square matrix is skew symmetric if At = - A.

0  2  3 0 2 3
A  2 0  4, A   2 0 4, A t   A.
t 
3 4 0    3  4 0

4. Equality of matrix:
Two matrices are equal, if these of same size and corresponding entries are
equal.

2 1  2 1 
A=   , B=  
 3 4  3 4
A and B are equal matrices when these of the same size and
corresponding entries are equal.

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Example:1. Write down the system of equation, if matrices A and B are equal

 x  2 y  3 1 3  z 
A=   , B= 
 x  y z  3 z y 
Solution: A and B are of the same size, hence

A= B

x  2 1
y 3 3 z
x y z
z3 y
System of equations are
x 3
yz6
x yz 0
 y  z  3
3.1.2 Addition of matrices:
Matrices of the equal size can be added entry wise.

Example:2. Add the following matrices:

1 0 2  4 2 8
3 5 4    2 4 1 
   

Solution. We need to add the pairs of entries, and then simplify for the final answer:

1 0 2  4 2 8 1  4 0  2 2  8 5 2 10 
 3 5 4    2 4 1    3  2 5  4 4  1   5 9 5 
       

So the answer is:

5 2 10 
5 9 5 
 

Example:3. Find the value of x and y in the following matrix equation

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 5 x   3 2  2 4
3y 2    1 3   5 7 
     

Solution. Using concept of addition of matrices, we simplify left hand side

 5  3 x  2  2 x  2 2 4
3y  1 2  5   3y  1 
7  5 7 
  

Two matrices are equal when their correspoding entries are equal

x+2=4

2y – 1 = 5

Solving these equations

x = 4 – 2 =2

3y = 5+1

3y = 6, y = 2

Solution of matrix equation is x = 2, y = 2.

3.1.3 Scalar Multiplication:

If a matrix is multiplied by a scalar , then each entry is multiplied by

scalar .
1 2 3  1 2 3  2 4 6
A  2 1 0, 2A  22 1 0, 2A  4 2 0
   
1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 4

3 6 9 
3A  6 3 0
3 3 6

3.1.4 Matrix Multiplication:

The product of two matrices A and B is possible if the number of
columns of A is equal to number of rows in B, the method is being
explained by following example:

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 4 1 4 3
1 2 4 
A  , B  0  1 3 1
2 6 0 2 x 3 2 7 5 2 3 X 4
A x B  C
2x3 3x4 2x4

c c c c 
AB   11 12 13 14 
c21 c22 c23 c24 

c11 = 1x4 + 2x0 + 4x2 = 4 + 0 + 8 = 12

c12 = 1x1 + 2x(-1) + 4x7 = 1 - 2 + 28 = 27
c13 = 1x4 + 2x3 + 4x5 = 4 + 6 + 20 = 30
c14 = 1x3 + 2x1 + 4x2 = 3 + 2 + 8 = 13
c21 = 2x4 + 6x0 + 0x2 = 8 + 0 + 0 = 8
c22 = 2x1 + 6x(-1) + 0x7 = 2 -6 + 0 = -4
c23 = 2x4 + 6x3 + 0x5 = 8 + 18 + 0 = 26
c24 = 2x3 + 6x1 + 0x2 = 6 + 6 + 0 = 12

12 27 30 13
AB =  
 8  4 26 12

NOTE: AB  BA

Lecture 3.2 : Inverse of matrix and power of matrix

3.2.1 Inverse of a 2x2 matrix

a b 
Consider a 2x2 matrix A =  
c d 

1  d  b
If ad – bc  0, then A-1 =
ad  bc  c a 
a b 
Note: Multiple  ad  bc  is called the determinant of matrix A =  
c d 

 3 2
Example: Find inverse of matrix A =  
4 5

ad - bc = 3x5 –2x4 =15 – 8 = 7

 5  2
A-1= 17  .
 4 3 

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Properties of Inverse

1. A-1A= A A-1 = I
2. If A and B are invertible matrices of the same size , then
AB is also invertible and
(AB)-1 = B-1A-1

3.2.2 Power of a matrix

1. A0 = I
2. An = A.A.A…A (n-factors), where n>0.
3.   n
A-n = A-1  A-1.A-1.A-1....A-1 (n- factors) , where n>0.
4. ArAs = Ar + s
5. (Ar ) s  A rs
6. ( A1 )1  A
7. ( An )1  ( A1 )n , n  0,1,2,...
1
8. (kA) 1  A1 , where k is a scalar.
k

Example:4. Let A be an invertible matrix and suppose that inverse of 7A is

 2 7 
 1  3 , find matrix A
 

1 1  2 7 
Solution: (7A)-1 = A  
7  1  3
 2 7   14 49 
A 1  7  
 1  3  7  21
1  21  49 7 3 7 1 3 7
A  ( A1 ) 1    
49   7  14  49 1 2 7 1 2
.

 2 0
Example:5. Let A be a matrix   compute A3, A-3, A2 - 2A + I.
4 1
Solution:
 2 0  2 0  4 0
A2  AA     
4 1 4 1 12 1
 4 0  2 0  8 0
A3  A2 A    
12 1 4 1 28 1
1 1 0
A 3  ( A3 ) 1  
8  28 8
 4 0 4 0 1 0 1 0
A2  2 A  I      
12 1 8 2 0 1 4 0

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Example:6. Find inverse of the matrix

 cos sin  
A= 
 sin  cos 

Solution:
ad – bc = cos 2   sin 2   1,

1 cos   sin  
A 1  
1  sin  cos  

cos   sin  
A-1 = 
 sin  cos  
Lecture 3.3 Inverse by Elementary Matrix
3.3.1 Elementary Matrix

An nxn matrix is called elementary matrix, if it can be obtained from

nxn identity matrix by performing a single elementary row operation.

1 0 0
Examples: I 3  0 1 0 is a 3x3 identity matrix.
 
0 0 1

Elementary matrices E1,E2 and E3 can be obtained by single row

operation.

1 0 0 
E1 = 0 1 0  -3R3
0 0  3

1 0 0 
E2 = 0 1 0  -2R3+R2
0 1  2

0 0 1 
E3 = 0 1 0 R1  R3
1 0 0

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NOTE:
When a matrix A is multiplied from the left by an elementary
matrices E, the effect is same as to perform an elementary row
operation on A.

Example: 1.
1 0 2 3 
Let A be a 3x4 matrix, A= 2  1 3 6 and
 
1 4 4 0
E be 3x3 elementary matrix obtained by row operation 3R1+R3 from an
Identity matrix
1 0 0
E = 0 1 0 
 
3 0 1

1 0 0 1 0 2 3 1 0 2 3
EA= 0 1 0 2  1 3 6 = 2  1 3 6 ,3R +R .
     1 3
3 0 1 1 4 4 0 4 4 10 9

3.3.2 Method for finding Inverse of a matrix

To find the inverse of an invertible matrix, we must find a sequence of

elementary row operations that reduces A to the identity and then perform
this same sequence of operations on In to obtain A-1.

A I to I A-1 
1 4 
Example:2. Find inverse of a matrix A =   by using Elementary
2 7 
matrix method.

Solution: A I   1 4 1 0

2 7 0 1
1 4 1 0
   2 R1  R2
0  1  2 1
1 41 0
  - R2
0 1 2  1
1 0 7 4 
  - 4R 2  R 1
0 1 2  1

 I A 1 

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 7 4 
A-1 =  
 2  1

Example:3. Use Elementary matrix method to find inverses of

3 4  1 
A  1 0 3  if A is invertible.
2 5  4
Solution:
3 4 1 1 0 0
A I  =

1 0 3 0 1 0

2 5 40 0 1

1 0 3 0 1 0
 
 3 4  1 1 0 0 R1  R2
25  4 0 0 1
10 3 0 1 0
 
 0 4  10 1  3 0  3R1  R2 ,2 R1  R3
0
5  10 0  2 1
1
0 3 0 1 0
 
 0 4  10 1  3 0  R2  R3
0
1 0  1  2 1
1
0 3 0 1 0
  (4 R3  R2 )
 0 1 0  1 1 1  R2  R3 ,
10
0
0  1 12 107 52 

1 0 0 32 1011 56 
 
 0 1 0  1 1 1   3R3  R1 , R3
0 0 1 21 107 2 
 5 


 I A1 
 32 11
10
6
5 
 
A1   1 1 1 .
 21 7
10
2 
5 

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