CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO NO

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

I. INTRODUCTION

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
II.

III. PROFILE OF THE HOSPITAL

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
IV.
THEORETICAL CONCEPTS

V. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

VI. FINDING SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION

REFERENCES
A STUDY ON WASTE DISPOSAL MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT IN KVS HOSPITAL IN KARUR
 ABSTRACT

Hospital waste management is an important process that must be dealt with diligently.

The management of hazardous waste material requires specific knowledge and regulations

and it must be carried out by specialists in the field. In this cross-sectional study, we assessed

the main stages of hospital waste management including separation, containment, removal

and disposal of waste materials in public hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of

Medical Sciences (TUMS). We selected 108 units of six hospitals (three general hospitals and

three subspecialty hospitals) from those hospitals supervised by TUMS using the cluster

sampling method. The measurement was conducted through a questionnaire and direct

observation by researchers. Association analysis was done by statistical tests; Fisher exact

test and chi-squared using SPSS software. According to the results obtained by the

questionnaire, most of the studied wards scored moderately in terms of quality of their

performance in all stages of waste management. About one-fifth of the wards were suffering

from poor management of their medical waste and only a minority of wards obtained good

scores for managing their waste materials. The findings also revealed significant associations

between temporary waste storage and collection and the level of education of the managers (P

= 0.040, P = 0.050, respectively). In summary, the study indicated a moderate management in

all processes of separation, collection, containment, removal and disposal of waste materials

in hospitals with several observed problems in the process.

INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION

Wastes are unwanted or unusable materials Examples include municipal

solid waste(household trash/refuse), hazardous waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which
contains bodily wastes(feces and urine) and surface runoff), radioactive waste, and others..

Hospital waste is “Any waste which is generated in the diagnosis, treatment or

immunization of human beings or animals or in research” in a hospital. Hospital Waste
Management means the management of waste produced by hospitals using such techniques
that will help to check the spread of diseases through.

Hospital waste management is a part of hospital hygiene and maintenance activities.

In fact only 15% of hospital waste i.e. “bio medical waste” is hazardous not the complete.
But when the hazardous waste is not segregated at the source of generation and mixed with
hazardous waste then 100% of waste becomes hazardous. Hence it is an important duty of
hospital authorities to safely dispose and manage the whole wastes in hospital. If hospital
waste is not properly managed and disposed of, it can result in injury by contaminated sharps
and infection with hepatitis B,C and HIV. It also results in environment pollution also.

Biomedical waste management has recently emerged as an issue of hospitals, nursing

home authorities but also to the environment. The biomedical waste generated from
healthcare unites defend upon a number of factors such as waste management methods, type
of health care units, specialization of health care unite, ratio of reusable items in use,
availability of infrastructure and resources etc. The proper management of biomedical waste
has become a worldwide humanitarian topic today. Although hazards of poor management of
biomedical waste have aroused the concern world over, especially in the light of its far
reaching effects on human, health and environment.

Now it is well established fact that there are many adverse and harmful effects to the
environment including human beings which are caused by the “Hospital waste” generated
during patient care, The problems of the waste disposal have become issues of increasing
concern
 The study was undertaken at KVS Hospital in karur. On the topic “a study on waste
disposal and management” The duration of the study was two months. The study was fully
based on well defined objectives. The data collection is purely based on both primary and
secondary data.

The main purpose of this project is to study the current practices of waste disposal in
KVS Hospital in karurand to understand patience perception towards waste management also.

Over the past two decades, health care wastes has been identified as one of the major
problems that negatively impact both human health and the environment when improperly
stored, transported and disposed. For many years, the World Health Organization has
advocated that medical waste be regarded as special waste and it is now commonly
acknowledged that certain categories of health care waste are among the most hazardous and
potentially dangerous of all waste arising in communities. There are many institutions which
pollute the environmental but recently the ignored field which produce the pollution by way
of health care wastes and attracts the attention of the environmentalists are the hospitals,
dispensaries, medical shops, medical clinics of doctors and other paramedical staff. Hospital
waste is defined as any type of waste generated by health care institutions, including
hospitals, medical laboratories, animal experimentation units, and clinics. Hospital waste is
not only hazardous and pollute the environment but dangerous for human beings, animals and
plants by other ways also. Every day, the countries numerous hospitals and other medical
institutions churn out millions of tons of waste.

An alarming percentage of the waste lies on open space creating environmental

problems. Health care wastes are hazardous in nature. These damage the environment even at
low concentration. Hence it is necessary to take precautionary measures so that hazardous
components in the waste are rendered harmless through proper treatment by technology and
safe disposal methods.

The problem of health care waste has acquired gargantuan proportion in today's cities.
About 1.50 kg of waste was produced per head/per day of the total hospital waste, which was
contaminated with disease carry pathogens. If we take an example if a patient lying in the
hospital for treatment and a normal man live in the society. A patient in the hospital needs
more and more hygienic and pollution free environment. He needs oxygen.
 But the environment of hospitals, especially of Government hospitals was so polluted
by the hospital wastes that it becomes very difficult even for a normal man to go in the
hospitals and give a visit to his concerned patient. Most of the hospital they are dumping the
hospital waste to open place or municipal solid waste its affect the environmental and human
health. The wastes generated from health care units are generally classified as infectious and
non infectious. The infectious health care wastes are termed as hospital wastes and are
considered to be potentially hazardous in nature. The disposal of untreated health care wastes
mixed with non infectious hospital wastes or other general municipal wastes poses an
environmental threat and public health risk. Indiscriminate disposal of untreated health care
waste is often the cause for the spread of several infectious diseases. It was also responsible
for the nosocomial diseases i.e. the hospital acquired diseases to the health care personnel
who handle these wastes at the point of generation. Moreover, this is equally harmful to
persons involved in the health care waste management i.e. segregation, storage, transport,
treatment and disposal. Apart from the above, a good amount of health care wastes such as
disposable syringes, saline bottles, I.V. fluid bottles etc. are picked up by rag pickers and are
recycled back into the market without any disinfection. It is imperative, therefore, to adopt an
appropriate environmentally safe method for the disposal of the health care wastes

Fig.no 1.1 Waste Management Process

1.2 TYPES OF HOSPITAL CARE WASTES:

These are of two types, infectious wastes and non infectious wastes ,

1. Infectious Hospital Wastes: Human anatomical or surgical waste, Animal waste,

Pathological waste including tissues, organs, blood and body fluids, microbiological cultures,
Cotton, Swabs etc. Used Syringes, tubes, Blood bags and other items contaminated with
blood and body fluids. Items such as plaster, casts and bandages, when contaminated by
blood and pus. Waste from isolation wards. The amount of infectious waste is near about 15
to 20 per cent of the total wastes generated from the health care establishment.

2. Non Infectious Hospital Waste: Non infectious waste is broadly classified as kitchen waste
and office wastes. It is similar to household waste. Non infectious wastes constitute nearly
about85% to 80% of the total wastes generated from a health care unit. In absence of proper
segregation, the non infectious waste becomes infectious and poses environmental threat to
the society.

3. BIO MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES, 1998 (Amended in 2000 and 2003)
Under the Environmental Protection Act, the bio medical waste management rules were
introduced. These rules are directly relevant to the health sector. The salient features of these
rules are as follows: Bio medical wastes means waste that is generated during the diagnosis,
treatment or immunizations of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining
thereto or in the production or testing of biological. It is the duty of every occupier of an
institution generating bio medical waste which includes a hospital, nursing home, clinic,
dispensary, veterinary institution, animal house, pathological laboratory and blood bank by
whatever name called to take all steps to ensure that such waste is handled without any
adverse effect to human health and the environment, policies, legislation and regulations
policy framework, March 2007.

Environmental Health & Safety (EHS) Develop, implement, and maintain the Waste
Management Program in compliance with federal, state, and local requirements applicable to
Hazardous Waste CESQG, SQG, and LQG regulations. Manage notifications of waste
activity to EPA and/or WV DEP. Represent West Virginia University during regulatory or
compliance inspections pertaining to hazardous waste and respond to any deficiencies, if
required. Assist departments in complying with the program by providing them with waste
consultation, waste minimization concepts, and proper containers for chemical waste
collection, on an as needed basis. Assist with waste determinations, especially when TCLP or
other sampling is needed. Remove properly labeled, containerized, and sealed hazardous
waste from generation locations (i.e. laboratories, shops, maintenance areas). Provide off-site
hazardous waste disposal to all generators at WVU via Hazardous Waste Contractor. Assist
departments with the redistribution of useable materials. Periodically audit facilities for
hazardous waste management compliance. Maintain all documentation required by the EPA
regarding waste determinations, inspections, contingency plans, manifests, LDR,
transportation, storage, and final disposal. Prepare, submit, and maintain Annual Reports for
DEP fee assessments. Prepare, submit, and maintain Biennial Waste Reports for large
quantity generator sites. Develop contingency plans for large quantity generator sites with
assistance from effected departments. Offer hazardous waste management training to
appropriate faculty, staff, and students

Fig no.1.2Bio Medical Waste Management

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are :

 To understand the techniques of waste management in the hospital

 To study about the waste disposal system followed by K.m.c.h Hospital in karur
 Review the existing conditions which will reduce amount of waste in hospital
 To study about the patients perception and opinion about waste management in
the hospital.
 To identify whether is there is any relationship between collection and disposal
period and overall satisfaction of waste disposal
 To identify whether there is any relationship environment policy of hospital and
pollution free environment to the public

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study focus on the waste management in KVS Hospital. The scope of the study
encompasses waste management in KVS Memorial co-operative hospital, techniques used in
waste management including solid and waste water treatment. The scope of the study limited
to KVS Hospital in karur district
 CHAPTER–II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Dobrzykowski et al., 2014; Seuring and Müller, 2008). Thus, this article carries out
the aforementioned content analysis adopting the process used by Seuring et al. (2005),
Dobrzykowski et al. (2014) (based on Mayring, 2003) and Machuca et al. (2007). The present
study includes the following seven procedural steps: (i) identifying keywords; (ii)
development of selection criteria for related articlesBiomedical waste is
“Any waste which is generated in the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human
beings or animals or during research” in a hospital. Improper disposal of hospital waste poses
a major threat to the environment.
Brewerton and Millward, 2001; Lack of proper management, awareness,
insufficient resources and poor control of disposal of waste are the most pressing problems
faced. Bio-Medical wastes are classified based on their source of generation which includes
various risk factors related to their handling and final disposal. The segregation of waste at
the source of generation is the significant step.
To determine the present status of existing literature on HCWM, it is important to
carry out content analysis, employing both quantitative and qualitative approaches, and
present the descriptive results. evaluation of material and methodologies used; (vii) content
analysis of five most researched sub-topics. Identifying keywords. Keywords were identified
from some of the articles related to waste disposal and the definitions of various terms used in
HCWM. The authors finalised the following 28 keywords: waste, MW, HCW, healthcare
waste, clinical waste, dental waste, domestic, health hazards, health services, healthcare
facility, environment, environmental management, incineration, incinerators, emissions,
waste disposal, waste handling, hospitals, disposal, waste management, waste storage, waste
transportation, MW training, infectious waste, waste treatment, autoclaves, microwaves,
steam sterilisation. Development of selection criteria for related articles. In order to restrict
the sample size of publications to a manageable level, publications from January 2005 to July
2014 were considered. Further, only the articles related to healthcare/MW have been
included, while publications related to managing pharmaceutical and municipal waste have
been excluded. Finalising related publications. In the initial stages of article selection, we got
21,737 articles that were published during January 2005 and July 2014 in the eight journals
mentioned earlier. However, these articles were screened before applying the ‘28 keyword
search’. After applying the 28 keyword search, we were finally left with 176 articles on
healthcare/MW management, on which analyses were carried out for the purpose of this
study. The selection criteria ensured high-quality analysis, as used by Dobrzykowski et al.
(2014), Klewitz and Hansen (2014),
Machuca et al. (2007), Mayring (2003), ‘Seuring and Muller (2008). Descriptive
statistics. Descriptive statistics define the dimensions of the material collected, such as the
number of publications per journal and per year, methods covered, etc.
(Dobrzykowski et al., 2014; Machuca et al., 2014; Mayring, 2003). Category
selection. The structural dimensions of the material are highlighted by dividing the whole
content into different categories and sub-categories (Dobrzykowski et al., 2014; Machuca et
al., 2014; Mayring, 2003
Today biomedical waste management has become one of the major issues of concern
taking into account the growth rate of population. The compliance in various categories of
biomedical waste management in a tertiary care hospital was evaluated. Hospital wastes pose
significant public health hazard if not properly managed. Hence, it is necessary to develop
and adopt optimal waste management systems in the hospitals. Biomedical waste generated
in Karur Medical College Hospital was colour coded (blue, yellow, and red) and the data was
analyzed retrospectively on a daily basis for 3 years. Effective segregation protocols
significantly reduced biomedical waste generated from 2019 to 2020.
While biomedical waste of red category was significantly higher (>50%), the category
yellow was the least. Segregation of biomedical waste at the source of generation is the first
and essential step in biomedical waste management. Continuous training, fixing the
responsibility on the nursing persons, and constant supervision are the key criteria’s in
implementing biomedical waste segregation process, which can significantly reduce per unit
biomedical waste generated. We highly recommend all hospitals to adopt our protocol and
effectively implement them to reduce generation of biomedical waste.
This paper an attempt is made to study the classification, legislation, management
practices; it also includes the detail of various methods adapted by Karur Government
Hospital for disposal of biomedical waste generated. The data was collected from general
literature, legislative aspects, hospital experience and online survey work for the review. The
paper aims to create awareness among the 52 individual and for better result we need to
increase the level of training and education regarding the handling and disposal of biomedical
waste. Hospital medical waste was collected by cleaning personnel who picked up the
medical waste from completely different departments and transported it manually to a
temporary storage area where the hospital waste was kept before being taken to the final
disposal place as most of time general waste will be mixed with medical waste, and this area
was poorly sanitized and not secure.
Acharya and Singh Meeta Stated steps for safe management of bio medical waste
are handling, segregation, mutilation, disinfection, storage, transportation and final disposal.
Rao says that incineration, autoclave hydro clave are the technologies to reduce the harm of
bio medical waste.
Gupta and Boojh said that segregation process helps to separate the infectious waste
and non infectious waste, lack of separating technique increase the chance of mixing the
infectious and non infectious waste
Athavale and Dhumale found lack of training among waste handlers and auxiliary staffs
lead to mixing the collected infectious and non infectious waste together and the result of
segregation is ultimately failed
The safe and sustainable management of biomedical waste (BMW) is social and legal
responsibility of all people supporting and financing health-care activities. Effective BMW
management (BMWM) is mandatory for healthy humans and cleaner environment. The new
rules are meant to improve the segregation, transportation, and disposal methods, to decrease
environmental pollution so as to change the dynamic of BMW disposal and treatment in
India.
For effective disposal of BMWM, there should be a collective teamwork with
committed government support in terms of finance and infrastructure development, dedicated
health-care workers and health-care facilities, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,
tough legislature, and strong regulatory bodies. The basic principle of BMWM is segregation
at source and waste reduction. Besides, a lot of research and development need to be in the
field of developing environmental friendly 53 medical devices and BMW disposal systems
for a greener and cleaner environment.
In a World Health Organization (WHO) meeting in Geneva, in June 2007, core
principles for achieving safe and sustainable management of healthcare waste were
developed. Medical waste (MW) can be generated in hospitals, clinics and places where
diagnosis and treatment are conducted. The management of these wastes is an issue of great
concern and importance in view of potential public health risks associated with such wastes.
 CHAPTER -III

PROFILE OF THE HOSPITAL

In between the 1950's and 1980's the Health care facilities and personnel increased
substantially, but gradually due to the fast population growth, the number of licensed medical
practitioners per 10,000 individuals had fallen in the 1980's to 3 per 10,000 from the 1981
level of 4 per 10,000. There were approximately ten hospital beds per 10,000 individuals in
1991. Primary health centers are majorly the cornerstone of the rural health care system.

In the year 1991, India constituted about 22,400 primary health centers, 11200
hospitals, and 27,400 dispensaries. Such facilities were the part of a tiered health care system
which funnels more difficult cases into urban hospitals while attempting to provide routine
medical care to the vast majority in the countryside. Primary health centers and sub-centers
would majorly rely on trained paramedics to meet most of their needs.

Indian healthcare industry operates in both of the private and public sectors. The
public sectors are healthcare system consists of facilities run by the central and state
governments. The facilities are provided freely or at subsidized rates to lower income
families in rural and urban areas. However, further the Indian healthcare industry is going
through a growth phase due to its healthy economy. As the country's middle class continues
to grow this industry's growth will increase. India's ever-growing middle class are able to
afford quality healthcare. With such an increased ability to pay for better healthcare, the
demand for healthcare services has grown from $4.8 billion in 1991 to $22.8 billion in 2001-
2002. Today 50 million Indians are able to afford western medicine and over 150 million
have annual incomes of more than 1000 US dollars.

Indian health care industry growth story is moving ahead neck to neck with the
pharmaceutical industry & the software industry of the nation. There has been much done in
the health care sector for bringing the improvement like till date, approximately 12% of the
scope offered by the industry has been tapped. In the years to come the health care industry
in India is reckoned to be the engine of the Indian economy. Today the Health care industry
in India is worth $17 billion and there are anticipation & expectation of it to grow by 13%
every year. The health care sector consists of health care instruments, health care in the retail
market, hospitals enrolled to the hospital networks. etc.
 Indian healthcare Industries include systems like ayurveda and homeopathy which are
increasingly gaining prominence overseas. Another major area for investment in India is the
research industry of the Health Care. In India there is a tremendous prospect with a huge
talent pool and the rise of biotechnology and bioinformatics. India is a rising and expanding
destination for medical tourism. With affordable medical expenses and a sound technology in
place goes good with the growing sector which would be bode well for the healthcare
industry in India.

Size of the industry:

Indian healthcare industry comprises of hospitals and allied sectors which is projected
to grow 23 % per annum to touch US$ 77 billion by 2012 and according to the current
estimated size of US$ 35 billion. The Industry has registered a growth of 9.3 % between
2000-2009, as compared to the sect oral growth rate of emerging economies such as China,
Brazil and Mexico. There would be increase in number of public and private healthcare
facilities which are expected to propel demand for the industry, accounting for another US$
6.7 billion.

Total contribution to the economy/ sales:

Indian Government Expenditure on health care is the highest amongst all the
developing countries. The expenses of this industry comprise 5.25% of the GDP. There are
even chances that the health care market could experience a hike and attain a figure ranging
between $53 to $73 billion five years later. This would in turn reflect an increase in the gross
domestic product to 6.2%. The Indian Health Care Industry earns revenues accounting for
5.2% of gross domestic product.

Top leading Companies:

Private players have made significant investments in setting up of the private hospitals
in cities like Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai and Hyderabad. There is emergence of latest
medical technology and have created a competitive environment. The government's share in
the healthcare delivery Industry is 20 % while 80 % is in the private sector. The Emergence
of corporate hospitals has led to increased professionalism in medical practices and use of
hospital management tools.
  Apollo Group , Wockhardt, Piramal, Duncan, Ispat, Fortis, Escorts

 Ranbaxy Group Company

Employment opportunities:

Indian Health Care Industry provides employment opportunities to as many as 4

million people in the health care segment or other related sectors catering to the needs of the
medication. India has become one of the favorite for health care treatments which is owing to
the vast differences in medical expenses in western countries. Due to the Indian progressive
nature of the health care sector several foreign companies are intending to even invest in the
country. Health Care jobs are considered to be one among of the most noble career options
which is known to be the single largest profession all around the world.

There are numerous medical complexities and the need for advanced medical care
have necessitated the recruitment of qualified and experienced medical professionals in this
field such as doctors, physicians, medical assistants, radiologists, cardiologists,
anesthesiologists, and surgeons. There are immense opportunities for Doctors, Resident
Doctors, Surgeons, Physicians, and Physical Therapists & Dentists. Vital information on
Hospitals are provided by employment agencies who help people register as healthcare
workers, Medical recruiting agencies, travel & resettlement agencies and local recruiting.

Latest developments:

As per the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), the drugs and
pharmaceuticals sector has attracted FDI worth US$ 1.70 billion between from the year 2000
to the year 2010, while hospitals and diagnostic centers have received FDI worth US$ 786.14
million in the same period. Majorly the Indian Health Care Industry and Fortis Hospitals
plans to invest US$ 53.7 million and plans to expand the facilities for the pan-India.

Columbia Asia Group, which already has six hospitals in the country- Asia's leading
hospital chain, plans to ramp-up its operations in India by opening eight more multi-specialty
community hospitals with a total capacity of 800 beds by the year of mid-2012. The total
investment of US$ 177.1 million for the 14 hospitals.

In Hyderabad, the Narayana Hrudayalaya has inaugurated the phase-I of the 5,000-
bed health city which is the Hub for the multinational corporations. The company plans to
expand its presence to seven more cities to take the total number of hospitals to 14 in the next
2-3 years.

Cochlear Ltd plans an Australian medical devices company to set up its wholly-
owned subsidiary in India, to provide better patient and product support. In next five years
the Company also plans to invest about US$ 15 million.

Government Initiatives:

National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) has been launched in the year 2005 by the
Government. The main aim is to provide quality healthcare for all and there would be an
increase in the expenditure on healthcare from 0.9 % of GDP to 2-3 % of GDP by 2012.
According to Union Budget 2010-11 there is an increased allocation for Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare from US$ 4.2 billion in 2009-10 to US$ 4.8 billion in 2010-11a.

The priority of strengthening the PHCs for 24x7- today reported by the States there
are 8,755 24x7 PHCs having three nurses each by the government system.

In the last two-and-a-half years there are more than 50 lakh women who have been
brought under the Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) for good institutional deliveries.

There are 4,380 para medical staff having been appointed on contract and 6,232
doctors, 2,282 specialists, 11,537 staff nurses appointed on contract in the States which could
reduce the human resource gaps in many institutions.

IPH standards have been finalized and a first grant of Rs. 20 lakh was made available
to all the District Hospitals in the country to improve their basic services, given the increased
patient load due to JSY and other programs.

INDIAN health industry AT a glance:

Private equity (PE) and venture capital (VC) investments in the healthcare industry in
India are increasing rapidly. In 2012, the industry absorbed US$ 1.2 billion across 48 deals,
according to a research firm. The hospital and diagnostic centers in India has attracted foreign
direct investment (FDI) worth US$ 1,542.35 million, while drugs and pharmaceutical and
medical and surgical appliances industry has registered FDI worth US$ 9,783.31 million and
 Healthcare providers in India plan to spend Rs 5,700 crore (US$ 1.05 billion) on IT
products and services in 2013, a 7 per cent rise over 2012 revenues worth Rs 5,300 crore
(US$ 981.50 million), according to a report by Gartner. It is expected to grow to 3.9 per cent
to reach Rs 1,720 crore (US$ 318.52 million) in 2013. The hospital services market, which
represents one of the most important segments of the Indian healthcare industry, is expected
to be worth US$ 81.2 billion by 2015, as per a RNCOS report.

2.2 COMPANY PROFILE

Overview

A Health Care Provider of Western Approach with an Indian Touch.KVS is the most
trusted Multispecialty Hospital in the Southern Indian City of Karur. The relentless service of
KVS in the past 26 years, taken health care to the most modern levels in the region catering
to urban and rural population.

KVS HAS ESTABLISHED ITS NAME IN MULTIPLE SPECIALTIES SUCH AS ITS:

 Heart Institute

– Bypass operation, heart transplant, valve repair, further more we have…

– The region’s only heart rhythm specialist (Electro physiologist).
– The region’s only established Paediatrics Cardiologist.
 Multi Organ Transplant Center – Heart & Lung, Liver, Kidney and Bone Marrow.
 Comprehensive Cancer Center – Medical Oncology, Surgical Oncology, Radiation
Oncology, Nuclear Medicine & PET.
 Interventional Radiology – A pioneer in the field of IR advocating methods of
expertise to institution across the Globe.
 OBG – High risk pregnancies and Fertility Center
 Paediatrics – 26 years of unblemishing track record in treating neonates and infants.
 Critical Care & Trauma – In emergencies we handle life threatening situations
through world class trained Doctors and Intensivists.
 Orthopaedics – Hip and Knee Replacement and complex deformity correction.
 Others as well,… Endocrinology, Diabetes management, Rheumatology, GI,
Pulmonology, Interventional Pulmonology with EBUS, Psychiatry, Cosmetic surgery,
ENT, Dermatology, Hematology, Urology, Nephrology and Paediatric Surgery.
We believe in bringing the most modern techniques and delivering extraordinary care
to ailing population with the highest levels of ethics and standards.We are committed to
continuing medical education, through our fellowship and DNB programs.We organize
atleast one conference a month and support research foundation for continued advancement.

Objectives and Mission

 Provide outstanding treatment facilities for common people at affordable cost.

 Put up a multi specialty hospital with all advanced medical capabilities
 Set up advanced research and development hubs.
 Set up satellite medical centers, auxiliary units and mobile medical units.
 Start immunity programs.
 To run Medical and Para medical courses like Nursing school, Pharmacy , college,
Lab-Technician courses, X-ray technician courses, Optometric course, Physiotherapy
courses.
 To open Mobile Hospital unit and Mobile pharmacy unit.
 To adopt prevention of diseases.
 To open Diseases Treatment Centre , Research Centre for treatment, Medicine
Manufacturing Unit, Manufacture Medical equipment.
 To run ambulance services for the service of the patients.
 To run Home Nursing Courses for giving care and service to home.
 To run medicine production unit, Printing paper for hospital. Canteen, fax which
Telephone booth etc.., for the convenience of the hospital.
 To run blood bank, eye ban etc..,

Assets of the organization

KVS Hospital in karuris having two 500 MA X-ray machines and one portable
machine in the X-Ray Department, handled by 4 radiographers with 24 hours cover
 The clinical laboratory Microbiology department and Pathology department functions
round the clock with a modern auto analyzer capable of doing 128 different bio-chemistry
hematology tests.

The hospital is having fledged ICCU WITH 14 BEDS AND A COMPUTERIZED

Tread Mill, Color Doppler and Computerized Cardiac Monitor for each bed.

The hospital is having fully fledged 24 hours working blood bank under the control of
Pathologist.

The hospital having a Whole Body Spiral CT Scan a newly modern MRI Uit in
surgery department of the hospital there is a Upper GI Endoscopy and Laparoscopy machine.

The Orthopedic department of the hospital has Arthroscopy and interlocking

procedure of all long bones and one “C Arm” machine.

In Dental department there is work includes Orthodontia, Cosmetic and Maxillofacial

surgery.

In Nephrology unit the hospital has six Dialysis units and recently they are starting
Kidney Transplantation Unit.

There is also College of Nursing and nursing school in the hospital and the college of
nursing and nursing school is recognized by the state Government as well as Central
Government.

There are one Chimney for waste treatment and water treatment plant for liquid waste
for waste treatment.

LOCATION:

KVS Hospital in karur is located at South Narasimmapuram in karur district,

Tamilnadu stated. It is nearly one kilometer from karur town. This hospital provides Medical
treatment to the people of karur, as well as the neighboring district of Dindugul.

COMPETITORS INFORMATION

KVS hospital is situated in karur district. The main competitors of the hospital are
Apollo specialty hospital, which was situated just opposite of the Senthilnathan Hospital and
others are Amravati Hospital, Velavan hospital etc..,

COMPONENTS
 KVS Hospital has 150 bedded super specialty hospitals in karur. The hospital provide
(70 beds) in special room, (30 beds) in special ward and (50beds) in general beds. The
hospital has different departments for advanced treatments for advanced treatment such as:

 SURGERY
 GENERAL MEDICINE
 GYNACOLOGY
 ENT
 OPTHALMOLOGY
 ORTHOPEDIC
 PEDIATRIC
 SKIN & VD
 CARDIOLOGY
 UROLOGY
 NEUROSURGERY
 JNEUROLOGY
 NEPHROLOGY
 ANASTHESIA
 PHYSIOTHERAPY
 RAIOLOGY

OTHER FACILITIES

 24 HOURS AMBULANCE
 PORTABLE MORTURY
 PHARMACY
 24 HOURS CASUALITY
 24 HOURS OT
 X-RAY
 ICU
 LABORATORY
 WATER TREATMENT PLANTS
  SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

FEATURES OF KVS HOSPITAL

1. Most recent equipment’s like Body Spiral CT Scan, well established Blood bank,
fully automatic laboratory , latest X-Ray machines C-arm, ventilator, portable
mortuary, ambulance and well equipped department.
2. 24 hours working operation theatre, accident trauma care unit, Physiotherapy
department etc..,
3. The Neuro Surgery Department which effectively treats all kinds of aliments for
brain, spine etc.,
4. Cardiology department working under senior cardiologist with daily service.
5. Diagnosis and treatment of heart disease using most modern equipment like
Treadmill, hotler color Doppler etc..,
6. 24 hours snake bite treatment center under full time nephrologists.
7. Well equipped economical analysis unit.
8. Urology & Anchology department which employees start and of the art equipment for
the treatment of Uterine and sexual diseases.
9. 24 hours Casualty service for the urgent and accident cases.

OBJECTIVES OF THE HOSPITAL

1. Provide outstanding treatment facilities for common people at affordable cost.

2. Put up a multi specialty hospital with all advanced medical capabilities.
3. Set up satellite medical centers, auxiliary units and mobile medical units.
4. Establish advanced research and development units.
5. Start immunity programs.
6. Start first aid centers, research centers and laboratory
7. Provide ultra modern treatment facilities
8. Start charitable trusts to help poor people to get advanced treatments.
9. Initiate awareness campaign to educate people

DEPARTMENTS

 Cardiology
 Dermatology
  ENT
 Gastroenterology
 General medicine
 Gynecology
 Neurosurgery
 Ophthalmology
 Orthopedics
 Pediatrics
 Plastic surgery
 RMO

DENTISTRY

 General dentistry
 Root canal treatment
 Fixed dentures
 Fillings
 Gum surgery

PHYSIOTHERAPY AND REHABILITATION

 Neurorehabilitation
 Sports injury rehabilitation
 Anti-natal rehabilitation
 Pain relief services

DERMATOLOGY AND COSMETOLOGY

 Dermatology consultation
 Skin surgery
 patch skin grafting
 Cosmetology clinic

NEUROLOGY

 Acute stroke management

  ICU with latest monitoring
 CT scan and other neurological facilities

PEDIATRIC SURGERY

 General pediatric surgery

 Consultation
 Immunization
 Pediatric ICU

PEDIATRIC AND NEONATOLOGY

 10 bedded level NICU with well trained staff and equipped with incubator, monitors
 Immunization services
 Exchange transfusions

ENT

 Nasal endoscopy rhinoplasty

 Microscopic ear surgeries
 Micro laryngoscope

LAPROSCOPIC SURGERY

 All general surgical procedures including gastrointestinal, hepto binary and pancreatic
surgeries
 Cancer surgeries
 All emergency general surgery procedures

TRAUMA CARE UNIT AND EMERGENCIES

 24 hours medical and surgical emergencies

 Accident and trauma
 Eye, ENT, orthopedics emergencies
 Snake bite
 Heart attack
  Stroke etc.

PHARMACY

The pharmacy provides 24 hour services. There are 2 pharmacies in the hospital. The
main pharmacy is at the entrance of the hospital which can be used by the outsiders

CANTEEN

The canteen services provided are on contract basis it provides goods at subsidized
rates. The canteen facilities are extended to the patients attendants and the outpatients.

OTHER FACILITES

 Treatment under ECHS

 Labor rooms
 Bio medical waste disposal through IMAGE and hospital waste water management.
 Well furnished patient rooms with 24 hours water and electricity
 Mortuary

OTHER DEPARTMENTS

HOUSE KEEPING DEPARTMENT

AKG hospital manages the house keeping department. There is a house keeping
department. There is a house keeping department is mainly divided into ward boy, sweepers
and security. This department working from 8.00 AM to 6.00 PM it is managed by 1 nursing
assistant.

The department plays a vital role in making hospital neat and clean from all kinds of
waste and pollutions, It ensures that the hospital environment is always safe for patients and
helps achieving maximum efficiency possible care and comfort of the patients.

WATER TERATMENT PLANT

A waste water treatment plant is an industrial structure designed to remove biological

or chemical waste products from water, thereby permitting the treated water to be used for
other purpose.
 The treatment plant in the hospital removes the waste from the water mainly sewage
waste and salvage waste. This plant is cleaning water through chemical treatment. This plant
is working in 24 hours and managed by 4 staff.

The treatment plant in AKG Hospital used chemicals for removing wastes from water.
The chemicals used are ferric Alum powder, Activated Carbon, Poly Electrode, Sodium
Hypochlorite and Hydrated lime power etc.

SERVICE OFFERED BY THE HOSPITAL

MEDICAL CAMPS

The hospital conducts medical camps in remote areas of the district where the medical
facilities are difficult to access due to the absence of hospital or required doctor. The
specialist doctors will be present at the medical camps, providing medical checkups and also
suggesting treatment if needed. The patients will be given free medicines and clinical tests
will be done without any charges.

BLOOD BANK

The hospital has 24 hours operational blood bank. The increasing vehicle accidents,
surgeries etc. are few lessons that blood is required at short notice people from even far off
places depend upon the blood bank. The blood bank is not able to keep up to this demand at
times. So the blood bank is looking forward to help from cultural groups, organizations etc.
So they frequently arrange free blood group identification and blood donation camps in
around karur city.

CLINICAL LABORATORY

The well equipped clinical laboratory, which can conduct most modern type of blood
and various other tests including lapro spiral antibody analysis Test. This helps to identify
diseases including different types of fevers which are on the rise now and provide timely
medical care and thus save lives. A micro- biology units is also functioning next to the
clinical laboratory of the hospital. The hospital has a team of technicians, bio-technicians, a
micro- biologist, and supporting staff working in the laboratory.

The X-ray unit is equipped with 2X-ray machines with 500MA set unit and is the only
one in the district. The unit is able to take X-Ray image of any positions of the patients. The
unit also has a portable X-ray unit, which can be moved to the patients who are not able to
move from their bed. This division supported by a team of 2 radiologist and assistant X-ray
technicians.

24 HOURS PHARMACY

The hospital has pharmacy which is open at all times and well stocked with all the
modern medicines, with 6 counters and 24 hours operation, It caters to need of the patients
and the public at any hour, four pharmacists, Three assistants and other supporting staffs are
working round the clock in the pharmacy.

AMBULANCE SERVICE

The hospital owns 2 ambulances, which are operational 24 hours a day. Two ambulances
drivers posted in the hospital and present at all times in case of emergency.

ORANIZATION STRUCTURE

Fig no.2.1 Organization structure

Elected board of directors

President

Secretary

Administrative Officer Nursing Superintended Medical director

Chief accountant Nursing staff Doctors

Office staff

Paramedical staff
 Wardboys, sweepers,
security staff

CHAPTER-IV

RESEARCH METHADOLOGY AND STATEMENT OF THE

PROBLEM
STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM

The research has been conducted on the topic entitled “a study on waste disposal and
management by KVS Hospital in karur”

Hospital waste management constitutes special category of wastes because they

contain potentially harmful materials. The collection storage and disposal of medical solid
wastes are a growing environmental problem in Indian cities which need immediate attention
before it goes out of hand. While the Govt. of India is making effort to expand medical
services by allowing private hospitals in the country, the management of medical waste has
received little attention despite their potential environmental hazards and public health risks.
This research discusses the results of a study on management of wastes in AKG Memorial
Co-operative Hospital

RFSEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research design is the conceptual structure with in which research is conducted. The
research design used in this study is descriptive and empirical in nature

 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
 Convenience sampling technique have been used in the data collection

 SOURCE OF DATA

Both primary and secondary data were examined to know the waste disposal and
management in hospital.

 PRIMARY DATA

In order to collect data from staffs and patients, following data gathering method
was used

QUSTIONNAIRE

Once the participants had been selected they were given a questionnaire to complete.
A questionnaire is a pre- structured from with questions the participate is asked to answer
honestly and completely and does not require the researcher to be present a benefit of using
the questionnaire is that, as they are not completed anonymously, participants usually answer
honestly. The sample size for this study is 100. The questionnaire provided to staffs and other
hospital employees consists of 20 questions and the questionnaire given to patients includes
10 questions.

SECONDARY DATA

Secondary data is obtained through

1. Company bye-law
2. Company magazines
3. Websites.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

 A detailed study is not possible due to short period of the study

 Accuracy of the study depends on the details given by the organization.
 The information given by few respondent may not accurate.
  It was difficult to get information because the authorities of AKG hospital had a little
time to spend because of busy schedule.

CHAPTER-V

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

INTRODUCTION

The chapter tries to attempt to analysis about the waste disposal of KVS hospital in
karur district for analyzing the data.

5.1DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Table 5.1

Table showing cleanliness of hospital

Items Respondents Percentage

Strongly agree 73 73

Agree 25 25

Neutral 2 2

Disagree 0 0

Strongly Disagree 0 0
 Total 100 100
Source: questionnaire

CLEANLINESS
80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
srongly agree Agree Neutral disagree Srongly Disagree

It could be observed that 73 percentages of staff are strongly agreed that the hospital
daily ensures cleanliness. 25 percentages of staff agreed and only 2 percentages gave a
neutral option

5.2 WASTE COLLECTION

Table 5.2

Table showing collection of waste by hospital

ITEM RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

Daily 90 90

Weekly 7 7

Monthly 3 3

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

WASTE COLLECTION
Daily Weekly Monthly

3%
7%

90%

It could be observed that the hospital collects and disposes its wastes daily. 90
percentages are agreed and 7% are said that collections of wastes are on weekly basic. only
3% are said that it is on monthly basis

5.3 DISPOSAL OF GENERAL WASTES

Table 5.3

Table showing disposal of waste by hospital

Items Respondents Percentage

Strongly agree 50 50

Agree 40 40

Neutral 8 8

Disagree 2 2
 Strongly Disagree 0 0

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

DISPOSAL OF GENAREL WASTES

Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree

It could be observed from the data that only 50% of staff are strongly agree that the
general wastes are properly disposed 40% agree that the wastes are properly managed. Only
8% of staff were given a neutral opinion and 2% were disagreeing.

5.4 DISPOSAL OF GENERAL WASTES

Table 5.4

Table showing disposal of waste from wards in hospital

Items Respondents Percentage

Strongly agree 75 75

Agree 20 20

Neutral 5 5

Disagree 0 0
 Strongly Disagree 0 0

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM HOSPITALISATION WARDS

Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree

From the above diagram It is clear that the hospitalization waste (wards) are properly
disposing, Because 75% were strongly agreed. Only 5% of staff given a neutral opinion.
None of them disagreed to the statement.

5.5 WASTE FROM OUT PATIENT ROOM AND EMERGENCY

Table 5.5

Table showing disposal of waste from outpatient room and emergency

Items Respondents Percentage

Strongly agree 68 68

Agree 20 20

Neutral 10 10
 Disagree 2 2

Strongly Disagree 0 0

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

WASTE FROM OUT PATIENT ROOM AND EMERGENCY

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly
Disagree

WASTE FROM OUT PATIENT ROOM AND EMERGENCY

It could be observed from the above data that 68% of respondents strongly agreed that wastes
from outpatient and emergency room is properly disposed. 10% of people give a neutral
opinion and 2% were disagreed.

5.6 DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM DRESSING ROOM

Table 5.6

Table showing disposal of waste from dressing room

Items Respondents Percentage

Strongly agree 55 55

Agree 25 25
 Neutral 18 18

Disagree 1 1

Strongly Disagree 1 1

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

WASTE FROM DRESSING ROOM

Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree

It could be understood that 55% of respondents said that waste from dressing room are
properly disposed. 25% agreed and 18% of respondents gave a neutral opinion. only 1% of
respondent disagreed and other 1% is also strongly disagreed.

5.7 DISPOSAL OF LABORATORY WASTE

Table 5.7

Table showing disposal of waste arising in laboratory

Items Respondents Percentage

Strongly agree 80 80
 Agree 15 15

Neutral 5 5

Disagree 0 0

Strongly Disagree 0 0

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

LABORATORY WASTE DISPOSAL

LABORATORY WASTE DISPOSAL
80

15

5
Strongly agree 0
Agree 0
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree

From the above data it is clear that 80% of respondents said that laboratory wastes are
properly managed and disposed. 15% of respondents agree and only 5 % given a neutral
opinion.

5.8DISPOSAL OF WAREHOUSE WASTE

Table 5.8

Table showing disposal of warehouse waste

Items Respondents Percentage

 Strongly agree 57 57

Agree 32 32

Neutral 8 8

Disagree 2 2

Strongly Disagree 1 1

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

DISPOSAL OF WAREHOUSE WASTES

DISPOSAL OF WAREHOUSE WASTES
57

32

8
2
Strongly agree 1
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree

From the above data it is dear that 57% of respondents said that waste from
warehouse is properly disposes, 32% of respondent agree to the statement. Only 2% of
respondents disagreed and 1% of strongly disagrees.

5.9 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

Table 5.9
Table showing the result of does the hospital have an environmental policy that includes
recycling and waste prevention procedure

Items Respondents Percentage

Strongly agree 41 41

Agree 55 55

Disagree 3 3

Strongly Disagree 1 1

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

ENVIRONMENT POLICY
1%
3%

Strongly agree
41% Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree

55%

The data shows that the hospital has an environment policy because 40% of staff are
strongly agreed and 54% are agreed to the statement. Only 2% gave a neutral opinion and 1%
strongly disagreed.

5.10RESPONSIBILTY OF DEPARTMENT IN CASE OF SOLID WASTE

Table 5.10
 Table showing responsibilty of department in case of solid waste

Items No. of Respondents Percentage

Yes 1 1

No 99 99

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

DEPARTMENT
1%

Yes
No

99%

It could be observed that there is no separate department for waste disposal. 99% are
said that there is no separate department in the hospital for disposing wastes.

5.11 RESPONSIBILITY OF SOLID WASTE

Table 5.11
 Table showing who is responsible for solid waste management

Items Respondents Percentage

Shared with hospital and 20 20

private company

Hospital employees 70 70

Private company 10 10

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

RESPONSIBILITY OF SOLID WASTES

10%
20%

Shared with hospital and private

company
Hospital employees
Private company

70%

From the above data it is clear that hospitals employees are responsible for the solid
waste management and 20% said that it is shared with hospital and private company. Only 10
% are said that responsibility of private company.

5.12 SEGREGATION OF SOLID WASTE

Table 5.12
 Table showing is there any segregation of solid waste in hospitals

Items No. of Respondents Percentage

Yes 92 92

No 8 8

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

SEGREGATION OF SOLID WASTE

100
90
80
70
60 SEGREGATION OF SOLID WASTE
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes
No

It is clear that segregation of solid waste is there in the hospital 96% of staff said this
opinion
5.13 PLACE OF SEGREGATION

Table 5.13

Table showing place of segregation of wastes from operatory room and laboratory

Items Respondents Percentage

Operating room 35 35

Laboratory 65 65

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

PLACE OF SEGREGATION OF WASTES

35%
Operating room
Laboratory

65%

From the table 4.13 results data 35% of staff said that segregation of solid waste taken
place in the operation room and other 65 percentage said that the waste arising from
laboratory are segregate through another place.
5.14PRIMARY STORAGE OF WASTES

Table 5.14

Table showing the primary storage of wastes

Items Respondents Percentage

Container with plastics 88 88

Container without plastics 12 12

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

PRIMARY STORAGE OF WASTES

PRIMARY STORAGE OF WASTES

88

12

Container with plastics

Container without plastics

The study shows that the container with plastics is used for primary storage of waste.
Because 88 % agreed that and other were disagreed
5.15STORAGE OF SOLID WASTES

Table 5.15

Table showing the storage of solid wastes

Items Respondents Percentage

In a closed environment 60 60

Open to the air 6 6

Open to the air with brick outskirt 34 34

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

STORAGE OF SOLID WASTES

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
In a closed environment Open to the air Open to the air with brick
outskirt

It could be observed that 60% of staff said that storage of solid wastes are in a closed
environment 6% said that it is open to the air. And 34% said that wastes are stored open to
the air with brick out skit.

5.16 DISPOSAL OF WASTE WATER

Table 5.16

Table showing the disposal of waste water

Items Respondents Percentage

 Water treatment plant 95 95

Soakage pit 5 5

Open drain 0 0

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

DISPOSAL OF WASTES WATER

Water treatment plant Soakage pit Open drain

5%

95%

It is clear that the hospital disposes its water through water treatment plant. And
only 5% said that disposal of waste water is through soakage pit they never use open drain for
this.

5.17TYPES OF WATER SUPPLY SOURCES

Table 5.17

Table showing different sources of water supply

Items Respondents Percentage

 Direct pumping form ground 75 75

Municipality water 25 25

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

TYPE OF WATER SUPPLY SOURCE

Municipality water

Direct pumping form ground

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

The water supply source is direct pumping from ground. Only 25% said that they use
municipality water.

5.18WATER TESTING

Table 5.18

Table showing the time span of water testing

Items Respondents Percentage

 Quarterly 82 82

Half yearly 15 15

yearly 3 3

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

WATER TESTING
Quarterly Half yearly yearly

3%

15%

82%

It could be understood that the water is tested on quarterly basis. Because majority
(82%) of staff agreed. 15% of staff said that the water is tested on half yearly basic and only
3% said that it on yearly basic.

5.19FINAL DISPOSAL OF WASTES

Table 5.19

Table showing the final disposal of wastes

 Items Respondents Percentage

Sanitary land fill 35 35

Open dumps 2 2

Open fire 3 3

Recycling plant 50 50

Buried near or hospital ground 10 10

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

FINAL DISPOSAL OF WASTES

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Sanitary land Open dumps Open fire Recycling Buried near
fill plant or hospital
ground

It could be observed that 50% of staff said that they use recycling plant for disposing wastes.
But 35% said that sanitary land fill is also there. And 10 % said that the wastes buried near or
hospital ground. Only 3% and 2% of staffs said that it is through open fire and open dumps
respectively

5.20SATISFACTION REGARD TO DISPOSAL OF SHARPS

Table 5.20

Table showing the satisfaction regards to disposal of sharps

 Items Respondents Percentage

Highly satisfied 70 70

Satisfied 29 29

Neutral 1 1

Dissatisfied 0 0

Highly dissatisfied 0 0

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

SATISFACTION REGARD TO DISPOSAL OF SHARPS

SATISFACTION REGARD TO DISPOSAL OF SHARPS

70

29

1 0 0
Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly dissatisfied

From the above data it is understood that 70% of staffsare highly satisfied with the
disposal of sharps 29% are satisfied. 1% of staff given a neutral opinion none of them
dissatisfied.

5.21SATISFACTION REGARDS TO DISPOSAL OFPATHOLOGICAL WASTE

Table 5.21

Table showing the satisfaction regards to pathological waste

 Items Respondents Percentage

Highly satisfied 30 30

Satisfied 65 65

Neutral 4 4

Dissatisfied 1 1

Highly dissatisfied 0 0

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

PATHOLOGICAL WASTE
PATHOLOGICAL WASTE
65

30

4
1 0
Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly dissatisfied

It could be observed from the above data is that 30% of staff are highly satisfied with
the disposal of pathological waste. 65% of staff are satisfied 4% of staffsgiven a neutral
opinion and only 1% was dissatisfied.

5.22SATISFACTION REGARD TODISPOSAL OFINFECTIOUS WASTE

Table 5.22

Table showing the satisfaction regards to infectious waste

 Items Respondents Percentage

Highly satisfied 50 50

Satisfied 45 45

Neutral 5 5

Dissatisfied 0 0

Highly dissatisfied 0 0

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

INFECTIOUS WASTE
5%

Highly satisfied
Satisfied
Neutral
Dissatisfied
50% Highly dissatisfied
45%

From the above data it is clear that 50% of staff are highly satisfied with the disposal
of infectious waste 45% of staff and only 5% were given a neutral opinion

5.23SATISFACTION REGARD TO DISPOSAL OF RATIO ACTIVE WASTE

Table 5.23
 Table showing the satisfaction regards to disposal of ratio active waste

Items Respondents Percentage

Highly satisfied 25 25

Satisfied 60 60

Neutral 10 10

Dissatisfied 3 3

Highly dissatisfied 2 2

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

RATIO ACTIVE WASTE

2%
3%
10%
25%
Highly satisfied
Satisfied
Neutral
Dissatisfied
Highly dissatisfied

60%

From the above data it is clear that 60% of staff are highly satisfied with the disposal
of radioactive waste 25% are satisfied and 10% given a neutral opinion. only 3% are
dissatisfied and 2 % are highly dissatisfied.

5.24 SATISFACTION REGARD TO DISPOSAL OF CHEMICAL WASTE

Table 5.24
 Table showing the satisfaction regards to disposal of chemical waste

Items Respondents Percentage

Highly satisfied 62 62

Satisfied 32 32

Neutral 5 5

Dissatisfied 1 1

Highly dissatisfied 0 0

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

CHEMICAL WASTE
70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly dissatisfied

It could be observed from the above data is that 62% of staff are highly satisfied and 5
% were give a neutral opinion and 1% is dissatisfied.

5.25SATISFACTION REGARD TO DISPOSAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE

 Table 5.25

Table showing the satisfaction regards to disposal of pharmaceutical waste

Items Respondents Percentage

Highly satisfied 55 55

Satisfied 40 40

Neutral 5 5

Dissatisfied 0 0

Highly dissatisfied 0 0

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Highly satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly dissatisfied

From the above data it is clear that 55% of respondents are highly satisfied with the
disposal of pharmaceutical waste. 40% are satisfied and 5% are gave a neutral opinion.

5.26SATISFACTION REGARD TO DISPOSAL OF TRANSPORTATION OF SOLID

WASTES
 Table 5.26

Table showing the satisfaction regards to disposal of transportation of solid wastes

Items Respondents Percentage

Municipality 16 16

Containers 16 16

Hospital employees 68 68

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

TRANSPORTATION OF SOLID WASTES

16%

Municipality
Containers
16% Hospital employees

68%

From the above diagram it is clear that hospital employees are responsible for final
waste disposal (68%). 16% of people said that municipality is responsible and other 16% said
that they use containers.

5.27SATISFACTION REGARD TO DISPOSAL OF RECYCLING OF WASTE

WATER

Table 5.27
 Table showing the satisfaction regards to disposal of recycling of waste water

Items Respondents Percentage

Yes 80 80

No 20 20

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Yes No

The above diagram shows that 80% of people thought about recycling of water and
other 20% were not.

5.28 E-WASTE RECYCLING

Table 5.28
 Table showing result of E-Waste recycling is in AKG Memmorial Hospital

Items Respondents Percentage

Yes 2 2

No 98 98

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

RECYCLING OF WASTE WATER

20%

Yes
No

80%

From the above data it is clear that there is no e waste recycling because 98% of
people agreed that and other 2% were not.

TABLE 5.29

Overall Satisfactions With The Waste Disposal

 Items Respondents Percentage

Highly satisfied 22 55

Satisfied 63 40

Neutral 12 5

Dissatisfied 3 0

Highly dissatisfied 0 0

Total 100 100

Source of data: Questionnaire

OVERALL SATISFACTION WITH THE WASTE DISPOSAL

3%
12%
22%

Highly satisfied
Satisfied
Neutral
Dissatisfied
Highly dissatisfied

63%

It could be observed from the above data is that 22% of staff are highly satisfied and
63% are satisfied 12% of people gave a neutral opinion 3% of respondents are dissatisfied.
None of them are highly dissatisfied.

CHAPTER-V
 FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION

FINDINGS

 75% of staff are strongly agreed that the hospital daily ensures cleanliness
 90% of staffs are strongly agreed that the hospital collects and disposes its wastes
daily.
 50% of staffs strongly agreed that the general waste are properly disposed
 75% strongly agreed that hospitalization waste are properly disposed
 68% strongly agreed that waste from outpatient emergency rooms is properly
disposed.
 80% strongly agreed that laboratory wastes are properly disposed
 40% of respondents strongly agreed that the hospitals has a clear environment policy
to follow
 There is no separate department for waste disposal and management.
 Hospital employees are responsible for the waste management
 96% respondents said that segregation of solid wastes are there
 Laboratory and operating room are the places used in segregation of waste.
 Container with plastics is used for covering wastes.
 60% of respondents said that wastes are stored in a closed environment.
 There is water treatment plant for waste water.
 82% of respondents strongly agree that water tested on quarterly.
SUGGESTIONS

 For covering the wastes the employees use plastics bags. So it is better to replace the
plastic bags with other materials
 There is no separate department for waste management. Hence it is better to maintain
a separate department for this purpose. This will help in systematic and safe disposal
of wastes.
 Conduct awareness among the hospital employees about the relevance of waste
management.
 Find a good disposal technique for E waste recycling.
 CONCLUSION
From the study it could be observed that KVS hospitalsprovides clean and safe
environment to public. They are trying to introduce new methods in waste disposal like water
treatment plant and all. They have a clean goodwill among the general public because of their
efficient service quality.

From the study it could be understand that there is a high positive correlation between
environment policy followed by the hospital and pollution free environment to the public. It
is clear that the hospital has a good environment policy so it provides pollution free
environment. This study also found that there is a relationship between collection time of
wastes and overall satisfaction of staffs
REFERENCE
 ANNEXURE-I

REFERENCE
Journal, Magazines

 Oison David S; “Relationship between hospital pharmacists” job satisfaction and

involvement in clinical activities,” Healthy-system Pharmacy Journal June 1, 1996, Vol. No.
53, pp 281-284.
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 BIBLOGRAPHY
BOOKS

 Kothari CR, “ Research Methodology”, New age international publishers, New Delhi,
Second Edition,2006
 Ashwathappa, K, “Human Resource and personnel management” Tata MC grow
Hills, New Delhi, Second Edition, 2006

WEBSITES

 www.wastemanagement.com
 www.co-operatvehospital.com
 www.co-operative.kerala.gov.com
 www.wastemanagemanet hospital.com
 www.icontrolpollution.com
 ANNEXURE-II

I. QUESTIONNAIRE

A study on waste disposal management and viable model for safe disposal with respect to
AKG, Memorial co-operative hospital

 Name/type of hospital
 Location: Rural, Small, Med, Large city
 Years of establishment of hospital
 Total no. of persons working in hospital
 No. of medical personnel : lab technicians doctors nurse
 Total no. of beds
 Total no. of out patients
<100 100-200 200-300 300-400 400-500

 Total no. of out patients

 <100 100-200 200-300 300-400 400-500

1. Does the hospital daily ensure cleanliness?

Strongly agree Agree neutral disagree
Strongly disagree

2. When does the hospital collect and disposes its wastes?

Daily Weekly Monthly

3. Hospital disposes the following wastes properly

Strongly Strongly
items Agree neutral disagree
agree disagree

 General waste (office,

dining room, garden)
 Hospitalization waste
(Wards)
 Waste from outpatient
room and emergency
 Waste from dressing room
 Laboratory waste
 Warehouse

4. Does the hospital have an environment policy that includes recycling and waste
prevention procedure?
Yes No

5. Is there a department responsible for the solid waste management in the hospital?
Yes No

6. Who is responsible for the solid waste management?

Shared with hospital and private company Hospital employees
Private Company
7. Is there is segregation of solid waste?
Yes No

8. If yes from where is the segregation is taking place?

Operating room Laboratory
9. Primary storage of wastes
a) Container with plastic bags
b) Container without plastic bags
10. Storage of solid wastes
In a closed enviorment open to the air open to the air with brick
outskirt
11. Final disposal of waste water
Muncipal sewer Soakage pit open drain
12. Type of water supply source.
Direct pumbing from ground Muncipal water
13. Water testing
Quarterly Half yearly Yearly
14. How the hospital disposes its wasyes?
Sanitary land fill
Open drumps
Open fire
Buried near or within the hospital centre
Doesn’t know
15. Rate your satisfaction with regard to the waste management of the following

Highly Strongly
items satisfied neutral dissatisfie
satisfied dissatisfied
d

 Sharps
 Pathological waste
 Infectious waste
 Radioactive waste
 Chemical waste
 Pharmaceutical waste
16. Transportation of solid wastes for final disposition?
Municipality Containers Hospital employees

17. Have you ever thought about recovering and recycling of water?
Yes No

18. Is there e-waste recycling

Yes No

19. Are you aware of any legislation application to hospital waste?

Yes No

20. Is there any manual or guideline document on management of hospital wastes available
a) In the ministry of health Yes No
b) In your hospital Yes No