History S.No Topics Description Class Sixth: Chapter 2: Muvenders Kadaiyelu Vallalgal

HISTORY
S.No Topics Description

Class Sixth: Chapter 2
1 Sangam Means an Association.
2 Tamil Kingdoms Chera, Chola, Pandya Kingdoms. Popularly called as
Muvenders. Local Cheiftains like Kadaiyelu vallalgal.
3 Sagnam Literature Tholkappiyam, PathuPattu, Ettuthogai.
4 Twin tamil epics Manimegalai and silappathikaram.
5 Numismatics Study of Coins.
5 Ceylonese Books Mahavamsa and Dipavamsa – help to fix the date of the
sangam. (Pali Language).
6 Sangam Age Third Century B.C to Third Century A.D [Madurai].
7 Chera Kingdom Titles – Vanavar, Villavar, Malaiyar.
Two Lines: 1. Odiyan Cheralathan. 2. Irumporai.
Capital: Vanji.
Chief Port: Thondi.
Flag symbol: Bow and Arrow.
Territory: Kerala.
Famous King: Cheran Senguttuvan. (Pathitrupattu and
Ahananuru). Led an expedition to Himalayas. Brought stone
from there to construct temple in memory of Kannagi. His
brother is IIlango Adigal (Silapathigaram).
Popular kings among Chera: Cheralathan, Kanaikal
Irumporai and Peruncheral Irumporai.
8 Chola Kingdom Surnames: Killi, Valavan, Senni and Cholan.

Names: Cholanadu, Kaverinadu, Punalnadu, Neernadu,
Kaverisoozhnadu, Rich water resources. Kaveri River.
Capital: Uraiyur.
2ndcapital (port): Kaveripoompattnam or Puhar (Karikalan).
Symbol: Tiger.
Territory: Thanjavur and Thiruchirapalli districts.
Literature: Porunaruatruppadi and Pattinapalai.
Famous King: Karikalan. Encourage agriculture and
commerce. Built Kallanai across Kaveri river.
Popular Kings: Nalamkilli, Killivalavan, Kopperumcholan.
Kochenganan is the last in the line of sangam cholas.
9 Pandya Kingdom Territory: Madurai, Tirunelveli and Ramanathapuram.
Titles: Maran, Valuthi, Chezhiyan.
Capital: Madurai.
Port: Korkai.
Famous Kings: Mudhukudumi Peruvazhuthi – Palyagasalai.
(Sacrifices to celebrate his victories).
Bootha Pandian/ Perungoppendu (wife- Poetess).
Ariyapadaikadantha Nedunchezhiyan – Awarded death sentence
to Kovalan.
Thalaiyalanganathu Nedunchezhiyan – Defeated Chera, Chola
and other local chieftains at a place called Thalaialanganam.
The Kalabhras occupied the Tamil country for another three
centuries.
10 Kadaiyelu Vallalgal Pari, Ori, Malayan, Elini, Pegan, Aay, and Nalli.
11 Tamil Poets Kabilar, Avvaiyar (Athiyaman – Diplomat), Nallathanar and
Perunchithiranar.
12 Kings The king was called as Vendan, Ko and Irai. The local
chieftains were known as Velirs.
13 Officials Iymperumkuzhu (Committee of the great five) and Enperayam
(Council of the great eight).
14 Army Infantary, Cavalry, Chariot and Elephants.
15 Revenue Land revenue and Custom Duties. One sixth of the total produce
was collected as land tax. Tolls were also collected.
16 Administrative Mandalam, Nadu, Valanadu and Kuttram. The council of
Divisions elders looked after the administration of the villages during
the Sangam period. These councils were called as Manram,
Podiyil, Avai, and Ambalam.
17 Social Life Five different natural Landscapes – Tinais.
1. Kurinji – Hilli region (People – Vettuvar and Kuravar).
Hunting/Cultivating fruits and vegetables/honey
gathering. /Workshipped Muruga/Sheyon.
2. Mullai – Forest (People – Kovalar or Ayar).
Shepherds/Produced ghee, milk, dairy products/
Workshipped Thirmal/Mayon.
3. Marudham – Fertile and Cultivable lands.(People –
Vellalars). Agriculture/Paddy/Sugarcane/Workshipped
Indra/Raingod.
4. Neydal –Coastal (People Parathavar and Meenavar).
Fishing/Sold salt/Sailors/Workshipped varunan/seagod.
5. Palai – Desert (People - Maravar or Kalvar).
Robbers/Workshipped Kotravai/Kali.
18 Food Rice / Beatle Leaves.
19 Agriculture Paddy Main Crop / Millets, Grams and Sugarcane.
20 Occupation Weaving, Spinning, Hunting, Fishing, Potter, Carpenter,
Blacksmith and Goldsmith.
21 Trade and commerce Barter System. Local Markets – Angadis / Day Market –
Nallangadis and Evening Market – Allangadi.
22 Fine Arts Muthamizh – Iyal, Isai and Natakam.
23 Greeks and Romans Referred as Yavanas. Arikkamedu near Pondicherry (Centre of
trade for Greeks and Romans).
24 Exports and Imports Exports: pepper, cardamom, cloves ,ginger sandal paste,
flowers, scents, aromatic wood like Ahil, ivory, pearls, corals,
medicinal plants, banana and rice.
Imports: sweet wine, gold coins and ornaments, glass, copper
and other articles.
25 Sea Ports East Coast: Mamallapuram, Poduke, Puhar, Poraiyaru, Korkai
and Kumari.
West Coast: Musiri and Tondi.
26 Light Houses Kalangarai IIangu Sudar. (In tamil).
27 Kalabhras Captured the Tamil country from the Chera, Chola and Pandyan
rulers. Third century A.D. to the end of the Sixth century
A.D.
28 Religion Buddhism and Jainism begins to spread.
29 Post – Twin Epics Silappathikaram and Manimekalai.
30 Literary Sources Tamil Navalar Charithai, Yapperunkalam and Periyapuranam.
Sivaka Chintamani and Kundalakesi were composed under
Pathinenkilkanakku.
31 End to Kalabhras Ascendancy of Pandyas and Pallavas. Kandungon – Pandya /
Simhavishnu – Pallava .
32 Bhuddists educational Ghatikas. [Buddhadatta, Buddhaghosha and Bodhidharma]
institutions
33 Jain Scholars Sarva Nandi and Vajra Nandi.
34 End of Kalabhra rule Saivism and Vaishnavism start emerging.
35 Pallava rule Sixth century A.D. to Ninth century A.D. / Thondai Mandalam.
36 Territory River Krishna in the North to the river Palar in the South.
37 Siyuki Hieun Tsangs(China) travel accounts.
38 Tamil Literature Sung by Alwars and Nayanmars.
39 Alwars Nalaira Divya Prabandham.
40 Nayanamars Panniru Thirumarais. Periyapuranam by Sekkilar.
41 Sanskrit Literature Avani Sundari Katha by Dandin.
Loga vibhagam by Sarva Nandi – Importance of simhavishnu.
Mahendra Varman I – Mathavilasa Prakasanam.
42 Copper Plates Kuram copper plates – Parameshwaravarman.
Velurpalayam Copper Plates – Nandivarman III.
43 Maha and Deepavamsa Relationship between Narasimhavarman I and Manavarman
(srilankan king).
44 Pallavas North Indians. Served under Mauryas/ served under satvahanas
in Andhra region / Captured thondaimandalam overthrowing
Kalabhras.
45 Early Pallavas Pappa Deva and Sivaskandavarman. Coins in prakrit language.
46 Medivial Pallavas Vishnu gopa. Samudra gupta defeated Vishnugopa. Coins in
Sanskrit language.
47 Later Pallavas Simhavishnu overthrown Kalabhras.
Capital : Kanchi
48 Simhavishnu Defeated and Eliminated the Kalabhras.
49 Mahendravarman I Follower of Jainism. / Later embraced
S/o.Simhavishnu 600- Saivism(Thirunavukarasar-Appar).
630A.D Pulakesin II(Chalukya King) defeated Mahendravarman I.
(Vice versa at Pullalur).
Military Titles: Sathru Mallan, Kalagapriyan.
Generosity Titles: Gundbhara.
Literature Titles: Chitirakarappuli, Vichitrachitta, Mathavilasa,
sangiranajathi.
Carved out temples in huge rocks. Rock cut temples or cave
temples. Mandagapattu, Mamandur, Mahendravadi, Vallam,
Pallavaram, Thirukkazhukunram and
Tiruchi.
Pallava paintings at chittanavasal.
Kudumianmalai – His interest in music.
50 Narasimhavarman I Vathapikondan – Defeated chalukyan king pulikesin II at
S/o Mahendravarman I manimangalam.
630-668 A.D Commander in chief : Paranjothi.
Sent expedition to Ceylon to help manavarman to get back his
kingdom.
Hieun – Tsang visited Pallavas. Buddhist Kadigai.
Titles: Mamallan, Sribharan, Srimehan, Srinithi and Vadhya-
Vidyatharan.
Monolithic temples, rock-cut mandapas and portrait sculptures
at Mamallapuram
60 Succession Mahendravarman II.
Parameshwaravarman I
Narasimhavarman II (Rajasimha) and others.
Beemavarman line of pallavas ruled kanchi.
Nandivarman.
Dandivarman.
Nirupatangun.
Aparajithan. – Chola Prince Aditya Killed him. Cholas annexed
the thondai mandalam region.
61 Pallava administration Adopted Mauryan system of administration/Modified.
62 Territory North: Nellore district
South: River Pennar
West: Western Ghats
East: Bay of Bengal
63 Administrative units Old: Mandalam, Kottam, Nadu and Ur
Modern: province, district, taluk and village.
64 Mandalam Autonomous unit/ Prince as the governer of the mandalam.
Direct Control.
65 Kottam Mandalam was divided in to kottams. 24 kottams. Officials.
66 Nadu Council called Nattars take care.
67 Oor Sabhas have control.
68 Monarchy Head – King. Succession – Eldest Son.Rep of God.
Maharaja, Maharajathi Raja and Dharma Rajathiraja.
69 Council of Ministers Amatyas.
Titles: Uttamaseelan, Brahmarajan and Peraraiyan.
70 Officials Look after different department.
71 Judiciary Court Dharmasena – Head King.
Court in town – Adikarnas
Court in Village – Karnas.
72 Army Infantary, Cavalry, Chariot and Elephants and Navy.
73 Revenue Land tax. 18 Kind.
Tax names: Kaanam, Irai, Pattam, and Puchi.
Ex: Kusakanam – Tax for potters.
TariIrai – Tax for Weavers.
74 Royal Palace Kumarapandaram managed the royal palace.
75 Oor sabha Members – perumakkal.
Sabha divided – Variyams.
Pallavas had laid the foundation for the future expansion of
village administration during the Later Cholas.
76 Social Structure Brahmins, Kshatryas, Vaisyas and Sudras. Besides the
four-fold division, there were also other sub castes in the society
based on their occupation.
77 Brahmins Highly respected / Veda recite / Stayed in Agraharams. / Land
grants – Brahmadeyas.
78 Kshatriyas Ruling Class/ Warriors.
79 Vaishyas Agriculture and Trade / Establishing mutts and Choultries./
Public welfare and Progress.
80 Sudras Low grade servants/ Pulayar and Chandalas.
81 Status of Women Property rights were given./ pious and religious/ Chasity
/Spinning and weaving.
82 Food Rice – Staple food. Milk / ghee /curd
83 Education Importance to Sanskrit education.
84 Educational Centre Buddhist kadigai in Kanchipuram was the famous educational
centre.
85 Dharmapala Buddhist scholar was also alumanus of Buddhist Kadigai.
86 Agriculture Paddy and cotton extensively cultivated. Rice exp. to china.
87 Devadana Temples denoted to villages.
88 Mamandur tank – Mahendravarman I Constructed it for irrigation.
Chitra Mega
Thadakam.
89 Internal Trade Barter System Prevalent. Later Pallavas introduced gold and
silver coins.
90 Merchants Own organization – Manigramam.
91 Foreign trade Spices, cotton textiles, precious stones and medicinal plants
were exported to the countries like Java, Sumatra, Kadaram,
Cambodia, Sri Lanka, China and Burma. The foreign merchants
were known as Nanadesi. Mamallapuram, Vasavasamudram
and Mylapore were the important seaports of the Pallavas.
92 Land Measurement Lands were measured with the units called Uzhavu,
Nivarthanam or Pattiga. The term Hala also refers to a unit of
land. Plough was used for measuring the land.
93 Paddy and Rice Chudunazhi. The other units such as Videl, Vidugu and
Uzhakku were also used for measurement.
94 Smallest Unit Pidi.
95 Milk/Ghee/Oil Aazhakku, Uzhakku, Uri and Nazhi.
96 Gold Measurement Kazhanju and Manjadi.
97 Religion Saivism and Vaishnavism. Bhakthi movement started.
98 Bhakthi movement Devotion to God.
Low caste saints: Nandhanaar, Kaalathi Nayanar,
Thiruppaanazhalvar.
99 Saivism Devotees of Lord Shiva / Saivaites. 63 Nayanmars.
Thevaram : Written by Thirunavukarasar,
Thirugnanasambandar and Sundarar.
Thiruvasagam : Manickavasagar.
Women Saint: Karaikkal Ammaiyar.
Sects: Kalamukhas and Pasupathas.
100 Vaishnavisam Devotees of Lord Vishnu. / Vaishnavaites. 12 Alwars.
Alwars – Poigai, pei, Boothathalwar and Thirumazhisai alwar.
Nanmugan Thiruvanthathi – Poigai,Pei and Boothathalwar.
Andal – Thiruppavai and Nachiyar Thirumozhi.
Hyms of Alwars – Nalaira Divya Prabandham.
101 Pallavas Patrons of Sanskrit and Tamil.
102 Kanchi Great Place for learning Sanskrit.
103 Mahendravarman I Mathavilasa Prakasanam and Bhagavatha Ajikkiyam.
104 Sanskrit Scholars Dandin and Bharavi.
105 Tamil Perundevanar – Bharathavenba
Kalladanar – Kalladam
Nandikalambakam – Rule of Nandivarman III.
106 Architecture Stone Architecture.
107 Rock cut temples Mahendravarman Style./ Vichitra Chitta. Sanctum Sanctorum –
Walls – Beautiful Pictures / Pillars – Head of lions. Pallavaram,
Mamandur, Mahendravadi, Vallam and
Thalavanur.
108 Monolithic Rathas Mamalla (Narasimhavarman I) Style of arch.
Mamallapuram – City of art and architecture.
Pancha Pandava Rathas.
Open art gallery.
109 Structural Temples Rajasimha – Construction of struc.temp.
Rajasimha and Nandivarma Style.
Kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram.(Vimana – Hilly Comb)/
Crown of Pallava Architecture./ Rajasimheshwaram.
Shore temple at Mamallapuram.
Nandivarman II : VaikuntaPerumal temple at Kanchipuram.
110 Fine Arts The Kudumianmalai and Thirumayam music inscriptions show
their interest in music. Yaazhi, Mridangam and Murasu were
some of the musical instruments of the Pallava period.
Mahendravarman I and Narasimhavarman I.
111 Painting Chittanavasal.
Mahendravarman I called as Chitirakarapuli. Thatcina Chitram.
Pallava and Pandya Rule was contemporary between 6th Century A.D – 9th Century A.D
112 Pandiyan Empire Kadungon defeated Kalabhras. Restored pandya rule in tamil
region at the end of 6th century.
113 Pandiyan Kings Kadungon 575-600 A.D.
Maravarman Avani Sulaimani 600 – 625 A.D – Friend of truth.
Chezhiyan Sendan 625 – 640 A.D - Vanavan. – Cave temple at
Malaiyidaikkurichi.
Maravarman Arikesari 640 – 670 A.D – Parangusan. – Koon
Pandiyan. – Ninraseer Nedumaran.- Nelveli Nedumaran.
Thirugnanasambandar – Converted him to Saivism.
Kochadayan Ranadhira 670 – 710 A.D
Up to 10th century – Veerapandiya 946 -966 A.D Killed by
Aditya Chola.
114 Temples and Mutts Place of education. Mutts established at Tirunelveli,
Seranmadevi, Alagarkoil and Vanamamalai had contributed to
the growth of education.
115 Madurai Centre of tamil literature. Tamil Kudal.
116 Pandyas Patronized Saivism, Vaishnavism, and Jainism.
117 Saivaite saints Thirugnanasambandar and Manickavasagar.
118 Alwar saints Nammazhwar, Periyazhwar and Andal.
119 Rock cut temples Malaiyadikkurichi, Anaimalai, Thirupparankundram and
Tiruchi.
120 Stone temples Each temple consists of a Garbagraha, Ardhamandapa and
Mahamandapa. The stone temples of the Pandyas were found at
Kovilpatti, Thiruppathur and Madurai.
121 Painting Traces were found at Chittanavasal. Wall paintings – Fresco.
Class Seventh: Chapter 1
1 Later Chola Kings 850 A.D – 1279 A.D (430 Years)
2 A.D / B.C Anno Domini / Before Christ
3 Early Cholas Mahavamsam (BookSource) /Megasthanese (ForeignVisitor)/
Marcopolo(European Travellor) / Al – Beruni.(Muslim
Historian).
4 Big Temple Brahdeeshwarar temple – Thanjavur – Inscriptions of Chola
Period.
5 Inscriptions Thiruvandhipuram – Rajendra III.
Uttaramerur – Kudavolai System,Village
Administration,Taxation and Land Revenue.
Anbil Plates –Kanyakumari, Karanthai Plates ,Thiruvalangadu
Copper Plates – Information of Rajendra Chola.
6 Monuments Brahadeeshwarar temple – Thanjavur.
Gangaikondacholapuram temple.
Airavateeshwaravar temple – Dharasuram.
Kambagareshwarar temple – Thirupuvanam.
7 Coins Gold – Rarely used, Silver and Copper Coins Plenty.
Tiger / Name of the chola king was engraved in coins.
8 Sekkilar Contemporary of Kulothunga II
9 Ottakoothar Three ulas, Kulothungan Pillai tamil.
10 Jayamkondan Kalingathuparani.
11 King Vijayalaya Founder of later Chola dynasty.
12 Parantaka I Maduraikondan.
(Dev.LordShiva) Maduraium Ezhlamum Kondan.
Pon Veitha Chozhan.(Golden roof to the Nataraja temple at
Chidambaram.)
13 Rajaraja The Great “Kandalur salai Kalamarutharuliya”.
985 – 1014 A.D Defeated Chera at Thiruvananthapuram, and Baskara Ravi the
S/o.Parantaka II & Raja of Kollam.
Vanavan Mahadevi Defeated Pandya King Amarabhujangan.
“Mummudi Chozhan” Defeated Mahinda V – King of Ceylon – Annexed
“Arunmozhi” Anuradhapuram and northern part of Ceylon.
“Rajakesari” Conquered Mysore, Kalinga and Maldives Island.
14 Temples built by Brahadeeshwarar temple.
Rajaraja. Siva temple in quilon and polanuruva.
Buddha shrine at Nagapattinam and anaimangalam village to
Buddhist monastery.
15 Rajendra I Appointed his son Rajathiraja to assist him.
1012 – 1044 A.D Rajendra defeated Mahipala I and brought water from Ganges
“GangaiKondan” to tanjore.
“KadaramKondan” Shifted capital from Tanjore to GangaikondaCholapuram.
“Mudikondan” Jeyasimha II – Chlukya King.
“Panditha Cholan”
“Uthama Cholan”
16 Kulothunga Cholan I Western Chalukya King – Vikramadithya.
1070 – 1170 A.D Known to China and Sumatra.
“Sungam Thavirtha Abolished many taxes.
Cholan”.
17 Cholamandalam Thanjavur, Part of Trichy, Pudukottai and South Arcot Dist.
18 Administrative Central Government
Division Provincial Government
Local Government
19 Heir Apparent Called Yuvaraja.
20 Central Government Head – King.
“Peruntaram” Council of Ministers and Officials – running adm. Of central
“Sirutaram” gov.
21 Provincial Government 9 Provinces.(Mandalams) – Viceroy.
Mandalams – Divided – Kottams and Valanadus.
Kottam – Divided – Nadu.
Nadu – Divided – Oor.
22 Revenue Land revenue.
23 Nadu Nattars.
24 Village Grama Sabha.
Brahmin Settlement was called as Chaturvedi Mangalam.
25 Variyams Male Members.
“Vairaperumakkal” Nyayavariyam – Justice
Thotta variyam – Gardens.
Dharmavariyam – Temples.
Erivariyams – Tanks.
Ponvariyam – Finance
Gramakaravariyam – Commitees.
26 Social Condition Varnasrama, society was divided into four major divisions
namely Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas and Sudras.
27 Valangai and Valangai – Upper caste
Idangai(98/98) Idangai –Lower Caste
“King Karikala”
28 Colleges During the reign of Rajendra I, two colleges were there at
Rajarajachaturvedi Mangalam and Tribhuvanam
29 Queens Queen Sembian Mahadevi and Kundavai were patrons of
temples.
30 Kanchipuram Textile Industry.
31 Saint Ramanujar Contemporary of chola kings.
32 Hymns Nambi andar Nambi – Saiva Hymns.
Nathamunigal – Vaishnava Hymns.
33 Poets Kalladanar, Kambar, Pugalandhi, Ottakoothar, Sekkilar,
Avvaiyar, Thirutakkadevar lived during the period of Chola
period
34 Kalladanar Kalladam about Lord Shiva
35 Thirutakkadevar Seevagasinthamani to spread Jainism.
36 Jayamkondan Kalingathuparani.- Kulothunga I
37 OOtakuthar Court Poest Vikrama Chola, Kulotunga-II and Rajaraja-II.
Saraswathy Andhadhi.
38 Kambar Sadagopar andhadhi, Mummani kovai
“Kavichakaravarthi –
Kukothungan III”
39 Pugazhendhi Nalavenba
40 Avvaiyar Athichudi and Kondrai vendan.
41 Epics Valayapathi, Kundalakesi, Viracholiyam, Nannool belong to
this period.
42 Vijayalaya Built temple at Narttamalai.
43 Aditya I Subramaniya temple at Kannanur.
Thirukattalai temple.
44 Parantaka-I Koranganatha temple Srinivasanallur (Trichy District).
45 Kulothunga- I Sun God temple at Kumbakonam.
46 Rajaraja-II Airavatheeswarar temple at Dharasuram.
47 Temple walls Scenes from Ramayanam Mahabharatam, Puranas and
lives of the 63 Nayanmars are sculptured in narrative panels on
the walls of temples.
48 Kalahasti temple portraits of Cholamadevi and Kulothunga-III
49 Music The seven music alphabets sa, ri, ga, ma, pa, da, ni were used
50 Dance Bharathanatyam and Kathakali.
51 Koothu Ariyakuthu, Chakki koothu and Santhi koothu.
52 Later Pandya Kings 1190 AD to 1310 AD.
[Madurai/Fish]
53 Sources Velvikkudi plates, Seevaramangalam plates.
Thalavaipuramplates and chinnamanur plates
54 Inscriptions Pudukottai - judicial and revenue administration.
Pudukottai - Kulasekara Pandya’s policies towards land survey
and taxation.
Thiruvandipuram - warfare of Maravarman Sundara Pandya.
Srirangam - victories of Pandya kings.
Thirunelveli - names and the titles of the Pandya kings.
55 Monuments cave temples found in Tirumalaipuram
Tiruparankundram
Anaimalai
Kundrakudi
Kalugumalai.
Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.
56 Century Period of 100 Years.
57 Jatavarman Kulasekara He created the Rajagambira Chaturvedi mangalam, consisting
I (1190 -1210A.D) of 1030 Brahmadeyas.
S/o.Vikaraman Appointed Maravarman SundaraPandya as his crown prince.
“Rajagambheera”
58 Maravarman Sundara A good part of the Vishnu temple at Tiruttangal was built.
Pandiyan I
1216 – 1231 A.D
B/o.Jatavarman
SundaraPandiyan I
59 Maravarman Sundara He made many grants to temples.
Pandya II He defeated the chola king Rajendra-III.
1238 – 1258 A.D
60 Jatavarman Sundara “Thirubhuvana Chakaravarthy”
Pandiyan I “Emmandalamum Kondarulliya pandiya”.
1251 - 1258 A.D “Ponveida Perumal”.
61 Maravarman “Kollam Kanda Pandyan”
Kulasekaran I Morcopolo visited India.
1268 – 1308 A.D He built the outer wall of Nellaiyapper temple in Tirunelveli.
Malik Kafur invaded and carried away as much loote as possible.
62 Tamil Literature Pandyas organised three Tamil sangams at Madurai namely
Mudhal sangam, Idai sangam and Kadai sangam.
Sangam was an assembly of Tamil poets and scholars.
63 Nakeerar Chief Tamil Poet.
64 Madurai TamilKoodal.
65 Manickavasagar Thiruvasagam, Thirchilambalakovai.
66 Andal Thiuppavai.
67 Nammalvar Thirupallandu.
68 Sri Kaviraya Thirukkalathinatharula, Thiruvannamalaiyar vannam, Seyur
Murugan ula, Rathinagiriula
69 Mayilainathar Commentary on Nanool
70 Parimelazhagar Commentries on Thirukkural.
71 Harihara and Bukka established Vijaya Nagar empire on the Southern banks of the river
Tungabadhra in 1336. Vijaya Nagar was the capital of this empire.
Popular ruler: Kumarakampana.
72 Krishna Deva Rayar Krishna Devaraya created Nayakship in Madurai and Tanjore.
1509 -1529 A.D Vijaya Nagar rulers continued till they were defeated by the
“Nayak System” sultans in the battle of Tali Kotta in 1565.
Book – Amuktamalayada.(1 of 5 Telugu Kaviyas).
73 Sourashtras Came and Settled in Tamilnadu.
74 Food Rice and Millet.
75 Vadagalai and Vaishnavites Gropus.
Thengalai
78 Vedhantha Desikar Vadagalai Group. / Sanskrit Vedas
79 Manavala Mahamuni Thengalai Group. / Tamil Prabandhams.
80 Ashtadiggajas Eight Scholars.
81 Ganga Devi Madura Vijayam.
82 Telugu Scholars Allasanipeddanna, Nanditimmanna Tenaliramakrishna.
83 Meykandar SivaGnana Bodham.
84 Velliambala Gnanapuranavilakkam.
Thambiran
85 Alagidesikars Sethupuranam.
86 Kachiappassivachariar Kandapuranam.
87 Villiputhurar Translated Vyasa’s Bharatam in Tamil.
88 Thirumalainathar Chidambarapuranam and Chokkanatharula.
89 Pavananthi Nanool.
90 Nallurveerakavirayar HarichandraPuranam.
91 Architecture Dravidian and Indo-Saracenic architecture
92 Temples Two gopuras of Rameswaram temple and Seshagiri mandapam
at Srirangam are the best examples of Vijaya Nagar art.
93 Nayak Rule The Nayak rule in Tamilnadu was established by the
1529 – 1739 A.D Vijayanagar emperors.
94 Vishwanatha Nayak First Nayak of Madurai.

(Nayak or Viceroy) Poliga System.( semi military and feudal 5Arrangement)
1529 – 1564 A.D
95 Dalavoy Ariyanathar Minister and military general during the period of
ViswanathaNayak.
96 Krishnappa Nayak 1594 – 1572 A.D
97 Veerappa Nayak 1572 – 1595 A.D
98 Thirumalai Nayak He transferred the capital from Trichy to Madurai.
1623 – 1659 A.D He freed himself from the control of Vijayanagar souverignity
and became an independent ruler.
Theppakulam, Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal, Pudhu mandapam,
Raja gopuram were some of his contributions.
99 Rani Mangammal 1689 – 1706 A.D
100 Vijayaranga Chokkanathar 1706AD. – 1732 AD
101 Meenakshi 1732AD. – 1739 AD
The rule of Nayaks of Madurai was brought to an end by the Nawabs.
102 Kumarakurubarar Kandarkalivenba
103 Ellappanavalar Arunachalapuranam
104 Arunagirinathar Thiruppukazh
105 Gnanaprakasadesikar Kachikkalambakam.
106 Namachivayapulavar Chidambara Venba
107 Rhagunatha Nayak Bharata Sutha and Sangeetha Sudha.
108 Veerapa Nayak Aruppukottai Fort.
109 Nayakara System KrishnaDeva Raya.
Shahji Bonsle had two popular sons namely Shivaji and Venkaji.
Shivaji established a separate Maratha kingdom in the Maharastra region.
Venkaji established a Maratha kingdom in Tanjore region of Tamil country.
110 Shivaji Father Shahji Bonsle / Mother – Jijabai.
Dadaji Kondadev – Taught administration.
Shivaji killed Afzal Khan.
Jagirdar to Chatrapati.
Southern Representative – Santhaji.
111 Shahji Bonsle Genaral Under Sultan of Bijapur.
112 Venkaji First ruler of Maratha empire in india.
113 Shahji-I 1684AD – 1712AD
114 Sarfoji I Shahji-I was succeeded by his younger brother Sarfoji
1712AD–1728AD
115 Sarfoji II He surrendered the principality of Tanjore to the British East

India Company. / Sivaganga
Shivaji was the last ruler of Tanjore Maratha empire.
116 Sarawati Mahal Saraswathi mahal became centre of learning and research
“Sarfoji II” Institute. In 1805 Safroji II established a printing press at
Tanjore
117 Alluri Kuppana Shahjis Court Poet. Kalidasa of Andhra Desa.
118 Maratha Sculpture Bronze image of Ammani Amma, the wife of Pratapsingh. It is
a Portrait figure. It is now in the temple of Tiruvidaimarudur.
119 Sethupathis Rulers of Ramnad and Sivaganga region of early 17th Century
were called Sethupathis
120 Sadaiakka Thevar Official Headquarter – Ramnad.
Kuttan Sethupathy
121 Sadaikka Thevar II: 1636AD. – 1645AD
122 Raghunatha Sethupathi ‘Thirumalai Sethupathi’
– 1645AD. – 1670AD Sethupathis loyalty towards the Nayaks was over with
thirumalai Nayak.
123 Thayumanavar Lived with the patronage of Raghunatha Sethupathy.
124 Raghunatha Sethupathi II alias Kilavan Sethupathi : 1671AD. – 1710AD
125 Baskara Sethupathi was an exceptionally enlightened zamindar. He was an
English educated ruler. He honoured Swami Vivekananda who attended
the parliament of Religion at Chicago.
126 Zulfikar Khan Genaral of Aurangazeb captured Vellore, Gingee, and Arcot.
He became the nawab.
127 Arcot Arcot was the headquarters of nawab.
128 Nawabs Dost Ali, Anwar – ud – din of Wallaja.(Killed in Ambur battle.)
Chanda Sahib, Mohammed Ali.
129 Battle of Adyar Between Nawabs army and French Army. French Won.
130 Amir Mahal Example for Nawab style of architecture.
“Palace of Arcot
Nawab”
Class Eight: Chapter 1
131 Portuguese First among the Europeans to arrive in india.
132 Vasco-da-gama Portuguese sailor reached Calicut.
“1498”
133 Blue Water Policy Francisco –de –almeida (First Governer) wanted Portuguese to
be te Masters of Indian Ocean. This policy is known as Blue
water Policy.
134 Goa Portuguese Headquarters.
Alfonso de
Albuquerque(2 Gov)
135 Santhome in Chennai Portuguese Settlement.
136 Dutch Dutch traders came from Holland.
137 Devanampattnam Dutch setup Factory.
138 Nagapattinam Seat of Dutch Government.
139 East India Company The English East India Company obtained Royal Charter from
queen Elizabeth on 31st December 1600 to trade with India.
140 Francis Dey In 1639 Francis Dey obtained the site of Madras from the
1639 Governor of Chandragiri. / For rent.
141 1640 Fort St.George was built. Headqarters of English in the east.
142 1654 Madras became the headquarters of all British Possessions in
the east.
143 Fort St.David Built in Cuddalore.
144 Danish East India 1616 / Denmark. / Founded settlement in Nagapattinam.
Company
145 Francis Martin Francis Martin obtained a small village of Pondicherry from the
Sultan of Bijapur
146 Treaty of Ryswick French lost Pondicherry to Dutch. But it was restored by the
treaty of Ryswick.
147 Pondicherry Headquarters of French possessions in India.
148 Revolt of Palayakkars Palayakkars – Vijayanagar Rule – Vishwanatha Nayak.
1799 Pulithevan – Nerkattumseval near Thirunelveli.
Vir Pandya Kattabomman –Panchalangkuruchi.
149 Colin Jackson British Collector during the period of Kattabomman.
150 Kayathar Kattabomman was hanged near Kayathar Fort, close to the town
of Tirunelveli, in front of the fellow Palayakkars.
151 Marudu Brothers Mookiah Palaniappan and Ponnathal.
Periya Marudu and Chinna Marudu famously called as Marudu
Pandiyars.
152 Fort of Thiruppathur The Marudu brothers were executed in the Fort of Tirupathur in
Ramanathapuram District
157 Vellore Mutiny The soldiers in the Vellore fort decided to oppose the dress
1806 regulations introduced by the British. / Shave their head and
Colonel Gillespie mushtaches/ No religious markings on the forehead / Tuban.
158 Ryotwari Settlement Direct Connection of farmers with the Government.
Thomas Munro
159 Kallanai The Grand Anicut (Kallanai) is regarded as one of the greatest
“The Grand Anaicut” engineering feats of ancient India
160 Mettur Dam Constructed by the British.
1934
161 1857 Sepoy Mutiny against the British.
162 India The plantation industries of Indigo, Tea and Coffee were
the first to be introduced in India.
163 Clothes Clothes made of synthetic fibre were brought to Tamilnadu. /
Replace Khadi.
164 1856 Railway Line between Madras and Arakkonam was Laid.
165 Royapuram Royapuram near Chennai was the first Railway station
1856 constructed by the British
166 Pamban Pamban Railway bridge was built between Rameswaram and
Mandabam.
167 All India Radio Station All India Radio Station was started by British.
“AIR” - 1936
168 Handicraft British rule in India, the handicraft industries, once the pride
and glory of India declined gradually
169 Agriculture Backbone of our economy.
170 Mahalwari System Lord William Bentick
171 Lord Dalhousie Upper and Lower Anaicut / PWD Department. / Tank
Restoration Scheme.
172 Lord Cornwallis Permanent Land Revenue System.
173 Tea Plantations Ceylon
174 Rubber Plantations Malaya
175 Mines South Africa
176 Women Poets Avvaiyar, Kakkaipadiniyar, Mudathamakanniyar lived during
the sangam period.
177 Kailasanatha Temple Store House of the Public Documents.
178 Dharmapala Chancellor of Nalanda University belongs to Kanchi.
179 Sekkilar Kundrathur near Chennai.
180 Sasraswati Mahal Lib Estabilished in 1824.
181 Portuguese Started Society of Jesus. / Father Fernandus – Punnakayal.
182 Madurai Father Robert de Nobili
John de Britto
183 Veeramamunivar Father Constantine Joseph Beschi / Thembavani(author).
184 Loyola College Ignatious Loyola Mission
185 Colleges Madras Christian College at Tambaram,
Scott Christian College at Nagarcoil,
American College at Madurai
St.Joseph College at Tiruchi
St.Xavier College at Palayamkottai
Women’s Chritisan college at Chennai were founded to give
education to people.
186 Charles Wood Charles wood dispatch was called as Magna Carta of Education.
187 Madras University The Act of 1857 created the Madras University.
188 Hunter Commission Working of Education.
189 Annamalai University Established in 1929 by Raja Sir Annamalai Chettiar.
190 Law college, Chennai Established in 1891.
191 Education Under the Government of India Act of 1935, education was
made as a state subject.
192 Library Connemara In 1890 the Governor of Madras Lord Connemara established
the Connemara Library.
193 Newspapers The Hindu, Swadesamitran and Desabakthan played a
significant role in awakening the people
194 Madras Mahajana Established in 1884. G.Subramaniya Iyer, P.Anandacharlu,
Sabha Rangaiya Naidu played a significant part in the association to
1884 redress the miseries of the people.
195 1885 The Indian National Congress was founded by A.O.Hume in
1885.
C.Vijayaraghavachariyar close associate of A.O.Hume, 1 of the
member of the committee which Constituted the INC.
196 INC first Conference Bombay – W.C.Banerjee
197 V.O.Chidambaram Started the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company at Tuticorin.
Pillai In 1908 the mill workers of Tirunelveli and Tuticorin struck
“Kappalotiya work. / Ash –Collector.
Thamizhan”
198 Surat Congress Congress got split into extremists and moderates.
1907 Extremists – BalaGangadhar Tilak
199 BalaGangadharTilak
“Swaraj is my Birth Right”
Supported by V.O.Chidambarm Pillai and Subramaniyam Siva.
Lieutenants of Tilak – “Vande Mataram”.
200 Vanchi Iyer Ashe was murdered in 1911 at Maniachi Railway station by
Vanchi Iyer.
201 Dr.AnnieBesant Home Rule Movement. 1916 / Common Wheel and New India
NewsPapers.
202 Moderates C.Vijayaraghavachariyar
Thiru V.Kalyana Sundaranar
Varadharajulu Naidu
E.V.Ramasamy Naickear
S.Srinivasa Iyangar,
Sathyamurthy and
K.Kamaraj
203 Gandhian Era The period from 1920-47 is called the era of Gandhiji in the
“1920-1947” history of Indian National Movement
204 Non Cooperation People of Tamilnadu were angry with the British Government
Movement because of the Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh tragedy which
“Nagpur Session” occurred in 1919.
1920 Rajaji – Liertanent of Gandhiji. / Sathyamurthy /EVR
205 Simon Commission Boycotted by Sathyamurthy.(No Indian Member in it).
206 Civil Disobidience Salt Satyagraha – 1930. – Dandi
movement Rajaji – Vedaranyam.
1930
207 Tirupur Kumaran 1932 / Result of the lathi charge, Tirupur Kumaran, a
“Kodikatha Kumaran” freedom fighter sacrificed his life.
208 Freedom Fighters from Adikeasava Naicker
Tamilnadu Salem Adi Narayana chettiar
Guruswamy naidu
K.Kamaraj
Omandoor Ramasamy Reddiar
Baktavatsalam,
C.Subramaniyam
R.Venkatraman participated in the freedom movement.
209 Quit India Movement K.Kamaraj participated in the movement.
Bombay – “1942” Leaders like Muthuranga Mudaliar, Baktavatsalam and
R.Venkataraman were arrested.
210 Indian Independence 15th August 1947. / Cripps Mission / Mountbatten Plan.
211 Social Evils Sati
Poligamy
Child marriage
Untouchability
Female infanticide
212 Western Education Democracy, Equality, and Liberty influenced the people.
213 Varnashrama System Caste System. Higher castes ill treated and humilated the
backward and depressed class people.
Reformers wanted to free them from the miseries
214 Economic Condition British rule in Tamilnadu drained the economy to a great extent.
Exported Cotton and Iron to England.
215 French Revolution 1789
216 Russian Revolution 1917
217 Ramalinga Adigal “Samarasa Sutha Sanmarga Sangam” - 1867
1823-1874 Born: Chinnamarudur near Chidambaram.
Lived: Mint(Vallalar Nagar) in Madras.
God: Supreme grace of light(ArutperumJyothi)
Religious Ceremony, Social Divisions – No Meaning.
Love : Master Key to Spirituality.
Realisation: Truth in all religions.
Meditations: Form of Prayer.
Aim: Religious Unity and Communal Harmony.
218 Sathyagana Sabha Vallalar – Conduct Prayer.
219 Sathya Dharma Sala Vadalur – Food to everyone.
220 Jeeva Karunya Vallalar showed his love and mercy not only on human beings
but also on plants, insects, birds and animals.
221 Dr.Natesa Mudaliar Opened a non – Brahmin hostel in Triplican 1912.
“Chennai Dravida
Sangam”
222 Justice Party 1917 South Indian Liberal Federation.
Came to power in 1920.
Subburayalu Reddiar become the Chief Minister for Madras
Presidency.
1937 – Final blow.
223 1929 Public Service Commission was established.
224 1929 Andhra and Annamalai University was started.
225 1921 Hindu Religious Endowment Act. Non-brahmins were to be
appointed as Archagas in the temple.
226 Self Respect E.V.Ramasamy championed the cause of the Self-Respect
Movement 1925 Movement
227 E.V.Ramasamy Born: Erode.
17th September 1879 Parents: Venkatta Naicker and Chinna Thayammal.
Wife: Nagammai.
He left the Indian National Congress in 1925 at the
Kancheepuram session on the issue of communal
representation.
Tamil Weekly: Kudiyarasu
English Journal: Revolt
1924 - Vaikkam : - Kerala – Tranvacore.
EVR worked for the inter-dining by abolishing the Gurukula
“Vaikkam Hero” system at Seranmadevi near Tirunelveli.
228 Periyar In the Women’s conference held at Madras in the year 1938,
EVR was given the title “Periyar”.
229 Devadasi Young women were dedicated to temples and were called
‘Temple girls’.
EVR and Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddy Opposed this System.Act of
1930 abolished. Devadasi System
230 Dowry System EVR, Dr. MuthulakshmiReddy,Ramalinga Adigal,
G.Subramaniya Iyer, Bharathi, Bharathidasan.
Dowry Prohibition Act 1961.(Amended in 1984).
231 1924 Staff Selection Board.
232 Various Commission 1) University Grants Commission.
on education 2) Secondary Education Commission.
3) Kothari Commission.
4) New Education Policy.
5) National Policy on education.
233 UGC 1948 Chairmanship: S.Radhakrishnan.
234 Teachers Day Dr.Radhakrishnan’s birthday is celebrated as “Teachers day” on
5th September every year.
235 Article 45 The Article 45 of the Constitution of India guaranted free and
compulsory education for children below the age of 14.
236 Secondary Education Dr.A.Lakshmana Swamy Mudhaliar.
Commission 1953
237 Kothari Commission National Education Commission.
1964 Dr.D.S.Kothari 10+2+3 and 3 language formula adopted.
238 Sarva Siksha Abhiyan Improve the quality of education and to avoid dropouts at the
Primary Education primary level
239 Tamil College Medium – 1970
240 Scientists Ramanujam (Mathematics)
Dr.Sir CV.Raman (Physics)
Dr.Chandrasekar (Physics) [Nobel Prize Winners]
Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam (Space) belong to Tamilnadu.
241 Dr.M.S.Swaminathan Agricultural Scientist.
ICAR – Reorganised.
HYVP – High Yielding Variety Programme.
242 Agriculture University Coimbatore.
243 Agriculture College Madurai
244 Dr.G.D.Naidu Famous Industrialist of Tamilnadu.
245 Atomic Energy Development of Atomic energy.
Commission 1948 Kalpakkam – Near Chennai.
Dr.Chidambaram
Koodankulam – Tirunelveli District.
246 ISRO 1972
247 Dr.A.P.J.AbdulKalam Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam, his Excellency, the President of India
father of Agni missile authored a book called ‘wings of fire’.
Mahendragiri – Kanyakumari.
Kavalur – Vellore – Telescope. – Big in South east asia.
248 Birla Planetarium Chennai

249 Mass Communication Newspaper, radio, television, telephone, etc
250 Prachar Bharati A unit of Government of India is formulating the policies for
information and broadcasting and implementing it.
251 Television J.L.Baird.
252 Telegraph Invented by M.Lammond france.
253 Telephone Invented by Alexandar Graham Bell in 1876.
254 Tidel Park Attract the investers, complexes such as Tidal parks are opened
at Chennai and also at Nanguneri in Trinelvelli district.
255 Planning Commission First Chairman: Jawaharlal Nehru.
256 Coimbatore Manchester of South India.
257 Textile Industries Coimbatore, Ambattur and Ambasamudram.
258 Cotton Tex.Industries Oldest industries.
259 Paper Mills Paper Mills at Sivaganga, Theni, Thirunelveli, Pugaloor are
noteworthy.
260 Chemical Industries Ranipet, Thiruvallur, and Tuticorin.
261 Chennai Detroit of Tamilnadu.
262 Cottage Industries Cottage industries are mostly traditional, producing traditional
products by employing traditional methods.
263 Small Scale Industries Based on Capital Investment
Match box industry, Coir industry, Palm industry, Khadi
industry etc
264 Corporations in SIPCOT - State Industries Promotion Corporation Of
Tamilnadu Tamilnadu.
SIDCO - Small Industrial Development Corporation.
TIDCO - Tamilnadu Industrial Development Corporation
TIIC - Tamilnadu Industrial Investment Credit Corporation
265 Industrial Second Position – Tamilnadu (after Maharashtra).
Development
266 Power Projects Kundah (Hydro)
Ennore, (Thermal)
Mettur (Hydro)
Neyveli (Thermal)
Papanasam (Hydro)
Pykara (Hydro) and
Kalpakkam (Atomic)
267 Internal Trade Goods and services are exchanged within the same political
boundaries
268 International Trade Goods and services are exchanged beyond the political
boundaries of countries or when it is among different nations of
the world.
269 MEPZ Madras Export Processing Zone (MEPZ) is one of the seven
export processing zones set up by the Indian Government in
Chennai
270 Banks Public Sector Banks, Private Banks and Co-operative Banks.
271 1948 Reserve Bank of India Act.
272 Nationalised Banks All are Public sector Banks. They are 14 in number.
273 Co-operative Banks Most popular is the Tamilnadu State and Apex Co-operative
Ltd.
274 Transport Corporations 21 transport corporations named after the important leaders in
Tamilnadu were removed and were renamed as Tamilnadu State
Transport Corporation.
275 River Basin Cauvery Basin
276 Irrigational Projects Bhavani, Parambikulam-Aliyar, Amaravathi, Krishnagiri,
Sathanur, Vaigai, Mettur
277 Social Welfare Board 1954
278 Director of Medical In-charge of planning and execution of all programmes of
and Rural Health Medical services in the
Districts.
279 Director of public in charge of planning and formulation of various programmes to
health prevent diseases in rural and urban areas.
280 World Health Day April 7th .
281 Rural Areas Primary Health Centre (PHC)
subcentres,mobile Medical units and Mini Health centers
282 Maternity Services The maternity services comprise anti-natal, intra-natal and post-
natal care to the mother and infants.
283 SC/ST Education provided free up to degree standard.
284 THADCO Tamilnadu Adi Dravidar Development Corporation.
285 Tribal Communities Toda, Kota, Kurumba, Irular, Pania and Kattunaicken
286 Destitutes 3% reservation in the educational and government institutions
in the educational and employment opportunities
287 Dr.U.V.Swaminatha Tamil scholar Dr.U.V.Swaminatha Iyer had contributed
Iyer immensely for the development of Tamil literature. He gathered
“Grand Father of the old manuscripts of the Sangam age literatures and preserved
Tamil” them for future generation.
288 Maraimalai Adigal Important Tamil Scholar.
289 Poondi Ranganatha Kanchi Kalambagam.
Mudaliar
290 Thiru Murugu, Penin Perumai.
V.KalyanaSundaranar
291 Dr.M.Varadarasanar Agal Vizhakku
292 Rajaji Vyasar Virundhu and Chakravarthi Thirumagan
293 Devaneya Pavanar Tamil Dictionary – Agara Mudali.
294 First Tamil Novel Vedhanayagam Pillai.- “Pradabha Mudaliar Charitram”.
295 Kalki (alias) “Poniyin Selvan”
Krishnamurti
296 Akilan Won the Gnanapeeda Award prize for his novel “Chthira
Pavai”.
297 Chandilyan Chandilyan’s ‘Kadalpura’ need special mention.
298 Novelists Jayakanthan, T.Janagiraman, N.Parthasarathi, Sujatha,
V.Kothainayaki Ammal, Siva Sankari, Indumathi, Lakshmi,
Rajam Krishnan are some of the important novelists who
concentrated on social themes.
299 J.R.Rangarajan Chandrakantha detective novel.
300 Patriatism Bharathi kindled the people of Tamilnadu through patriotic
songs. NamakkalKavignar, Bharathidasan Ramalingam Pillai,
Kavimani Desiga Vinayagam Pillai, Bharathidasan wrote poems
on the promotion of patriotism and women’s liberation.
301 Short Stories Pudumai Pithan’s Sabavimochanam,
Rajaji’s Deivanai
K.P.Rajagopalan’s Vidiyuma
Kalki’sThirudan
Annadurai’s Rajapart Rangadurai
302 Drama Pammal Samanda Mudaliar – Father of Tamil Drama
Prof.Sundaram Pillai – Manonmaniyam.
Suriya Narayana Sastry – Roopavathi
C.N.Annadurai – Oru Iravu
Krishnasamy Pavalar – Bombay Mail.
Shankaradas Swamigal – Translated famous Kalidasa Sanskrit
drama.
303 Drama Actors T.K.S.Brothers, Rajamanikam and R.S.Manohar patronised
Tamil drama.
304 BharataNatyam NatyaShastra –Sage Bharatha. / Tamilnadu.
305 Kalakshetra Kalakshetra, a private organisation was founded by Ruckmani
devi Arundel at Chennai to promote the Bharatha natyam
306 Kalaimamani The Tamilnadu Iyal, Issai, Nattaka Mandram is honouring the
artists by ‘Kalaimamani’ awards every year.
307 Folkdances Karakattam, Mayilattam and Kummi.
308 Carnatic Music St.Thiyagaraja’s, Muthuswami Dikshidar, Shyama Sastri
patronised the Carnatic music.
309 M.S.Subbhulakshmi Sang kirthanas in United Nations Organisation.
“Bharat Ratna”
310 Carnatic Singers Chemmbai Vaidhya Natha Iyer
Balamuralikrishna,
Semmangudi Sreenivasa Iyer,
M.L.VasanthaKumari
Maharajapuram Santhanam
311 Dr.A.C.Muthiah Grandson of Sri Annamali Chettiyar.
312 Folk Music Kollangudi karuppayi
Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy
Vijayalakshmi Navaneethakrishnan.
313 1931 First Talking Movie was introduced in Madras.
“Kalidass”
314 Cinema Company A.V.M. and Vijaya Vahini studios at Chennai
Pakshiraja company at Coimbatore
Modern Theatres at Salem.
Class Nine: Chapter 1
1 India Sub-Continent
2 Topgraphic Map Himalayas, Indo-Gangetic Plain, Deccan Plateau, Coastal
Ghats [Eastern and Western Ghats]
3 Himalayas Hyber and Bholan Pass.

4 Ancient Civilisations Indus Valley or Harappan Civilisation
Gangetic Valley Civilisation and
Sangam Civilisation
5 Stone Age Stone age man used weapons and articles made of stones
Old Stone Age or Palaeotithic Age and New Stone Age or
Neolithic Age.
6 Old Stone age – paeliolithic Nomadic Civilisation. Hunting / Invented Fire / Man used
leaves, barks of trees and skins of animals to cover his
body.
7 New Stone Age – Neolithic Learnt art of Agriculture. / Animals where domesticated. /
Wheel was Invented.
8 Metal Age The discovery of metals was another achievement made by
man. Metals were used for making weapons
Metal Age is divided into Copper Age, Bronze Age and
Iron Age. In the Iron Age, ploughs and daggers were made
of iron. It led to the overall development of mankind
9 Sir John Marshall Mohanjo - daro . Pre Aryan Period.
Discovered in 1921 in Harappa.
10 Harappa [3250 -2750 B.C] Situated in bank Ravi, One of the tributes of Sindh.
11 Harappa It is now in Pakistan.

12 Metal In this age, a new metal called bronze by mixing tin and
copper came to be produced.
13 Indus Valley People Had Overseas Contact with Sumeria, Babylonia and Egypt.
14 Planned Cities Mohenja-daro and Harappa were Planned cities.
15 Mohenja-daro Citadel, Lower Town and Small huts. / Granary and Town
hall.
16 Mesapatomia Mesopotamian seals were found in Indus cities and the
Indus seals were found in Mesopotamia
17 Religious Symbol Pipal tree. Pasupathi (Siva) and Mother Goddess.
18 Life after death They buried their dead in huge earthen pots along with
food and ornaments.
19 Indus Scripts Pictographs.
20 Aryans [Khyber Pass] Aryans came from Cetral Asia.
2000B.C -1500B.C
21 Aryan Civilisation Rural Civilisation [ ARI- Foreigner – Stranger]
22 Vedas Rig [Earliest], Yajur, Sama and Atharvana Veda.
23 Literary Works Brahmanas, Upanishads, Aranyakas, Puranas,
Mahabharata and Ramayana are the other literary sources
for this period.
24 Sub -Vedas (1) Ayur Veda (Medicine)
(2) Dhanur Veda (War tactics)
(3) Gandharva Veda (the art or music) and
(4) Shilpa Veda (the art of architecture).
The Vedic Age: The Vedic age is divided into two. The Early Vedic period from B.C. 2000 to
B.C. 1000 and the Later Vedic period from B.C. 1000 to B.C. 600. We see some differences in
the life of the people during these two stages.
25 Food and Drink Intoxicating drinks were produced from soma plant and
sura from barley were offered to Gods and consumed.
26 Workship Prayers were offered to Agni, Vayu and Surya. Agni and
Varuna were the most favourite Gods. Yagas and Yajnas
were the most common rituals.
27 Mahabharata Veda Vyasa
28 Ramayana Valmiki.
29 Caste Varna or Caste system developed during the later Vedic
period. Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Sudras.
30 Individual – 4 Stages Brahmacharya or student life
Graihasta or life of a father and husband.
Vanaprasta or life as a hermit and finally
Sanyasa or total renunciation of the world
31 Gargi and Maitreyi Gargi was one of the learned persons summoned by king
Janaka; the Upanishads refer to the conversation between
Maitreyi and her husband Yajnavalkaya.
32 Gods Gods like Prajapathi, Pasupathi, Vishnu and Krishna.
33 Theory The theory of Karma and the theory of incarnation were
accepted. / Accepted Moksha.
34 Religious Literature Sanskrit
35 Common People Prakrit and Pali.
36 Jainism [6th Century] Vardamana Mahavira – Founder of Jainism. / Rishaba
Deva.
Born: Kundagrama.
37 Mahavira 24th Thirthankara.
38 Places Kosala, Magadha, Mithila and Champa.
39 Jainism Preaching [Soul] 1. Not Believe in the existence of God.
40 Teachings – Triratnas Right Faith, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct or
Action Ahimsa, Satyam, Asteya, Tyag, and
Brahmacharya.
41 Believe Mahavira accepts theory of Karma.
42 Followers Digambaras[Nudes],
Swedambaras [White Dress]/ Prakrit Language.
43 Kings Rulers like Bimbisara, Ajatasatru in North India extended
support.
44 Thiruthakka Thevar Seevaka Chinthamani.
45 Pavanandhi Munivar Nanool.
46 Holy Books Angas and Purvas.
47 Jain temple Dilwara Temple at Mount Abu. – Rajasthan.
48 Jain Monument Gomateswara statue at Sravana Belgola near Mysore is
another Jain monument
49 Jain Art Udayagiri, Hathigumpha, Ellora and Girnar
50 Siddhartha[Buddha] Parents: Suddhodana and Mayadevi(died when he was 7).
Step Mother: Mahaprajapati Gauthami
Wife: Yashodara Son:Rahul.
51 Gaya 12 Years under Pipal tree.
One fine morning he attained Supreme Knowledge. From
that moment he was called Buddha (the enlightened one)
or Sakya Muni (Sage of the Sakya Clan).
52 First Sermon Saranath near Varanasi.
53 Teachings Ahimsa. Eight fold Path. Ashta Marga.
Thought, Belief, Speech, Action, Efforts, Knowledge,
Living, Meditation.
54 Books [pali Language] Tripitakas. (Three baskets). The three volumes are Sutta
Pitaka, Vinaya Pitaka and Abidhamma Pitaka.
55 Theory Buddha accepted the theory of Karma.
56 Buddhism Attaining Nirvana or enlightment is the basic principle of
Buddhism. The successors of Buddha were called
Bodhisathvas.
57 Kings Kings of Kosala, Kausambi, Asoka and Kanishka helped
the spread of Buddhism
58 Asoka Asoka’s time Buddhist monks and missionaries went to
Egypt, Syria, and Macedonia. Asoka sent his son
Mahendra and daughter Sangamitra to Ceylon to spread
Buddhism.
59 Kanishka Kanishkha’s missionaries went to Burma, Japan, Tibet and
Central Asia through China. China came under the
influence of Buddhism.
60 2 Branches Mahayana Buddhism (The Greater Vehicle) and
Hinayana Buddhism (The Lesser Vehicle).
61 Educational Centres Many educational centres such as Nalanda, Vallabhi,
Kanchi and Vikramasila were famous for Buddhist
teaching.
62 Paintings Paintings at Ellora and Ajanta are the gifts of Buddhism.
63 Jina Conquerer.
64 6th Century Zoaratrian in Persia
Confusius in China.
65 Mahavira Great hero.
66 Jainism Highest : Supreme Knowledge. Or Kaivalya.
67 Buddhism Nirvana or Enlightment.
68 Jataka Tales Previous Births of Buddha./ Buddhist Literature.
69 Chaitras Prayer Halls
70 Viharas Monastries.
71 Hemachandra Jain Historian./Yoga Sastra
72 Magadha Rulers Bimbisara and Ajatasatru [Jainism]
73 Ajatasatru Ajatasatru imprisoned his father Bimbisara.
74 Mahapadmananda -Nandas Nandas Captured Power from Magadhas.
75 Dhana Nandha Last ruler of Nandha. Alexandar invaded india during his
rule.
76 Alexandar Son of Philip of Marcedonia.
Died in Babylon near Baghdad.
77 India “Land of Milk and Honey”.
78 Ambi Ruler of Taxila made his submission to Alexander. He
recognized Alexander as his overlord without waging a
war.
79 Porus King of Jhelum.
“Treated as a King”.
80 Seleukos Nikator Territories in the northwestern part of India
81 Chandra Gupta Maurya Defeated Selekos Nikator.
82 Kanishka Graeco Bactrian sculptors to Gandhara for making images
of Buddha and Bodhisatvas.
83 Gandhara School of Art Influence by Greeks.
84 Nandhas Atheists
Chanakya, a great Brahmin scholar, was the minister of Dhana Nanda. When he was dining in a
Dhana sala, Dhana Nanda insulted him. It was a great disgrace for Chanakya.
85 Chandra Gupta Maurya Chandragupta defeated Dhana Nanda with the help of
[Jainism] Chanakya. He founded the Mauryan Empire.
Educated at Taxila.
86 Buddhist Council Convened by Ajatasatru in Rajahiri.
87 Alexandars Friend Nearchus.
88 Chanakya Arthasastra[Statecraft] / Compared to Machiavalli of Italy.
Served for Chandragupta and Bindusara.
89 Indica Greek Author Megasthanese.
90 Visakadatta Mudrarakshasa
91 Jataka Tales Buddha Literature.
92 Mahavamsam and Ceylonese Chronicles.
Deepavamsam
93 Mauryan Capital Pataliputra.
94 Helen Sel.Nickator gave her daughter to Chandragupta in
marriage.
95 Chandragiri He came to Sravana Belgola, near Mysore with a Jain
monk called Bhadrabahu. The hill in which he lived until
his death is called Chandragiri.
96 Bindusara Sumana: Viceroy of Taxila.
S/o.ChandraGupta Maurya Asoka: Viceroy of Ujjain.
97 Asoka [Buddhism] Defeated Kalinga king Sasanga.
Influence of “Upa Gupta – Initially workshipped Lord Shiva.
Monk”
98 Dhamma Prakrit Word for Dharma.

Tolerence, Non-Violence, Love and Compassion.
99 3rd Buddhist Council Pataliputra
100 Officials Dharmayukthas and Dharma mahamatras who supervised
and encouraged people to lead a pure and moral life..
101 Buddhism Son : Mahendra
Daughter: Sangamitra.To preach bud. In Srilanka.
102 Saranath Pillar Pillar at Saranath is a very famous historical monument

103 Sanchi Stupa It was built with bricks. Its height is 23 mts and
it has 41 mts high entrances on all four sides.
104 Ajivika Caves Mauryan Art.
105 Brahadrata Last Mauryan King.
106 Pushyamitra Sunga Founder of Sunga Dynasty.
Hinduism The great Sanskrit Grammarian Patanjali is said to have
belonged to his time.
107 Cenatral Asia Parthians, Saka, and Kushanas came from Central Asia.
108 Kanishka – Saka Era Peshawar
Buddhism.
109 Ashvaghosa Buddhist Philosopher.
110 Fourth Buddhist Council Kundalvana in Kashmir.
Vasumitra, Nagarjuna and Parsva attended it. Ashwagosha
presided over the council
111 Nagarjuna Madhyamika Sutra.
112 Buddhism Mahayana : Sanskrit : Supported by Kanishka / Harsha.
Hinayana: Pali – Supported by Asoka.
113 Kanishka Charaka Samhita
114 Susruta Susruta Samhita – Surgery.
115 Art Gandhara School of Art. Kanishkas time.
116 Satvahana Simukha was the founder of Satvahanas.
117 Cheran Neduncherlathan Himayavaramban.
118 Purananoru Speaks about the Chivalry of the ancient tamils.
119 Sri Gupta Founder of Gupta Dynasty.
Pataliputra(Capital).
Golden Age in the history of India.
120 Chinese Traveller Fahien.
121 Chandra Gupta Lichchavi Princess, Kumara Devi, was the first Indian
(A.D 320 - A.D. 330) queen featured on a coin.
Maharajathiraja
122 Samudra Gupta The Allahabad Pillar inscription gives a vivid description
(A.D 330 - A.D 380) about Samudragupta’s conquests.
S/o.Chandra Gupta I Harisena, the court poet of Samudragupta, composed it.
“Indian Napolean”
123 Chandra Gupta II He made Ujjain as his second capital.
(A.D 380 - A.D. 415) Kalidasa and Amarasimha were famous scholars in his
“Vikramaditya” court.
Chinese Pilgrim Fa-Hien visited India (A.D. 399 - A.D
414).
Arab merchant Sulaiman and a Venetian traveller, Marco
Polo have recorded that Chandragupta II was an ideal
ruler.
The Nine Gems or the nine learned men adorned
Chandragupta II’s court.
Chief of Nine Gems: Kalidasa
124 Kumara Gupta Founder of Nalanda University.
S/o.Chandra Gupta II 5th Century.
125 SandhaGupta After Skandagupta, the empire was split into a number of
small kingdoms.
126 Universities Universities like Nalanda, Taxila, Ujjain, Saranath and
Vikramasila were famous.
127 Kalidasa Classical Works: Kumarasambavam, Megadhootam and
“Indian Shakespere” Raghuvamsam.
Drama: Shakuntalam, Malavikagnimitram and Vikrama
Oorvasiyam.
128 Eighteen Puranas Written during the Gupta Period.
129 Dhanvantri The Famous Physician.
130 Varahamihira The Great Astronomer. / Jyothisasatra.
Brihatsamhita – Astronomy, Astrology, and Architecture.
131 Amarasimha Lexicographer ( Person who compiles Dictionary).
132 VishnuSharma Panchatantra Stroies.
133 Books Shudraka wrote a play called Mrchhakatika. Vishakhadatta
wrote the play Mudrarakshasa
134 Aryabhatta Famous astronomer and Mathematician./Aryabhatiyam.
135 Brahmagupta Brahmagupta explained the theory of gravitation even
before Newton and composed Brahma Siddhanta.
136 Metallurgy The technology of metallurgy was well developed under
the Guptas. The iron pillar found near Mehrauli in Delhi is
a good example.
137 Ajantha and Ellora The world famous wall paintings of Ajanta and Ellora
belong to the Gupta period.
138 Toramana and Mihirakula, the two powerful kings had weakened the Gupta Empire.
139 Court Language Sanskrit.
140 Vishnugopa(PallavaRuler) Defeated by samudragupta.
Prabhakara Vardhana was the founder of the Vardhana dynasty. He had two sons, Rajya
Vardhana and Harsha Vardhana and a daughter Rajyasree
141 Harsha Harsha shifted his capital from Thaneswar to
Kanauj.
142 Prayag Assembly He gave all his personal wealth and belongings in charity
during the Prayag Assembly which was held once in five
years.
143 Hieun Tsang (14 Years in During Harsha’s reign, Hiuen Tsang, the Chinese pilgrim,
India) visited India.
Siyuki – My Experiences. He Visited Harsha, Pallava and Chalukya Kingdom.
144 Buddhis Council Kanuj.
145 Darmapala Darmapala served as Vice-Chancellor of this university
during Harsha’s time. He belonged to Kanchipuram in
Tamilnadu.
146 Harsha Dramas: Ratnavali , Nagananda, and Priyadashika.
147 Bana(Chief Poet) Harsha Charita, Kadambari.
148 Chalukyas Vatapi
149 Popular Chalukyas Pulikesin I and Pulikesin II
150 Pulikesin II Defeated Mahendravarman I
151 Narasimhavarman I Defeated Pulikesin II. Destroyed Vatapi.
152 Rastrakutas Chalukya dynasty was overthrown by Rashtrakhutas.
153 Chalukyas The Chalukya kings were patrons of art. They had built
many grand temples at Aihole and Vatapi now called as
Badami. Virupaksha temple.
154 Rastrakutas The term Rastrakutas means designated officers in charge
of territorial division.
Dandidurga founder of Rastrakutas.
155 Ellora Siva temple of Ellora built by Krishna I.
The rock cut shrines at Ellora and Elephanta are unique in
their own way
156 Kalki Sivagamiyin Sabhadam.
157 Nandi Thiruvilayadal Puranam.
158 Cholas Bronze idols.
159 PrithiviRaj Chauhan He defeated Muhammad of Ghor in the First Battle of
Tarain
Mohammed of Ghor defeated Prithvi Raj chauhan in the
Second Battle of Tarain, and put him to death.
160 Kirtivarman Big lake near Mahao.
161 Yashovarman The famous Vishnu Temple was built by Yashovarman at
Khajuraho.
162 Chandelas The last ruler of this dynasty was defeated by Qutb-ud-din
Aibak. And thus came the end of the Chandela rule in
Bundelkhand.
163 Bhoja Sanskrit College at Dhara.
164 Gopala Founder of the University at Vikramasila.
165 Rajputs The Rajput forts at Jaisalmer and Chittor in Rajasthan are
well known. Some of the best Rajput palaces are located at
Udaipur and Jaipur
166 Temples duing Rajputs The Jagannath temple at Puri,
Lingaraja temple at Bhuvaneswar and
Sun temple at Konark
were built in other parts of India during the Rajput period.
167 Rajputs –Sthamba The Rajputs used to build Vijaya stamba or victory towers
to celebrate their victory in a war. One such example is
Chittorgarh Vijaya stampa.
168 Jayadeva Gita Govindam
169 Bhartruhari Bhakthi Kavya
170 Bhavbuti Uttar rama Charitram.
171 Muhammad-bin-Quasim Islam found its way into India through Sind.
Arab General
172 Mohammud of Ghazni Mahmud decided to pursue a policy of aggressive warfare
(A.D. 997-1030) against the Hindu rulers of India. He invaded India 17
Poet: times. His aim was to plunder the enormous wealth of
Firdausi: Shah Nama India. This was the reason why some of his attacks were
(Persian epic/Biography) made on the temples which were the repositories of rich
Alberuni. treasure.
Attacked Somnath temple.
173 Muhammed of Ghor Muhammad of Ghor who was responsible for founding the
Genaral: Qutb-din-Aibak as Muslim power in India.
Viceroy.
174 Qutb-din-aibak Conqured Meerut, Ajmer and Delhi.
Made Delhi as his Capital.
Qutb-uddin Aibak became the Sultan of Delhi. He was the
founder of the Slave dynasty in India.
175 Bhaktiyar Khilji Destroyed Nalanda University
Slave Dynasty
1206-1290 A.D
176 Qutb-ud-din Aibak (A.D. First Sultanate of Delhi.
1206 to A.D. 1210) He began the construction of the famous Qutb Minar at
Delhi but did not live long to complete it.
Quwat-ul-Islam Mosque at Delhi.
177 IILtumish saved India from the hands of the Mongol invasion. –
Son-in-Law of Aibak Chengizkhan.
(A.D. 1211 to A.D. 1236) [succeeded to the throne in A.D.1211 after defeating
Aibak’s son Aram]
The completion of the structure of famous Qutbminar at
Delhi by the Sultan in A.D. 1232 stands as an imperishable
testimony to his greatness.
178 Razia (A.D. 1236 to A.D. Married Altuniya. She and her husband Altuniya could not
1240) defeat the nobles. She was captured and put to death in
Daughter/o. IIltumish A.D. 1240.
179 Nasir-ud-din (A.D. 1246 to Balban soon became his chief advisor and held the position
A.D. 1266) of deputy to the ruler. He made his position strong by
Youngest Son/o.Illtumish getting his daughter married to Nasiruddin.
180 Ghiyas-ud-din Balban (A.D. He patronised the famous Persian poet Amir Khusru, who
1266 to A.D. 1286) was called Parrot of Hindustan.
Father-in-Law/o.Nasir-ud-
din
KHILJI DYNASTY
(A.D. 1290 TO A.D. 1320)
181 Jalal-ud-din khilji (A.D. Nephew and Son-in-law Ala-ud-Khilji.
1290 to A.D. 1296)
182 Ala-ud-din Khilji The ambitious nephew got the Sultan killed and declared
(A.D. 1296 to A.D. 1316) himself the Sultan in A.D. 1296.
Genaral: Malik Kafur. Prohibited Wine Selling and also Wine drinking.
Built a city called siri near Delhi.
Defeated Ranthombar Raja Bheemsingh / His Wife
Padmini Commited Jauhar.
183 Jauhar Like Sati. Followed by princess of Rajput when her
husband is Captured and Killed during war.
184 Malik kafur Malik Kafur to attack Devagiri, Warangal, Mysore and
Madurai. Malik Kafur advanced as far as Rameswaram.
185 Amir Khusru Amir Khusru the great Persian poet, patronised by Balban,
continued to live in Alauddin Khilji’s court also.
TUGHLAQ DYNASTY
(A.D. 1320 TO A.D. 1414)
Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq: Founder of the Tuglaq Dynasty.
186 Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq Doab: Land between two rivers.
(A.D. 1325 to A.D. 1351) Changed Capital: Delhi to Devagiri(Daulatabad)
“Mixture of Opposites” Introduced Copper currency.
2 Expeditions – Persia,Kumoan – Failed.
187 Feroz Tughlaq (A.D. 1351 to He had built new towns of Firozabad, Jaunpur, Hissar and
A.D. 1388) Firozpur.
YoungerBrother/o.Ghias-ud-
din Tuglaq.
THE SAYYID DYNASTY
(A.D. 1414 - A.D. 1451)
THE LODI DYNASTY
(A.D. 1451 - A.D. 1526)
188 Bahlol Lodi Afghan Governer of Punjab.
189 Sikandar Lodi Sikander was the greatest of the Lodi Kings.
S/o.Bahlol Lodi
190 Ibrahim Lodi Babur invaded India in A.D. 1526 and established the
S/o.Sikandar Lodi Mughal rule over Delhi and Agra which lasted for more
than two hundred years.
191 Persian Architecture Qutb-Minar, Alai Darwaza, Jahan Panch, Moti-ki-Masjid,
the forts of Daulatabad, Ferozshahbad and Golkonda were
constructed in this style.
192 Feroz Tuglaq Separate department of Slaves.
193 Timur Turkish Chief of Central Asia. Plundered the City of Delhi.
194 Bhakthi Personal Devotion to God.
195 Nayanmars Devotees of Shiva.
196 Alwars Devotees of Vishnu.
197 Saints Saints like Sankara, Ramanuja and Madhwa gave their
concepts of God and the individual soul.
Hindu Saints of bhakthi movement and Muslim saints of
sufi movement were very liberal in their outlook.
198 Ramanuja Born in Sriperampudur.
199 Ramananda Ramananda was the first reformer to preach in Hindi, the
Disciple/o.Ramanuja main language spoken by the people of the North.
Educated in Benaras.
Ardent workshippe of Rama.
12 – Chief disciples.
1 – Barber.
1 – Cobbler.
1 – Weaver.
Kabir (Famous Saint)
Padmavati
200 Kabir He taught that Allah and Eswar, Ram and Rahim are
Disciple/o. Ramananda one and the same. They are present everywhere. The
devotees of Kabir were known as Kabir Panthis.
201 Namdeva (Waterman – Hymns in Marathi – Workshipped Vishnu.
Maharashtra) Some of his verses are added to the Guru Granth Sahib.
202 Guru Nanak. (A.D.1469 - Founder of the Sikh Religion.
A.D.1538): He went to Mecca and Medina.
Against Caste System.
Adi Granth (Verses of Guru Nanak) – Later written in
different Script Gurumukhi.
Holy book of Sikhs : Granth Sahib.
203 Chaitanya (A.D.1485 - Great Devotee of Lord Krishna.
A.D.1533) Popularised: Sankirtan.
Followers addressed him as “Mahaprabhu”.
204 Tulsi das Goswamy Tulsidas was devotee of Lord Rama.
Ramacharita Manas Hindi Works: Janakimangal, and Parvathi Mangal.
205 Meerabai She was a Rajaput Princess.
“Rajastani Songs” Married: Rana of Mewar.
Her Bhajans are famous.
206 Guru Ramdas Chatrapati Shivaji, the great Maratha ruler, was a
follower of Ramdas.
207 Tukaram He composed a large number of verses called Abhangas or
“Maharashtra” - Marathi devotional songs in praise of Panduranga or Krishna.
208 Jnaneshwar He workshipped Vishnu.
“Maharashtra” Age 14: He translated Bhagavat gita, in to Marathi
Language. The Book is called as Jnaneshwari.
209 Nayanmars and Alwars In Tamilnadu they spread Bhakthi.
210 Basava Basava lived in Karnataka. He founded the Virasaiva
or Lingayat sect. According to Basava, Siva was the
supreme God. Basava opposed child marriage and idol
worship.
211 Sufi Muslim Saints who came originally from Persian
and Arabian countries.
2 Groups: Chusti and Suharwarti.
212 Followed Holy Koran.
213 Urdu A new language Urdu, a mixture of Persian and Hindi,
was developed.
214 Bahmani Kingdom Gulburga as Capital.
Al-ud-din Hasan(Founder) Mahur, Bidar, Narnulla and Golkonda are some of the
Muhammed Shah I architectural examples of the Sultans.
Muhammed Shah II The Golgumbaz in Bijapur shows the skill of the
Firoz Shah architecture of Bahmani kingdoms.
Ahmad Shah
215 Babur (A.D. 1526 - A.D. First battle of Panipet- 1526 A.D
1530): Between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi – Babur killed Ibrahim
“Artillery were used for the Lodi in the war and captured India.
first time”
Baburs’Memoirs or Babur
Nama- Autobiography.
Book:Turkish Language.
216 Humayun A.D. 1530 - A.D. Humayun tumbled through his life and tumbled out of it.
1540
S/o.Babur
217 Sher Shah Suri (A.D.1540 -
A.D.1545):
218 Akbar, the Great (A.D. 1556 Guardian: Bairam Khan. (Dismissed from service).
- A.D.1605): Foster Mother: Maham Anaga looked after the
Age: 14 administration.(Petticoat government).
Second Battle of Panipet – Hemu and Akbar.
Akbar killed Hemu and captured Power.
219 Akbar Rajput Connection He married Jodhbai, the princess of Jaipur (Amber).
He appointed some of them in higher positions in
administration such as Raja Man Singh and Raja
Bhagawan Das.
220 Birbal Birbal and Todarmal were the other Hindu officials
who held high positions.
221 Akbar – New Faith Akbar evolved a new faith called Din-i-Illahi or Divine
Faith.
Abolished Jizya and pilgrimage tax.
222 Akbar Fazl Abul Fazl is the author of Akbar Nama. Ain-i-Akbari is a
part of Akbar Nama.
223 Salim or Jahangir Jahangirs eldest son turned against him and put him into
S/o.Akbar jail.
224 Khurram or Shah Jahan Golden Age of the Mughal Period.
S/o.Jahangir Taj Mahal built by him.
(4 Sons) Prince of Builders: Shah Jahan is called as the Prince of
Builders. He had built the Red Fort in Delhi. It consisted of
the Rang Mahal, Moti Mahal, Diwan-i-Am and Diwan-i-
Khas.
225 Jumma Masjid It was built of red sand stone. It is considered as one of the
largest mosques in India.
226 TajMahal The Taj Mahal is the most famous building of Shah Jahan.
It is located at Agra on the banks of the river Yamuna.
Shah Jahan built it in memory of his beloved wife Mum
Taj Mahal.
Shah Jahan also built Moti Masjid and the Pearl Mosque at
Agra and the Tomb of Jahangir
227 Peacock throne and The Peacock throne is a golden throne with a Canopy
Kohinoor Diamond supported by twelve emerald pillars, bearing bore two
peacock figures encrusted with Gems. The Government of
India is making efforts to get the Kohinoor diamond from
England
228 Aurangazeb (A.D. 1658- Aurangazeb was the last great Mughal ruler. He ascended
A.D.1707): the throne after killing his three brothers Dara, Shuja and
“Sunni Muslim” Murad in a fratricidal war.
Imosed jizya and pilgrimage tax.
229 Ninth Sikh Guru Teg Bhagadur was murdered by Aurangazeb.
230 Tenth Sikh Guru Guru Govind Singh – Khalsa – Built Powerful Army.
231 Mansabdari System – Akbar Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system, and it was
followed by his successors. Mansab means Rank or place
232 Raja todar Mal Revenue Minister under Akbar.
Introduced the Zabti System.
The Mughal disintegration was complete with the death of Aurangazeb. Thus ended the Mughal
rule in India
233 New faith Din – I –Iillahi by Akbar.
234 Bulandarwaza Buland Darwaza, an imposing gateway at Fatehpur Sikri
was built to commemorate Akbar’s conquest of Gujarat.
235 Humayun Tomb Delhi
236 Akbar Tomb Sikandar
237 Fatehpursikri Akbar’s office (Diwan-i-Am)
238 Jami Masjid Learning Centre.
239 Akbar Preferred red stones
240 Shahjahn Preferred Marbles.
241 Musician Mian Tansen in Akbars Court.
242 Itimad-ud-daula Buit by Nur jahan.
243 Razamnama Persian Translation of Mahabharata.
Class Ten: Chapter 1
1 Morcopolo Venice Merchant
2 Constantinople Modern Istanbul in Turkey. 1453A.D
3 Portuguese Goa, Diu, and Daman
4 Mumbai Can you believe the rent for Mumbai (Bombay) was just £
10 (Approximately 500 rupees) per year in those days.
(£ Pounds, the currency used in England)
5 Fort William Calcutta
6 1857 After the Revolt of 1857, Queen Victoria took over the
administration of India.
7 Mahe, Karaikal On the Malabar coast the French got Mahe in 1725
Karaikal, on the coromandal coast, became a French
settlement in 1739.
8 Asaf Jah, Nizam-ul-Mulk Founded the State of Hyderabad.
9 First Carnatic War Between England and France.
1746-1748 The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, concluded in 1748.
As per the treaty, Madras was given back to the English
company in exchange of Louisburg in North America to
France.
10 The Second Carnatic War In 1755, the Treaty of Pondicherry was signed.
(1748 – 1754) French possessions were given back to the French.
11 The Third Carnatic War The Third Carnatic War came to an end in 1763 by the
(1756 – 1763) Treaty of Paris. According to the terms of the treaty,
Pondicherry, Karaikal and other French possessions were
returned to the French on condition that they should not
fortify them.
12 Battle of Plassey 1757 Siraj-ud-daulah, was Killed. Robert Clive made Mir Jafar
as the Nawab of Bengal. The English company got the
territory of the 24 Parganas.
13 Battle of Buxar 1764 As a result of his success in Bengal, Robert Clive was
appointed as the first Governor of Bengal (1758 – 1760).
14 Hyder Ali When the ruler of Mysore died, he proclaimed himself as
the ruler and became the Sultan of Mysore.
15 First Mysore War (1767 – The war ended by the Treaty of Madras (Chennai) in
1769) 1769. Territories conquered during the war were restored
to
each other.
Between English and Hyder Ali
16 Second Mysore War (1780 – The war came to an end with an agreement signed in 1784,
1784) called the Treaty of Mangalore. Both the sides agreed to
exchange the captured territories and war prisoners. Thus
the Second Mysore War came to End.
17 Third Mysore War (1786 - Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793) became the Governor
1793) General of Bengal in 1786. He was also made
Commander-in-Chief of the English army. He fought
against Tippu in the Third Mysore war.
Tippu signed the Treaty of Srirangapatnam with the
English. He had to give half of his kingdom to the English.
The English got Malabar, Coorg, Dindugal, and Baramahal
(now the Salem and Erode areas).
18 The Fourth Mysore War Lord Wellesly and Tippu Sultan.
1799 Tipu Sultan died during this war.
19 Lord Wellesley Lord Wellesley was the Governor-General of Bengal from
1798-1805 1798 – 1805.
20 Subsidary Alliance System 1. The Nizam of Hyderabad was the first to accept the
subsidiary alliance system. He handed over the territories
of Cuddappah, Bellary, Anantapur and Carnool
2. After the death of Tippu Sultan, his kingdom was
handed over to Krishna Raja Wadiar who accepted the
scheme
3. The Nawab of Oudh accepted this scheme and
surrendered Rohilkhant and Southern districts of Doab
region.
4. Peshwa Baji Rao II and many Rajput rulers also
entered into this alliance.
21 Supreme Head of British in The Governor of Bengal was also the Governor-General of
India Bengal and he was the supreme head of the English in
India.
22 Lord William Bentik 1. So he passed a law in 1829. It declared the practice of
1825 – 1835 A.D Sati as a criminal and illegal offence. The law said that
anyone who forced a woman to perform Sati would be
given capital punishment.
(Raja ram Mohan Roy and Devadranath Tagore Supported
it.)
2. Abolition of Human Sacrifice and Female
Infanticide.
3. Supression of Thugs.(New Department Under Major
Sleeman.)
4. Made English as the medium of School Education.
Lord Macaulay, the Governor-General’s Law member,
was responsible for it.
23 Lord Dalhousie One of the greatest governer- general of India.
1848-1856 Sir W.W.Hunter, his biographer sums up his work as
“Doctrine of Lapse” Conquest.
(Creation, Dependents, Consolidate.
Independents) Development.
The Doctrine was considered as a violation of Hindu Law
which permitted adoption.
24 Rani Lakshmi Bai In the Great Revolt of 1857 Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi
took a dreadful revenge for the loss of her throne. She
massacred every European who fell into her hands.
25 Railways Mumbai – Thane 1853.
(Lord Dalhousie) Howrah – Ranikanj 1854
Madras – Arakonam 1856
26 Lord Dalhousie Father of Indian Railways and Telegraphs.
27 Public Works Department Ganga Canal.
Grand Trunk Road: Calcutta and Peshawar.
28 Posta System Introduced ½ anna (3 Paise) Postal System.
29 Telegraphs The telegraph system was also introduced. From 1853 to

1856, nearly 4000 miles (6400 k.m.) of telegraphic lines
connecting ,
(Calcutta) Kolkata with Peshawar,
(Bombay) Mumbai and (Madras) Chennai was installed.
The military value of this was realized during the revolt of
1857.
30 Education The Department of Public Instruction (DPI) was opened in
Sir Charles woods Despatch each province. He took steps to establish universities at
of 1854 Bombay, Calcutta and Madras.
Dalhousie introduced the grants-in-aid scheme to
help the private institutions.
These reform measures of Dalhousie led to the modernization of India.
31 Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Wrote Discovery of India.
32 Early revolts against the Palayakkars (Poligar) resisted the extension of the British
British Rule – (1765 – 1856) authority in their area.
Maruthu Brothers
Sepoy Mutiny: Vellore 1806 Veera Pandya Katta Bomman
Barrackpore Mutiny: 1824 Pulithevan and
Veluthambi.
33 The First War of Indian The Indian soldiers in the East India Company’s army
Independence or The Great rebelled against the British in 1857.
Revolt of 1857 Lord Canning was the Governor-General of India at that
time.
34 Political Causes Annexation policy of British was one of the
major causes.
The annexation of Oudh and deposition of its ruler Wazid
Ali Shah, made Oudh the most prominent centre of the
revolt.
Rani of Jhansi was not permitted to adopt a son.
35 Racial Arrogance The Indians could not travel in first class train
compartments.
The conservative section of the Indians were alarmed by
the rapid spread of Western culture and English education
in India.
Christian converts offended the Indian orthodox
sentiments.
36 R.D.Mangles R.D. Mangles, a member of the British Parliament,
declared openly that ‘Every British must try his utmost to
convert every Indian to Christianity and the banner of
Christ should wave triumphant from one end of India to
the other.
37 Military Causes They were prohibited from their traditional religious
practices like wearing a saffron mark on their forehead,
growing beard and wearing turbans. Lord Cannings’
Government passed in 1856, “The General Services
Enlistment Act”. It compelled the Indian Sepoys to serve
abroad, if there was need. They had to cross the seas. It
made them angry against the British.
They thought that this would offend their religious
tradition because the cow is sacred to the Hindus and the
pig is detestable to the Muslims.
38 Mangal Pandey, Barrackpore A young Indian Sepoy from Bengal Regiment, refused to
29 March 1857 use the greased cartridge, and shot down his sergeant. He
was arrested, tried and executed. When this news spread
many sepoys started the revolt.
39 Failure of Revolt Lack of Unity. Lack of Modern Weapons and techniques.
Leadership.
40 Act of 1858 and Queen In August 1858, the British Parliament passed an Act. It
Victoria’s Proclamation put an end to the rule of the East India Company. The
“Magna Carta” British Crown took over the administration.
41 Governer Genaral Viceroy. Representative of British Crown.
42 Foreign Scholars Max Mueller and William Jones.
43 Brahmasamaj 1828 Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Akbar II Sent him to England.
The Brahmo Samaj was an assembly of all those who
believed in a universal religion based on the principle of
one Supreme God.
The Brahmo Samaj condemned caste, untouchability, the
practice of Sati and image worship.
The Brahmo Samaj also opposed child marriage and
polygamy.
It supported widow remarriage.
44 Keshab Chandra Sen Efforts of one of the leaders of Brahmo Samaj, an Act was
passed in 1872. It abolished polygamy and childmarriage
45 Devendranath Tagore After Raja Ram Mohan Roy the work of the samaj was
carried out by Keshab and Tagore.
46 Arya Samaj 1875 Dayananda Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj.

Born : Gujarat.
Disciple/o: Swami Vrajananda.
Work:Propagation of Vedas.
Motto:Go Back to the Vedas”.
Opposed: Idol Workship, Animal Sacrifice, the idea of
Heaven and Hell and the concept of fatalism.
Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) Schools and Colleges
“Suddhi Movement” provide modern education in humanities and sciences.
Reconversion. Followers: Lala Lajpat Rai, Lala Hansraj and Pandit Guru
Dutt. Bala Gangadhara Tilak and Gopala Krishna Gokale.
47 Theosophical Society 1875 Theos and Sopos: Theos – God and Sopos – Wisdom.
“Knowledge of God – Greek Words.
Brahma Gyan”. Madame Blavatsky and H.S.Olcott in USA.
Shifted Headquarters to Adyar in Chennai.
Mrs. Annie Besant is the famous Member.
48 Mrs. Annie Besant Central College at Benaras.
Merged with University of Benaras later.
“New India” – Spread Theosophical Ideas.
49 Ramakrishna Mission 1897 Rama Krishna Paramahamsa. He was a priest in a
temple of Kali at Dakshineswar near Kolkata.
He had deep faith in the basic truth of all religions. He
preached the unity of all religions.
His parables are very simple and famous.
Disciple: Swami Vivekananda. – Narendra Nath.
“Service to Man means
Service to God”.
50 Swami Vivekananda He participated in the World Religious Congregation held
at Chicago in the United States of America in 1893.
“Brothers and Sisters of this universe.”
Missions Motto: Service to Humanity.
51 Syed Ahmed Khan and In 1864 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan started a school at
Aligarh Movement Ghazipur. It was later called as the Scientific Society.
Mohammeden Anglo Oriental College (MAO) at Aligarh
in 1875. It later developed to Aligarh Muslim University.
Magazine: Tahzil-ud-Akhlaq (Reform of Morals).
52 Dadabai Naoroji and Naoroji For the progress of women and the spread of modern
Furduni education they, together, started a journal Rast Goftar.
53 Khalsa College Amristar.
54 Sikh Both Shiromany Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee and
the Akali Dal party aimed at handing over the control of
the Gurudwaras to the representative of the Sikh
community.
After the Great Revolt of 1857 the administration of India passed from the hands of the
Company to the British Crown in 1858. The Crown, acting through the Secretary of State for
India, directly assumed the Indian administration. A 15 member India Council was set up at
London to assist the Secretary of State, who controlled the administration of India.
55 Governor Genaral or Viceroy Answerable to Secretary of State.
56 India Council Act 1861 The British Parliament passed the Indian Councils Act in
1861.
It increased the number of members of the Governor-
Generals Council to 12. The Governor-General could
nominate these members. Among the members some were
Indians.
57 1870 Telegraph line laid between India and England.
58 Lord Lytton (1876 – 1880) Indians became dissatisfied of his measures.
To prevent Russian expansion, Lord Lytton decided to
have a complete control over Afghanistan.
59 1878 Vernacular Press Act
60 1878 Indian Arms Act
61 Lord Ripon (1880 – 1884) Factory Act 1881
“Father of Local Self Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act 1881
Government” Census of India 1881
Education Commission 1882
Punjab University.
62 Local Self Government His Government passed a series of Acts in 1883 – 1884 for
the establishment of Local Self Government in India.
According to them District and Taluk Boards were set up
throughout the country.
63 IIlbert Bill 1883 According to it Indian magistrates were to be given the
right to try the British accused. It made the Indian judges
equal in power to the European judges.
64 Lord Curzon (1899 – 1905) Famine Commission and allocated a large sum of money
for relief work.
Agricultural Research Institute was started at Pusa in
Bengal.
Imperial Cadet Corps was founded to train young men for
military service.
Department of Archaeology and Epigraphy was
established in 1904.
65 Partition of Bengal 1905 Lord Curzon’s decision to partition Bengal in 1905 was the
“Divide and Rule” greatest blow to the national aspirations of Indians.
66 Swaraj Dayananda Saraswathi was the first Indian who used the
word Swaraj.
67 NewsPapers The Social Reformer, the Times of India, the Madras Mail,
the Statesman, the Hindu, the Amrit Bazaar Patrika, the
Kesari, the Maratha, the Tribune, the Bombay Samachar
and Rast Goftar were quite popular.
68 The Indian National Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British civil servant, was
Congress – 1885 mainly instrumental in the formation of the Congress. The
first session of the Congress was held at Mumbai. W.C.
Bannerjee.
69 Moderates Surendranath Banerjee,
“Political Mendicancy” Dadabai Naoroji
Pheroze Shah Metha
Gopalakrishna Gokhale and
M.G. Ranade
70 Extremists Bala Gangadhara Tilak (Bal) – Newspaper - Kesari
Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal)
Bibin Chandra Pal (Pal) - NewIndia
Arabindo Ghosh. – Bandemataram.
71 Swadeshi Movement Instead of dividing the people, the partition of Bengal
Slogan - VandeMataram united them. It paved the way for the birth of the Swadeshi
Movement, an economic boycott.
72 Vande Mataram A great regard to the Mother country
73 V.O.C V.O. Chidambaram Pillai of Tuticorin, popularly known as
V.O.C., established the Swadeshi Steam Navigation
Company for carrying trade between India and Ceylon.
74 Formation of the Muslim The Muslim League was set up under the leadership of
League – 1906 Salimullah Khan, the Nawab of Dacca, in 1906.
75 Surat Split – 1907 The Congress became divided and the Extremists left the
Congress. This is known as the Surat Split.
76 Minto Morley Reforms – Minto, the Viceroy and Morley, the Secretary of State for
1909 India jointly proposed reforms to the Indian
Minto – Viceroy Councils.
Morley – Secretary of State
77 Lucknow Session in 1916 The policy of Divide and Rule made the Moderates
Nehru met Gandhiji. indifferent towards the Government and paved the way for
their re-union with the Extremists at the Lucknow Session
in 1916.
the Congress and the Muslim League signed a pact
agreeing to Co-operate with each other in order to achieve
selfgovernment
78 The First World War 1914 – The British Government wanted India to participate in the
1918 war on behalf of Britain.
79 Home Rule Movement 1916 Bala Gangadhar Tilak formed the Home Rule Movement.
Mrs. Annie Besant started it in Chennai.
Self Government for Indians.
Motilal Nehru and C.R.Das Supported this movement.
Annie Besants NewIndia banned.
August Declaration 1917.
80 Montague – Chelmsford By this Act separate electorates were given to three other
Reforms Act, 1919 communities – Christians, Anglo Indians and the Sikhs.
Montague – Secretary of It introduced Dyarchy in the Province.
State.
Chelmsford – Viceroy
81 Gandhiji He used the weapons of Satyagraha and Non-violence.
82 Rowlatt Act 1919 The Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919. It empowered the
British Government to arrest anyone without a warrant
83 Jallianwalabagh Massacre, General Dyer - About 500 persons were killed and 1200
13 April 1919 people wounded. This incident is called as the
Jallianwalabagh massacre or Punjab Tragedy
84 Khilafat Movement The Ali brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali started
Protest - Injustice done to the Khilafat Movement in India. The Congress supported
Turkey by British this movement. Gandhi thought that it was an opportunity
for uniting the Hindus and the Muslims. The Khilafat
movement brought the Muslim League and the Indian
Muhammad Ali National Congress closer.
85 The Non-Co-operation 1. Retuning Titles and Honours.
Movement 1920 2. Hartals and Demonstrations.
3. Non Payment of Taxes.
86 The Chauri Chaura Incident In Uttar Pradesh the peasants set fire to the police station in
1922 response to wanton police firing. About 22 police men
were killed in that incident. This is known as the Chauri
Chaura incident.
Therefore he suspended the Non-Co-operation Movement immediately. The British Government
arrested Gandhiji. He was imprisoned for six years.
87 The Swaraj Party 1923 – Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das, formed the Swaraj Party in
1925 Alipore Prison.
88 The Simon Commission People boycotted this Commission when it came to
1927 India with the slogan “Simon Go back”.
89 Lala Lajapat Roy Lala Lajapat Roy, the Lion of Punjab, who led a
“Lion of Punjab” demonstration against the Simon Commission at Lahore,
died out of police lathi charge. His death was avenged by
Bhagat Singh.
90 The Lahore Congress 1929 It passed a resolution demanding Complete Independence
President:Jawaharlal Nehru or Purna Swaraj from the British.
Another resolution was also passed. According to it Civil
Dis-obedience Movement was launched against the British.
th
91 26 January 1930 The Congress tri-colour flag was hoisted on 26 January
26th January 1950 1930. The people took pledge to fight for achieving
complete independence. It became a red letter day for the
Congress. To make this day memorable in our history, the
Indian Constitution was formally adopted on 26 January
1950. This day is now celebrated as the Republic Day.
92 The Salt Satyagraha of 1930 Against Salt Tax.
or The Civil Disobedience He undertook the historic march to Dandi in Gujarat on
Movement (VandeMataram) 1930.
93 South India Rajagopalachariar, Trichy – Vedaranyam.
Kelappan, Calicut – Paiyanur.
94 North western frontier Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.[Frontier Gandhi]
95 The First Round Table London. No Congress leaders Participation.
Conference 1930
96 The Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 1931 According to it Gandhi agreed to call off the Civil Dis-
obedience Movement. He also agreed to attend the Second
Round Table Conference.
97 The Second Round Table No concrete outcome from the Conference.
Conference 1931
98 The Third Round Table Failure. No Congress leaders Participation.
Conference 1932
99 The Communal Award and Ramsay Mac Donald announced a scheme called
Poona Pact of 1932 Communal Award.
Separate electorates for Depressed and Minority Classes.
Dr.B.R.Ambedkar accepted it. Gandhi rejected this.
Poona Pact: Between Gandhi and Ambedkar.
Instead, it was accepted for the increase of the number of
reserved seats for the depressed and weaker classes in the
legislature.
100 The Government of India Act (1) Introduced provincial autonomy,

1935 (2) Abolished dyarchy in the provinces
(Based on Simon (3) Established federal Government at the Centre
Commission and 3 round (4) Provided for the establishment of a federal court to
table conferences) decide the conflicts between the provinces and the centre
and
(5) Provided for the establishment of a Federal Reserve
Bank.
101 Second World War Congress accepted Indias Participation subject to the
condition that India would be given freedom at the end of
the war.
102 Jinnah’s Two Nation Theory Muhammed Ali Jinnah put forth the Two Nation Theory in
1940 1940. He demanded a separate nation Pakistan for the
Muslims.
103 The August offer 1940 The British Viceroy Linlithgow was responsible for
involving Indians in the Second World War.
Dominion Status after the war was Promised.
Congress rejected this offer.
104 The Indian National Army Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose.
1942 Forward Bloc Party. Presidentship of the Indian
“Jai Hind” independence League was handed over to Subash by Rash
“Delhi Chalo” Behari Bose.
A women’s regiment named after the Rani of Jhansi was
organized under the captaincy of Lakshmi from
Tamilnadu.
105 The Cripps Mission 1942 The Indians should render their help to the British in their
war efforts forgetting their hatred towards them.
Mahatma Gandhi rejected the assurance as a post-dated
cheque on a failing bank. The Cripps Mission ended in
failure.
106 The Quit India Movement, He openly declared that there could be no friendly
1942 understanding and cooperation between India and Britain.
Bombay – Resolution was Gandhiji’s memorable speech. ‘‘I am not going to be
passed. satisfied with anything short of complete freedom. We
shall do or die. We shall either free India or die in the
attempt.’’ It was indeed a clarion call for unarmed revolt
on a mass scale.
107 Gandhiji Magazine – Harijan.
108 Second World War end – Labour Party Came to Power in England.
1945 Attlee was the leader.
109 The Cabinet Mission, 1946 Pethick Lawrence, the British Indian Minister, A.V. Alexander,
the President of Commercial Committee and Sir Straford
Cripps visited India
110 The Mount Batten Plan 1947 In 1947 Lord Mount Batten became the Governor-
General of India. He was the last British Governor-
General.
According to his plan India had to be divided into two
independent countries namely the Indian Union
and the Pakistan Union.
India became free on 15 August 1947. Tricolour Indian flag was hoisted in the place of British
Union Jack on the Historic Red Fort at Delhi. Lord Mount Batten became the first Governor-
General of free India and Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister. Later
C. Rajagopalachariar became the first and last Indian Governor-General of India. When India
became a Republic on 26 January 1950 Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the first President of our
country.
111 Integration of Princely States There were 565 states in india. About 562 princely States
were merged with the Indian union. some states like
Kashmir (Harisingh) , Hyderabad and Junagath were
reluctant to join.
112 French Possessions 1954 With the consent of the French Government, Pondicherry,
Karaikal, Mahe, Yenam and Chandranagore became the
parts of the Indian Union in 1954.
113 Portuguese Possessions 1962 Goa, Diu and Daman were the Portuguese settlements in
India.
114 Bhoodan Movement 1951 Acharya Vinoba Bhave. It wanted the re-distribution of
excess lands from the landlords among the landless poor.
115 Sarvodaya Movement Acharya Vinoba Bhave. Promotion of Cottage Industries
and Khadi movement.
116 Marriage Act 1954 This Act made inter-caste and interreligious marriages
legal. It fixed the marriage age of boys 21 years and girls
18 years. Child marriage is punishable.
117 Hindu Marriage Act 1956 This Act made monogamy legal. It outlaws polygamy
among all Hindus. It confers equal rights of divorce on
both men and women.
118 Hindu Succession Act 1956 This Act gave equal right to a daughter and her children to
succeed equally with the son and his children to all the
property of either parent.
119 Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 This Act protects women against dowry exploitations.
(Amended in 1984) Dowry demand is severely punished.
120 Maternity Benefits Act 1961
121 Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971
122 Equal Remuneration Act, 1976
123 National Commission for National Commission for Woment was set up on 1922.
women 1990(Act)
124 International Womens year U.N.O declared 1978 as International Womens Day.
125 Indian Factories Act 1948 Prohibits employment of a boy or girl below 14 years in
factories.
126 Plantation Labour Act 1951 Bans the employment of children below 12 years in coffee
and rubber plantations.
127 Mines Act 1952 Restricts the employment of persons below 15 years in
mines.
128 Childrens Act 1960 Children Welfare Boards have set up in all states.
129 Female Infanticide Act 1961 Prevent the killing of female children.
130 Untouchability offences Act Awards punishment to those who practise untouchability.
1955
131 Scheduled Caste and Provides severe punishment against atrocities to the S.C.
Scheduled Tribe (Prevention and S.Ts.
of Atrocities) Act, 1989
132 National Commission for Provided for the set up of National and State Minorities
Minorities Act, 1992 Commissions. These measures have instilled a sense of
security among the minority people in the country.
133 Disabilities Act 1955 To take care of rehabilitating the disabled
people.
134 Artificial Limb Kanpur in 1976.
Manufacturing Corporation
of India
135 National Handicapped 1977
Finance and Development
Corporation
136 Unversity Education Dr.S.RadhaKrishnan.
Commission 1948
New Education Policy 1953 Dr. Lakshmana Swamy Mudaliar.
137 Kothari Commisssion or Its report of 1966 wanted to make the educational structure
National Education uniform in India. It gave importance to vocational,
Commission. 1964 technical, engineering, agricultural and science education.
138 Woment Reservation of Jobs 30%
in Tamilnadu
139 Planning commission, March Jawaharlal Nehru becomes the first chairman of the
1950 Planning commission.
1.Draw Five Years Plans
2. Assess the material capital and human resources
3. Determine the areas of resource allocation
4. Appraise the economic progress of the country
5. Advise the Government on economic policies and
Programmes.
140 National Development To strengthen the planned economic development of the
Council. 1952 country. There is the involvement of the States in this
body.
141 Objectives of Planning. 1.Increasing the National Income and the Per Capita
income of the people
2. Raising the standard of living of the people
3.Reducing poverty and unemployment
4. Providing equal opportunities to all.
142 Nehru Government Mixed Economy.
It means the co-existence of both the government owned
(Public Sector) and private owned (Private Sector)
industries.
143 Eleventh Planning 2007-2012
Commission
144 First Five Year Plan 1951 – 1956
(Rs. 2400 Cr.) Importance: Agriculture.
145 Damodar Project West Bengal and Bihar.
146 Hirakud Dam World’s longest dam across Mahanadhi river in Orissa.
147 Bhakra Nangal Dam Across river Sutlej. [India’s Multi purpose Project].
148 Tungabhadra Dam Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
149 Chambal Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
150 Mayurakshi West Bengal.
151 Nagarjuna Sagar Andhra Pradesh.
152 Second Five Year Plan 1956 – 1961
Heavy Industries.
Four Steel Plants Bhilai,
Bokaro,
Durgapur and
Rourkela came into existence.
Add. Plants Salem, Badravati and Vishakapatinam.
153 Aluminium Plants Kyon and Korba.
154 Copper Mining Khetri, Agnikundla, Rakha and Malanjhand.
155 Zinc Smelters Udaipur and Dhanbad.
156 Third Five Year Plan 1961 – 1966
Agriculture and Industry.
Green Revolution (Agriculture Progress). India attained
Food self sufficiency due to green revolution.
157 Annual Plans 1966 – 1969
158 Fourth Five Year Plan 1974 – 1979
Agriculture – 5% growth per annum.
Industries – 9% Industrial growh.
Garibi Hatao (Remove Poverty).
Growh for Social Justice. – Ideal.
159 Industry Policy Resolutions 1973, 1978 and 1980.
160 Operation Flood Programme 1970. Enabled India to become World’s
number one milk producer in 1997.
Poultary Development gained the fifth status in the world
in egg production.
Balanced regional development.
159 Sixth Five Year Plan 1980-1985
160 Seventh Five Year Plan 1985 – 1990
161 Eigth Five Year Plan 1992 – 1997
162 Ninth Five Year Plan 1997 – 2002
(Rs. 8, 59,000 Cr.)
163 Tenth Five Year Plan 2002 – 2007
164 Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007 – 2012
They aimed at the development of agriculture, industry, human resources, physical and social
infrastructure, employment generation, increase of national income, and removal of poverty.
165 Thatchar Era 1976 – 1989
Privatisation The policy of privatizing the state-owned industries
emerged in the 1980s.
166 Liberalisation This process began in India after 1991.
Private sector is allowed to start steel, air transport,
shipping, heavy machinery and even defence industries.
Similarly there has also been the relaxation of all rules and
regulations with regard to license, permissions to import
and export, price control and marketing. This process is
called as liberalization.
167 Disinvestment Disinvestment has become the next step in liberalization
168 New Industrial Policy The New Industrial Policy, announced in 1991, has made
Strategic and High-Tech Industries and Infrastructure as
the Government investment areas.
169 Globalisation World Trade Organisation (WTO) on 1 January 1995.
Head Quarters: Geneva.
The member countries of WTO have to enter into liberal
bilateral trade agreements. They must allow free flow of
goods, capital, technology and labour. They have to relax
trade restrictions in their countries. They have to remove
the limits on import and export quotas. At the same time
they have to accept WTO conditions. The WTO sets the
global norms of trade which the member countries have to
accept and follow. This is called as the Globalisation
process. India is a member of the WTO.
170 Scientific and Technological Prior to independence India produced scientists like
Developments after J.C.Bose, C.V.Raman and S.Ramanujan.
Independence
171 Jawaharlal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru was a great believer in science and
technology. He considered them as effective tools to bring
rapid socio-economic changes in India. Therefore his
Government promoted research in science and technology.
172 Science Policy Resolution 1958
173 Organisations 1.Department of Atomic Energy. H.J.Bhabha.
2.Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.
S.S.Bhatnagar.
3.Defence Science Organisation. Headed by D.S.Kothari.
174 Atomic Energy Commission 1948.
1954 – Became full fledged under Homi Jehangir Bhabha.
Founder of the Atomic Energy Programme in India.
175 Bhabha Research Centre 1957. Mumbai.
176 Tarapur The first nuclear power station at Tarapur started
generating power in October 1969.Two such centres came
at Kota in Rajasthan and Kalpakkam near Chennai in
Tamil Nadu. The fourth one was set up at Narora in Uttar
Pradesh.
177 Nuclear Explosions India carried out peaceful nuclear explosions at Phokran in
Rajasthan on18 May 1974 and 11 May 1998.
178 Council of Scientific and Nehru became its president. It was placed under S.S.
Industrial Research 1942 Bhatnagar, a great scientist.
179 ISRO Vikram. A. Sarabhai expanded the work of the ISRO in
Bangalore.
Space centres in India are located at
Bangalore in Karnataka(the ISRO)
Thumba near Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala (the Vikram
Sarabhai Space Centre)
Sri Harikota (Satish Dhawan Space Centre) in Andhra
Pradesh
Mahen-dragiri in Tamil Nadu (the Liquid Propulsion
Systems Centre)
and Ahmedabad.
180 Aryabhatta Launched in 1975.
181 Bhakara I and III
182 Satellite Launch Vehicles and Augumented Satellite Lauch Vehicles. [SLV and ASLV].
Geo-Synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLVs) and Polar Satellite Launch Vehicles
(PSLVs). Indian National Satellites (INSAT) launched from 1982 onwards have
revolutionized our television, telecommunication, resource survey and management,
environmental monitoring meteorological and information technology systems.
183 Research Centre in Antartica Dakshin Gangothri
184 Dr.M.S. Swaminathan Contributed to the success of the Green Revolution of
India.
185 Scientific Manpower 1947 - Assess the technical personnel needed for the
Committee country.
186 Indian Institute Technology Chennai, Delhi, Kanpur, Karagpur and Mumbai.
(IIT) Roorkee and Assam.
187 Class Ten: Chapter 9
188 India’s Foreign Policy 1. Promotion of World Peace
2. Anti-Colonialism
3. Anti-Imperialism
4. Anti-Racialism
5. Panch Sheel
6. Non-Alignment
7. Good Neighbourhood
8. Regional Co-operation
9. Role in the Common Wealth and
10. Anti-Terrorism
189 Member of India 1945 – Member.
190 Mrs. Vijayalakshmi Pandit India is a member of the U.N.O. from 1945. Nehru’s sister
Mrs. Vijayalakshmi Pandit was the first woman President
of the U.N. General Assembly (1953 – 54).
191 Anti – Imperialism Conquest, annexation and administration of a weak
country by a powerful nation is called imperialism.
192 First World War 1914 – 1918
193 Second World War 1939 – 1945
194 Anti – Racialism Western Countries Practised Racialism. They treated the
Asian and African people as inferior.
South African White Government followed the ‘Apartheid’
policy against the blacks. It was due to the continuous
struggle of Nelson Mandela and constant moral support of
India that the ‘Apartheid’ policy has been dismantled
recently.
195 Panch – Sheel 1954 India – China.
1. Mutual respect for each others’ territorial integrity and
sovereignty
2. Mutual non-aggression
3. Mutual noninterference in each others internal matters
4 Equality and mutual benefits
6. Peaceful Coexistence.
These principles were accepted by as many as 29 Afro-
Asian countries which took part in the Bandung
Conference held in Indonesia in 1955.
196 Non – Alignment US – NATO and SEATO
Coined by “Krishna Menon” Russia – Backed WARSAW Pact Countries in the west
and Communist China in the East.
197 India’s Nehru, Yugoslavia’s Tito, Indonesia’s Sukarno and Egypt’s Nasser became the
chief exponents of this policy. They conducted the first conference of NAM at Belgrade in
Yugoslavia in 1961. The second conference was held at Cairo in Egypt in 1964.
(NAM – 112 Countries).
198 SAARC – 1985 First Meeting – Dacca – Bangaladesh.
Head Quarters: (1) India, (2) Bangladesh, (3) Pakistan, (4) Nepal, (5)
Kathmandu.(Nepal). Bhutan, (6) Sri Lanka, and (7) Maldives are the 7 members
now.
199 SAPTA They signed a trade agreement called the South Asian
Preferential Trade Agreement (SAPTA) in 1993.
200 China War 1962
201 Pakistan War There were wars in 1948, 1965, 1971 and the Kargil war in
1999.
201 Tashkant Agreement 1966
202 Simla Agreement 1972
203 Indian Peace Keeping Force 1990

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History S.No Topics Description Class Sixth: Chapter 2: Muvenders Kadaiyelu Vallalgal

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HISTORY

S.No Topics Description

8 Chola Kingdom Surnames: Killi, Valavan, Senni and Cholan.

94 Vishwanatha Nayak First Nayak of Madurai.

115 Sarfoji II He surrendered the principality of Tanjore to the British East

248 Birla Planetarium Chennai

3 Himalayas Hyber and Bholan Pass.

11 Harappa It is now in Pakistan.

98 Dhamma Prakrit Word for Dharma.

102 Saranath Pillar Pillar at Saranath is a very famous historical monument

29 Telegraphs The telegraph system was also introduced. From 1853 to

46 Arya Samaj 1875 Dayananda Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj.

100 The Government of India Act (1) Introduced provincial autonomy,

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