Lesson 3

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, student

should be able to:
a. Identify the different ways to

know the concentration of a solution
OBJECTIVES
should be able to:
b. Calculate the mole of fraction of a

solution
OBJECTIVES
should be able to:
c. Recognize the importance of

knowing the concentration of a
solution
•CONCENTRATION expressions are
often based on the number of
moles of one or more components
of a solution
WHAT DO YOU
THINK ARE THE
WAYS ON HOW
TO KNOW THE
CONCENTRATION
OF A SOLUTION?
THERE ARE SEVERAL WAYS ON
HOW TO DETERMINE THE
CONCENTRATION OF A
SOLUTION.
Do the ratio of
moles affects
the
concentration of
a solution?How?
•MOLE FRACTION
•it is a way to describe solution composition
•it is also known as the ratio of the number
of moles one component of a mixture to
the total number of moles of all
components
•What is the mole fraction
of the solution?
•What is the mole fraction of solute
in a 70% by mass isopropyl alcohol
(C3H8O) solution of water?
•What is the mole fraction of solute in a 70% by
mass isopropyl alcohol (C3H8O) solution of
water?
•Given:
•70% by mass isopropyl solution
•C=12.01 g/mol X 3= 36.03 g/mol
•H= 1.01 g/mol X 8= 8.08 g/mol
•O= 16.0 g/mol X 1= 16 g/mol
Mm= 60.11 g/mol
•What is the mole fraction of solute in a 70%
by mass isopropyl solution of water.
•Given:
•30% by mass of water
•H= 1.01 g/mol X 2= 2.02 g/mol
•O= 16.0 g/mol X 1= 16 g/mol
Mm= 18.02 g/mol
•STEP 1
•in converting concentration units based on
the mass or moles of the solute and
solvent or mass percentage, it is useful to
assume a certain mass of solution
•assume there is exactly 100 grams of
solution.
•STEP 1
•The solution is 70 % isopropyl alcohol,
it contains 70 grams of isoprophyl
alcohol and 30 grams of water
•STEP 2
•Change the masses of the
components, isopropyl alcohol and
water, to number of moles
•moleisopropyl alcohol= 70g/(60.11 g/mol)
•moleisopropyl alcohol=1.16 mol
•STEP 2
•Change the masses of the
components, isopropyl alcohol and
water, to number of moles
•molewater=30g/(18.02 g/mol)
•molewater=1.66 mol
•STEP 3
•Substitute the values obtained in the
formula and solve for the mole
fraction of the solute isopropyl alcohol
and the solvent water
•STEP 3
• (X) mole fractionisopropyl alcohol= moleisoprophyl alcohol
moleisoprophyl alcohol +
molewater
•Xisopropyl alcohol= 1.16 mole

1.16 mole+ 1.66 mole
•Xisopropyl alcohol=0.41
•STEP 3
molewater
•(X) mole fractionwater=
mole isopropyl alcohol +
1.66 mole molewater
•Xwater=
•Xwater= 0.59
•Another way of obtaining the mole
fraction of water is to simply subtract
the mole fraction of isopropyl from
1.00 to obtain that of H2O. This is
possible since there are only two
components in the solution
LET'S GIVE
IT
A TRY
•Calculate the mole fraction of
solute in an aqeous solution
containing 3.0 grams of urea,
(NH2)2CO in 250 g of water.
•moleurea=3.0g/(60.07 g/mol)
•moleurea=0.05 mole
•molewater=250.0g/(18.02 g/mol)
•molewater=13.87 mole
moleurea
•(X) mole fractionurea=
moleurea+ molewater
0.05 mole
•Xurea=
0.05 mole+ 13.87 mole
•Xurea= 0.004
molewater
•(X) mole fractionwater=
moleurea + molewater
13.87 mole
•Xwater=
0.05 mole+ 13.87 mole
•Xwater= 0.996
•What do you think is the
importance of knowing the
mole fraction of a solution?
ACTIVITY
TIME
•A tank is charged with a mixture
of 1000 mole of oxygen and 4500
mole of Helium. Calculate the
mole fraction of each gas in the
mixture.
in a 40% by mass ethanol (C2H6O)
solution of water.
•A tank is charged with a mixture
of 1000 mole of oxygen and 4500
mole of Helium. Calculate the
mole fraction of each gas in the
mixture.
moleoxygen
•(x) mole fractionoxygen=
moleoxygen+ moleHelium
1.0 X 10³ mole
•xoxygen=
1.0 X 10³ mole + 4.5 10³ mole
•xoxygen= 0.18
moleHelium
•(x) mole fractionHelium=
moleoxygen+ moleHelium
4.5 X 10³ mole
•xHelium=
1.0 X 10³ mole + 4.5 10³ mole
•xHelium= 0.82
in a 40% by mass ethanol (C2H6O)
solution of water.
•Given:
•40% by mass ethanol solution
•C=12.01 g/mol X 2= 24.02 g/mol
•H= 1.01 g/mol X 6= 6.06 g/mol
•O= 16.0 g/mol X 1= 16 g/mol
Mm= 46.08 g/mol
•Given:
•60% by mass of water
•H= 1.01 g/mol X 2= 2.02 g/mol
•O= 16.0 g/mol X 1= 16 g/mol
Mm= 18.02 g/mol
•moleethanol= 40g/(46.08 g/mol)
•moleethanol=0.87 mol
•moleWater= 60g/(18.02 g/mol)

•moleWater=3.33 mol
moleethanol
• (x) mole fractionethanol=
moleethanol + molewater
•xethanol= 0.87 mole

•xethanol=0.21
molewater
•(x) mole fractionwater=
moleethanol +
3.33 mole molewater
•xwater=
•xwater= 0.79
What is
Molality?
•MOLALITY (m)
•ratio of the number of moles of solute per
kilogram of solvent
•the number of moles of solute is divided by
the volume of the solution
•MOLALITY (m)
moles of solute
•m= kilograms of solvent
nsolute
•m= msolvent
•m= mol/kg
•What is the molality of a solution
containing 0.75 moles of sodium
hydroxide in 500 ml of water at 25⁰C?
The density of water at 25⁰C is 1.0 grams
per milliliter.
•Given:
•dwater= 1.0 g/ml
•Vwater=500 ml
•Molar mass= Mmwater= 18.02 g/mol
•nNaOH=0.75 mol
•STEP 1
•Determine the mass of water using
the density formula. Also convert the
mass in grams to kilograms
•STEP 1
•Determine the mass of water using the density
formula. Also convert the mass in grams to
kilograms
•d=m/V
•m= dwater X Vwater
•m= 1.0 g/ml X 500 ml
•m= 500 g X 1kg/1000g
•m= 0.50 kg
•STEP 2
•Substitute the given data in the
formula to solve the molality
•m= moles of solute/ kilogram of solvent
•MOLALITY (m)
moles of solute
0.75 moles of NAOH
•m= 0.50 kg solvent
•m= 1.5 molal or 1.5 mol/kg

LET'S GIVE
IT
A TRY
•What is the molality of a solution
containing 75.5 grams sucrose in
400.0 grams water?
•Convert the mass of solute (sucrose)
to the number of moles
msucrose
•n=
MMsucrose
75.5 g
•n= = 0.22 mole
342.0 g/mol
•Change the mass of the solvent from
grams to kilograms
•msolvent=400 g X 1kg/ 1000g = 0.40 kg

•Solve for the molality
moles of solute
0.22 moles of sucrose

ACTIVITY
TIME
•Calculate the molality of 25.0 g of
KBr dissolved in 750.0 ml pure
water
mKBr
•n= MMKBr
25 g
•n= 118.91 g/mol
= 0.21 mole
•Solve for the molality
0.21 mole
•m= 750ml X 1g/ml X 1kg/1000g
0.21 mol

What is
molarity?
•MOLARITY
liter of solution which is mathematically
expressed as:
•MOLARITY
liter of solution which is mathematically
expressed as:
number of moles solute
•MOLARITY=
liters of solution
•Calculate the molarity of
1.02 moles NaOH in 100 ml
solution
•Calculate the molarity of 1.02
moles NaOH in 100 ml solution
number of moles solute
•M= liters of solution
1.02 moles 1000 ml 10.2 moles

•M= 100 ml X 1L = L
What is
percent by
mass?
What is
percent by
mass and
percent by
volume?
•PERCENT BY MASS
•this expresses the mass of solute per 100
g of solution
•mass of solution is equal to the mass of
solute plus the mass of solvent
•expressed as:
•% by mass solute= mass of solute X 100

mass of solution
•PERCENT BY MASS
•this expresses the mass of solute per 100
g of solution
•mass of solution is equal to the mass of
solute plus the mass of solvent
•expressed as:
•Mass Solution= mass solute + mass of solvent

•If the solution involves solute
and solvent that are both liquids,
then percent of volume is used
instead of mass
•PERCENT BY VOLUME
volume of solute
•% by volume solute=volume of solutionX 100
•Volume of solution= Vsolute + Vsolvent

What is parts
per millions?
•PARTS PER MILLIONS
mass of solute
parts per million=mass of solution X 1,000,000
SAMPLE
PROBLEMS
1.What is the % by mass and
ppm of 30g of NaCl and 105 g
of water?
2. What is the concentration in
ppm of a solution that is
0.000077% by mass solute?
3. What is the percent by mass
of solute if there are 45.0
grams of HCl in 200.0 grams
solution?
4. What mass of NaCl is
needed to prepare 30.0 % by
mass of 500.0 g solution of
NaCl?
5. How many grams of water is
needed to prepare 2.5 % by
mass of 367 g of sugar
solution?

Lesson 3

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OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, student

a. Identify the different ways to

b. Calculate the mole of fraction of a

c. Recognize the importance of

•Xisopropyl alcohol= 1.16 mole

•moleWater= 60g/(18.02 g/mol)

•xethanol= 0.87 mole

•m= 1.5 molal or 1.5 mol/kg

•msolvent=400 g X 1kg/ 1000g = 0.40 kg

•m= 0.55 molal or 0.55 mol/kg

•m= 0.28 molal or 0.28 mol/kg

1.02 moles 1000 ml 10.2 moles

•% by mass solute= mass of solute X 100

•Mass Solution= mass solute + mass of solvent

•Volume of solution= Vsolute + Vsolvent

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