Chapter 3 Installetion
Chapter 3 Installetion
Chapter 3 Installetion
CHAPTER 3
3. Electrical Installation Design
3.1. Terminology and definitions:
Ampacity: current carrying capacity of electric conductors expressed in amperes.
Appliance: utilization equipment.
Branch circuit: the circuit conductor between the final over current device protecting the
circuit and the outlet (s).
Demand factor: the ratio of the maximum demand of a system, or part of a system, to
the total connected load of a system or the part of the system under consideration.
Feeder: all circuit conductors between the service equipment, or the generator
switchboard of an isolated plant, and the final branch circuit over current device.
Ground: a conductor connection, whether intentional or accidental, between an electric
circuit or equipment and the earth, or to some conducting body that serves in place of the
earth.
Lighting outlet: an outlet intended for direct connection of a lamp holder, a light fixture,
or a pendant cord terminating in a lamp holder.
Outlet: a point on the wiring system at which current is taken to the utilization
equipment
Receptacle: a contact device installed at the outlet for the connection of a single
attachment plug.
Service: the conductor and equipment for delivering energy from electric supply system
to the wiring system of the premises served.
Switch board: a large panel, frame or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the
face or back or both, switches, over current and other protective devices, buses, any
usual instruments.
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(e) Determine the location and estimate the size of all required electric equipment
spaces including switchboard rooms, emergency equipment spaces, electric closets,
and so forth.
NOTE: - Panel boards are normally located in closets but may be located in
corridor walls or elsewhere. This work is necessary at this point to enable the
architect to reserve these spaces for the electrical equipment. Once the design is
accomplished in detail, the estimated space requirements can be checked and
necessary adjustments made.
(f) Design the lighting for the facility. This step is complex and involves a continued
interaction between the architect and the lighting designer.
(g) On the same plan, or on a separate plan, as decided, locate all electrical
apparatus including receptacles, switches, motors, and other power consuming
apparatus. Under floor duct and ceiling track systems would be shown at this stage.
If extensive, a separate plan is made.
(h) On the plan, locate signal apparatus such as phone outlets, speakers,
microphones, TV outlets, fire and smoke detectors, and so on.
(i) Make drawing showing all lightings, devices, and power equipments circuit
connection to the appropriate panel board.
(j) Prepare the panel schedule (table). This table shows the load distribution over the
three phases and the type of load which is connected on each circuit. At this step,
include the separate circuitry for emergency equipments and for spare circuit.
(k) From the panel schedule (table) compute panel loads and make connection
rearrangement so that you will be able to an optimum power balance over the three
phases R, S and T.
(l) Prepare the riser diagram. This includes design of distribution panels,
switchboards and service equipment.
(m) Compute feeder sizes and all protective equipment ratings.
(n) Cheek the preceding work.
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(h) In bedrooms supply two duplex outlets at each side of the bed location to accommodate
electric blanket, clocks, radios, lamps, and other such appliances.
(i) Since receptacles are counted as part of general lighting and no additional load is
included for them, no limit is placed on the number of receptacle outlets that may be wired
to a circuit. But for good practice they should be limited to 6 on a 15-amp circuit and 8 on
a 20-amp circuit.
(j) Kitchens should have a duplex appliance outlet every 36 in. of counter space, but no
less than two in addition to the normal wall outlets.
(k) A disconnecting means, readily accessible, must be provided for electric ranges, cook
tops, and ovens. It is better practice to utilize a small kitchen panel recessed into a corner
wall to control the large kitchen appliances and to provide completely safe, accessible
disconnecting means. Such an arrangement can also be cheaper if the length of run
between the main panel and the kitchen is appreciable.
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greater. In larger office spaces, provide one outlet every 100 to 125 sqft
beyond the initial 400 sqft (10 outlets). These should comprise wall outlets
spaced as above plus floor outlets sufficient to make up the required total. In
view of the increasingly heavy loads of office machines, these receptacles
should be circuited at no more than 6 to a 20-amp branch circuit, and less if
the equipment to be fed so dictates.
ii. Corridors should have a 20-amp, 220-v outlet every 50 ft, to supply cleaning
and waxing machines.
iii. As with all non-residential buildings, convenience receptacles are figured at
180 w each.
(c) Stores. In stores, good practice requires at least one convenience outlet receptacle for
every 300 sqft in addition to outlets required for loads such as lamps, show
windows, and demonstration appliances.
► Load Tabulation
While circuiting the loads, a panel schedule is drawn up which lists:
The circuit numbers
Load description (the type of the load)
Wattage (actually in volt-amperes)
The current ratings
Number of poles of the circuit-protective device feeding each circuit
and the like.
Spare circuits are included to the extent that the designer considers them necessary
and consonant with economy, but normally no less than 20% of the number of active
circuits. Finally, spaces are left for future circuit breakers, in approximately the same
quantity as the number of spare circuits, but always to round off the total number of
circuits. A typical panel schedule is shown on the next page as an example.
In calculating panel loads, the following rules apply:
(a) Each specific appliance, device, lighting fixture, or other load is taken at its
nameplate rating, except certain kitchen and laundry appliances for which the NEC
allows a demand factor. (See NEC Article 220.)
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(b) Each convenience outlet, in other than residential spaces, is counted as1.5 amp
(180 W).
(c) Spare circuits are figured at approximately the same load as the average active
circuits. (d) Free spaces are not added into the load.
(e) Loads for special areas and devices such as show window lighting, heavy-duty
lamp holders, and multi outlet assemblies, are taken at the figures given in NEC
Article 220.
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(Example)
Note: 1) In calculating total panel load, no demand factors may be applied except
specifically stated in the NEC. This is because feeders are calculated for
maximum load to be carried, i.e. 100% demand factor is used.
2) The phase loads have to be approximately equally distributed over the three
phases (if a three-phase supply is utilized in an installation). It is the
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responsibility of the designer (or contractor) to circuit the loads so that the
phases are as closely balanced in load as possible. If this is not done, one
phase will carry considerably more current than the others. Since the panel
feeder must be sized for the maximum phase current, this may lead to an over
sized feeder and therefore a waste of money.
Having tabulated and balanced the loads and totaled them by phase, the maximum current
is calculated. A portion of the spare capacity available in branch circuit is added to the
above total, as the basis for the calculation of the feeder load.
► Feeder Capacity
The electric line (cable) that is running from the main distribution line to each sub
distribution board is known as Feeder. To achieve economy, the panel feeder must
accommodate the initial load plus some portion of the future load. One or more of the
following procedures provides spare capacity in feeders:
(a) Provide feeder for initial plus spare, with properly sized conduit. This method is
generally most economical.
(b) Provide feeder for initial plus spare, with conduit oversized by one size. Some
additional cost is entailed here. This is only used where large load expansion is
anticipated.
(c) Provide for initial load plus spare, with an empty conduit for future. This method is
expensive because of high conduit cost, and it is infrequently advisable.
Example:
Assume a single floor of an office building 100 ft X 200 ft. Assume also 15% of the
area is corridor and storage. Calculate the required number of panels, circuits, and
feeder size.
- Solution
Office space = 85% of 20,000 sqft
= 17,000 sqft
Corridor and storage
=15% of 20,000 sqft
=3000 sqft
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With respect to minimum loads, NEC specifies that the power supply can be increased by
25% if loads are continuous (3 or more hours). This requirement allows for breakers to
heat up in panels while carrying continuous load, and is waived for circuit breaker which
are ambient compensated, that is, are rated to carry 100% load. Since we have established
80% of the breaker rating as maximum load, we have already accounted for this factor in
circuitry, but must keep it in mind in feeder calculation.
Office load
17,000 sqft @ 5 w/sqft = 85kw
Storage
3000 sqft @ 0.5 w/sqft = 1.5kw
Total Load = 86.5kw
- Minimum feeder capacity 1.25 X 86.5 = 108kw. The 25% additional capacity is for
continuous load.
Since this building is of good grade office construction, let us anticipate 40 to 80%
expansion, and utilize an initial branch circuit loading of 1300 W per ckt, Assuming
that each lightening branch circuit is 1300 W rated.
- Number of branch circuit for lightening will be = 86.5 *1000 = 66.54 ~ 67 ckt.
1300
Because of the size of the building, three panels are required to keep branch circuits
below 100 ft in length. Also we need to have additional circuits that are provided for
receptacles and spares.
Receptacles:
For the first 400 sqft 10 receptacles, and for the next 16,600ft2, taking 1 receptacle
per 110sqft, there will be 151 receptacles. This will give a total of 161 receptacles
in the building. If each branch circuit carries 20A, supplying for 6 receptacles,
No. of receptacle circuits will be = 161 = 27 ckts
6
The total no of circuits for lighting plus receptacles is 67 + 27 = 94 ckts
Spares is = 20% of total circuits
94*20% = 94*0.2 = 18.8 ~ 19
Total of 113 ckts.
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Each panel would then have 113/3 or 38 circuits plus 4 free spaces, for a maximum
of 42 poles. Thus, with initially three panel locations we proceed to circuit the
lighting and receptacles according to the actual tenant requirements.
Note: In calculating the panel load for feeder sizing, the actual load as determined by
adding the lighting and other loads on the panel. This load is compared to the load by
square foot calculation. And the larger figure is used in determining the required
panel feeder size.
Thus in the above case, the actual load would be compared to 108 kW and the larger
used. If the actual number of circuits is less than 67, then 67 ckt must be provided;
but if greater, the actual number required must be used. In either case, 20% spare
should be used.
Assuming even distribution of load, and actual load greater than the minimum 67 ckt,
panel load would be 38 ckts each rated @ 1300 W = 49.5 KW, and if 25% future
expansion is anticipated that is 12.5 KW (note: it is for this power that the four free
spaces are left). So feeder load would become 62 KW
The feeder current is calculated in terms of the panel 3-phase kva thus:
I = Kilo Volt Ampere
√3 *Power Factor *Mains Voltage * Efficiency
Or
I= Kilo Watt
√3 *Mains Voltage * Efficiency
► Riser Diagrams
When all devices are circuited and panels are located and scheduled, we are ready to
prepare a riser diagram. A typical diagram, shown in Figure below, represents a block
version of a single-line diagram, as the name implies, vertical relationships are shown. All
panels, feeders, switches, switchboards, and major components are shown up to, but not
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The main switchboard shown in the above figure constitutes a combination of service
equipment and feeder switchboard. The service equipment portion of the board comprises
the metering and the 4 main switches feeding risers, motor control center (MCC), roof,
machine room, and elevators
*NEC: - National Electrification Code.
*EBCS: - Ethiopian Building Code Standard.
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Ambient temperature Ca
The cable rating in the IEE regulations are on an ambient temperature of 300C, and
hence it is only above this temperature that an adverse correction improvement is needed.
Grouping Cg
When cables are grouped together they impart heat to each other. Therefore the more cables
there are the more heat they will generate, thus increasing the temperature of each cable.
IEE regulation also gives factors for such groupings of the same cable sizes.
Protection by BS 3036 fuse Cf
Because of the high fusing factor of BS 3036 fuses, the rating of the fuse In, should be less
than or equal to 0.725Iz Hence 0.725 is the correction factor to be used when BS 3036 fuses
are used.
Thermal Insulation Ci
With the modern trend, towards energy saving and the installation of thermal insulation,
there may be a need to derate cables to account for heat retention. IEE Regulation gives
these factors for situations when thermal insulation touches one side of a cable. However, if
a cable is totally surrounded by thermal insulation for more than 0.5 m, a factor of 0.5 must
be applied to the tabulated clipped direct ratings. For less than 0.5 m, derating factors
Table __ should be applied. Refer to the table on pages __.
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Resistivity is defined as the resistance between two opposite faces of a unit cube of
the conductor material. Many voltage-drop problems involve the determination of
resistance by this means and then multiplying by the current to obtain the IR drop. The
weakness of this method, as against that adopted by use of the I.E.E. Tables, is that the
Tables are much more realistic since they take into account the actual type of cable and
conditions of service.
● Diversity Factor
The diversity factor has an important place in the design of an installation and its final
costing. IEE regulation 311-01 deals with this subject. Diversity factor is a factor which is
applied to sub main and main cables and their associated gears to reduce:
a) the cross sectional area if the cable conductor, and
b) the capacity of the switch gears.
The factor is based on the assumption that the whole of the connected load will not be
turned on at the same time. For example, the total lighting load in a dwelling house is
rarely switched on at a time. Thus, it can be taken that if the total lighting load is 1000W
during the life of the installation, only 66% of the load (660W) will be switched on at any
one time. The factor in this instance is 0.66. A factor for diversity shall not be allowed for
calculating the size of circuit conductor and switchgears of final sub circuits, other than
specified circuits such as cooker circuits. It is noted that the provision of an allowance for
diversity is a matter of calling for a special knowledge and experience. Indeed, the
application of the diversity should be decided by the engineer responsible for designing
each particular installation. The amount by which they are increased or decreased for each
installation is a matter for the installation engineer to decide.
There are ten types of final circuit fed from wiring to which diversity applies:
lighting
heating
cooking appliances which are permanently connected
motors (other than lifting motors)
instantaneous-type water heater
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In the case of lighting for each type of installation, it will be noticed that the more the total
lighting load is likely to switched on over definite periods, the smaller is the allowance
made for diversity. In a domestic installation, it is estimated that some two- thirds (0.66) of
the lighting load will be on at any one time. In a hotel, the figure is 75% (0.75), and in a
shop, where virtually all the lights are on for most of the time when the shop is open, the
figure is 90% (0.90). It should be noted that no diversity is allowable in the relevant wiring
supplying certain types of load.
Example 1
From EBCS-10. Table B.1, select cables of suitable current-carrying capacity for the
following loads and conditions (p.v.c. cables to BS 6004 into screwed conduit).
(a) 240 V single-phase sub-mains of lighting load totaling 10.5 kW.
Length of run 10 m. Average ambient temperature 250C, diversity 66%
(b) 400 V balanced 3-phase power circuit. Load 18.65 kW, efficiency, 80%, power
factor 0.69. Average temperature 30'C. Length of runs 100 m.
Solution
(a)
Current taken by load = Power
Voltage
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If BS 3036 fuse is chosen for protection, this fuse type requires a correction factor
of 0.725.
→ In = 32 Amp
Therefore the load current will be :
→ Iz= In/CF CF- Correction Factors.
Ca = 1.06, Cf= 0.725
Required cable rating Iz = 32 Amp
1.06 * 0.725
= 41.64 Amp.
From Table B.1, a 10mm2 conductor carries 57 A. Take 10mm2 diameter
conductor.
Testing for Voltage drop = (mV/Am) * I* l
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→ From table B.2 voltage drop for 6mm2 conductor size = 7.3mv/Am
→ Voltage drop on cable = 4.4 mv/Am * 28.8 A * 10 m = 1.27 V
→ Maximum allowable voltage drop = 2.5% of 240 V = 6V.
Since the actual voltage drop is less than from the allowable maximum
voltage drop, selected size is 10 mm2.
Comment: you can easily observe that the conductor size deference in using Circuit
breaker and fuses.
Solution of (b)
Efficiency =Output
Input
= kW * 1000
√3VI cosφ
80 = 18.65 * 1000
100 √3 * 400 * I * 0.69
I = 18.65 * 1 000 * 100 = 48.77 A.
√3 * 400 * 80 * 0.69
From table 9.1, 50 A circuit-breaker of type BS 3871 can used for protection.
→ In = 50 Amp
Load current will be :
→ Iz= In/CF CF- Correction Factors.
CF = 1 because Ca = 1.
→ Iz= 50 A
Choose 16 mm2 cable which is capable of carrying 52 A.
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Comment. This is one of the situations where the voltage drop becomes the main
determining Factor of the conductor size.
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Comment. The example exhibits once again the considerable economic savings which can
be gained by fitting an m.c.b. or correct cartridge fuse in place of the rewirable
type.
Example 3
A load of 300 kW at 0.78 power-factor is to be supplied at 415 V,3-phase, through a 3-core
copper cable 260 m long. The cross-sectionalarea of each cable core is 400 mm2.
Calculate the voltage drop in the cable. Ignore voltage drop due toreactance. (Resistivity
of copper may be taken as 0.017 μΩ-m).
By transposition I= P_____
√3VI cos φ
= _ 300 W * 1000 = 535.2 A
√3* 415V * 0.78
Resistance per core, R = ρl/A = 0.017Ω-m * 260 m * 10-6= 0.01105Ω
10-6 * 400 m2
Therefore Voltage drop in the cable = √3*I* R
= √3 * 535.2 * 0.01105 = 10.24 V
Comments. The important point to note is the voltage drop in a 3-core cable, when carrying
the current in to a balanced 3-phase load, is given by √3*I* R. The cable conductors are
presumed to act as a pure resistance without any reactive effects.
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