ASIA PACIFIC COLLEGE OF ADVANCED STUDIES

COLLEGE DEPARTMENT

– Earthquake Engineering
2nd Semester AY 2020-2021

RESOURCE UNIT

FACULTY-IN-CHARGE : JOSHUA JOHN L. JULIO

COURSE CODE AND TITLE : Elective 1 (Earthquake Engineering)
PROGRAM / YEAR / SCHEDULE: Elective 1 (9:00 AM – 12:00 PM, 3:00 PM – 5:00 PM)

WEEK 1 (Februrary 1 – 6): Earthquakes and Urbanization and Elements of Seismology

I. LEARNING OUTCOMES

Discuss the importance of Statistics in the society

II. TOPIC/S

Introduction

III. ACTIVITIES
A. Join real-time Virtual Class (Via Google Meet or watch recorded Meetings.
B. Familiarize self with course procedures, guidelines, requirements.
C. Read detailed lecture of the topic
D. Accomplish Weekly Output 1 (WO 1)
PART 1: REAL-TIME LIVE SESSION
L - Lesson Presentation (90 mins)

A - Activity

W - Weekly Output
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Prepare a BOND PAPER and any pen.

2. Write your name with the format (SURNAME, FIRST NAME M.I.) at the upper left of your
bind paper and the DATE you finished your work.
3. Provide 1-inch margin on all sides of bond paper.
4. Use ENGINEERING LETTERING
5. Scan your work on a printer scanner or you can use camscanner app on android phones
and convert it to a PDF format.
6. Submit your file on Google Classroom. Attached your file as a comment on the post
regarding the weekly output.
7. The date of submission of your Weekly output shall be 2 weeks from the date the weekly
output was given. (Ex: I gave your W.O. on Feb. 1, then the deadline will be on Feb. 15).
8. Save your file with the format (COURSE CODE, SURNAME, FIRST NAME INITIALS - WO NO).
Ex: The subject is Highway and Railroad Engineering, thus your format must be like this
(CE PROF 4, JULIO J. – WO 01)
I. Solve the following problems:

*REAL-TIME LIVE SESSION – Video recording must be uploaded/posted to Google Classroom

PART 2: SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING (90mins)

L - Lecture Reading

LESSON 1: EARTHQUAKES AND URBANIZATION

INTRODUCTION

Earthquakes have been an integral component of the geologic evolution of planet earth. Since the dawn of history,
mankind has been continually reminded of their ruinous power, usually without warning. Although the first attempt to
fully document a seismic event and its effects probably occurred in 1755 following the great earthquake in Lisbon,
Portugal, scientific earthquake research is mainly a product of the 20th century. Because of the complex nature of
earthquake effects, current investigations encompass many disciplines, including those of both the physical and social
sciences. Research activities center on such diversified topics as earthquake mechanics, earthquake prediction and
control, the prompt and accurate detection of tsunamis (seismic sea waves), earthquake-resistant construction, seismic
building code improvements, land use zoning, earthquake risk and hazard perception, disaster preparedness, plus the
study of the concerns and fears of people who have experienced the effects of an earthquake.

Data from these investigations help to form an integrated picture of a most complex field of study termed urban
seismology. This chapter attempts to amalgamate recent research input comprising the vivifying components or urban
seismology at a level useful to those having an interest in the earthquake and its effects upon an urban environment.
However, because some of those interested in the earthquake-urban problem may not have a strong background in the
physical sciences, the succeeding chapters will be devoted to an examination of major earthquake parameters.

SEVERITY OF THE PROBLEM

There are several dreaded characteristics of an earthquake. Unlike other rapidly occurring natural hazards, earthquakes
usually strike without warning or regard to time of day or season of the year and are characterized by numerous direct
effects that is, ground shaking and permanent crustal movements and induced effects, such as landslides, avalanches,
ground subsidence, liquefaction, ground fissuring, tsunamis, seiches, and fire. Earthquakes can kill, injure, and cause
property damage thousands of kilometers from their point of origin. Earthquakes are often perceived, although
incorrectly, as a force capable of destroying the very foundation of the planet, which helps to explain the feeling of fear
and helplessness that transgresses all elements of society.

The 1991 Luzon earthquake is atypical in the respect that it did not result in the unusually high death count that can
result from seismic events.

Other areas have not been as fortunate as Luzon. Recorded history has repeatedly been witness to the devastation of
cities and the killing of millions. As a conservative estimate, the death count for all seismic events most probably exceeds
5,000,000 and injuries would be in the tens of millions. China has lost more than 2,100,000 of its citizens; Japan more
than 500,000; Italy more than 370,000; and India more than 350,000.

Table 1 lists major earthquakes and death counts from 526 through 2003. The largest loss of life was associated with the
Shaanxi, China (now People’s Republic of China) earthquake of 1556, in which approximately 830,000 lives were lost.
This count compares to some 600,000 American deaths incurred in all wars and rank as the third worst natural disaster
in the history of humanity. It is preceded only by the 1931 Yellow River, China flood (3,700,00 deaths) and the 1970
Ganges Delta and Bangladesh cyclonic storm (more than 1,000,000 deaths). The second most disastrous earthquake also
occurred in the People’s Republic of China. The July 27, 1976 Hopei Province events reportedly killed approximately
655,000 people and injured more than 700,000. The third most catastrophic seismic event was the 1737 Calcutta, India
earthquake that killed more than 300,000 people. Several earthquakes have been responsible for 100,000 or more
deaths.

The Philippines has been very fortunate in terms of lives lost as compared to other countries with an earthquake hazard.
Our worst seismic disaster was the 1991 Luzon earthquake through which at least 1,600 lives were lost. The death count
for all destructive Philippine earthquake hazard with property damage totaling about 509 billion pesos. It is probable,
however, that out worst seismic disasters are ahead of us.

*REAL-TIME LIVE SESSION – Video recording must be uploaded/posted to Google Classroom

In certain years, the greatest loss of life from natural hazards is attributable to the earthquake. However, on the average,
approximately 10,000 lives are lost each year to this hazard. For the period from 1974 to 1999, earthquake casualties
ranked third behind flood and hurricane deaths. Approximately 56,000 people were killed by earthquakes during this 20-
year period.

TABLE 1: RECORDED INTERNATIONAL MAJOR EARTHQUAKES

*REAL-TIME LIVE SESSION – Video recording must be uploaded/posted to Google Classroom

*REAL-TIME LIVE SESSION – Video recording must be uploaded/posted to Google Classroom
*REAL-TIME LIVE SESSION – Video recording must be uploaded/posted to Google Classroom
The urban development of the Philippines is a very recent phenomenon when compared to other countries, which have
seismic risks; this helps explain why so many countries have a long history of great loss of life caused by devastating
earthquakes. Countless cities in these countries have occupied unsafe sites for centuries, and periodically they have
been partially or totally. For example, Managua, Nicaragua was hit by destructive earthquakes in 1844, 1858, 1881,
1898, 1913, 1918, 1928, 1931, 1968, and 1972. The site of the city has never been abandoned, and after each quake, a
great number of seismically unsafe structures rise from the ruins to await a similar fate sometimes in the future.

The situation in the Philippines, as well as in other countries, is rapidly changing, as the earth becomes an overpopulated
and urban planet. As these urban areas rapidly expand, a greater percentage of the world’s population encroaches upon
active seismic zone, and earthquakes are becoming one of the most awesome geologic hazards to life and property.

LESSON 2: ELEMENTS OF SEISMOLOGY

The word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event—whether a natural phenomenon or an event caused by
humans—that generates seismic waves.

Earthquake – is a series of elastic wave in the earth’s crust caused by sudden relaxation of strains accumulated by
along geologic faults and volcanic actions and resulting in movements of the earth’s surface. It consists of ground
vibration principally the horizontal and vertical vibration, although the ground motion is in any considerable direction.
The acceleration, which goes with the vibration, is the one that induces the earthquake force.

Earthquake – a vibratory shaking of the ground caused by some sudden disturbance of natural origin within the
earth. The vibrations are elastic waves traveling at high speed through the earth.

An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's
crust that creates seismic waves.

An earthquake originates at a considerable depth below the surface of the earth at a point on the fault plane where
the stress that produces the slippage is a maximum. This point is called the focus or hypocenter. While the point on the
earth’s surface directly above it is called the epicenter.

Faults – fracture on the earth’s crust or breaks in rocks along which there is displacement of rocks on one side
relative to the other.

Focus/ hypocenter – the point on a fault at which the first movement or break occurs during an earthquake.

Seismology -The study of causes, propagation and affects of the movements of the earth’s crust that result from an
earthquake is known as seismology.

A. Types of Earthquakes

REFERENCES
Ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in. 2020. Course: Elementary Statistics and Computer Application. [Online] Available
at: <http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/course/view.php?id=160> [Accessed August 2020].
Broto, A., 2006. Statistics Made Simple. 2nd ed. Mandaluyong City: National Book Store.
*REAL-TIME LIVE SESSION – Video recording must be uploaded/posted to Google Classroom
A - Activity

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Prepare a clean sheet of paper and a pen so you can start doing your activity
2. Write your name with the format (SURNAME, FIRST NAME M.I.) and the DATE you finished
your work.
3. Take a picture of your work. Insert the photo in MS Word or WPS Word or any app that
creates .doc file.
4. Save your file with the format (COURSE CODE, SURNAME - ACT NO).
Ex: The subject is Highway and Railroad Engineering, thus your format must be like this
(CE PROF 4, DELA CRUZ E. – ACT 01)
5. You can submit your activity along with your weekly output. However, if you can pass your
work at the end of Google classroom time your highest grade possible shall be 100%. And if
you pass your activity with your weekly output, your highest grade possible shall be 95%.

Solve the following problems:

1. What is the sample size of each of the following given population size with the corresponding margins
of error?
a) N = 500; e= 5%
b) N = 20,000; e = 10%
c) N = 3,600; e = 7%
d) N = 10, 200; e = 8%
e) N = 100,000; e = 5%
ESSAY: Minimum 30 words.
1. Discuss the importance of Statistics in Accounting and Auditing.

Weekly Submission GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Prepare a BOND PAPER and any pen.
2. Write your name with the format (SURNAME, FIRST NAME M.I.) and the DATE you finished
your work.
3. Provide 1 inch margin on all sides of bond paper
4. Use ENGINEERING LETTERING
5. Take a picture of your work. Insert the photo in MS Word or WPS Word or any app that
creates .doc file.
6. Submit your file on Google Classroom. Attached your file as a comment on the post
regarding the weekly output.
7. The date of submission of your Weekly output shall be 2 weeks from the date the weekly
output was given. (Ex: I gave your W.O. on Aug. 1, then the deadline will be on Aug. 15).
8. Save your file with the format (COURSE CODE, SURNAME - WO NO).
Ex: The subject is Highway and Railroad Engineering, thus your format must be like this
(CE PROF 4, DELA CRUZ E. – WO 01)

I. Solve the following problems:

*REAL-TIME LIVE SESSION – Video recording must be uploaded/posted to Google Classroom

 1. A study was conducted regarding the performance of the Barangay Captains in the province of
Northern Samar. If there are 1.200 Barangay Captains, determine the sample size with 5% margin of
error.
2. A master student is conducting a survey regarding the reaction of the students in the Xavier University
to the 10% tuition increase. If there are 7,000 students and the researches wants to allow a margin of
error of 5%, what is the sample size that should be taken as respondents?
II. Round off the following values to the indicated decimal place values:
1. 578.782 to the nearest whole number
2. 0.943 to the nearest whole number
3. 19,500.456 to two decimal places
4. 56.75123 to three decimal places
5. 67.7569 to three decimal places
6. 19.735 to two decimal places
7. 475.06 to one decimal place
8. 7961.765 to two decimal places
9. 78.655 to two decimal places
10. 501,501.50 to the nearest whole number
III. ESSAY. Minimum 40 words
1. What is the significant role of Statistics in fighting the COVID-19?

*REAL-TIME LIVE SESSION – Video recording must be uploaded/posted to Google Classroom