ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY REPORT

SHEET.

EXPERIMENT NO 3

TITLE PREPARATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF HCl

SOLUTION WITH PRIMARY STANDARD Na₂CO₃
SOLUTION.

NAME 1. FATIN AFIQAH BINTI KHALID

2. MAISARAH SALWA BINTI SULAIMAN
3. NUR IZZAH NADHIRAH BINTI KHAIRUDDIN
4. WAN NURDIANA NATASYA BINTI WAN ABDUL MALIK

STUDENT ID 1. 2020852564
2. 2020848748
3. 2020481914
4. 2020842624

COURSE CHM256

GROUP AS1162C1

DATE OF April 7, 2021

EXPERIMENT

DATE OF 28 April 2021

SUBMISSION

LECTURER’S NAME DR SITI HAJAR BINTI ALIAS

1. OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT.

The objective of this experiment is to learn the technique to prepare an

acid solution from a concentrated HCl and to determine the accurate
concentration of the HCl solution by standardization with standard solution.

2. APPARATUS AND CHEMICAL REAGENTS

Apparatus Chemical reagents

- 250 mL volumetric flask - Na₂CO₃ solution (Exp. 2)
- Retort stand - Concentrated HCl
- White tile - Methyl orange – indicator
- 250 mL conical flask (x3)
- 25 mL pipette
- Burette

3. PROCEDURE

A. Preparation of HCl solution

1. The label on the bottle of the concentrated HCl ( should be located in the
fume hood ) was read.

2. The molarity of the concentrated HCl and the volume needed to prepare
250 mL 0.1 M of dilute HCl solution was calculated from the assay, ( % w/w ,
specific gravity and molecular weight ) of the concentrated HCl acid.

3. Calculated the volume of the concentrated HCl was measured using a

10mL measuring cylinder and transferred it into a 250mL volumetric flask
( which has already contained some distilled water - to dilute concentrated
acid , add acid to water ).
4. The measuring cylinder was rinse and transferred into the volumetric flask.
Acid was diluted into the 250mL of distilled water. The stopper was used to
seal the volumetric flask and mixed well by turning the flask upside - down a
few times in order for solution to be homogenous.

B.Standardization of HCl solution

1. The burette was filled with the prepared diluted HCl and the initial burette
reading was recorded.

2. 25.0mL of the standard Na₂CO₃ that you have prepared in experiment 2

was pipette into 250mL conical flask. 2 to 3 drops of methyl orange were
added as indicator.

3. The Na₂CO₃ was titrate in the conical flask with the HCl from the burette
slowly until the indicator colour changes from yellow to red. Recorded your
reading at the end of the end point of the titration.

4. The steps from 1 until 4 was repeated 2 to 3 times and all the reading was
recorded in the table.

5. The exact molarity of the HCl solution was calculated.

6. The remaining acid solution into a clean reagent bottle was transferred.
4. RESULTS / DATA.

Obtain the following information from the label on the bottle of the
concentrated HCl.

Table 1:

Molecular weight of HCl 36.458 g/mol

Density @ specific gravity 1.19 g/mol

Percent concentration (w/w)% 37% w/w HCl

Table 2: Titration of Na₂CO₃ with HCl

Titration Rough 1 2 3

Final burette 20 29.58 28.68 35.25

reading (mL)

Initial burette 10 14.32 13.32 18.45

reading (mL)

Volume of HCl 10 15.26 15.36 16.80

used (mL)

Average volume of HCl : 15.81 mL

Molarity of Na₂CO₃ ( from experiment 2 ): 0.048M

5. ANALYSIS DATA
Volume of HCl used = Final burette reading – Initial burette reading

Titration 1
Volume of HCl used = 29.58 mL – 14.32 mL
= 15.26 mL
Titration 2
Volume of HCl used = 28.68 mL – 13.32 mL
= 15.36 mL
Titration 3
Volume of HCl used = 35.25 mL – 18.45 mL
= 16.80 mL

Find average volume of HCl

15.26 mL + 15.36 mL + 16.8 mL
Average volume of HCl =
3
47.42 mL
=
3
= 15.81 mL
Find Molarity of Na2SO3
Mass Na₂CO₃ = 1.273 g
Molar mass Na₂CO₃ = 105.989 g/mol
Volume of Na₂CO₃ stock solution = 250.00 mL

1.273 g
No. of mol of Na₂CO₃ =
105.989 g/mol
= 0.012 mol

0.012 mol
Molarity of Na₂CO₃ =
0.250 L
= 0.048 M
6. QUESTIONS

a) Based on the information in table 2 , calculate the molarity of the

concentration HCl solution.
Percentage concentration (w/w)% = 37%
Density = 1.19 g/mL
Molecular weight HCl = 36.458 g/mol
Molarity of the con. HCl :
37 1.19 g/mL 1000 mL
= × ×
100 36.458 g / mol 1L
= 12.077 mol/L

b) What volume of the concentrated HCl is needed to prepare 250 mL

0.1 M HCl solution ?

Concentrated HCL = 12.077 mol/L

Diluted HCL = 0.25L 0.1M
M1V1 = M2V2
12.077 (V1) = 0.1 (0.25)
0.025
V1 =
12.077
V1 = 2.070 x 10−3 L
V1 = 2.07 mL

c) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between HCl and ��₂��₃.

2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

d) Using the data above and the stoichiometric ratio from the equation ,
calculate the exact molarity of the HCl solution.
2HCl (aq) + Na₂CO₃ H2O + CO2 + 2NaCl
2HCl + Na₂CO₃ H2O + CO2 + 2NaCl

Molar mass = ( 2 x 22.99 ( Na ) ) + ( 12.01 ( C ) ) + ( 3 x 16.00 ( O ) ) g/mol

= 105.99 g/mol
1.273 g
Moles of Na₂CO₃ =
105.99 g/mol
= 0.0120 mol

2 mol HCl : 1 mol Na2CO3

Mol HCl = 2 x mol Na2CO3
= 2 x 0.0120 mol
= 0.0240 mol

0.0240 mol 1 mL
Molarity of HCl = ×
Average volume of HCl ( mL ) 0.001 L
0.0240 mol 1 mL
= ×
15.81 mL 0.001 L
= 1.5180 mol / L

1.5180 mol / L
Needed to prepare only 250 ml 0.1 M =
10

= 0.1518 mol / L
7) DISCUSSION
The concentration of the concentrated solution of HCI was known as
12.077 M. This is determined by the assay provided on the container of the
HCI. 10 ml of the stock solution was measured and poured into 250 ml
volumetric flask filled with distilled water to the mark for which it
concentration is known as to be 0.1M. This is solution was standardized with
sodium carbonate. Methyl orange indicator was used an indicator because the
sodium carbonate was converted to sodium bicarbonate which depicts the faint
yellowish color change which help in determining the end point.
Phenolphthalein cannot be used since there would be no color change to
facilitate detection of end point.

It is because methyl orange is a pH indicator frequently used in titration

because of its clear and distinct color variance at different pH values. Methyl
orange shows red color in acidic medium and yellow color in basic medium.
Because it changes color at the pKa of a mid strength acid, it is usually used in
titration for acids. Unlike a universal indicator, methyl orange does not have a
full spectrum of color change, but it has a sharp end point. In a solution
becoming less acidic, methyl orange changes from red to orange and, finally, to
yellow—with the reverse process occurring in a solution of increasing acidity.

The common causes can be assumed for the possible cause of error is
while the solution of Na₂CO₃ was prepared, a little amount of extra water might
have been added into the volumetric flask, this can be one of the reasons. If
these causes could be avoided we could have get a perfect result of the
concentration of Commercial Hydrochloric Acid. Common errors due to the
manipulation of apparatus is the chemicals might be adhered to the inner
surface of the containers and not reacted. Also, the reading taking might not be
very accurate as we were easily read the scale wrongly such as weighting and
burette. The reading takings and calculations were rounded up to the second
decimal place only.
 Not only that, there are also errors due to reactants or products.
Anhydrous sodium carbonate ( Na₂CO₃ ) was a very good primary standard
because it was pure, stable and relatively non-hygroscopic. But there might be
absorption of water in air in the anhydrous sodium carbonate since it took out
from the desiccator for a long time. Therefore, the weight could not be ensure
and not accurate. The calculations would be affected.

Thus, here are some precautions that we need to take in advance while
doing this experiment to prevent or eliminate hazards and errors. First, all the
apparatus of the experiment had to be washed correctly before used. Next,
anhydrous sodium carbonate was transferred to the weighing bottle from
desiccators to prevent the impurities and water vapor from contaminating the
solid. Not only that, when transferring solutions, it must also be checked that
there should not be any air. Next, when taking readings, the bottom of the
meniscus should just touch the line and we should keep our eyes on the same
level as the water level. Lastly, the tip of the burette should be brought closer
to the solution in the conical bubble trapped in the pipette or burette flask, to
prevent excessive slashing of solution all over the sides of the conical flask.

8) CONCLUSION
HCL solution of 37% is standardized against a solution of sodium
carbonate, Na₂CO₃ of known concentration. This is done using the titration
method. Na₂CO₃ solution here is being used as a ‘standard solution’, one whose
concentration is known accurately and is stable. The molarity of Na₂CO₃ is
0.048M.

Roughly, the final burette reading of titration of Na₂CO₃ with HCL is 20. The
initial burette reading and volume of HCl is 10.
5) REFERENCES
1) Keir Selfridge (4 August 2020) . Standardisation of HCl. From the website
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSQZstWz--g&t=30s
2) Experiment 1 - Department of Chemistry (n.d). From the website
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://kimia.um.edu.my
/LabManual/fizikal/expt-1-
manual.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwj1jov9npvwAhVTyDgGHYtOB6sQFjABegQIAxAC&usg=AOv
Vaw2NEIavLd1ioLLJwBHi9mM4
3) Opaku Ernest (25 February 2014). Preparation of Standard Acid Solution.
From the website https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/Ernest13/experiment-on-
the-standardization-of-acid-solution
4) James Norah (29 September 2007). Acid Base Titrations Tutorial. From the
website http://acid-base-titrations.blogspot.com/?m=1
5) Titration to Standardise a Hydrochloric Acid Solution (2020). From the
website https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/titration.html