Nama: Citra Ariza 1911060269 Dwi Rahma Pelita 1911060286 Kelas: Biologi 4D

Nama : Citra Ariza 1911060269
Dwi Rahma Pelita 1911060286
Kelas : Biologi 4D
MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION
OBJECTIVES
After completing this lesson, you will be able to :
1. Define evolution
2. Ask question about evolution
3. Define natural selection
4. Construct a graph based on the data
5. Construct hypotheses from the phenomenon
6. Predict an explanation from the phenomenon
The Onymacris unguicularis beetle lives in the coastal Namib desert

ofsouthwestern Africa, a land where fog is common, but virtually no rain falls. To
obtain the water it needs to survive, the beetle relies on “a pecullar uhead standing"
behavior Tilting head-downward, the beetle faces into the winds that blow fog
across the dunes. Droplets of moisture from the fog collect on the beetle's body and
run down into its mouth.
This headstander beetle shares many features with the more than 350,000
other beetle species on Earth, including six pairs oflegs, a hard outer surface, and
two pairs of wings. But how did there come to be so many variations on the basic
beetle theme? The headstander beetle and its many close relatives illustrate three
key observations about life: the striking ways in which organisms are suited for life
in their environments; the many shared characteristics (unity) of life; and the rich
diversity of life. A century and a half ago, Charles Darwin was inspired to develop
a scientific explanation for these three broad observations. When he published his
hypothesis in
The Origin a Species, Darwin ushered in a scientific revolution-the era of
evolutionary biology.
For now, we will define evolution as descent with modification, a phrase
Darwin used in proposing that Earth's many species are descendants ofancestral
species that were different from the present day species. Evolution can also be
defined more narrowly as a change in the genetic composition of a population from
generation to generation. Whether it is defined broadly or narrowly, we can view
evolution in two related but different ways: as a pattern and as a process. The
pattern of evolutionary change is re· vealed by data from a range of scientific
disciplines, including biology, geology, physics, and chemistry. These data are
factsthey are observations about the natural world. The process of evolution
consists of the mechanisms that produce the observed pattern ofchange. These
mechanisms represent natural causes of the natural phenomena we observe. Indeed,
the power of evolution as a unifying theory is its ability to explain and connect a
vast array of observations about the living world.
EXERCISE A Asking questioning

Based to the text, raise a question about the evolution, next find what the
answer is? Question : What caused evolution?
Answer: Evolution occurs when these inherited differences become more common or
rarer in a population. Evolution is driven by two main mechanisms, namely natural
selection and genetic drift.
NATURAL SELECTION (A Summary)

 Natural selection is a process in which individuals that have certain
heritable characteristics survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other
individuals.
 Over time, natural selection can increase the match between organisms and
their environment
 If an environment changes, or if inviduals move to a new environment,
natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions,
sometimes giving rise to new species in the process
One subtle but important point is although natural selection occurs through
interaction between idividual organisms and their environment, individuals do
not evolve. Rather,in the population that evolves over time.
A second key point is that natural selection can amplify or diminish only
heritable traits-traits that ape passed from organisms to their offspring. Though
an organism may become modified during its lifetime, and these acquired
characteristics may even help the organism in its environment, there is little
evidence that such acquired characteristics can be inherited by offspring.
Third, envirometal factors vary from place and over time, a trait that is
favorable in one place or time may be useless-or even detrimental- in oter
places or times. Natural selection is always opertaig, but which traits are
favored depends on environmental.
EXERCISE B Checking of Understanding

1. How does the concept of descent with modification explain both the unity
and divertsity of life?
Natural selection is a process by which individuals who have certain

inheritable traits survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other
individuals.
2. Describe how over reproduction and heritable variation relate to

evolution by natural selection!
Natural selection is the diversity of the ability to live and think of an

individual due to the diversity of compatibility that the organism has
with the environment. This is the key to evolution, changes that are
passed down from generation to generation. Variation exists in all
populations of organisms. In gene mutations, new alleles are formed
which are the source of variation.
EXERCISE C Constructing a graph

Mosquitoes resistant to the pesticide DDT first appeared in India in 1959, but now
are found throughout the world.
Graph the data in the table below!
Month Percentage of Mosquitoes Resistant* to DDT
0 4%
8 45%
12 77%
*Mosquitoes werw considered resistant if they were not killed within 1 hour of
receiveng a dose of 4% DDT
Source
:C.F. Curtis et.al., Selection for and against insecticide resistance and possible
methods of inhibiting the evolution of resistance in mosquitoes,
Ecological Entomology 3:273-287(1978)
Graph:
Y
12
4% 45%. 77%. X
X : Percentage of Mosquitoes Resistant*to DDT

Y : month
EXERCISE D Constructing hypotheses
Examining the graph, hypothesize why the percentage of mosquitoes resistant to DDT
rose rapidly!the increase in the number of mosquitoes occurs because mosquitoes
are resistant to ddt
EXERCISE E Predicting
Suggest an explanation for the global spread of DDT resistance!
The use of DDT is very dangerous for ecosystems and also human health. Various types
of wildlife and protected species, especially birds and poultry, actually got sick and died
because they also inhaled the smoke from DDT. besides the impact on health, for
example, the cause of various types of cancer.

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Nama : Citra Ariza 1911060269

Dwi Rahma Pelita 1911060286

The Onymacris unguicularis beetle lives in the coastal Namib desert

EXERCISE A Asking questioning

rarer in a population. Evolution is driven by two main mechanisms, namely natural

selection and genetic drift.

NATURAL SELECTION (A Summary)

EXERCISE B Checking of Understanding

Natural selection is a process by which individuals who have certain

2. Describe how over reproduction and heritable variation relate to

Natural selection is the diversity of the ability to live and think of an

EXERCISE C Constructing a graph

X : Percentage of Mosquitoes Resistant*to DDT

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