© Mrs.

Haquet - 2016
 (1 object,
1 wild animal)

(also 2 or more objects)

SUBJECT PRONOMS OBJECT PRONOMS

I me
You you
He him
She her
Verb
It it
(1 object)
We us
You you
They them
(2 or more people,
2 or more objects)

Examples

I love you.
I love him. (a man / a boy)
I love her. (a woman / a girl)
I love it. (one object)
I love them. (2 or more people / objects)
Prepositions + Object Pronoun

Is it for me? (pour moi)

Come with us! (avec nous)
 POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE
ADJECTIVES PRONOUNS

my book(s) mine
your book(s) yours
his book(s) his
her book(s) hers
our book(s) ours
your book(s) yours
their book(s) theirs

Examples

Is it your pen?
Yes, it is my pen. (mon stylo)
Yes, it is mine. (le mien)

Examples

It is Jane’s hat. (le chapeau de Julie)

They are Tom’s shoes. (les chaussures de Tom)
This is the teachers’ room. (la salle des professeurs)
 I am (I‘m)
+ You are (You‘re)
He / She / It is (He’s / She’s / It’s)
We / You / They are (We‘re / You‘re / They‘re)

I am not
- You are not
He / She / It is not
We / You / They are not

Am I …?
? Are you …?
Is he / she / it …?
Are we / you / they …?

> identity I am / I’m Tom.

> age I am / I’m 12 (years old).

He is / He’s 13 (years old).

> nationality I am / I’m French.

He is / He’s English.

> personality I am / I’m very curious.

He is / He’s a little jealous.

> height (hauteur) I am / I’m quite small.

He is / He’s extremely tall.
 I have got I have
You have got You have
+
He / She / It has got He / She / It has
We / You / They have got We / You / They have

I have not got (I haven’t got) I don’t have

You have not got (You haven’t got) You don’t have
-
He / She / It has not got He / She / It doesn’t have
We/You/They have not got We / You / They don’t have

Have I got …? Do I have …?

Have you got …? Do you have …?
?
Has he / she / it got …? Does he / she / it have …?
Have we / you / they got …? Do we / you / they have …?

NOTE: I’ve got / You’ve got / He’s got / We’ve got / They’ve got
I haven’t got / He hasn’t got

> possession:
- family I have (got) 2 brothers.
I haven’t got a sister. (UK)
I don’t have a sister. (US)
- pets She has (got) a dog.
She hasn’t got a cat. (UK)
She doesn’t have a cat. (US)

> physical description: She has (got) blue eyes.

He has (got) red hair.
I like He / She likes
You / We / They like

I love He / She loves

You / We / They love

I don’t like He / She doesn’t like

You / We / They don’t like

I hate He / She hates

You / We / They hate

I like listening to music.

I like to listen to music.

He hates cooking.
He hates to cook.
in on on top of above

under in front of behind

near next to between opposite

There is a book on the desk.

There are three books on the desk.

never rarely sometimes

often usually always

I always make my bed.

Kate sometimes sweeps.

(She)

once a day

twice a week

three times a month

four times a year

 Qui …? Quoi …?

Lequel …? Où …?

Quand …? Pourquoi …?

A qui …? Comment …?
(possession)

Combien …? Combien …?
(on peut compter) (on ne peut pas compter)

> fréquence Depuis quand …?

(durée)
d’une action
 I V
You V
+ He / She Vs , ,
We V
You V
They V

I don’t V
You don’t V
- He / She doesn’t V
We don’t V
You don’t V
They don’t V

Do I V ...?
Do you V ...?
? Does he/she V ...?
Do we V ...?
Do you V ...?
Do they V ...?

> repeated actions I get up at 6.30 every day.

> simple information My father works in a bank.

> general truths Water boils at 100°C.

> emotions, feelings I feel tired.

1) YES-NO questions

Do you V …?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
Does he/she V …?
Yes, he/she does. / No, he/she doesn’t.
Do they V …?
Yes, they do. / No, they don’t.

2) WH- questions

WH- do you V…? Where do you live?

WH- does he / she V …? Where does he live?

WH- do they V…? Where do they live?

WHO / WHAT = SUBJECT

Who likes tea?

What makes you laugh?

 I am V-ing
You are V-ing
+ He / She is V-ing
We are V-ing
You are V-ing
They are V-ing

I am not V-ing
You are not V-ing
- He / She is not V-ing
We are not V-ing
You are not V-ing
They are not V-ing

Am I V-ing …?
Are you V-ing …?
? Is he / she V-ing …?
Are we V-ing …?
Are you V-ing …?
Are they V-ing …?

> The action is happening (right) now, at the

moment. (ex: Look! Dad is sleeping on the sofa.)

> description of a photo (ex: In the photo, the man

is walking his dog.)
> future (ex: My parents are coming this weekend.)
1) TALENTS

I can swim a little.

You can play tennis quite well.
He can play the piano very well.
We can cook extremely well.
They can’t ski (at all). X

Can you play the guitar?

Yes, I can.
How well can you play the guitar?
I can play the guitar very well.

2) POSSIBILITY
It is sunny today. We can sit in the garden if
you want or we can stay inside.
Impossibility: He can’t be the murderer!

3) PERMISSION
Can I open the window, please?
Can you open the door for me, please?
1) OBLIGATION
I must go now or I will be late for work!
You must tidy your bedroom before you go out
with your friends.

2) HIGH PROBABILITY
He has (got) five cars. He must be rich!
(= I am sure he is rich.)

3) PROHIBITION with MUSTN’T

You mustn’t take photos in the museum.
1) SUGGESTION
This film is great. You should go and see it.
You look pale. You should call the doctor.

2) PROBABILITY
If there is no accident on the road, I should be
home around 8 p.m.
 Reg. V Irreg. V

S + Ved S + 2nd column

+ (go > went)
(take > took)

- S didn’t V

? Did S V …?

Time markers for the past

> yesterday
(ex: Yesterday I went to the cinema).

> last week / month / June : …

(ex: We bought our car last month.)

> two years ago

(ex: They met at a party five years ago.)

> in 1901
(ex: Queen Victoria died in 1901.)

> when …
(ex: She started playing the piano when she
was five years old.)
1) YES-No questions

Did you V …?
Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.
Did he/she V …?
Yes, he/she did. / No, he/she didn’t.
Did they V …?
Yes, they did. / No, they didn’t.

2) WH- questions

WH- did you V…? Where did you go?

WH- did he / she V …? What did he do?

WH- did they V…? What did they buy?

WHO / WHAT = SUBJECT

Who called?
Who ate all the cookies?

What caused the accident?

What made her cry?
 Infinitive Past Past Translation
Simple* Participle*
be was / been être
were
beat beat beaten battre
become became become devenir
begin began begun commencer
break broke broken casser
bring brought brought apporter
build built built construire
buy bought bought acheter
catch caught caught attraper
choose chose chosen choisir
come came come venir
cost cost cost coûter
cut cut cut couper
do did done faire
draw drew drawn dessiner /
tirer
* uniquement dans les phrases AFFIRMATIVES!
* pour le passif (BE + P.P.), le present perfect (HAVE + P.P.) et
le past perfect (HAD + P.P.)
 Infinitive Past Past Translation
Simple* Participle*
drink drank drunk boire
drive drove driven conduire
eat ate eaten manger
fall fell fallen tomber
feed fed fed nourrir
feel felt felt se sentir,
ressentir
fight fought fought se battre
find found found trouver
forget forgot forgotten oublier
forgive forgave forgiven pardonner
get got got obtenir
give gave given donner
go went gone aller
grow grew grown grandir /
cultiver
have had had avoir
* uniquement dans les phrases AFFIRMATIVES!
* pour le passif (BE + P.P.), le present perfect (HAVE + P.P.) et
le past perfect (HAD + P.P.)
 Infinitive Past Past Translation
Simple* Participle*
hear heard heard entendre
hide hid hidden (se) cacher
hit hit hit frapper
hold held held tenir
hurt hurt hurt blesser / avoir
mal
keep kept kept garder
know knew known savoir,
connaître
lead led led conduire,
mener
learn learnt learnt apprendre
leave left left quitter,
partir, laisser
lend lent lent prêter
let let let permettre /
laisser
* uniquement dans les phrases AFFIRMATIVES!
* pour le passif (BE + P.P.), le present perfect (HAVE + P.P.) et
le past perfect (HAD + P.P.)
 Infinitive Past Past Translation
Simple* Participle*
lose lost lost perdre
make made made fabriquer,
faire
mean meant meant signifier
meet met met rencontrer
pay paid paid payer
put put put mettre
read read read lire
ride rode ridden aller à vélo /
cheval
ring rang rung sonner
rise rose risen monter,
s’élever
run ran run courir
say said said dire
see saw seen voir
sell sold sold vendre
* uniquement dans les phrases AFFIRMATIVES!
* pour le passif (BE + P.P.), le present perfect (HAVE + P.P.) et
le past perfect (HAD + P.P.)
 Infinitive Past Past Translation
Simple* Participle*
send sent sent envoyer
set set set poser, placer,
mettre
shake shook shaken trembler,
secouer
shoot shot shot tirer (fusil),
marquer (but),
tourner (film)
show showed shown montrer
shut shut shut fermer
sing sang sung chanter
sit sat sat être assis
sleep slept slept dormir
speak spoke spoken parler
spend spent spent dépenser
(argent) /
passer (temps)
* uniquement dans les phrases AFFIRMATIVES!
* pour le passif (BE + P.P.), le present perfect (HAVE + P.P.) et
le past perfect (HAD + P.P.)
 Infinitive Past Past Translation
Simple* Participle*
stand stood stood se tenir
debout
steal stole stolen voler, dérober
swim swam swum nager
take took taken prendre
teach taught taught enseigner
tell told told dire, raconter
think thought thought penser,
réfléchir
throw threw thrown jeter, lancer
understand understood understood comprendre
wake up woke up woken up se réveiller
wear wore worn porter
(vêtement)
win won won gagner
write wrote written écrire
* uniquement dans les phrases AFFIRMATIVES!
* pour le passif (BE + P.P.), le present perfect (HAVE + P.P.) et
le past perfect (HAD + P.P.)
 I / He / She / It was
+ V-ing
You / We / They were

> to say that someone was in the middle of

doing something at a certain time.

Ex: What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night?

Past continuous and past simple

• Past continuous: background (circumstances)

• Past simple: action

Ex: We were walking down the street when we saw the

accident.
When we saw the accident, we were walking down the
street.

While I was having a shower, the phone rang.

The phone rang while I was having a shower.
 HAD + past participle
(V-ed for a regular verb)
(3rd column for an irregular verb)

> for an action before another action in the

past:
ex: When we arrived, the match had already started.
The match had already started when we arrived.

Action 1 Action 2
The match started. We arrived.

Note: when one action comes immediately

after another, use the past simple for both
actions:
ex: When she heard the news, she started to cry.
 Reg. V Irreg. V

I/You/We/They have V-ed I/You/We/They have 3rd col.

+
He / She has V-ed (break > I have broken)
He / She has 3rd col.

I/You/We/They have not V-ed I/You/We/They have not 3rd col.

- rd
He / She has not V-ed He / She has not 3 col.

Have I/you/we/they V-ed …? Have I/you/we/they 3rd col. …?

?
Has he / she V-ed …? Has he / she 3rd col. …?

> connection with the present

(ex: I can’t open the door: I have lost my key!)

> experiences
(ex: I have been to the USA. He has eaten kangaroo.)

> recent events with just

(ex: I’m not hungry: I‘ve just had lunch.)

> report / review

(ex: I‘ve already made my bed but I have not hoovered
yet.)

> duration
(ex: I have had my cat since 2012 / for … years.)
1) Present be + V-ing (present continuous)

• arrangements
(ex: My parents are coming this weekend.)

2) be going to + V

• intentions
(ex: We are going to redecorate the
kitchen this summer.)

• predictions based on clear signs

(ex: Look at those big dark clouds! It is
going to rain very soon.)

3) will + V

• predictions
(ex: I’m sure she will like your present.)

• promises
(ex: I will always love you!)

• quick decisions
(ex: I will have the soup of the day,
please.)
1) DREAM

I would like to go to New York one day.

2) OFFERING – INVITING

Would you like to come with me to the

cinema tonight?

3) would like + object + to V

He would like me to go with him.

I would like her to listen to me.

She loves her parents but she would like

them to be less strict.
1) Zero conditional
[If / when + present simple], [present simple]
Ex: When you press this button, the door opens.

2) 1st conditional
[If / when + present simple], [will + V]
Ex: If it is sunny, we will eat in the garden.

3) 2nd conditional
[If / when + past simple], [would + V]
Ex: If I had some money, I would give you some.

4) 3rd conditional
[If / when + past perfect], [would have +
past participle]
Ex: If I had known, I would have come.
 Regular verb BE + V-ed
(by …)
Irregular verb BE + 3rd column

When to use the passive?

1) Who / what causes the action is not important.
Ex: The rooms are cleaned every day at 10 a.m.
To say who or what causes/caused the action, use by:
Ex: The house was built by my great-grandfather.

2) We don’t know who / what causes the action.

Ex: My bike was stolen.

3) Who / what causes the action is obvious (clear).

Ex: The thief will be arrested very soon.

4) To change the focus of the sentence.

Ex: Tolkien wrote The Lord of the Ring.
(focus on the writer)
The Lord of the Ring was written by Tolkien.
(focus on the novel)

2 objects
They offered Jane a nice present. (active sentence)

Jane was offered a nice present. (passive voice 1)

A nice present was offered to Jane. (passive voice 2)

1) Short adjectives
A is smaller than B.
2) Two-syllable adjectives ending with –y
A is funnier than B.
3) Long adjectives (two-syllable adjectives with
no –y, three-or-more syllable adjectives)

A is more intelligent than B.

3 exceptions

good > better than

bad > worse than

far > farther / further than

1) Short adjectives
A and B are small, but C is the smallest.

2) Two-syllable adjectives ending with –y

A and B are funny, but C is the funniest.

3) Long adjectives (two-syllable adjectives with

no –y, three-or-more syllable adjectives)

A and B are intelligent, but C is the most

intelligent.

3 exceptions

good > the best

bad > the worst

far > the farthest / furthest

1) a – an
• a = one I have (got) a cat.
• jobs My father is a doctor.
• frequency twice a week

• general statements A lion can be dangerous.

2) the
• a specific object The car over there is mine.

• a unique object the sun, the moon

• musical instrument play the piano
• a group of people The French like drinking wine.

• means of transport take the bus

• 2 countries the United States, the United
Kingdom

3) Ø (no article)
• general meaning I love Ø chocolate.

• sports My brother plays Ø tennis.

• people’s names Ø Queen Elizabeth II

• cities / countries Ø France, Ø Paris

• meals have Ø lunch, have Ø dinner

• school subjects I hate Ø maths.

Relative refers to …
pronoun

a person / 2 or more people

[The woman] who lives next door is American.
who who SUBJECT
[The man] (who) you met at the party is my uncle.
who OBJECT > who not necessary

an object / 2 or more objects

My father works for [a company] that makes toys.
that / that / which SUBJECT
which
[The cookies] (that) Jenny makes are delicious.
that / which OBJECT > that / which not necessary

a fact
, which
[He left without saying goodbye], which surprised
everybody.

> possession
whose
Do you know the person whose car is parked here?

a place
where
[The hotel] where we stayed was very cosy.

= the thing(s) that

what
Did you hear what I said? (= the words that I said)
Some and any are used for imprecise quantities.

1) some
• in positive sentences
ex: There is some milk in the fridge.

• in questions (for offers and requests)

ex: Would you like some tea?
Could you buy some stamps for me, please?

2) any

• in negative sentences
ex: There isn’t any milk in the fridge.

• in questions (> the answer can be YES or NO.)

ex: Have we got any milk for this recipe?

• in positive sentences

a) with if
ex: If you have any questions, please ask me!

b) = it is not important which one

ex: Any bus will take you to the city centre.
1) Small quantities
• negative meaning: little / few

little + uncountable noun (= singular noun)

few + countable noun (= plural noun)
ex: I can’t help you: I have little time right now.
Jane is not popular. She has few friends.

• positive meaning: a little / a few

a little + uncountable noun (= singular noun)

a few + countable noun (= plural noun)
ex: Let’s have a coffee: we have a little time / a
few minutes before our plane takes off.

2) Big quantities
• in positive sentences

a lot of + uncountable or countable noun

lots of + uncountable or countable noun
ex: a lot of sun / lots of sun (uncountable noun)
a lot of toys / lots of toys (uncountable noun)

• in negative sentences and questions

much + uncountable noun (ex: not much money)

many + countable noun (ex: not many friends)
 and (et)
ex: He plays the piano and sings.

but (mais)
ex: He can sing but he can’t dance.

because +S +V (parce que)

ex: I like history because it is interesting.

so (donc)
ex: Amy had a headache yesterday so she didn’t go to school.

if +S +V (si)
ex: If you work hard, you will succeed.

although +S +V (bien que)

ex: The players lost the game, although they played well.

whereas +S +V (tandis que)

ex: I like cats, whereas my brother prefers dogs.

(in order) to + V (pour +V)

ex: Lots of people do sport (in order) to keep fit.

until (jusqu’à ce que)

ex: Wait until I come.

as soon as (dès que)

ex: Call me as soon as you arrive!

unless (à moins que)

ex: We will miss our train unless we hurry!

yet / nevertheless (pourtant, cependant)

ex: He is rich. Yet, / Nevertheless, he is not happy.