Class 03 – Time Tenses (Continuation)

Future Tenses

There are no future tense endings for English verbs as there are in other
languages, but English has several widely used ways of referring to future
time.

Be Going To and the Present Progressive

“Be going to” format: Be going to + infinitive

“Be going to” and the Present Progressive are commonly used for
referring to future plans, decisions and arrangements.

“Be going to” is more frequent in spoken and informal contexts.

Main differences:

 “Be going to” usually indicates that a decision has been made and
that the event will take place soon, but that all the necessary plans
have not yet been made. → “Be going to” stresses the subjective
view of the speaker:

We are going to buy a new TV when we get some extra cash.

I am going to ask her to marry me.

Obs: Since “be going to” stresses a subjective view of the speaker, it is
usually not accompanied by adjuncts!

 The present progressive usually indicates that a decision has been

made and that the arrangements are probably in place or have been
made:

I am starting a new job next week.

He is travelling to Rio de Janeiro on Friday.

Obs: Notice all the adjuncts indicating arrangements have been made! →
Adjuncts and context are very important!
Attention! The present progressive is not used when a prediction is made
based on present evidence:

The clouds are heavy. It is going to rain any minute.

(It is raining any minute)

You’re going to lose that money if you don’t put it your pocket.
(You’re losing that money…)

Obs: “Will” may be used in such cases.

Be Going To and Will

“Will” format: will + infinitive

Obs: “will” is a modal verb!

“Be going to” and “will” can both be used to make predictions based on
present evidence or the present situation:

Hurry up or we’re going to be late! or Hurry up or we will be late!

Generally, “will” is more formal than “be going to”.

[TV weather forecast]

Temperatures will be below freezing during the night.

[To a friend]
It is going to be very cold tonight.

Main differences between “be going to” and “will”:

 Normally, “be going to” is used when there is some outside evidence
for what is said or when the statement can be clearly interpreted:

Carol is going to have a new baby.

(Outside evidence)

He is going to burn the toast.

(It can be seen)
  “Will” is preferred when evidence is not so obvious or is less
immediately relevant and when judgments or opinions have to be
relied on:

The baby will have black hair.

(Statement based on the speaker’s judgment/knowledge)

Don’t let him cook. He’ll burn the meat.

(Evidence is less obvious, but the speaker knows that the person
mentioned cannot cook)

I’m sure that we will have a good discussion.

(Based on the speaker’s judgment)

 “Will” is often used to talk about absolute certainties:

My birthday will fall on a Tuesday in 2010.

Obs: The “going to” part of “be going to” can be shortened to “gonna” in
informal contexts:

-What are you up to tonight?

-We’re gonna go to a bar.

Will and Shall

“Shall” format: shall + infinitive

Obs: “shall” is also a modal verb!
ATTENTION: “shall” is, today, only used in legal or specialized language. Do
not used it in the CACD.

“Will” may be used for all persons, but “shall” often occurs only with the
first persons I and we.

I shall finish the assigned task.

(He shall finish the assigned task.)
While “will” is commonly used in many different contexts, “shall” is very
formal.

For example, “shall” is commonly seen in specialized legal usage for

stating rules, laws, legal provisions, etc. In such cases, it occurs with third
person subjects:

The insured shall remain the sole owner of the vehicle.

The treaty shall ensure respect towards human rights.

Obs: To Ensure = assegurar

To Insure = segurar alguém/algo contra algo
(Ex: Seguro de carros = car insurance)

Attention: When “shall” is used in questions, its meaning becomes related

to the modal verb “should” instead of the modal verb “will”. In other
words, it is used to make suggestions:

Shall I close the door? → is a more formal way of saying “Should I close
the door?”

Shall we go out for a meal with them for their anniversary? → is a more
formal way of saying “Should we go out for a meal with them for their
anniversary?”

The Present Simple

The present simple is often used for references to fixed events in the
future such as schedules, timetables, firm arrangements, etc.

[All the travel arrangements have been made]

My flight leaves on Thursday at 3pm. I stay in Chicago for five days, and
then I come back on Monday evening.
[About a meeting at work]
The meeting starts at 10am on Wednesday.

The Future Perfect Simple

Format: will/shall + have + ed participle

The future perfect simple is used to refer to something that will be
completed before a certain time in the future.

------- Event ------→

Present----------------------→Future

Future time adjuncts are essential to complete the meaning in this verb
tense!

Examples:
In January, I will have worked at the company for twenty years.

I hope the documents will have gotten here by tomorrow night.

We hope they will have found a cure for cancer by 2030.

The Future Progressive

Format: will/shall + be + ing form

The future progressive is used to refer to something that will be in

progress at some specified or understood time in the future.

Examples:
Next week, I’ll be swimming in the Caribbean.

We will be starting school soon.

When you get here, I will be waiting for you at the airport.

Attention to the adjuncts!

The future progressive can also be used to soften questions about the
future and make them more polite:

Examples:
Will you be coming back on Friday night or Saturday morning?

Will they be staying at a hotel or at a friend’s house?

 The Future Perfect Progressive

Format: will/shall + have + been + ing form

The future perfect progressive is used to indicate that an event will be in

progress at a particular time in the future and it additionally highlights the
duration of the event.

Future time adjuncts are, one more time, essential to complete the
meaning in this verb tense!

Examples:
In December, they will have been living in Rio de Janeiro for five years.

By March, we will have been studying for the Itamaraty exam for one year.

By six o’clock, they will have been meeting for almost ten hours.

Future in the Past

The future in the past makes references to events in the past which were
still in the future at the point in time referred to. This verb tense normally
goes together with past tense verb forms.

(Em relação ao português, esse tempo verbal pode ser cautelosamente

comparado ao Futuro do Pretérito)

Examples:
He was coming until this afternoon and then he changed his mind.

Last time we met, his wife was going to learn Japanese.

Would/Should is used instead of will/shall:

Examples:
Joseph looked at the building where he would work for the next six
months.

I knew then that I should never see him again.

Be To

The Be To future tense may be used for future reference in the context of
obligation, requirements, formal decisions, etc. It is very commonly used
for:

Giving instructions

Examples
You are to do your homework right now!

You are to organize these documents.

Conditional clauses

Examples
If we are to get there by five, we should move quickly.

If the government is to introduce a new law, it should study the case

thoroughly.

Be To is common in specific styles such as newspaper headlines and news

reports. In these cases, it might occur in ellipted form:

Examples:
Pupils to take new national exams.
(Pupils are to take new national exams)

Protests to occur in London this Thursday.

(Protests are to occur in London this Thursday)

The government is to introduce legislation to restrict immigration.

 Be About To and other forms

The following forms enable reference to future events treated as

occurring immediately or in the near future. These forms are normally
used in more formal contexts:

He’s about to resign. (Ele está prestes a demitir-se)

They are on the point of issuing a statement.

People are on the verge of despair.

It is sure to rain.

The results are due tomorrow.

We’re certain to run out of time.

Brazil is likely to win the 2014 World Cup.

They are supposed to meet us at the station.

He is obliged to be there.

The subjunctive

Present references may be in the subjunctive after verbs such as demand,

insist, recommend, require, stipulate. Subjunctive uses base form for all
persons (no s on third person singular)

I insist that she do these things herself.

It is recommended that they repay what they owe.

The Subjunctive is used to emphasize urgency or importance. It is used

after certain expressions (see below).

Examples:
 I suggest that he study.
 Is it essential that we be there?
 Don recommended that you join the committee.

NOTICE
The Subjunctive is only noticeable in certain forms and tenses. In the
examples below, the Subjunctive is not noticeable in the you-form of the
verb, but it is noticeable in the he-form of the verb.

Examples:
 You try to study often. YOU-FORM OF "TRY"
 It is important that you try to study often. SUBJUNCTIVE FORM OF "TRY"
LOOKS THE SAME.
 He tries to study often. HE-FORM OF "TRY"
 It is important that he try to study often. SUBJUNCTIVE FORM OF "TRY" IS
NOTICEABLE HERE.

Verbs Followed by the Subjunctive

The Subjunctive is used after the following verbs:
to advise (that)
to ask (that)
to command (that)
to demand (that)
to desire (that)
to insist (that)
to propose (that)
to recommend (that)
to request (that)
to suggest (that)
to urge (that)

Examples:
 Dr. Smith asked that Mark submit his research paper before the
end of the month.
 Donna requested Frank come to the party.
 The teacher insists that her students be on time.

Expressions Followed by the Subjunctive

The Subjunctive is used after the following expressions:
It is best (that)
It is crucial (that)
It is desirable (that)
It is essential (that)
It is imperative (that)
It is important (that)
It is recommended (that)
It is urgent (that)
It is vital (that)
It is a good idea (that)
It is a bad idea (that)
Examples:
 It is crucial that you be there before Tom arrives.
 It is important she attend the meeting.
 It is recommended that he take a gallon of water with him if he
wants to hike to the bottom of the Grand Canyon.

Negative, Continuous and Passive Forms of Subjunctive

The Subjunctive can be used in negative, continuous and passive forms.

Negative Examples:
 The boss insisted that Sam not be at the meeting.
 The company asked that employees not accept personal phone
calls during business hours.
 I suggest that you not take the job without renegotiating the salary.
Passive Examples:
 Jake recommended that Susan be hired immediately.
 Christine demanded that I be allowed to take part in the
negotiations.
 We suggested that you be admitted to the organization.
Continuous Examples:
 It is important that you be standing there when he gets off the
plane.
 It is crucial that a car be waiting for the boss when the meeting is
over.
 I propose that we all be waiting in Tim's apartment when he gets
home.

Should as Subjunctive
After many of the above expressions, the word "should" is sometimes
used to express the idea of subjunctiveness. This form is used more
frequently in British English and is most common after the verbs
"suggest," "recommend" and "insist."
Examples:
 The doctor recommended that she should see a specialist about
the problem.
 Professor William suggested that Wilma should study harder for
the final exam.

TPS 2018
Text II
What do politically minded visitors to a zoo feel when they stand in front
of the panda bear’s cage? The previously cute panda may suddenly strike
them as strange — there is an intuitive knowledge that this panda,
constantly eating bamboo in front of a cheerful and amazed audience, is
deeply charged with political agency.
Estrangement from the familiar is the start of every theory. Unfortunately,
it was only recently that political scientists have embarked on exploring
diplomacy systematically as a conceptual phenomenon, generating one
unquestionable axiom: that of representation. As with any axiom, it is
unprovable, but it is the taken-for-granted starting point for all further
research: most scholars agree on the basic postulate that diplomacy is
about people representing polities (most often a state) vis-à-vis another
polity
One should mention that the notion of political representation is a
theoretical axiom applicable to all countries, but let us explore the
example given by the panda bear and, consequently, by China a little
further.
It is often correctly perceived that the speech of an accredited Chinese
ambassador is attributable to the Chinese government. It is “China” who
spoke, not (just) the individual person. This is the basis of representation.
But what is often forgotten is how non-human material can represent
polities — they are also diplomats, but mute.
It may sound ridiculous, if not provocative, to posit that the panda bear in
the zoo is China. But this is merely an extension of the basic premise of
diplomatic theory. Why should only human individuals be able to
represent a state? In periods of conflict, flags (material objects) are burnt,
walls are erected, monuments torn down; in times of better political
mood, heads of states exchange precious gifts with each other, while
embassy buildings in foreign countries enjoy a “sacred” legal status. Flags,
walls, monuments, gifts, and the embassies re-present, i.e. “bring into
presence,” a country, and actions toward these objects address the states
they represent.
And there are good grounds for sensing a foreign policy tool in the giant
pandas that now reside in zoos all over the world. They prominently
embody China’s modern public diplomacy; they are non-human material
deliberately deployed by the Chinese government to the soil of other
states; and they have, at times, served as the primary means of expressing
inter-state sentiment — during times of both conflict and cooperation —,
in instances of the so-called “panda diplomacy”.
Andreas Pacher. The Diplomat. Nov./2017. Internet: (adapted)

QUESTÃO 37 Decide whether the following statements are right (C) or

wrong (E) according to text II.
1 The author starts his text by mentioning people who stand apart from
most because of their understanding of the political implications which
may arise from the presence of panda bears in countries other than China.
2 The passage “The previously cute panda may suddenly strike them as
strange” (R. 2 and 3) indicates that people may become aware that panda
bears kept outside China can be signs of international political forces.
3 One can correctly infer from the text that the author is against the
exploitation of animals for political or diplomatic ends.
4 The view on representation expressed by the author is broader and
more flexible than the one which considers that “diplomacy is about
people representing polities” (R.14).
QUESTÃO 38 Considering the grammatical and semantic aspects of text II,
decide whether the following statements are right (C) or wrong (E).
1 The point made by the author in “Unfortunately, it was (…) that of
representation” (R. 8 to 11) would remain the same if this passage were
rewritten as Sadly, only recently have political scientists started to actively
engage in the study of diplomacy as a conceptual phenomenon, and this
delay has led to the irrefutable axiom of representation.
2 As used in the text, the word “posit” (R.26) is synonymous with ignore.
3 In “But this is merely an extension” (R. 27 and 28), the word “this” refers
to the statement that “the panda bear in the zoo is China” (R.27).
4 Because the word “deployed” (R.40) can be related to the meaning of
putting troops or weapons in a position ready to be used, in the text it
reinforces the idea that panda bears have acquired political and strategic
significance.

Translate the following excerpt into Portuguese. [valor: 20,00 pontos]

Consider the subtleness of the sea; how its most dreaded creatures glide
under water, unapparent for the most part, and treacherously hidden
beneath the loveliest tints of azure. Consider also the devilish brilliance
and beauty of many of its most remorseless tribes, as the dainty
embellished shape of many species of sharks. Consider, once more, the
universal cannibalism of the sea; all whose creatures prey upon each
other, carrying on the eternal war since the world began. Consider all this;
and then turn to this green, gentle, and most docile earth; consider them
both, the sea and the land; and do you not find a strange analogy to
something in yourself? For as this appalling ocean surrounds the verdant
land, so in the soul of man there lies one insular Tahiti, full of peace and
joy, but surrounded by all the horrors of the half-known life. God keep
thee! Push not off from that isle, thou canst never return!
Herman Melville. Moby Dick. Penguin books, 1994 (adapted).

Considere a sutileza do mar; como (as) suas criaturas mais temidas

deslizam sob as águas, invisíveis na maior parte, e traiçoeiramente
ocultas/escondidas sob/embaixo os/dos matizes mais encantadores/belos
do/de azul. Considere também o brilho e a beleza diabólica de muitas de
suas tribos sem piedade, como a forma delicadamente/delicada
e/(graciosa) adornada/de muitas espécies de tubarões. Considere, uma
vez mais, o canibalismo universal do mar; cujas criaturas todas se
devoram/caçam/predam umas às outras, continuando a guerra eterna
desde o início do mundo. Considere tudo isso; e então se volte para esta
terra tão verde, suave e dócil; considere ambos, o mar e a terra; e você
não acha que existe/há uma analogia estranha com algo dentro de você/si
mesmo? Pois, tal como este oceano aterrador cerca/rodeia a terra
verdejante, também na alma do homem reside/há um Taiti insular, cheio
de paz e alegria, mas rodeado/cercado por todos os horrores da metade
(des)conhecida da vida. Deus te proteja! Não te afastes dessa ilha, tu
podes não/nunca mais voltar!
Translation 2017
There were humans long before there was history. But for countless
generations they did not stand out from the myriad other organisms with
which they shared their habitats. On a hike in East Africa 2 million years
ago, you might well have encountered a familiar cast of human characters:
anxious mothers cuddling their babies and clutches of carefree children
playing in the mud; temperamental youths chafing against the dictates of
society and weary elders who just want to be left in peace; chest-
thumping machos trying to impress the local beauty and wise old
matriarchs who had already seen it all. Archaic humans loved, played,
formed close relationships and competed for status and power – but so
did chimpanzees, baboons and elephants. There was nothing special
about humans. Nobody, least of all humans themselves, had any inkling
that their descendants would one day walk on the moon, fathom the
genetic code and write history books. The most important thing to know
about prehistoric humans is that they were insignificant animals with no
more impact on the environment than gorillas, fireflies or jellyfish.

Yuval Noah Harari, Sapiens, Harper, 2015 (adapted)

Havia seres humanos bem antes de haver história. Mas, por incontáveis
gerações, eles não se distinguiam do enorme número de outros
organismos com os quais partilhavam seus habitats. Em uma caminhada
pela África Oriental dois milhões de anos atrás, você provavelmente
encontraria um elenco bem conhecido de personagens humanos: mães
ansiosas abraçando e acariciando seus bebês, e bandos de crianças
despreocupadas brincando na lama; jovens temperamentais irritando-se
com os preceitos da sociedade, e anciãos cansados que apenas queriam
ser deixados em paz; machos que batiam no peito tentando impressionar a
beldade local, e velhas e sábias matriarcas que já tinham visto de tudo no
mundo. Seres humanos arcaicos amavam, brincavam, criavam amizades
íntimas e competiam por status e poder — mas assim também o faziam os
chimpanzés, os babuínos e os elefantes. Nada havia de especial com
relação aos seres humanos. Ninguém, muito menos os próprios seres
humanos, tinha a mais vaga ideia de que seus descendentes um dia
caminhariam na lua, compreenderiam o código genético e escreveriam
livros de história. A coisa mais importante a se saber sobre os seres
humanos pré-históricos é que eram animais insignificantes, que não
causavam maior impacto sobre seu meio ambiente que gorilas, pirilampos
e águas-vivas.

Translation 2016

As you are reading these words, you are taking part in one of the wonders
of the natural world. For you and I belong to a species with a remarkable
ability: we can shape events in each other's brains with esquisite
precision. I am not referring to telepathy or mind control or the other
obsessions of fringe science; even in the depictions of believers these are
blunt instruments compared to an ability that is uncontroversially present
in every one of us. That ability is language. Simply by making noises with
our mouths, we can reliably cause precise new combinations of ideas to
arise in each other's minds. The ability comes so naturally that we are apt
to forget what a miracle it is. In any natural history of the human species,
language would stand out as the preeminent trait. To be sure, a solitary
human is an impressive problem-solver and engineer. But what is truly
arresting about our kind is better captured in the story of the Tower of
Babel, in which humanity, speaking a single language, came so close to
reaching heaven that God himself felt threatened.
Adapted from Steven Pinker. The language instinct. Penguin Books, 1995

Matheus Pires Uller – 19/20

Enquanto você lê essas palavras, você toma parte em uma das maravilhas
do mundo natural. Pois você e eu pertencemos a uma espécie com uma
habilidade notável: nós podemos moldar eventos com exímia precisão no
cérebro um do outro. Não me refiro à telepatia ou ao controle da mente
ou a outras obsessões da pseudociência; mesmo na descrições dos crentes,
esses são instrumentos grosseiros comparados a uma habilidade que está
presente em cada um de nós. Essa habilidade é a linguagem. Fazendo,
simplesmente, ruídos com nossas bocas, podemos, com segurança, causar
novas combinações precisas de ideias a serem concebidas na mente de
cada um. A habilidade é tão natural que tendemos a esquecer o milagre
que ela é.

Em qualquer história natural da espécie humana, a linguagem se

destacaria como traço proeminente. Seguramente, o humano solitário é
um solucionador de problemas e um engenheiro impressionante. Mas o
que é verdadeiramente admirável sobre nosso gênero é melhor ilustrado
na história da Torre de Babel, em que a humanidade, falando uma única
língua, chegou tão próxima de alcançar o paraíso que até Deus se sentiu
ameaçado.

Translation 2015
Translate into Portuguese the following excerpt adapted from Sir
Christopher Meyer’s article How to step down as an ambassador — with
style. [value: 20 marks]

It was once the custom for British ambassadors to write a

valedictory despatch at the end of their posting. In contrast to the
utilitarian style of daily diplomatic reporting, ambassadors were expected
to spread their wings with candid comment on the country they were
leaving, larded, where the wit was willing, with humorously pungent
observations on the character of the locals. The best were distributed
throughout the diplomatic service for the enlightenment and amusement
of its ranks.

These were usually pretty sensitive and might be construed as a

slight abroad were their contents divulged beyond the Ministry’s portals.
Some missives were deemed so delicate that their circulation was
restricted for fear of leaks. Bidding farewell Sir Ivor Roberts dared ask:
“Can it be that in wading through the plethora of business plans, capability
reviews, skills audits… we have forgotten what diplomacy is all about?”

Whether written with quill, typewriter or tablet, a key requirement

has ever been the ability to render incisive judgment, with style and wit.
Christopher Meyer. How to step down as an ambassador — with style. The Daily Telegraph. August 7th 2015

Nota 18,5/20:
 Outrora, era costume dos embaixadores britânicos escrever um relatório
de despedida ao final de sua permanência em um posto. Em contraste com
o estilo utilitário da comunicação diplomática diária, dos embaixadores
era esperado que tivessem a liberdade de tecer comentários francos
acerca do país que deixavam, cheios de observações assaz bem-
humoradas quanto ao caráter dos habitantes locais. Os melhores
comentários eram distribuídos por todo o serviço diplomático para o
esclarecimento e a diversão de seu corpo diplomático. Esses continham
informação geralmente bastante delicada e poderiam ser considerados
ofensivos caso seu conteúdo fosse divulgado no exterior, para além da
área de atuação do Ministério. Algumas missivas eram reputadas como de
conteúdo tão delicado politicamente que sua circulação era restrita, por
medo de vazamentos. Ao despedir-se, Sir Ivor Roberts atreveu-se a
perguntar: “É possível que, ao circularmos por uma miríade de planos de
negócios, avaliações de capacidade e auditorias de habilidades, nos
tenhamos esquecido do que a diplomacia realmente se trata?
Não importa se escritos com pena, máquina de escrever ou tabletes
eletrônicos, uma exigência fundamental foi sempre a habilidade de
transmitir julgamento incisivo, com estilo e sagacidade.
Translation 2014

Translate into Portuguese the following excerpt adapted from Goerge

Orwell’s “Homage to Catalonia”.

[value: 20 marks]

In winter on the Zaragoza front, except at night, when a surprise attack

was always conceivable, nobody bothered about the enemy. They were
merely remote black insects whom one occasionally glimpsed hopping to
and fro. The prime concern of both sides was essaying to keep warm. The
things one normally associates with the horrors of war seldom raised their
ugly heads. Um in the hills it was simply the mingled boredom and
discomfort of stationary warfare. A life as uneventful as a city clerk’s, and
almost as regular. Atop each hill, knots of ragged, grimy men shivering
round their flag. And all day and night, the senseless bullets and shells
wandering across the empty valleys and only by some fluke getting home
on a human body.
I would gaze round the wintry landscape marveling at the futility, the
inconclusiveness of such a kind of war. Could you forget that every
mountain-top was occupied by troops and thus littered with tin cans and
crusted with dung, the scenery was stupendous.
George Orwell. Homage to Catalonia. Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1975, pp. 25 – 26.

Roberto Szatmari (16,50/20)

No inverno, na frente de Zaragoza, ninguém se preocupava com o inimigo,
exceto à noite, quando um ataque surpresa era sempre plausível. Os
inimigos eram apenas pequenos insetos distantes, que eventualmente
eram avistados, saltitando para lá e para cá. A preocupação central, de
ambos os lados, era apenas tentar se manter aquecido. As coisas
normalmente associadas aos horrores da guerra raramente se faziam
presentes. Nos morros, havia apenas a mistura de tédio e desconforto de
uma guerra estática. Uma vida quase tão monótona quanto a de um
escrivão na cidade e quase tão regrada. No topo de cada morro,
aglomerados de homens sujos e em farrapos tremiam ao redor de sua
bandeira. Todo o dia e toda a noite as balas e cartuchos sem sentido
passavam pelos vales desertos, só atingindo algum corpo humano por
sorte.

Eu observava a paisagem invernal, admirando a futilidade, a falta de

conclusão desse tipo de guerra. Se fosse possível esquecer que cada cume
estava ocupado por tropas e, logo, coberto de latas e imundo de fezes, a
vista era maravilhosa.