8.

2 The Phases of Meiosis

Write all things in red, sequentially in your notebook

EQ: How do the cells produced by mitosis differ from the cells produced by meiosis?
Fruit Flies only have 4 chromosomes
(shown below); our cells would have
Interphase 46 chromosomes at this stage.

• Beginning sex cell has a FULL (46) set of

I-shaped chromosomes
• The I-shaped chromosomes are replicated
during S-phase (increasing to 200%) These chromosomes
are in the l-shaped form

2N = 4
Two Parts: Meiosis I and Meiosis II 100% of the genetic
material is present
2N = 4
200% of the genetic
Meiosis I (DIPLOID) material is present

Prophase I
• Homologous chromosomes pair up forming a tetrad
(4 chromatids)
• As they pair up, they undergo Crossing-Over (portions of
non sister chromatids are exchanged). which allows for
random swapping of DNA, which results in new
combinations of genes

2N = 4 X-shaped chromosomes
(8 sister chromatids which all have
the same genes)

In humans,
Just count the 2N = 46
Chromosomes!
Metaphase I
• Homologous Pairs line up in the MIDDLE of the cell
• Spindle Fibers/Microtubules start connecting to the centromeres

2N = 4 In humans,
2N = 46
8 chromatids

Anaphase I
• Homologous Pairs start being pulled APART (toward centrioles) by Spindle Fibers

2N = 4 In humans,
2N = 46
8 chromatids

Telophase I / Cytokinesis
• Nuclear membranes start to reform around the chromosomes
• Cytokinesis results in two new cells, each with ½ the original chromosomes (started with four in
the original cells, now each contains two)

Notice these two daughter

cells are different from the
original cell and different from
each other!
Meiosis II (HAPLOID)

Prophase II
• Chromosomes become visible again
• Centrioles show up, start migrating toward the poles, and shoot out spindle fibers
• Nuclear membranes start to break down

N=2
4 chromatids Just count the
N=2 (hapoid # = 2)
Chromosomes!
(N cuz there are now ½ the
original # of chromosomes)

In humans,
N = 23
4 chromatids N=2

Metaphase II
• Chromosomes line up in the MIDDLE of the cell
• Spindle Fibers attach to centromeres

N=2 In humans,
N = 23
4 chromatids

N=2 In humans,
N = 23
4 chromatids

Anaphase II
• Sister chromatids are pulled APART by the centrioles’ spindle fibers

Interesting Fact! N=2 In humans,

Chromosome Abnormalities most N = 23
often occur in Anaphase II (though
4 chromatids
they can also occur in Anaphase I of
meiosis OR mitosis) when the
chromosomes don’t pull apart like
they should. This results in an egg or N=2
In humans,
sperm with an extra (after
N = 23
Interphase) or missing chromosome. 4 chromatids

Telophase II / Cytokinesis II
• Nuclear membranes reform around the chromosomes
• Cytokinesis results in four new genetically different cells, each with ½ the original chromosomes
N=2
(2 chromosomes)
 HIGHLY simplified Meiosis

Spermatocyte or
Oocyte
Chromosomes (2N)

Final Product:
Original Sperm (or egg)-making Cell
4 Sperm (or 4 eggs), each is
2N = 4
N = 2 (There are 2 l-shaped
(There are 4 x-shaped, duplicated
chromosomes/cell)
chromosomes)
In humans, the final, four
In humans, the original sperm (or
sperm (or eggs) are N = 23
egg)-making cell is
(or HALF of what they
2N = 46
started with)

4 chromosomes
(Diploid)

DNA Replication (S-Phase) 100% →200%

4 (duplicated) 200%
chromosomes

100% & 100%

2 chromosomes
each
(Haploid)
50%, 50%, 50%, 50%
SUMMARY
Interphase
2N = 4 (l-shaped chromosomes… even though they’re in chromatin form)

Meiosis I (200%)
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I
(2N = 4) (2N = 4) (2N = 4) (N = 2 )

Cytokinesis

Each Cell
N=2

Meiosis II (100% & 100%)

Telophase II / Cytokinesis
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II N=2 N=2 N=2 N=2
N=2 N=2 N=2
N=2 N=2 N=2

YOUTUBE: Meiosis in 1 minute and 49 seconds

MITOSIS/MEIOSIS COMPARISON CHART
Meiosis Mitosis
1. Reduce chromosome number by ½ so it is 1. Growth
kept constant from one generation to the
next when sperm + egg = baby 2. Repair of damaged tissues
Purpose
2. Shuffle the genes (Crossing-Over) / 3. Asexual Reproduction
Independent Assortment = Increased
Diversity
• 4 genetically unique cells with ½ the
• 2 Identical Cells (clones)
Results In original genetic material
• 2N (Diploid) 2N = 46
• N (Haploid) N = 23

Asexual or • Can be a form of asexual

• The beginning step of sexual reproduction
Sexual? reproduction

MITOSIS/MEIOSIS VISUAL COMPARISON

1. Answer the EQ and update your notebook

2. Complete the following new vocabulary terms: (10) Tetrad, (11) Crossing over