Monty Waldin

BIODYNAMIC
GARDENING
 Senior Editor Helen Fewster
Senior Art Editor Sonia Moore
Senior Designer Alison Gardner
Design Assistant Amy Keast
Jacket Designer Sonia Moore
DK Picture Library Claire Cordier
Senior Producer Ché Creasey
Preproduction Producer Andy Hilliard
Managing Editor Penny Warren
Publisher Mary Ling
Art Director Jane Bull

North American Consultant Jim Fullmer

US Editor Kate Johnsen
US Senior Editor Shannon Beatty

Biodynamic Shoot Consultant Briony Young

Lead Photographer Will Heap

First American edition, 2015

Published in the United States by DK Publishing,
345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014
A Penguin Random House Company

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Copyright © 2015 Dorling Kindersley Limited.

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8
 Contents
10 Introduction 150 Root days 204 Rhubarb
154 Onions 205 Sea kale
The organic way 155 Shallots
156 Garlic 206 Fruit days
14 Know your garden
18 Making compost 157 Leeks 210 Peas
20 Water wisely 158 Green onions 211 Runner beans
22 Welcoming wildlife 159 Welsh onions and Japanese 212 Green beans
24 Companion planting bunching onions 213 Broad beans
26 Seed saving 160 Potatoes 214 Lima beans and soybeans
28 Natural remedies 161 Sweet potatoes 215 Zucchini and summer
40 Compost tea 162 Beets squash
42 Weed tea 163 Rutabagas 216 Cucumbers and gherkins
164 Radishes 217 Marrows
165 Celeriac 218 Pumpkins and winter
The biodynamic 166 Parsnips squash
approach 167 Carrots 219 Tomatoes
168 Turnips 220 Sweet peppers and chili
46 Tuning in to nature
169 Salsify peppers
58 How the biodynamic
170 Horseradish 221 Eggplant
movement began
171 Jerusalem artichokes 222 Sweet corn
60 How to dynamize
223 Okra
biodynamic sprays
62 Nine biodynamic
172 Flower days 224 Tomatillos
176 Cauliflower 225 Strawberries
preparations
177 Broccoli 226 Raspberries
64 The 9 preps explained
178 Broccoli sprouts 227 Blackberries and hybrid
66 Horn manure 500
179 Globe artichokes berries
74 Horn silica 501
228 Gooseberries
82 Equisetum 508
180 Leaf days 229 Black currants
86 Yarrow 502
230 Red currants and
92 Chamomile 503 184 Cabbage white currants
98 Nettle 504 185 Brussels sprouts 231 Blueberries
102 Oak bark 505 186 Swiss chard and spinach beet 232 Cranberries
108 Dandelion 506 187 Napa cabbage 233 Melons
114 Valerian 507 188 Bok choy 234 Apples
120 Storing the preps 189 Chinese broccoli 235 Pears
122 Making a biodynamic 190 Kohlrabi 236 Sweet cherries
compost heap 191 Mustard greens 237 Tart cherries
126 Making barrel compost 192 Spinach 238 Plums, gages, and damsons
132 Tree paste 193 Kale 239 Peaches and nectarines
136 Enhance your liquid manures 194 Celery 240 Apricots
138 Making weed pepper 195 Florence fennel 241 Figs
196 Arugula 242 Citrus fruits
Biodynamic garden 197 Lettuce 243 Grapevines
198 Corn salad
planner 199 Endive 244 Biodynamic prep calendar
142 The gardening year 200 Chicory 246 Resources
144 Know your plants and what 201 Red orach 248 Index
they need 202 Radicchio 253 Acknowledgments
146 Crop finder 203 Asparagus

9
 Introduction
What is biodynamic
gardening?
Biodynamics offers a simple way to nurture the soil
beneath your feet and reconnect with seasonal cycles
and natural rhythms. It is a sustainable way of growing
tasty, high-quality food that is good for your body and
soul, and puts more back into the soil than it takes out.
Initially, some of the methods may seem a little strange,
but overall, biodynamics has an unbeatable logic based
on old-fashioned farming values familiar to many who are
already gardening organically: healthy soil, self-sufficiency,
putting more back into the soil than you take out, and
working with nature rather than against it. The difference
lies in the use of the biodynamic preparations—nine
remedies based on plants and minerals that bring vitality
to your soil and garden—that are unique to biodynamics.
Best of all, connecting the natural cycles of the sky above
your head with the natural cycles beneath your feet costs
nothing and makes for better gardening.

10
11
The
organic
way
 Getting started
Know your garden
Deciding what you want to grow is one thing, but
knowing what the garden is capable of growing is
another. The key to success is balancing the potential of
what will grow in your plot with your own needs. To put
it another way, concentrate on crops that will naturally
thrive with minimal work, cost, and intervention.
Deciding what to grow
Growing the crops you like to eat goes without saying, but it is essential to learn
what grows best in your garden. As a starting point, ask your neighbors which
crops work well for them, and which do not. Don’t take everything they say as
the final word, since their gardens may offer different conditions from yours.
The next step is then to assess the growing conditions your site offers, which
will shape the crops you choose to grow. All crops need looking after, and most
require daily care, so it’s important to grow those that you will have time to
maintain. If you have a lot of spare time, you can almost grow what you like.
If you don’t, consider growing perennial vegetables and herbs, and fruit bushes
and trees that need only minimal day-to-day care.
Assessing your growing conditions
The direction your garden faces, how air flows across it, and
where and when light falls throughout the day all influence
the crops you can grow. An essential thing to know is
its latitude—its distance from the equator. Latitude
affects how long the days and seasons are through
the year, and the duration and quality of sunlight.
It also determines when the first and last frosts
occur each year. This directly impacts on the growing
season of tender crops, such as tomatoes, that may need
to be started, or grown entirely, under cover. It is also
important to hardy perennial crops, such as fruit trees
that only crop if they flower after the last spring frost, and
winter brassicas that taste much better after winter chill.
When planning your planting, check your garden for frost
pockets—usually low areas, or where the ground dips.

When deciding which crops to grow, also consider how

much rain typically falls in your area, and when. Where
rain is unreliable in summer, thirsty crops such as spinach
will require very regular watering. If you know when to
expect rain, plan to collect and store as much as possible

14
for dryer times of year. In areas where there are prolonged periods Understanding your soil
of heavy rainfall, bare soil can be damaged. In such places, again, To improve sandy and rocky soils, dig in generous amounts
plan ahead and protect exposed soil by sowing either crops or of compost, or sow soil-building green manures, to make them
green manures (see p.19). In addition to the general climate, your more earthy. Clay soil is also improved by digging in compost,
garden will also have microclimates, specific areas that are which breaks up its dense structure, allowing water to drain
warmer or colder, which may only be a few paces apart. Take more freely while still retaining nutrients. Adding compost to
note of these, and plant according to the conditions they offer. your soil increases its levels of organic matter, which holds the
soil together. It also helps sustain worms and soil organisms that
Assessing your soil create tiny tunnels and galleries in the soil, through which air,
The type of soil you have determines the crops you can grow. water, and nutrients pass. The compost itself helps plants find
However, since healthy soil contains decomposed plant matter, more of the food they need because it provides all-important
what you grow influences the type of soil you have. Soil also humus. Humus is like concentrated soil, and holds and releases
contains clay, sand, and rocks, and their relative proportions the nutrients plants need.
affect how well it drains water and retains nutrients. The ideal
soil has a balance of clay and sand, and is known as loam. Loam Even if your soil is fertile, your crop’s ability to absorb nutrients
drains steadily, giving plants time to absorb water and food, is affected by its pH, or acidity. Soil pH affects how soluble many
without becoming waterlogged. In contrast, sandy and rocky soils nutrients, and especially micronutrients, are—and therefore
drain well but allow nutrients to wash away quickly, while whether these nutrients are easily available to your plants. The
nutrient-rich clay soil drains slowly and is prone to waterlogging. ideal pH for most crops is about pH 7, meaning neutral; a low
pH suits acid lovers; a higher one suits plants that like alkaline
You can assess how well your soil drains by digging holes conditions. You can use a kit to test your soil pH, or simply look
around your plot to see how quickly buckets of water drain away. out for pH sensitive weeds, such as acid-loving dandelions and
Alternatively, for a more accurate assessment of its structure, fill plantain, or alkaline-loving scarlet pimpernel and Queen Anne’s
a large glass jar with a water, add a trowel scoop of soil, shake, lace (wild carrot). You can also refer to weeds to assess other
then let it settle overnight. If the jar is more than half-filled with aspects of your soil. Creeping buttercups suggest waterlogging,
sand and rocks, the soil is sandy; if the water stays grasses thrive on compacted soil, while many other weeds
cloudy or the jar is over half full of very fine indicate the presence or lack of certain nutrients.
sediment, the soil is rich in clay.

THE ORGANIC WAY KNOW YOUR GARDEN

15
 Planning a new garden • Include storage in your plan
When planning a new garden, the first step is to map out the Storage is important for tools,
existing plot and to draw a rough map. On it, first include equipment, and produce, so
permanent or semipermanent features, such as ponds, raised include as much as you can.
beds, sheds, paths, and whether the site slopes. An existing shed Garden tools should be kept
may be a useful windbreak, while the side of a sunny slope could under cover, out of the elements,
be planted with fruit trees, and use the base as the site for a pond. and secure from opportunists.
Then add aspects that will affect what you grow, including frost A lockable garden shed is ideal.
pockets, hot spots, and the prevailing wind direction. Finally,
mark on natural boundaries or fixed areas, such as walls and Many crops also require storage
fences that will provide shelter. space, and need particular
conditions. Onions and
Preparing your plan pumpkins need somewhere airy,
The aim when designing a garden is to ensure it suits you, what while potatoes, carrots, turnips,
you want to grow, and is laid out to enable the plot to be worked and other roots prefer
efficiently. First, start with laying out the pathways needed to give somewhere cool and dark, such
access across the garden and to important areas, such as the as a root cellar or storage box. Apples and pears store best kept in
shed, greenhouse, compost pile, house, or gate. These are arteries conditions somewhere in-between.
through which you and any green waste, tools, compost, and
crops should be able to move around as effortlessly as possible. Saved seeds also need the right environment where they can be
Then divide the garden into areas for preparing, growing, and sorted, cleaned, dried, and stored, so leave space for that. Finally,
storing crops, keeping tools, composting, and harvesting water. find a partly shaded spot to store your biodynamic preparations,
Areas needed for raising seedlings include greenhouses and whether they were made onsite or purchased (see pp.120–121).
hotbeds for sowing, and cold frames for hardening off. If you
have a greenhouse and a hotbed, site them closely together, and • Allow space for wildlife To attract wildlife, create corridors
position any cold frames where they will experience a full range of flowering plants of different heights, shapes, and colors
of weather conditions so that plants harden off successfully. throughout the garden. The sight, sound, and smell of these floral
arteries will increase biodiversity in the garden and inspire your
work. A wildlife pond can provide a real focal point for your plot,
and will act as a draw for a multitude of beneficial insects and
amphibians. Ensure it is safe for children, and find a way to keep
it filled up with captured rainwater. Also, install a solar-powered
pump to keep the water oxygenated and healthy. Where space
allows, leave quiet areas for wildlife habitats, and plant a selection
of native plants to attract them.

• Make life easier Garden lighting is well worth designing into

your plans, to allow you to work into the evening when required.
It will also help prevent accidents, since you can see what you’re
doing and where you are walking. To make life easier, locate
several portable trash cans in the garden to avoid constant trips to
the compost pile or back to the house with recyclables. On larger
plots, consider installing spigots connected to the main water
supply for easier watering, or lay seep hoses across your beds.

• Leave space for yourself Above all things,

create a space for you, your friends, and family
to share, where you can sit and watch the
whole garden and sky above. Observation is the
greatest and most cost-effective tool for learning
Existing walls in the garden are ideal for positioning raised beds, that any biodynamic gardener can wish for.
cold frames, pergolas, and even chicken runs against.

16
Making use of raised beds
The best way to grow a constant supply of fresh vegetables
without heavy digging, the minimum of weeding, and mud-free
shoes, is in raised beds—they are ideal for smaller urban gardens.

The idea for raised beds first evolved in late 19th-century Paris.
Needing to dispose of the increasing amounts of manure left in
the street by horses pulling carriages, Parisians started piling the
manure up in their back gardens. After a while it composted down
into lowish mounds of fertile soil, around which people could
walk while sowing seeds and planting vegetables. The pile was
occasionally topped off with fresh manure, and there was no
need to dig. Because the soil was so fertile, crops could be planted Before building your raised beds, choose the best site to suit the
closer together than normal, while giving high yields and quality. crops you want to grow, whether in full sun for heat-lovers, or light
shade for leafy crops. Be sure to leave good access around them.
This became known as the French intensive system.

• Prepare the site A modern raised bed is simply a pile of rich

earth and compost held in place above the ground by edging the
sides and ends. Common choices for this are naturally treated
wooden edging boards or railroad ties, held in place by stakes.
Rocks, bricks, and pavers can also be used.

Before building the bed, level the ground to ensure it will be

stable. Dig out perennial weeds, discourage them with weed
peppers and teas, or smother them with mulch. If there are a lot
of weeds, cover the whole area with thick weed barrier, which
will prevent them from emerging in the paths between your beds.

• Building the bed For the best crops, position the beds for To make tending your beds easier, try to position sheds, storage,
maximum light, and trim back any nearby trees and shrubs that and preparation areas nearby. You will find having a convenient
might cause unwanted shade. Ideally, make the beds at least 18in water source and compost pile especially helpful.
(45cm) deep, or higher if you have trouble bending. The center

THE ORGANIC WAY KNOW YOUR GARDEN

should be within an arm’s reach from either side to allow you to
tend the bed without treading on the soil. You can make the bed
as long as you like, although bear in mind that if it is too long, it
will be a chore to walk around. As a variation of a conventional
raised bed, if there is a sturdy wall in the garden, set a three-sided
bed against it to make the most of the available space.

Before filling, check the bed is level using a bubble level and adjust
if necessary. Fill the bed with biodynamic compost mixed with
high quality topsoil, patting it down lightly every so often.

• Making best use of your bed

When using the beds for growing vegetables, crop rotation is
easier if you have multiples of four beds—for potatoes, legumes,
brassicas, and roots. If you have fewer, or just one bed, crops can
still be rotated as long as you remember what grew where. To
maintain soil fertility, topdress the bed with fresh compost when
When filled with rich compost, watered well, and regularly fed,
required. Since it is never trodden on, the soil should remain light raised beds can be more productive than conventional vegetable
and open enough to work with hand tools, such as a trowel. patches. They are certainly easier to tend and maintain.

17
 Improving your soil
Making compost
One of the aims of the biodynamic garden is to maintain
the circle of fertility as plants absorb, release, then absorb
nutrients again with each season. Making compost is
essential to this—all organic waste is recycled as compost,
never thrown away. Fallen leaves, weeds, grass clippings,
and prunings decompose naturally back into what they Good compost requires a balance
began life as: rich, dark, living earth. of soft and woody ingredients.

The basic principles (40–55°C), which is sufficient to kill most weed seeds. After the
Kitchen scraps, garden waste, and animal manure will take 2–6 hot phase the pile cools down as the bacteria die off and fungi
months to compost, although the exact length of time depends take over. Helped by compost worms, they restructure the
on how the compost pile is made, and the weather. Composting degraded organic matter into the darker, earthier-smelling
starts with bacteria that first break down the different ingredients material rich in humus, otherwise known as compost.
in the pile. At this stage the pile becomes hot, between 104–131°F
Site and preparation
Composting requires plenty of worms, so choose a site that
suits them—one that is shady and sheltered with well-drained
soil. It should also be easy to get to, so that regular trips to the
pile with materials from the garden and kitchen do not become
a chore. If you haven’t got space for a compost pile, a worm
bin no bigger than a small fish tank is the best way to compost
kitchen scraps. The worms will digest all food scraps, including
meat, producing crumbly, earthy “casts” and liquid manure.

18
Building the pile
Clear away any weeds and position your compost directly on the
soil, so worms have easy access. If you have a lot of material to Growing green manures
compost and plenty of space, simply create an open pile, between Soil suffers if left bare to the elements, since nutrients and
waist- and chest-height, and as wide as you need. Smaller, lower humus are washed out and weeds take over. However, by
piles struggle to heat up adequately, so if you have less material using green manures, which are sown directly, you can
to compost, use a compost bin. There are many types to use, avoid these problems. Green manures add nutrients to the
including slatted wooden ones, plastic bins with lids and open soil, and allow it to rest and recover. When dug in or left
bases, or “tumbler” bins that allow for easy turning and quicker as mulch, they also add organic matter. This improves
composting. You should ideally have three bins or compost piles: soil texture, how well it drains and retains nutrients, and
one for fresh material, one that is active, and one ready to use. encourages beneficial soil organisms. Green manures also
Alternatively, make a single pile and keep adding material to it protect the soil, explaining their other name, cover crops.
until compost forms at the base (see p.125).
Nitrogen-fixing legumes are the most commonly used
The right ingredients green manures. The plants are cut before they flower,
Good compost needs the right balance of woody, carbon-rich and are either dug in or left as a mulch for worms to
materials—like straw, finely chopped wood prunings, or incorporate. To boost nitrogen in your soil, grow clovers,
sawdust—and softer green materials, rich in nitrogen, such as vetches, lupines, or alfalfa, sown in fall or spring.
barnyard manure, leaves, grass clippings, and kitchen peelings. Vetches and lupines are the hardiest, holy clover is best
Manure from farm animals, especially cows, is the best for alkaline soils, and black medick can be sown in fall.
ingredient to add due to the powerful, regenerative effect the
animal’s digestive system had on the grass it ate. Adding just Oats and barley produce dense, fine roots that channel
a small bucket of cow manure to the pile gives it “cow power.” water and air into the soil, encourage worms, and
Dilute a handful of manure in a bucket of water and steep suppress weeds. They are hardy, and can be sown
prunings and other dry compost materials in it before they go on in fall to overwinter until dug in during spring. They
the pile. Biodynamic gardeners also add six special preparations are ideal for improving sandy soil and stabilizing slopes.
to the heap to help it compost faster (see pp.86–119, and 138–139).
Green manures can also be used to break up compacted
Caring for your compost pile soils. Before installing a raised bed, for example, sow
Good compost needs the right amount of air, water, and warmth, alfalfa in spring or fall, letting it grow for 1–2 years.
depending on what the pile contains. If compacted and too wet, Its roots can reach down 22ft (7m), breaking up the
the compost stays cool, airless, slimy, and smelly, which can soil and drawing nutrients nearer the surface. This

THE ORGANIC WAY IMPROVING YOUR SOIL

happen if grass clippings are layered too thickly. Aerate or turn topsoil will then become a nutrient-rich and worm-
the pile completely with a fork, breaking up any lumpy areas. friendly base for the raised bed positioned above it.
Piles that get too hot will end up dry and powdery, especially
if built with thick layers of loose, dry straw and not much else.
Sprinkle water on dry piles or rebuild by adding thin layers of
manure-steeped shredded hay, interspersed with sprinklings of
soil, fresh weeds, and old comfrey, nettle, or tree leaves. Finished
compost should be a dark, earthy-smelling material that can be
squeezed without either crumbling to dust or dripping water.

Making your own potting mix

Fine potting mix can be made by composting grass clumps pulled
in fall from beds intended for planting the following spring. Layer
the clumps, including the leaves, roots, and soil, with alternate
layers of manure and hay, steeped in manure liquid. Pat the pile
down gently to avoid any air gaps, and insert a set of biodynamic
compost preparations (see pp.86–119, and 138–139). By next spring Red clover is a legume that adds nitrogen to the soil. Cut it
down as its flowers start setting seed, and dig in the roots.
this will have rotted down into very fine, dark soil that can be
used as a high-quality potting mix.

19
 Conserving resources
Water wisely
Where water is concerned, plants and
humans have something in common—
our bodies are mostly made of it, and
we couldn’t survive without it. Having
a plentiful and a convenient supply of
water is essential in the garden. It falls
freely from the sky, so it makes sense
to collect and store as much as you can.

Preparing water for plants

Plants get a small amount of the water they need from the
atmosphere via their leaves, but most is absorbed by their roots
from the soil. The soil receives most of its natural water as rainfall,
although some comes from the water table. In dry spells, tapwater
is commonly used to irrigate plants, which contains chlorine and
fluoride. Chlorine is added to make water safe for us to drink,
while fluoride is used to reduce tooth decay.

Plants and soil organisms in the garden prefer water that is free
from additives, and rainfall is best. However, there are times when
tapwater may need to be used, and although you cannot remove
the fluoride, you can reduce its level of chlorine. Passing it through
a hose with a sprinkler head attached aerates the water and helps
to drive off the chlorine as gas. Another way of removing chlorine
is to run water into a container in the morning, aerating it by
splashing it as much as possible, then leaving it uncovered until
the evening when it can be used. The biodynamic technique of
stirring or dynamizing the water in a longer, more rhythmical
way is another good way of aerating water (see pp.60–61).

Collecting rainwater
Tapwater costs money but capturing rainwater is free. The most
obvious source is from the roof of your home, although there are
points to consider, especially if you live in an urban area. The first
is to allow the rain to clean the roof of any pollution residues or
impurities before starting to collect it. Even if the roof is clean, still
wait 5–10 minutes before letting rainwater run into the barrel to
avoid impurities. For the safety of children, pets, and even wildlife,
cover any collected water with a lid. This will also stop midges,
gnats, mosquitoes, and algae from taking up residence.
20
Watering in the morning ensures the Ensure the water you apply goes where it is Mulching prevents evaporation and keeps the
soil is moist, ready for the plants as most needed. Create watering pits around soil surface cool, helping to retain soil moisture.
they stir back into growth. thirsty crops to act as a reservoir. Water the soil before applying mulches.

How often and much to water When to water

Water your crops generously at regular intervals, rather than with The best times to water are early morning or late evening. Using
a constant stream of light daily sprinklings. Less water is lost to harvested rainwater has the advantage of it being roughly the
evaporation this way, and some plants benefit by being stressed same temperature as the soil, whatever time of day it is. This
slightly during the dry period. It also encourages plants to root is perfect for heat-loving plants, such as tomatoes and eggplant,
more deeply in search of water, exposing them to a greater range whose sensitive roots can become stressed if the soil temperature
of micronutrients—especially if the soil has been regularly fed changes rapidly. Avoid watering during the heat of the day,
with compost and biodynamic sprays. This tougher approach because although some water will penetrate the soil, most will
gets plants used to fending for themselves a little more. Assess simply evaporate. The crops miss out on a vital drink, and the
how dry the soil is before watering by poking a finger in. If it water evaporating off the soil makes it easier for diseases, like
comes out with soil stuck to it, it is still moist enough. downy mildew and gray mold (Botrytis), to spread.

Certain annual crops, especially leaf crops like lettuce and Using water carefully
spinach, prefer soil that is kept moist. If they become dry, they Regular watering can become a chore, and if you are using
take it as a sign that they are about to die of thirst. In response, tapwater, it can also be expensive. You should, therefore, try
they stop producing leaves, and instead grow upward, or bolt, to water efficiently by reducing the amount you need, only

THE ORGANIC WAY WATER WISELY

forming a flowering stem. No plant wants to break the first rule watering when necessary, and by reducing waste.
of evolution—to die without leaving any offspring behind. Bolting
means the plant is about to die, and the crops will taste bitter. If you live in a dryer area, avoid growing plants that need
Dry soil also affects root crops, such as carrots, which can split constant moisture, such as spinach. Instead, try alternatives that
as their roots swell again after dry periods, spoiling them. cope with dryer conditions, like New Zealand spinach. Thirstier
crops, including lettuce and basil, can also be planted in part
The speed at which soil in the garden dries out depends on the shade, below a tree for example, or interplanted between taller,
weather, the season, and on latitude—how near the garden is equally thirsty crops, like tomatoes, eggplant, and sweet corn.
to the equator. However, it mainly it depends on your soil type.
Sandy soils dry out quickest, while those rich in clay hold plenty To ensure the water you apply reaches down to the roots of your
of water. Unfortunately, with clay soil, it is prone to becoming thirstiest plants, insert homemade funnels into the soil next to
compacted if walked on or worked while wet, which keeps water them to direct it downward. Be sure to direct water onto the soil
from soaking into it. The ideal soil is a loam (see p.15), which has where it is needed, rather than wetting the leaves, which also
a balance of water-retaining clay particles and water-filtering encourages disease. Mulching crops with straw or compost after
sand. Keeping soils topped off with good compost helps both watering them helps to prevent evaporation, keeping as much
sandy and clay soils acquire and retain loamlike qualities. moisture in the soil as possible.

21
Increasing diversity
Welcoming wildlife
Biodiversity and balance go hand in hand: a biodiverse
garden is a balanced garden, encompassing every part from
soil to sky. It starts with healthy soil alive with worms, fungi,
and other organisms, which are all vital for plant health. Above
the ground, pollinating insects and beneficial predators all play
essential roles. Not every creature works in your favor, but
they are all necessary for a harmonious biodynamic garden.

Attracting pollinators Garden birds

Most flowering plants rely on bees and other insects to pollinate Birds can be viewed as a problem in the garden, attacking newly
their flowers. Without them, flowers would not be fertilized, fruit planted brassicas, snatching fruits and seeds, and plucking worms
would not form—meaning no harvest—and there would be no from the soil. However, they also do a valuable job in consuming
seeds to collect and sow. A healthy population of pollinating the larvae and pupae of pests, especially of those lying in wait
insects is essential in the biodynamic garden, resulting in better over winter in the soil, ready to attack new crops in spring. Birds
crops, higher yields, and better quality seeds to collect. save far more crops from potential ruin than they eat themselves.
They are also part of the ecosystem, so should be encouraged
Installing beehives is a surefire way to welcome bees into your to promote balance in the garden.
garden, although maintaining them takes skill and commitment.
Instead, place bee hotels around your garden to provide homes The best way to attract birds is to install nesting boxes and bird
for a wide range of bee species—all good pollinators—that will feeders. Nesting boxes are best positioned away from wind and
fend for themselves. You can also encourage pollinators, including full sun, with a direct line of sight to trees and shrubs, where birds
bees, by growing colorful flowers rich in nectar. Choose plants can perch. Place them high enough off the ground on walls and
with simple open blooms such as poppies, and sow or plant in trees, where cats cannot disturb them. Before birds nest
a diverse range to attract as many insects as possible. in them each spring, take the boxes down and clean them
thoroughly to reduce the risk of disease.

Bird feeders are a magnet for birds; be careful to

position them where cats cannot spring an attack.
Provide a mix of fruit, nuts, seeds, and fats, and
avoid feeding them milk or bread, which can
make them sick. Clear away uneaten food
daily, and ensure the stations are clean
to prevent the spread of bird diseases.
Also, be sure to put out clean water
every day for birds to drink and
bathe in.
Creating habitats
The best way to encourage biodiversity in your
garden is to provide suitable habitats. This
means places where wildlife can sleep, breed,
and hibernate, and find all the food and water
they require. These areas do not have to be
large but the more types you can include,
the greater diversity you will attract.
• Garden ponds are one of the richest habitats you can
include in your garden. They provide homes for amphibians
that readily feed on garden pests—especially slugs—and
also attract other beneficial creatures looking for a drink, Leave part of the garden as a wild zone, either sown with
such as birds. Ensure the pond is safe for children, pets, and wildflowers or left to develop its own natural character.
wildlife, and keep it natural by not adding goldfish that
happily devour tadpoles.

• Flowering and fruiting plants provide nectar and food

for insects, birds, and mammals. Grow a variety of plants
that flower and fruit throughout the year to keep the
kitchen well stocked with natural products.

• Wild, untended areas, where wildlife can set up home and

live undisturbed, will soon be colonized by a wide range
of creatures. Choose a quiet corner or edge, and avoid
neatening it up. Provide piles of logs for beetles, which
are voracious consumers of slug eggs, potato beetles, and
cutworms. Wait to cut back shrubs until after leaf fall; collect
the leaves and pile them up at the base of hedges or in quiet
corners of the garden to encourage hibernating animals.

THE ORGANIC WAY WELCOMING WILDLIFE

• Position bird feeders and bee hotels in suitable places
around your garden. Any habitat is valuable to wildlife—
and it doesn’t have to be totally natural.
Place bee hotels in sheltered Nesting boxes encourage
corners, near a ready supply birds to make a home in your
of nectar-rich flowers. garden year after year.

Domestic animals
All gardens can be improved by the presence of farm animals,
as long as you have the time and space. Whether you raise them
for profit or for pleasure, depending on what you have, these
animals provide manure, tend the soil, and can help control pests.
All must be well cared for, however, and it is essential they are
kept secure, safe from predators, and in good health—which can
be expensive and time consuming. Keeping animals is best left
to the more experienced biodynamic gardener.

23
 Your natural allies
Companion planting
Your crops are a little like people in terms of the company they
like to keep—or avoid. Some plants are good companions that
Sap-sucking aphids can be
help crops to thrive and to stay healthy; others are nothing special repelled from a wide range
but are fine to hang out with all the same; then there are those to of garden plants by growing
garlic as a companion.
avoid altogether because of the negative effects they may have.
Choosing the right companions for your plants will help to deter
pests, and can even enhance the flavor of certain crops.

Using crops for good

space efficiency
Certain crops can be grown together
to help make the best the use of your
space, and to take full advantage of the
growing season. These combinations
are effective because the plants either
encourage and support each other’s
growth, or because their different
growth rates give each the opportunity
to thrive. Planting vegetables in this
way is especially useful for smaller
plots and raised beds where every inch
counts. They are also worthwhile in
larger plots to maximize
your harvests.
The three sisters Catch cropping
This classic example of companion Quick-growing leafy greens, like spinach,
planting was devised by the Native arugula, and lettuce, can be sown directly
Americans. Sweet corn and runner alongside slow starters, such as beans,
beans are sown next to each other, cabbage, and Brussels sprouts, which are
all also planted widely apart. The leafy
so the corn supports the beans. In
crops develop while the slow-starters
return, the beans feed the corn via their gradually establish, providing an extra
nitrogen-fixing roots. The third sister, crop and suppressing weeds at the same
a pumpkin or squash, trails over the time. Leafy greens are less aggressively
ground, suppressing weeds and competitive than weeds—meaning that
shading the soil, keeping it moist the slow-starters can develop the strong
for the other two sister crops. root systems that they need to thrive.

24
 Using companion plants to defend your crops
Plants that repel pests Plants that attract predators
Growing companion plants is an effective In addition to repelling pests, plants can be used to attract
way to control pests in your garden. Many predators that feed on them instead. Ladybugs feast avidly
are also valuable crops, providing a line of on aphids, and can be attracted to the garden by planting
defense across your vegetable garden. stinging nettles, dandelions, and yarrow, where the adults
can lay their eggs and the young can hatch. Pots planted with
Marigold
• Tansy repels cabbage white butterflies. tansy—which ladybugs love—can also be placed strategically
• Nasturtiums stop woolly aphids from attacking near aphid-prone crops, such as broad beans.
apple trees and deter whiteflies from tomatoes.
• Lemon basil also deters whiteflies from tomatoes. To attract lacewings, minute pirate bugs, and hoverflies, grow
• Strong scented herbs, such as rosemary, lavender, and flowering herbs, such as fennel, dill, parsley, sage, and cilantro.
mint protect eggplant and brassica crops from These plants also attract parasitic wasps, which feed on their
repeated flea beetle attacks. Chives pollen and lay their eggs in the caterpillars of cabbage white
• Wormwood also deters flea beetles—but butterflies, preventing them from attacking your crops.
remember that it cannot be planted near
brassicas, because they are intolerant to it. Saving your own seeds, and allowing crops to flower,
• Marigold roots release compounds in the is another good way to attract many beneficial insects.
soil that flush out soilborne pests.
• Garlic, onions, leeks, and chives all release
odorous compounds into the soil, which drive
away soil pests.
• Onion, leek, and chive leaves release a scent
that repels carrot rust flies from carrot crops.
• Carrots, in reply, give off an odor from their
leaves that repels onion flies and the leek moths.
Yarrow Tansy

THE ORGANIC WAY COMPANION PLANTING

Marigolds Lavender and rosemary Fleabane Buddleja

Green manures as companions Better brassicas

Some green manures release compounds from their roots that To encourage balanced
help deter weeds and noxious soilborne pests, or at least stop growth, plant brassica
them from building to dangerous levels. Examples include oats, crops near strongly
rye, and mustard. These can all be sown in fall, then cut and aromatic plants, like tansy
turned in during spring. Sunflowers have the same beneficial and other herbs. Brassicas
effect but are sown in late spring for harvest in late summer. also benefit from growing
Green manures, such as buckwheat (right) and phacelia, can near plants that flower
also help to reduce pests by attracting predatory insects. To very freely, such as daisy
prevent reseeding, however, dig them in before they set seed. fleabane and buddleja.

25
 Becoming self-suf ficient
Seed saving
Saving seeds from crops growing in your garden to sow the
following year is the most simple and cost-effective first step toward
creating a self-sustaining cycle of fertility. Seed saving, in fact, is a core
part of the biodynamic approach, because every garden, personal or
community, should become, as far as possible, a self-sustaining living
organism. Saving seeds also saves money—and by collecting seeds
from your best plants it allows you to improve your crops.

Understanding seeds Why save your own seeds

Most vegetable seeds on sale are “F1 hybrids” An obvious advantage of saving your own seeds
that have been bred for intensive growing and is financial. Seeds are expensive, and by saving
bear crops with uniform shapes and colors that your own, and trading them with your friends,
consistently ripen at a precise time. Although you can acquire all you need without spending
Garden fennel seed heads seed can be collected from them, their offspring a penny. Another important benefit is that by
perform poorly and are less fertile, producing saving seed from the plants that perform best,
lower yields with unpredictable shapes, colors, you can develop a strain that is specifically
and tastes. As a result, F1 seeds must be bought adapted to the growing conditions in your
new every year—hardly the biodynamic way. garden, with resistance to localized pests and
Bok choy
gone to seed
diseases. Over successive generations, your
The alternative is to sow open-pollinated seed crops will evolve to suit your garden, making
that results from natural pollination between them easier to grow, and giving consistently
crops of the same type. Unlike F1s, these are reliable, high-quality crops.
intrinsically adapted to low-input organic and
biodynamic gardening. If enough plants are left Selecting seeds from the best plants also allows
to flower, the seeds you collect will produce you to concentrate on the
true crops every year. This means that qualities that you particularly
although open-pollinated seeds are initially like, such as size, flavor,
more expensive, you can collect your own texture, and how well
thereafter, and only need to buy them once. a crop stores.
Plus, you can swap spare ones with your friends.

Open-pollinated seeds are also known as

heritage seeds: they descend from crops our
ancestors may have sown in their own
gardens before farming became
industrialized after the 1940s. Only
three percent of the heritage
vegetables grown at the start of
Pea seeds
the 20th century survive today.

26
Seed-saving techniques
The first step to saving seeds is to let the plants
flower. Although this is normal practice for
fruiting crops like tomatoes, leaf and root crops To collect seed from fruiting
are usually harvested long before flowers ever crops, such as squash, leave the
form. This means leaving a number of plants fruit to develop to maturity.
in the ground unharvested—consider this an
investment in your garden’s future.

Easy and reliable crops to start saving seeds

from include tomatoes, squash, pumpkins,
melons, beans, and peas. Being annuals, they
produce seeds in their first year. Grow them in
the normal way from open-pollinated seed, not
F1 hybrids, and collect their seeds at end of the
growing season—when they would be harvested
anyway. For annual flowers grown to attract
Crops must flower to produce seeds. Annuals Pod-forming crops, such as peas
pollinators, such as nasturtiums and poppies, flower in their first year but biennials like and beans, should be allowed to
save the seeds once the flowers have wilted. onions won’t set seed until their second year. develop and dry on the plants.
Collect their seeds by tapping the dried flower
heads into a paper bag.

For tomatoes and other soft-fruiting crops,

like melons, cucumbers, or squash, squeeze or
scrape the seeds out, remove any pulp, rinse and
dry them thoroughly on a paper towel, old rag,
newspaper, or in an airing cupboard. Improperly
dried seed of any type does not store well.

Saving seed from biennial plants like onions,

rutabagas, turnips, and parsnips means sowing
them in the normal way. They can either be left
in the ground over winter to flower the following
year, or if frost tender, they can be lifted, stored,
and replanted in spring. If biennials flower or bolt Seeds must be fully developed and dry before they are stored. Beans and peas
in their first year, do not collect their seeds can be laid out on drying racks outside in the sun, or under cover if necessary.

THE ORGANIC WAY SEED SAVING

because they will be of poor quality.

To prevent cross-pollination, which causes

variation between parent plant and offspring,
avoid growing two or more varieties of the same
crop that flower at the same time. Brassicas, for
example, all set seed in late spring, and there is
the risk that insects may transfer pollen between
different family members, such as cabbage and
Brussels sprouts. To stop this from happening,
only allow the plants you want to collect seeds
from to flower. Remove the flowers from other
related plants, cover them with paper bags, or
cover the plants with fine nets to keep
pollinating insects away.
Thoroughly clean seeds from fruiting Covering flowering crops with garden
crops like tomatoes. Remove any fabric is an effective way of preventing
27
flesh and rinse under running water. cross-pollination. Peg it down firmly.
 Natural remedies
Using plants to
cure plants
Simple, plant-based sprays are an effective way to keep
the garden healthy—better still, you can grow your own
cures. Teas, decoctions, and liquid manures boost the
natural self-defense mechanism of the treated plants,
help keep disease spores from germinating, and provide
an easy-to-apply source of food that stimulates growth.

How to make plant teas

Teas act in a subtle way, and are not intended to be very extractive.
To make an herb tea for the garden, place the leaves, shoots, flowers, and
sometimes even the roots of the plant in freshly boiled rainwater, or pour
the boiling water over the plant material.

1 2

1. Collect the appropriate part 2. Add freshly boiled water and

of the plant. Here, stinging nettle leaves leave it to infuse for the set time, usually
are gathered to make a tea that is packed just a few minutes, or until the water cools.
with nutrients. It helps garden plants grow
strongly—which means they become less 3. Strain the tea, squeezing out all the
attractive to pests. liquid, and compost the vegetable matter.
Dilute the tea in the appropriate amount
3
of water, and apply as a spray.

28
Making plant decoctions
Tough, woody, spiny plant material that does not loosen up in boiled water is
best made as a decoction—a plant tea that is actually boiled. Place the bark,
shoots, leaves, or flowers of the medicinal plant in cold water, bring it to a
boil, and simmer for the appropriate time to extract the desired substances.

1 2 3

1. Chop the plant material into 2. Place the chopped material 3. Remove from the heat. Leaving
small pieces—or grate it. This makes the in a pan, add cold water, and bring to a the lid firmly in place, allow the decoction
beneficial substances easier to extract. boil. Simmer for the appropriate time, to cool completely. Strain off the liquid
Here, horseradish root is used to make usually 10–60 minutes. Keep the lid on and compost the plant residue. Dilute the
a powerful fungicide to treat fruit trees, the pan to prevent the extracted plant concentrate before applying it as a spray.
such as plums, at risk of brown fruit rot. substances from evaporating into the air.

Making plant fertilizers and liquid manures

Liquid manure, or slurry, provides your plants and the soil with a source of readily accessible nutrients
in a form they find easy to digest. It is particularly good for container plants and heavy feeders that may
not find the range or quantity of nutrients they need in the soil, but you can also use the liquid manure
directly on the soil, where it has a softening effect. To make it, leave nutrient-rich plants like stinging
nettle or comfrey to decompose in water, releasing their nutrients into the liquid as they break down.

THE ORGANIC WAY NATURAL REMEDIES

1 3

1. Collect the leaves and stems 2 3. Strain the liquid and dilute it with
from established plants (here, comfrey). the appropriate amount of rainwater
2. Pack the leaves into a watertight before applying it to your plants or soil.
container; the more you can push in, the
more nutritious the manure will be. Weigh Biodynamic gardeners can make liquid
the leaves down with rocks. Add water, manures even better using additives that
and leave it to ferment for about 10 days. help plants break down (see pp.136–137).

29
 Achillea millefolium Allium sativum
Yarrow Garlic
Attracting beneficial insects to the rest of the garden, yarrow is In the garden garlic has many uses as a companion plant, but you
a significant biodynamic plant (see pp.86–91). Use the sulfur-rich can also use it to make a natural fungicide, insect repellent, and
flowers to make a tea that discourages fungal diseases including insecticide. Outside of the garden garlic is a plant that divides
powdery mildew, which affects ornamentals like roses, as well as opinion—it is either something we should eat every day because
a number of edible plants. Yarrow tea also strengthens fruiting it makes us healthier, or it is something we should avoid if we
crops from within, helping plants such as tomatoes, zucchini, want to keep our friends within speaking and breathing distance.
strawberries, and tree fruit prepare for the next flowering period,
and maintain balanced, high-quality yields. Methods and applications
• To make a fungicide against gray mold
Methods and applications (Botrytis), soak 3 or 4 chopped garlic cloves
• Infuse a handful of yarrow flowers in 13 ⁄4 pints (1 liter) of in 13 ⁄4 –31 ⁄2 pints (1–2 liters) of cold water
hot water for 10 minutes. Strain, then dilute 1 part yarrow tea for a couple of days. Strain and spray
in 10 parts water. Apply as a spray to all parts of the plant, without diluting.
especially to the upper leaves, which are most susceptible
• To tackle aphids, codling moths, and
to fungal infection.
deter snails or slugs, crush 2 garlic
• Apply yarrow tea to fruiting crops in the mornings around cloves and macerate in a cup of olive
flowering time to strengthen them. Give your fruiting crops a oil for 2 days. Decant the oil into a
further boost with a second application when the fruit is just bottle of warm water to emulsify out
starting to ripen—so when strawberries or tomatoes are the garlic, and shake well. Keep it
changing from unripe green to riper red. Yarrow makes this out of direct light for 2 days. To use,
transition smoother: both the fruit and the stems it hangs from dilute 1 part garlic in 20 parts water
become a little firmer as a result of the spray. and stir for 20 minutes before
spraying the leaves of the affected
• Combine yarrow with stinging nettle tea to make an all-
plants, and the surrounding soil.
around preventive spray. Yarrow regulates attack from fungal
diseases; nettle controls insect activity, notably mites. Use 2oz
(50g) of yarrow flowers in 1 gallon (5 liters) of cold water, and
bring to a boil. Add 2oz (50g) of stinging nettles to the water,
then remove from the heat. Strain, and dilute 1 part concentrate
in 10 parts water. Apply as a general spray to all crops.
30
Allium schoenoprasum Artemisia absinthium
Chives Absinthe
Like garlic, chives should be ever-present in the garden, both as Absinthe—or wormwood—is perhaps best known for the bitter
a food and as a tool to help keep the rest of your plants free of green oil used to make the addictive alcoholic beverage popular
pests and diseases. Make a liquid manure to ward off carrot rust in France in the late 19th century. In the garden the smell of
flies, and infusions to deter aphids, cabbage flies, and mites. absinthe can repel ants, slugs, and the black bean aphid.
It can also help deter red spider mites from attacking the leaves
Methods and applications of fruit trees that are stressed by a lack of water in hot weather.
• To make liquid manure, soak a few handfuls of chopped
chive stems in 13 ⁄4 –31 ⁄2 pints (1–2 liters) of water in a small Method and application
bucket for a week. Then drain and spray as a concentrate, • Make the decoction by adding 2–4oz (50–100g) of dried or
without diluting. fresh flowers, stems, and leaves to 13 ⁄4 –31 ⁄2 pints (1–2 liters) of
• Treat areas around the carrot patch with chive liquid manure water. Allow this to soak overnight then bring it to a boil and

THE ORGANIC WAY NATURAL REMEDIES

before you thin or harvest carrot crops. The manure masks the simmer for 15–30 minutes. Strain, then dilute 1 part absinthe
scent released when carrots are moved, which is what attracts in 10 parts water.
carrot rust flies. • Apply the spray 2 or 3 times over a 1-week period
• Use a chive infusion to deter mites on fruit and woody plants, fruit flies
to tackle aphids, mites, on cherries, and aphids on beans.
and cabbage flies, in the • Keep the residue from absinthe tea on one
garden. Chop 1oz (25g) side, out of reach of children, and let it
chives and infuse in decompose in the sun. Do not add
13 ⁄4 pints (1 liter) of tepid it to the compost heap: the
water for 24 hours. Avoid repellent effect is so potent that
spraying leaf crops microorganisms stop working,
like lettuce when which is detrimental to the pile.
they are about
Absinthe contains the
to be harvested
because they are ! toxin thujone, which can
liable to taste and cause convulsions in high doses.
smell “oniony.”

31
 Betula pendula Calendula of ficinalis
Birch Calendula
The diuretic and cleansing properties for which birch is used in A popular ornamental plant, calendula—or marigold—not only
homeopathic medicine are equally beneficial for your plants. Its looks good, but attracts a myriad of beneficial insects, too. In the
ability to regulate the flow of unwanted moisture internally while wild calendula manages to come back year after year at just the
cleaning things up externally is useful for apples affected by right moment, lying low if the weather gets too hot or too cold in
apple scab disease, and for grapes suffering from rot and mildew. summer or winter. Perhaps this is why calendula tea works so well
as a pick-me-up for humans after a period of infection or illness.
Method and applications Mercurial plants like calendula—and chamomile—that come and
• To treat fruit trees, simmer 4oz (100g) of birch bark, flowers, go in the field are extremely adept at accumulating and using
and leaves in 13 ⁄4 pints (1 liter) of water for 20–30 minutes. nutrients from the soil. It is these nutrients that benefit greedy
Strain, then dilute 1 part birch to 10 parts water and spray all garden feeders like tomatoes, sweet corn, eggplant, peppers,
over the tree, on the trunk, and on the ground around the potatoes, and members of the beet and brassica families.
base of the tree as a preventive measure.
Method and application
• Spray diluted birch tea in areas of the garden at risk from
• To extract the nutrients from calendula, soak 8oz
fungal pathogens after harvesting any affected plants. Use
(200g) of shoots, leaves, and ideally the
1 part birch to 10 parts water. This helps to prevent the problem
flowers in 7 pints (4 liters)
recurring with the next crop.
of water and leave
outside for 7–10 days.
Filter off the concentrate,
then dilute 1 part calendula
in 6 parts of water and spray
on the leaves of your crops.

32
Matricaria recutita Mentha species
Chamomile Mint
Chamomile tea has a calming and soothing effect on humans, Mint is an interesting plant because we use it when we want
and it has the same effect on stressed out plants, too. It is both to get up close and personal with each other on romantic
a preventive and a curative treatment. When sprayed directly occasions—but in the garden it is planted strategically as a
on the crops—or on the furrows into which they are going to be companion plant to repel unwanted insects. In concentrated
sown or transplanted—the sulfur content acts against fungal form, mint tea and liquid manure will also deter and confuse
diseases, while its calcium content stimulates healing processes, flying insects, such as aphids and whiteflies—in effect you gain
promoting healthy growth in leafy crops, flowers, and vegetables all the benefits of companion planting mint without the worry
that are susceptible to fungal organisms. Chamomile is also of it trying to take over the garden.
high in potassium, which benefits all fruiting and flowering
crops: for maximum benefit, spray them both before and after Methods and applications
they flower. Chamomile also plays an important role in the • To make mint tea add 4oz (100g) of roughly torn

THE ORGANIC WAY NATURAL REMEDIES

biodynamic garden (see pp.92–97). or chopped mint to 13 ⁄4 pints (1 liter) of water.
Either bring the water slowly and gently to a boil
Method and application and then turn off the heat, or pour just-boiled
• To make chamomile tea, infuse 4oz (100g) of fresh or dried water over the mint to avoid scalding the leaves.
flowers in 13 ⁄4 pints (1 liter) of hot water for 5–10 minutes. Let it cool overnight. Filter, and then spray
Strain, then dilute 1 part concentrate in 10–20 parts of water. without diluting.
Chamomile tea is best made fresh and should
• For liquid manure Soak 4oz (100g)
be applied very early in the morning,
of roughly torn or chopped mint
just after sunrise, as a fine mist over
leaves in 13 ⁄4 pints (1 liter) of tepid
the top of the plants.
water. Leave outside for 3–4 days.
Dilute 1 part mint in 4 parts water.
• Use mint to enhance other plant teas
—its antioxidant properties mean the
beneficial effects the teas have will linger
for longer. Prepare and dilute the plant tea,
then simply drop a few pieces of torn mint
leaf into the tea and leave it to infuse for
an hour or two before use.
33
 Picea species

Pine nut
slug repellent
You can use the seeds from any pine growing
in your local area to make a diluted extract that
helps to protect your crops against slug damage.
Applied as a spray to the target plants, the seed
extract makes the leaves unpalatable for slugs.
Like many plant cures, the list of ingredients
is incredibly simple: all you need is 1 ⁄8 oz (3g) of
pine seeds and 13 ⁄4 pints (1 liter) of rainwater.

1 2 3

1. Shake the pine seeds out of the 2. Discard the shells, then weigh out 3. To make a paste, gradually add
1
cone and crack open the shell to extract ⁄8 oz (3g) of nuts. Crush the seeds to a fine a small amount of lukewarm rainwater
the kernels (nuts). powder with a mortar and pestle. to the crushed nuts, stirring constantly.

34
 4. Gradually add more
water and pour the pine nut
mixture into a large bottle.

5. Pour the remaining

water into the bottle, and
seal the top.

6. Shake vigorously for

about 5 minutes to mix the
contents thoroughly.

7. Leave the solution to

ferment in a sunny spot for
about 2 weeks, stirring
4 5 6
occasionally. To help the
fermentation process, pour the
mixture into a wide-mouthed
jar to increase its exposure to
air, and cover with muslin.

2 weeks later
8. Strain the mixture
and put the residue on the
compost heap.

9. Dilute the mixture,

allowing 1 part concentrate
to 10 parts rainwater. For best
results dynamize for 20
minutes (see pp.60–61).
7 8

THE ORGANIC WAY NATURAL REMEDIES

10. Apply the spray
to any crops at risk from
slug attacks.

The pine nut treatment

may make the leaves of your
crops taste slightly “resiny”
for a few days, so in the days
leading up to harvest you
may want to try alternative
slug deterrents—such as
protective rings of crushed
eggshells or coffee grounds.

9 10

35
 Quercus alba, Q. robur Sambucus nigra
Oak bark Elder
A few days of rain coupled with warm temperatures and high Grow elder as a companion plant in the garden, and you will not
humidity can quickly cause an outbreak of downy mildew on only be able to use the flowers and berries to make wonderful
tomatoes and plants in the brassica family—including cabbage, homemade wine, but it will also deter unwanted pests—just
cauliflower, kohlrabi, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale, turnips, rubbing a leaf or two on our skin is said to deter flies. The
and radishes. Keep an eye on the weather forecast and spray an flowers, shoots, and leaves can also be used to make two
oak bark decoction as a preventive measure; it will also help to sprays with insect-repelling capabilities.
keep other pests and plant diseases, such as gray mold (Botrytis)
and powdery mildew, at bay. The tannin content in oak bark is Method and applications
particularly effective at tightening and sterilizing plants against • To make elder decoction simmer 4oz (100g) of leaves, shoots,
attack from chewing insects, so use the decoction to treat young and even the bark in 13 ⁄4 pints (1 liter) of water for 20 minutes.
seedlings, too. Oak bark also has a special place in biodynamic This helps extract the tannin, which deters aphids and thrips.
gardens (see pp.102–107). Strain and spray without diluting the concentrate.

Method and application • To make elder liquid manure soak 4oz (100g) of leaves and
other green parts of the plant in 13 ⁄4 pints (1 liter) water for up to
• To make the oak bark decoction, break a handful of oak bark
a week. Strain and dilute 1 part elder manure to 4 parts water.
into small pieces, and add to a saucepan of water. Bring to a boil
Spray on crops and the soil to slow down attacks of
and simmer for 20 minutes. Strain, then dilute 1 part oak with
powdery mildew, or to deter flying insects
9 parts water before spraying.
such as aphids, thrips, and
cabbage butterflies.
• Fresh elder leaves or liquid
manure can also help to
control mice, rodents,
and other burrowing
animals—apply to areas
where they live or congregate.

36
Symphytum species Tanacetum vulgare
Comfrey Tansy
Comfrey vies with stinging nettle as the most useful, versatile, Tansy can be a useful addition to the garden: it repels pests and
and cost-effective medicinal plant for the garden, and in fact attracts beneficial insects. A strategically placed clump of fresh
you can alternate the two to benefit from the full range of tansy leaves, stems, and flowers can help to keep ticks and fleas
nutrients. Comfrey leaves improve compost if added to the pile, away from the dog basket, and mites away from bedsheets. Its
and also make a nutrient-rich, leaf-moldlike mulch for potatoes flowers have a similar effect when they are used as a fresh tea,
and tomatoes. Collect the leaves at the beginning of flowering— decoction, cold extract, or liquid manure. Cultivate with care.
when they contain their highest nutrient levels—and soak them
in water to produce a potent liquid manure for fruit and fruiting Methods and applications
crops, such as cucumbers, melons, and tomatoes. It is rich in • Tansy cold extract is an effective insecticide for whiteflies
potassium and all the trace elements, such as boron, that all on cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and other brassicas. It also acts
these crops need to flower and set fruit. as a fungicide against rust and downy mildew. Soak a couple

THE ORGANIC WAY NATURAL REMEDIES

of heaped handfuls of chopped leaves in 13 ⁄4 pints (1 liter) of
Method and applications cold water for 2 days, then strain and spray without diluting.
• To make comfrey liquid manure soak 21 ⁄4 lb (1kg) of comfrey
• Use tansy decoction to combat codling moths, whose
leaves in 21 ⁄4 gallons (10 liters) of rainwater and leave to ferment
caterpillars tunnel into ripening apples and pears, and to deter
for 4–10 days, stirring occasionally. Strain and dilute before use.
flea beetles from attacking the tender young leaves of cabbage,
• To use as a foliar feed to reduce plant stress, particularly turnips, radishes, and even flowers during dry spells. Make a
after hail storms, dilute 1 part comfrey in 19 parts of water, and cold extract but after 24 hours bring it to
apply to plant leaves. a boil and simmer briefly. Cool, strain,
and then spray it directly on crops.
• To make comfrey liquid
fertilizer, dilute 1–2 parts • Tansy liquid manure has a fungicidal
comfrey in 8–9 parts water effect, particularly against downy
and spray directly on the soil. mildew on tomatoes and brassicas.
For best results apply to Make the cold extract but leave
moist soil after rain, it to soak for 7 days. Strain and
in the afternoon. then dilute 1 part concentrate
in 10–20 parts of water before
spraying your crops.

37
 Taraxacum of ficinale Urtica dioica
Dandelion Stinging
Dandelion flowers are packed with nutrients—calcium, copper,
iron, magnesium, potassium, and silica—and biodynamic
gardeners use them to make a special compost preparation (see
nettle
pp.108–113). The flowers can also be used as a tea to stimulate The nettle is arguably the most versatile of all the plants used
growth, especially early in the growing cycle when the first two to treat other plants because it is super rich in life-giving
or three leaves appear—whether broccoli, cabbage, bok choy, nutrients—iron, magnesium, calcium, and potassium. It is an
potatoes, or plums. The spray acts as a wake-up call for the important plant to biodynamic gardeners (see pp.98–101). Collect
plants to concentrate and improve their flavor, primarily by using the leaves and stems when the nettle begins to flower—this is
their leaves efficiently when trapping solar heat and light. This when the nutrient levels are at their highest.
also makes the leaves stronger, tighter, and more resistant to
disease, which is especially important in rainy years. Methods and applications
• Teas and decoctions help regulate growth so plants do not
Method and applications attract pests and diseases; use 1 part nettle concentrate in 5–20
• To make dandelion tea, infuse a handful of flowers— parts water. To make tea, soak 4oz (100g) leaves in 13 ⁄4 pints
picked early in the morning before they are fully open— (1 liter) of hot water and allow to infuse for up to 10 minutes.
in 13 ⁄4 pints (1 liter) of hot water for 5–10 minutes. Filter For the decoction, pour 13 ⁄4 pints (1 liter) cold water over 4oz
off the concentrate and dilute, using 1 part dandelion (100g) leaves, bring to a boil, and simmer for 3–10 minutes.
concentrate to 4 parts of rainwater.
• A cold extract, made by soaking 4oz (100g) of nettle leaves in
• Spray the crop and the surrounding soil.
13 ⁄4 pints (1 liter) of cold water for 24–36 hours, helps discourage
For best results, apply the spray early in the
mild attacks of aphids on tree fruit and vegetable crops.
morning, ideally under an ascending
moon (see p.52).
• For liquid manure, soak nettle leaves in water for 4–10 days
in the sun. Allow 4oz (100g) leaves per 13 ⁄4 pints (1 liter). Strain
and dilute 1 part nettle in 10 parts water. Spray both crops and
soil to stimulate root growth. To prevent stress in hot or cold
weather, and to stop green leaves turning yellow with chlorosis,
dilute 1:25 and water the crops directly to get sap moving again.

38
Natural remedies
Kelp liquid
manure
Using kelp, or seaweed, in your garden is a clever way to
reclaim the nutrients washed out by rain and get them back
into your soil. It is rich in potassium, which makes this fertilizer
especially useful for fruit and fruiting vegetables like tomatoes, cucumbers, and
peppers. A kelp feed helps plants through potentially stressful moments in their
cycles: at transplanting; before flowering and after fertilization; during fruit
development and ripening; and after harvest, when the
soil may also need a boost.

THE ORGANIC WAY NATURAL REMEDIES

1 2 3

1. Pour dried kelp or seaweed 2. Stir well. Thanks to their watery 3. Cover with cloth, or a loose lid,
into a large noncorrosive container origins, kelp and seaweed take a while to and leave for 6–8 weeks. The liquid
of rainwater. For 21 ⁄4 gallons (10 liters) of decompose in water to produce a liquid manure will be brownish in color, with
water you should expect to use around manure. Keep the mixture outside in a a pleasant, sweet, briny smell. Dilute
16oz (500g) of dried material. warm place to help speed the process. 1 part kelp to 10 parts fresh water and
spray on the soil around your crops.

39
 Natural remedies
Compost tea
Your compost heap is full of beneficial microorganisms that are
spread around the garden whenever you dig compost into the
soil. A compost tea or liquid manure is a very efficient method
of delivering both nutrients and beneficial organisms to the garden
throughout the growing season—and it is very simple to make.

1 3 5

2 4 6

1. Stuff a net bag with nettles to 3. Fill a net bag or old pantyhose with 5. Cover with burlap. Give it a good
make your compost tea rich in life-giving 2lb 4oz (1kg) of your best, most vibrant, stir 3 times a day to keep the tea aerated.
nutrients, such as iron, magnesium, fully fermented compost and attach it to
calcium, and potassium. a stick along with the comfrey and nettles. 4 –10 days later
2. Fill a second bag with comfrey 4. Suspend the ingredients in 6. Remove the compost and dilute
to enhance the compost tea with nitrogen. 21 ⁄4 gallons (10 liters) rainwater to ensure for use. Aerated compost teas are even
maximum contact between the water, more effective—use an aquarium air pump
compost, nettles, and comfrey. to add oxygen for 24 hours nonstop.
40
 Foliar spray
Spraying all parts of your plants in a layer of protective
microbial life will stimulate the immune system, displace
disease organisms, and increase their uptake of minerals.

Strain the compost tea to Dilute 1 part tea in 10 parts Apply every 2 weeks to all parts of
prevent blockages when spraying. of rainwater, stir, then transfer the plant to boost the immune system: these
to a hand or garden sprayer. regular coatings of protective microbial life will
outcompete the organisms that cause disease.

THE ORGANIC WAY NATURAL REMEDIES: COMPOST TEA

Ground drench
Compost teas are also a quick and efficient method of
improving overall soil health and fertility: simply add a small
quantity to the watering can and water it onto the soil.

Strain the compost tea to Stir well to aerate the mixture Water generously over the soil in large
prevent any residue from blocking before application—beneficial droplets whenever your crops are in need of a
the watering can. Dilute 1 part tea microorganisms thrive on oxygen. boost—if plant leaves are floppy and yellowing
in 20 parts of rainwater. slightly, it is a good time to spray.

41
 Natural remedies
Weed tea
In a battle for survival between weeds and cultivated plants, weeds would
win every time. Their roots mine minerals and trace elements held deep in
the soil, their leaves extract nitrogen from the air. They can also regenerate
from a single piece of root or just a few seeds. Weeds contain the exact
combination of nutrients that the garden lacks: to reclaim the nutrients
without fear of spreading weeds in your compost, make a simple plant tea.

1 2

1. Gather the weeds and stuff them in 2. Place the weeds in a container— 4
a porous bag. You can use the roots, stems, ideally, it should be between a third and
and leaves of many types: the more you half full. Cover with rainwater until the
include, the more nutritious the tea will be. container is nearly full. 3. To keep the weeds submerged,
Each weed contains different amounts of weigh them down with a brick or rock.
minerals—nettles and dandelions are high Biodynamic gardeners also add six special
in calcium, iron, and magnesium, and preparations to help the weeds break down 4. Cover with burlap and leave to
thistles are rich in phosphorus as well as faster and increase the nutrient content ferment, stirring gently once a week or so.
trace elements like zinc and manganese. (see pp.86–119 and 138–139).

42
 5

2 –4 weeks later
5. Remove the weeds and compost the mushy
remains. The roots and seeds will not be viable after
their time under water, which means there is no longer any
danger of spreading weeds around the garden in the compost.

THE ORGANIC WAY NATURAL REMEDIES: WEED TEA

6 7 8

6. Strain the liquid, then 7. Stir vigorously for 8. Water generously or spray over the soil in
dilute 1 part weed concentrate several minutes to aerate the large droplets, ideally on a dull, cloudy afternoon in fall.
in 10–40 parts of rainwater, mixture. This will stimulate Target weedy ground and areas recently converted from
depending on the needs of beneficial microbes and make weeds to cultivated plants. Apply once a week for three
your garden. the spray more effective when successive weeks. The nutrients returned to the soil are
it lands on the soil. easily available to crops, discouraging weed regrowth.

43
The
biodynamic
approach
 Tuning in to nature
Daily rhythms
When you get hungry or thirsty, you can always turn on the kitchen tap
or open the refrigerator, and when the light fades, you can flick on a light
switch. Plants don’t have the freedom to pick and choose what and when
they eat, or how much light they get. Being firmly rooted in the ground,
they are utterly dependent on what nature provides—be it light and heat
from sunshine, water from spring or fall rain, or the cold and dark of
winter. The plants we eat should still be intimately tuned in to seasonal
cycles, unlike our own 24/7 existence.

Growing crops using hydroponics and artificial light, and shipping reproduce. It is as if the living potential in the earth is being
food by air, using computer-controlled refrigeration, provides us exhaled. Then, as the sun sinks lower in fall and winter, Earth
with the choice of almost any fruit or vegetable we want, 365 days gets less heat and light. Plants contract back into the soil, either
a year. But the flipside of this relentless choice is that cultivated dying off completely or dropping their leaves during dormancy.
plants have been tuned out of seasonal rhythms, and as a Now it is as if the earth has inhaled back everything it produced,
consequence, so have we. Growing at least some of our own while preparing itself for the next cycle to begin.
food is the best way of tuning back in to natural, seasonal cycles.
Periods when the earth breathes in—either seasonally during fall
Imitating the sun and winter, or daily each evening—are usually the best times to
As the sun rises higher in spring and summer, Earth receives more dig the soil, readying it for planting, or for planting itself, to sow
heat and light. This encourages seeds and plants to grow upward seeds, and to spread compost. Sprays intended for the soil, like
and outward, producing shoots, leaves, and flowers so they can liquid manures or biodynamic soil sprays, such as horn manure

46
 Seasonal rhythms As Earth moves
away from the sun, one
As well as daily rhythms, Earth experiences the four hemisphere falls
seasonal rhythms of spring, summer, fall, and winter. into winter
The seasons occur because Earth orbits the sun at a
slight angle (23.5º). The start of each new season is
marked by four days; spring equinox; summer
solstice; fall equinox; and winter solstice.
Equinox days have roughly equal
amounts of darkness and light. Due to Earth’s
The solstices mark when the sun elliptical orbit,
the hemisphere
stops getting either higher (in nearest the sun
summer) or lower (in winter) in enjoys summer
the sky each day.

Spring Equinox Summer solstice Fall equinox Winter solstice

Northern hemisphere March 20 June 20–21 September 22–23 December 21–22
Southern hemisphere September 22–23 December 21–22 March 20 June 20–21

500 or BC are also best applied when the earth is breathing in, Night
during the fall or evening. The periods when the earth breathes & day
Earth —spri
out—either seasonally during spring and summer, or daily each is lit ng &
star, by th fall
morning—are the best times to apply most plant teas, as well as bu e

THE BIODYNAMIC APPROACH TUNING IN TO NATURE

t due su
atmospheric sprays, like horn silica 501. The aim is to help the half
of ou to its n, our nea
at an r plane roun rest
crops grow, upward or outward, in the right way. Connecting the y one t is l d shape, o
spins time. it by nly
Howev s
natural cycles of the sky above with those beneath your feet costs exper
on its
a x er, as unlight
ience i s, the w Ear
nothing, and makes for better gardening. Biody
s a 24
-hour hole p th
namic d lanet
livin garde ay -nigh
g o ners t rhy
out, b rganism th see E thm.
oth d a arth
aily a t breath as a
eveni nd se es in
ng an asona an
breat d dur lly. I d
hes i ing f
and i n, or all, the n the
inhal
n s
out, o pring the es; in Earth
r exh Earth the m
ales. then ornin
breat g
hes

Plants fo
llow th
times , su e natural dail
ch as m y
orning cycle, with som
glory (l
ef t) and e that flower o
evening n
primrose ly at ce rtain
(r ight).

47
 Tuning in to nature
The moon
Weather permitting, the sun is visible every day, but Full moon—new moon cycle
our closest celestial neighbor, the moon, comes and An obvious celestial cycle to work to is the full
moon cycle, because we can see the moon’s
goes, and changes shape. Recently, a new generation of phases change with our own eyes and there is
gardeners has begun to rediscover the value of timing no need to consult a lunar calendar, although it
may make planning easier. The word month is
key tasks, like sowing, planting, and harvesting, to lunar derived from moon, and a full moon occurs
cycles; best of all, working to lunar cycles is free. once a month, or every 29.5 days, to be exact.

West Full moon

At full moon growth or life forces are strongly concentrated in the
upper part of the plant, whose shoots and leaves are outwardly
expanding due to the active nature of the sap and water within. The
Greeks saw full moon as a time of bounty, the small seedling having
reached its full expression. Seeds sown just before full moon tend to
germinate well and give good yields; and as the moon wanes and
moves back toward the sun, they develop strong roots. There are 12
full moons each year, with an extra 13th every three years or so.

DAYS 23–28 DAY 22 DAYS 16–21 DAY 14–15

WANING CRESCENT THIRD QUARTER WANING GIBBOUS FULL MOON

Pruning Apply weed pepper

The flow of sap and water Full moon is a good time
from the roots up into the to make and apply weed
upper part of the plant is peppers (see p.138). Think
weaker in the run up to carefully before you use
new moon, which makes them: you may find it
it a good time to prune harder to grow a desirable
trees and shrubs. related plant in the same
spot at a later date.

48
Tracking the full moon
The cycle occurs because of how the moon, the sun, and the
Earth all move relative to each other. The moon orbits
the Earth, while the Earth is also spinning around the
sun. When the sun is on one side of the Earth and
the moon is on the opposite side—in opposition
(see p.56)—it is full moon, and the moon appears Sun
completely round and bright in the night sky, even
though it has no light of its own. The light we see
is sunlight reflected off the moon’s gray-white
surface. Around 14 days after full moon it is new
moon. The moon is much harder to see because it
has moved around the Earth to lie directly between
Earth and the sun. The side of the moon lit by the sun at
new moon is facing the sun and so is the side we cannot see.

New moon East

The Greeks believed new moon was a time of fertility and rebirth
because this was when the moon and sun joined each other in the

THE BIODYNAMIC APPROACH TUNING IN TO NATURE

same part of the sky. In biodynamics, new moon is a period of inward
contraction, when plant growth or life force is concentrated down
toward its root system. As the moon waxes and moves away from the
sun, it appears larger, and the flow of sap becomes more vigorous in
the upper part of the plant. The Greeks thought the curved sliver,
visible just after new moon, resembled a newly sprouting seed.

DAYS 8–13 DAY 7 DAYS 1–6 DAY 0

WAXING GIBBOUS FIRST QUARTER WAXING CRESCENT NEW MOON

Sow seeds Spray horn manure 500

Seeds sown during the The days leading up to a
two or three days just full moon are good times to
before full moon tend to apply horn manure—two
germinate well and give days before is ideal. The
good yields. This is especially forces of reproduction and
true of annual crops like growth are particularly
cucumbers, lettuce, leeks, powerful at this time, and
cabbage, and spinach which allow all the life contained
form their edible, water-filled in the horn manure 500
parts above ground. prep to work strongly.

49
 Apogee
Tuning in to nature When the moon is at its farthest point from
Earth, or apogee, a summer mood reigns.
The moon’s influence on tides is at its

Apogee weakest at apogee, and so are its watery

influences. For this reason, apogee is the
best time to sow potatoes for a good yield that stores well.
Other root or leaf crops, like carrots or spinach, sown at

and perigee apogee, risk growing too quickly and running to seed
because the watery influences are at their weakest.

Don’t be tempted to sow something at apogee deliberately

to encourage it to bolt and set seed to save for the following
Understanding how close or far the moon year (see pp.26–27). There is a risk that these seeds will
and Earth are from each other is useful produce a generation of plants with such a short growing
cycle that they will be incapable of actually providing much
when timing key garden tasks, such as food. In contrast the apogee moon’s summer influences
make it a good time to harvest fruit crops, such as tomatoes,
sowing, planting, harvesting, and pruning. eggplant, or apples for more concentrated, less watery,
flavors, or to cut mature pumpkins ready for drying
and curing outside.

The moon’s boomerang orbit

It takes around 27.55 days for the moon to complete its elliptical
orbit around Earth. Its closest point to Earth is called perigee;
its farthest point is known as apogee. Note that biodynamic Perigee
sowing calendars show how the moon spends less time in front When the moon is closest to Earth at
of a star constellation at perigee than it does in front of the same perigee, two things can happen. Tides are
constellation at apogee. This is because the moon’s elliptical especially strong, and there is a greater
orbit means that its “speed,” as seen from Earth, varies as it likelihood of a lunar landing. In 1969,
passes through the twelve constellations along its ecliptic path. Neil Armstrong and his Apollo 11 mission
team saved 26,000 miles (42,000km) of extra flying by going
to the moon at perigee. The perigee moon invokes a winter
Axis tilt of the Axis tilt of the mood because the moon’s watery element inhibits the sun’s
moon—6.7° Earth—23.5° relationship with Earth. Seeds sown into beds prepared at
perigee may germinate poorly, or the crop itself may be
affected because the watery element will be too strongly
manifested in the upper part of the plant. For leafy crops that
need to be watery, like spinach or lettuce, the perigee moon
can be positive. However, if fruit crops, such as strawberries
or apples, are watery, it causes a loss of sweetness, ripeness,
Apogee Perigee and flavor, and they may also store poorly.
251,655 miles (405,500 km) 225,744 miles (363,300 km)
The potentially negative effects of a perigee moon can be
made worse if it coincides with a full moon. This happens
once every 14–15 months, and can give rise to supermoons,
when the moon is physically close and appears magnified.
The days leading up to lunar perigee are a good time to
balance the greater moisture the moon brings to soil by
spraying Equisetum arvense 508 on the soil. This prevents
excess growth of either weeds or fungal disease spores.

50
 Avoid sowing seeds of crops Potatoes give a good yield when Keep crops prone to bolting well
that are prone to bolting. planted out in spring during apogee. watered when a “summer” mood reigns.

ige e .
s du r i ng p e r
Avoid d ig g i n g b e d

THE BIODYNAMIC APPROACH TUNING IN TO NATURE

If perigee and full moon
coincide, spray horn
silica 501 to dry out
the atmosphere.

Lift roots like carrots at risk Leaf crops, like lettuce and spinach, Strawberries planted during perigee
51
of rotting in wet soil. taste better when sown at perigee. will have watery, tasteless fruit.
 Tuning in to nature
Ascending and The yellow line denotes the path the moon

descending moon takes in front of the constellations (see p.54).

The ascending and descending moon

cycle is one of the easier lunar cycles to Differing views
work to, because it allows you two periods The angle at which the moon rotates the earth is 5.5 degrees,
and it appears to move up and down in the sky as everything
of almost two weeks in which to do rotates. The cycle varies according to which hemisphere
you are in. When the moon passes from Sagittarius to
certain tasks. Thinking of the ascending Capricornus, then Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus, and
moon as the spring–summer moon and finally Gemini, it is an ascending spring–summer moon
in the northern hemisphere—but in the southern
the descending moon as a fall–winter hemisphere it will be a fall–winter descending moon.
moon makes the cycle easy to grasp.
Conversely, if it is a descending fall–winter moon in the
northern hemisphere, it will be a spring–summer ascending
Following the moon moon in the southern hemisphere; but no matter where you
Just as the sun lies lowest in the sky at midwinter (winter solstice) live, the moon will still be moving from Gemini to Cancer,
and highest in the sky at midsummer (summer solstice), so the Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpius, and back to Sagittarius.
moon sits lowest in the sky at the end of its descending period,
and rises to its highest point at the end of its ascending period.
The difference is that there are six months between the sun’s Northern hemisphere
winter low and summer high points (the winter and summer Descending moon—fall–winter mood
solstices), but the time between the moon’s summer high and
winter low points is just 13.65 days, or 27.3 days between the
start of each ascending or descending moon period. This means
that the ascending–descending moon cycle runs independently node node
of the 29.5 day full moon–new moon cycle; the 27.55 day apogee–
Sagittarius Gemini Sagittarius
perigee cycle; and also the four-season, 365.25 day cycle.

This means that full moon, new moon, apogee, and perigee can all Southern hemisphere
occur at any point in the moon’s ascending or descending cycle. Ascending moon—spring–summer mood
Also, the moon ascends and descends—in its “spring–summer”
and “fall–winter” phases—independently of the actual season at Sagittarius Gemini Sagittarius
any time of year.
node node

Understanding nodes
Nodes occur twice a month when the moon crosses the “ecliptic”, an
imaginary line in the sky where eclipses occur. They can happen at
full moon, causing a lunar eclipse when Earth’s shadow blots out the The moon’s path passes in front of Gemini to Cancer,
moon, or at new moon, causing a solar eclipse when the moon hides Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpius, and back to Sagittarius.
the sun. Plants risk being inhibited if sown, hoed, or transplanted at
nodes. To avoid problems view moon nodes as rest days.

52
 The descending moon
During the descending fall–winter moon period, sap is especially
vital in the lower parts of plants. This is the time to plant out
seedlings from pots and seedbeds, because the roots will find it
easier to get going in their new environment. Also, since plant sap
contains nutrient-rich goodness, pruning is best done now. This
is because any growth that needs removing contains sap whose
force is less vital than it is at ascending moon. The earth-centered
nature of a descending moon also means this is a good time Plant out seedlings. Dig compost into the soil.
to stimulate root activity by adding compost to the soil.

Moon rotating Sun Prune fruit trees and bushes. Apply horn manure 500.
around the Earth

The ascending moon

During the ascending spring–summer moon period, sap in the
Earth’s rotation upper plant parts is especially enlivened. Flowers cut now last
5.5°
path around the sun longer before wilting, and picked fruit keeps well. The ascending
moon is also a good time to take cuttings of trees or vines that
Side view showing the you intend to graft before planting. As well as the sun and

THE BIODYMANIC APPROACH TUNING IN TO NATURE

moon’s angle of rotation moon, all planets in our solar system follow this ascending and
descending cycle as they pass in front of the 12 constellations—
Northern hemisphere first ascending, then descending—as they continue their orbits.
Ascending moon—spring–summer mood

node node

Sagittarius Gemini Sagittarius

Southern hemisphere
Descending moon—fall–winter mood Cut flowers stay fresh longer. Mist crops with horn silica 501.

Sagittarius Gemini Sagittarius

node node

The moon travels in front of Sagittarius to Capricornus, then

Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus, and finally into Gemini.
Take cuttings at this time. Harvested fruit keeps longer.

53
 Tuning in to nature
The moon and the stars
In its orbit around Earth the moon passes in front of all the zodiac constellations,
from Pisces to Aquarius. It takes 27.3 days to complete this cycle, and each time
the moon passes a given constellation, the element associated with it—earth,
water, air, or fire—is stimulated on Earth in one of four main plant organs—
root, leaf, flower, or fruit/seed—which are also used in biodynamics to classify
the edible parts of plants. This sidereal cycle has been seen to affect
the way that particular parts of plants grow.

AQUARIUS
VIRGO

SAGITTARIUS

CAPRICORNUS
LIBRA
SCORPIUS

Aquarius Capricornus Sagittarius Scorpius Libra Virgo

In the northern Hoe weeds in the Harvest fruit crops The most versatile Sow, prune, or Work compost into
hemisphere this is a northern hemisphere. in the northern sign under which to fertilize flowers and the soil or apply soil
good time to spray In the southern hemisphere. Prune, work leaf crops in flowering herbs in sprays like BC in the
horn silica 501 on hemisphere this is transplant, and feed either hemisphere— northern hemisphere northern hemisphere.
fruit or flower crops. the best time to work fruit crops in the and especially for locations; but in the Remove weeds in the
Plant flower bulbs in compost into the soil southern hemisphere. sowing them in the southern hemisphere southern hemisphere.
southern hemisphere or apply soil sprays. run up to a full moon. it is a good time to
garden plots. pick them.

54
 Leo Cancer Gemini Taurus Aries Pisces
Sow seeds in either Prepare the soil for, Fresh-cut flowers Moon in Taurus is a Prune and apply tree In the northern
hemisphere of crops sow, or spray leaf for vases, flowering good time to harvest paste to dormant hemisphere, plant or
that you intend to crops in the northern herbs for drying, potatoes—but avoid fruit trees in the transplant perennials
grow for their seed. hemisphere. Plant or and salad leaf crops harvesting them for northern hemisphere. like hedges and
Apply soil sprays transplant perennials, last longer when long-term storage if it Apply 501 to fruit herbs. Prepare the
or compost preps hedges, or herbs in collected under is also near full or crops—and soil, sow, or spray
to fruit crops in the southern hemisphere Gemini in perigee moon. harvest—in the leaf crops in the
northern hemisphere. garden plots. either hemisphere. southern hemisphere. southern hemisphere.

GEMINI

ARIES
CANCER
LEO PISCES
TAURUS

THE BIODYNAMIC APPROACH TUNING IN TO NATURE

Plant organs and the elements Root, leaf, flower, and fruit days
The link between the plant organs and the four elements is easier Plant growth can be favorably enhanced by linking the
to comprehend by considering how plants grow. First, they put part of the plant intended for harvest—such as carrot roots,
roots in the earth. The roots create shoots and leaves, which are lettuce leaves, edible flowers, and fruit like apples—with the
full of water. Flowers emerge, and transmit their scent through position of the moon, planets, and sun in relation to the zodiac
the air to encourage bees to fertilize them. The fertilized flowers constellations. By cultivating carrots on root days—when the
contract due to the warmth (fire) of the sun and form seeds or moon is in an earth constellation—the crop develops to its full
fruit. When the seeds fall to the earth, they sprout new roots and potential, providing healthy, nutritious, and tasty carrots with
a new cycle of growth begins. the right form or shape, which will store well, if needed; and the
celestial influences mean they also provide the right sustenance
In biodynamics all celestial cycles streaming in to the Earth are for body and mind. The carrots will be more tuned in to
seen to influence plant growth. The moon, planets, and the sun celestial rhythms if the biodynamic preparations are used.
all pass the 12 zodiac constellations that relate to one of the four
elements: Taurus, Virgo, and Capricorn relate to the earth, and to Remember that working to the moon and stars is just one
root formation; Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces relate to water and to aspect of gardening successfully, and no substitute for common
leaf formation; Gemini, Libra, and Aquarius relate to air (or light) sense: grow crops in the soil and conditions that suit them best.
and flower formation; and Aries, Leo, and Sagittarius relate to the And be pragmatic: it is not a crime to sow lettuce or any other
element of warmth (or fire) and to fruiting and seed formation. crop on the “wrong” day. But it is a crime to sow nothing at all.

55
 Tuning in to nature
Moon–Saturn opposition
Oppositions occur when planets, the
moon, or stars stand at an angle of 180 AQUARIUS
degrees from each other in the sky. The
most familiar example of an opposition
SAGITTARIUS
occurs every 29.5 days at full moon: CAPRICORNUS

the moon is directly opposite our SCORPIUS

LIBRA

nearest star—the sun—and Earth is

in between. The different forces at work
can impact the garden: the full moon on
Saturn takes nearly 30 years to orbit the sun. It passes in front
one side of Earth stimulates watery or of all 12 zodiac constellations in its route along the ecliptic.
calcium forces, enhancing growth and
Nature’s balancing act
reproduction, which is why seeds sown For gardeners, days when the moon and Saturn are in opposition
at full moon tend to germinate quickly. are useful times of balance and harmony in the natural world.
This occurs every 27.5 days and means that Earth has the moon
On the other side of Earth, the sun on one side and Saturn is directly opposite (but farther away) on
stimulates warmth or silica forces, the other. The moon’s watery influence on fertility, germination,
and yield is balanced by Saturn’s warmth power that gives plants
which aid ripeness and flavor. the right form, structure, ripeness, flavor, and capacity to age.

The moon blocks

Moon–Saturn conjunction Saturn’s warming
The moon acts like a cooling, watery balloon influence on Earth
when it lies between Earth and Saturn. It blocks
Sun
or hides the warmth that Saturn radiates back to
Earth from the sun. Sowing or planting at this
time may result in high yields but of potentially Saturn takes 29.5 Earth
years to orbit the sun Earth rotates the
poor quality crops that fail to ripen. sun in 365.26 days

Moon–Saturn opposition
Periods when the moon is on one side of Earth
and Saturn is on the other are particularly
propitious for working in the garden. Moon– Sun
opposition Saturn is a time of balance and
harmony when seed, seedlings, and plants find Saturn lines up with Moon is
the forces they need to grow and ripen steadily. Earth and the moon between Earth
every 27.5 days and the sun

56
 – S AT
N

•M O

UR N •
O
Plant perennial vegetables
like asparagus.

TA
SKS

Saturn’s warming influence arises because it acts like

a mirror reflecting heat from the sun back to Earth.
However the warmth Saturn sends to Earth is minimized
when the moon passes in front of Saturn, completely
Plant trees and shrubs. Renew barren areas.
hiding it. Fortunately, unlike moon–Saturn oppositions,
these so-called moon–Saturn occultations happen only
irregularly. Several may occur in the space of several
months, followed by a two- to five-year gap before the
next series occurs.

Things to do at opposition
The two days leading up to moon–opposition Saturn are
times to prioritize key garden tasks, particularly those
that will have a lasting effect. These are good times to
dig compost into the soil, to plant flower bulbs, to prepare

THE BIODYNAMIC APPROACH TUNING IN TO NATURE

planting holes for fruit trees, shrubs, rose bushes, and
hedges—and then plant them—and to move herbs and
other plants that need to go into pots.
Create raised beds and prepare them for planting.

Seeds sown in the two days before moon–opposition

Saturn, and those that start to germinate at that time
generally produce robust plants. It makes sense to
time sowing or planting high-yielding crops—such as
potatoes, tomatoes, beans, and strawberries—as well
as potentially fussy ones like spinach and Asian
greens to the moon–opposition Saturn rhythm.

Moon–opposition Saturn periods are also highly

favorable times to spray the three biodynamic spray Apply horn manure 500 in the Spray horn silica 501 early in the
preparations (see pp.66–85). Horn manure 500 will afternoon just before opposition. morning just after opposition.
have an especially strong stimulating effect on soil
microorganisms at moon–opposition Saturn, while
horn silica 501 and Equisetum arvense 508 sprays
respectively bring additional flavor-enhancing and
strengthening effects to plants.

The enlivening, nourishing effects of teas, liquid manures,

and spreading biodynamic compost are also enhanced at
moon–opposition Saturn.

Plant ornamental flower 57

Plant perennial herbs in pots.
bulbs like tulips.
 Origins of biodynamics
How the biodynamic
movement began
Biodynamics is the oldest green farming movement. It emerged during
the early 1920s, just after the end of the First World War. The organic farming
movement came later, developing directly after the Second World War. Over
the previous 150 years Europe had transformed itself from an agricultural to an
industrial economy. Although the organic and biodynamic movements agreed
that industrialization had brought some useful technological
benefits, they were also concerned about its damaging
and possibly irreversible side effects, such as the loss
of biodiversity and habitats for birds and bees.

Industrial impact sensed that modern methods were making their soil, crops,
The industrialization of seeds, and animals weaker and less fertile.
agriculture really took off As working animals were replaced by
after the First World War. The machines, there was less manure
war and the influenza pandemic that followed wiped out two to compost to keep soils fertile.
generations of largely self-sufficient farmers. Millions of farm Modern mineral fertilizers and
animals also died in the fighting, or from neglect and starvation. hybrid seeds produced bigger
These farmers and the animals they used to plow were replaced yields but weaker, more
with modern agricultural machinery developed from the newly disease-prone crops—and
invented military battle tanks. First World War bomb-making much bigger weeds. Some
technology was modified to create soluble chemical fertilizers farmers felt their long-term
to boost yields, and nerve gas technology was used to develop economic survival was
weedkillers and pesticides. The use of these pesticides and becoming impossible.
fertilizers led to a loss of biodiversity and wild habitats for birds
and bees, increased pollution of the soil and waterways, and A fresh approach
crops whose high yields were offset by reduced nutritional value In 1924 a group of leading
and rising levels of chemical residues. And as heritage seed central European farmers
varieties were replaced by hybrid seeds that produced more asked Rudolf Steiner
predictable yields, it meant farmers could no longer save their (1861–1925) to give
own seed, and became less self-sufficient. them an alternative
vision of farming.
These scientific breakthroughs served to make farming more Steiner had
predictable, more efficient, and safer—but also more profitable already
for those controlling the new technologies, and less profitable for developed an
those doing the farming. Not all farmers were happy. They alternative form

58
of schooling—Steiner or Waldorf education—but agriculture sausages from chamomile flowers and feed them to
was his defining passion. He had grown up in a community in the garden via the compost pile instead. He also suggested three
Austria (now part of Slovenia) where the farming methods and sprays be applied to the soil, made in similar ways to the
traditions that he witnessed as a boy had remained unchanged compost preparations but including cow manure, the mineral
for centuries—and still worked just as well. quartz (silica), and another medicinal plant Equisetum arvense.

In spring 1924 Steiner outlined his alternative to modern farming Steiner said that biodynamics was a low-tech way of farming
in a series of lectures called Agriculture—and it is these ideas that everyone could practice. His nine preparations were made
that have become known as biodynamics. He warned the and used in very small quantities but would quickly help farms
farmers who had invited him that some of his suggestions would and gardens achieve a healthy, dynamic, and sustainable
seem rather odd—even slightly backward—but stressed that balance. Treating each garden or farm as an organism in its own
accepting modern farming at face value would pay off in the right would eventually help us see the earth as a living organism,
short term only at the risk of terrible long-term consequences as part of a much wider cycle of life involving the other planets
for human, plant, and animal health. Steiner even correctly and stars in our solar system, too. Steiner didn’t coin the term
predicted that the world’s bees, who pollinate our crops, would “think global, act local,” but his biodynamic way of farming was
face population collapse around the year 2000, thanks to the first to fit it, and it is as valid now as it was in 1924.
modern pesticides.

How biodynamics works

THE BIODYNAMIC APPROACH HOW THE BIODYNAMIC MOVEMENT BEGAN

Steiner said that healthy humans need healthy food from healthy
farms. By healthy Steiner was clear that food must feed the
physical body but must also have the power to nourish our will.
Things won’t change for the better unless we want them to, and
we do something about it. And because we are what we eat,
to help the planet we live on not just to survive but thrive, we
need to grow better food. To do that, said Steiner, farmers would
have to make some radical changes and accept some ideas that
seem odd to our 24/7, high-tech generation but were not quite so
out of the ordinary then. Steiner said each farm or garden should
be as self-sufficient as possible. Animals—and their manure—
make this much easier, and when Steiner was speaking, many
homeowners still kept some of their own animals for meat, milk,
and eggs: a cow, some pigs perhaps, and some hens. Steiner then
added a new element to the self-sufficiency idea by suggesting
the best way of healing damaged soil was via normal compost
prepared in a special way, using six preparations. These were
made from six medicinal herbs commonly used to treat ailments
in humans, animals, or both: yarrow, chamomile, dandelion, and
valerian flowers; stinging nettles; and crushed oak bark. Steiner
said while plant roots often make the best remedies for humans,
it would be best to use the flowers when healing the earth.

A handful of each of the plants would be added to the compost

pile after being prepared in a special way. By this, Steiner meant
exposing the plants to the sun or burying them in the soil. Steiner
also suggested four of these compost preparations be sheathed
in the sense organs of either a cow or a male deer (stag). This
seems odd now, but in the 1920s home butchering of farm The ingredients used in the nine biodynamic preps.
animals like cows, or game like deer, was much more common From top left: Equisetum arvense (common horsetail),
than it is today. Cow intestines were often used to make pork chamomile, dandelion, nettle, oak bark, yarrow,
sausages for the table. What Steiner was suggesting was to make cow manure, valerian, and quartz.

59
 How to dynamize
biodynamic sprays
Several biodynamic preps are diluted and stirred before application to
ensure the beneficial forces in the prep are transferred into the water and
onto the land. The process is known as dynamizing because there is a
dynamic interaction between the prep and the water in which it is stirred.
Stirring and the vortex
Stirring by hand for long periods of up to 1 hour seems like a lot of aeration it has received, but also because the water has been
hard work, but once you get the hang of the process, it takes on a opened up to celestial forces from above through the dynamizing
rhythm of its own. Recruit a few helpers and it can be an enjoyable process. Looking down into the vortex created by hand-stirring
social event; if it becomes a chore, it is better to stop, pour what water in a bucket resembles the view of our universe from space.
you have been stirring onto the compost heap, and start again Planet earth spins around a star—the sun—which itself is
another time when you feel fresher and your inner will is stronger. spinning around on the edge of our spiral-shaped, vortexlike
galaxy—the Milky Way—which is also spinning around in the
The aim of stirring is to create a whirlpool effect; this produces wider universe. Life on earth depends on the ability of everything
a vertical crater in the center, known as the vortex. The vortex to keep on spinning, so spinning the preparations around in water,
is created because water around the edge of the stirring tank the source of life, reinforces the living processes plants need to
moves more quickly than the water in the middle. Once or twice stay vital and healthy.
a minute, reverse the direction of stirring, so the vortex crashes
and a new one is created. This ensures the forces carried by the How long to stir
preparation being stirred are transferred to every drop of water. Horn manure 500 and horn silica 501 should be stirred for 1 hour.
The barrel compost (BC) is stirred for 20 minutes. Stir valerian
As you stir, you will notice that the texture of the water changes 507 for 10–20 minutes, whether it is being added to the compost
and becomes more slippery and viscous. This is partly due to the or sprayed onto crops.

Stir vigorously in one direction for about a minute, remove the stick and allow the water to spin undisturbed.
60
 Flowforms
Stirring by hand creates a single central vertical vortex or whirl
in the water. Horizontal vortices are also effective and can be
created with flowforms. These attractive water features use a
solar-powered pump to encourage water to flow across a series
of sculpted bowls, usually made of clay. The bowls allow the
water to move in the same direction at differing speeds and
form shapes as if it were eddying and flowing over pebbles
in a stream. The bowls can also produce figure-eight shapes
that resemble the way blood flows in living organisms. The
rhythmical, oxygenating effects of flowforms enhance the
water’s vitality, and the sight and sound of water in a flowform
is known to have therapeutic effects.

Dynamized liquids are usually applied in one of two

ways. For ground sprays, shake large droplets onto
the soil with a brush. Plant teas and horn silica 501
are usually applied as a fine mist on or over the crops.

Plant teas and liquid manures also benefit from a

THE BIODYNAMIC APPROACH HOW TO DYNAMIZE BIODYNAMIC SPRAYS

10–20 minute stir. The aeration helps them to stick
better, and makes it easier for plants and the soil to
absorb the nutrients in the liquid. Aerated compost
teas (see p.40) require longer—up to 24 hours.

Applying the spray

Dynamized liquids should be sprayed as soon as
stirring ends, or not long after. Adding an unstirred
liquid to one that has been stirred will nullify the
effect of the stirring. Spray the unstirred liquid first,
then the dynamized one; better still, stir them both.

Just before the vortex collapses, break it with the stick and stir in the opposite direction. Repeat the process for the required time.
61
 f r o m
N i ne biodyna a t i o n s — m ad e
r e—
7 plant m i c p r e p a r a n u
s, a mineral, and anim a l m

Chamomile
preparation 503

Horn silica
preparation 501

Yarrow
Horn manure preparation 502
preparation 500
 a r e d e s i g ned to e n li ve n t h e e a r t h
d a l l t h a t grow s in it.
an
Valerian
preparation 507

Oak bark
preparation 505

Dandelion
preparation 506 Equisetum arvense
Nettle
preparation 504 preparation 508
 Biodynamic preps
The 9 preps
explained Horn manure 500
Sprayed on the earth, horn manure gives the garden solid foundations
and charges the soil with all the life force it needs. Good soil needs
Biodynamics entails the regular use of the right amount of air and moisture to support worms, fungi, bacteria,
nine preparations, which deliberately and microbes, and to produce crops that are wholesome to eat. Horn
manure keeps the earth’s stomach well stocked. It keeps our stomachs
expose both garden and gardener to the well stocked and our senses stimulated with the food it helps produce.
Making 500 pp.66–71. Using 500 pp.72–73.
three realms of nature: animal, mineral,
and vegetable. Biodynamics sees uniting
these three realms as the best way of
regenerating land that has lost its life
force—and in repairing the earth, we
also reconnect ourselves with natural
seasonal and celestial cycles.
Horn silica 501
Horn silica helps to produce nutritious food that tastes good and
stores well. Sprayed over crops to maximize the forces of heat and light
sent by the sun, it pulls plants upward to their limits using heat and light
as bait, keeping them lean, taut, and ready to withstand pests and
diseases. They stay healthy and able to produce ripe, flavorful, and
wholesome crops. Making 501 pp.74–79. Using 501 pp.80–81.

Yarrow 502
The yarrow prep develops a sense of awareness in the compost that
is transmitted to the crops when it is spread on the soil. Plants need
this to survive and prosper, just as animals do in the wild. Crops able
to sense changes locally—such as weather patterns—and movements
of the sun, moon, planets, and stars are completely connected to their
environment. This kind of total awareness helps keep plants strong.
Making 502 pp.86–91. Using 502 pp.122–129; 136–137.

64
Chamomile 503 Dandelion 506
The chamomile prep ensures the garden’s waste and recycling system The dandelion prep has a similar role to the yarrow prep. Yarrow
works safely and efficiently. Garden waste is either recycled naturally makes plants aware of their surroundings; dandelion has the same
where it falls on the ground, or in the compost pile before it is put back effect but also helps plants tune in to what is happening underground.
on the soil. Effectively, the land is feeding off refuse, eating leaves and The dandelion flower is like a tiny sun, plunging its powerful, elastic
other compostable items. Chamomile makes sure this earthy digestive roots deep into the underground. Dandelions give compost the power
system works as effortlessly as a cow’s intestine without ever getting to brighten soil from within, and connect it with what is above.
blocked. Making 503 pp.92–97. Using 503 pp.122–129; 136–137. Making 506 pp.108–113. Using 506 pp.122–129; 136–137.

THE BIODYNAMIC APPROACH THE 9 PREPS EXPLAINED

Stinging nettle 504 Valerian 507
The nettle prep plays a special role, making compost more compostlike The valerian prep is the icing on a compost cake, sealing in the goodness
overall. Good compost is dark and earthy, neither too dry nor too moist. contained in a well-built compost pile. Its job is to make sure the raw
It contains the right worms and microbes as well as all the important ingredients bake at the right temperature. Good compost needs enough
minerals in exactly the right amounts. Compost infused with nettle 504 tiny microbes to heat up and kill off troublemakers like weed seeds and
helps crop plants grow well no matter the conditions, and leave the soil disease organisms. When the cleaned-up material cools, worms make
in a better state than it was before—just like the nettles do in the wild. the compost ready to be digested safely and efficiently by the land and
Making 504 pp98–101. Using 504 pp.122–129; 136–137. its crops. Making 507 pp.114–118 Using 507 pp.119, 122–129; 136–137.

Oak bark 505 Equisetum arvense 508

The oak bark prep helps to create compost that gives the soil the right This spray preparation has the job of crowd control, specifically
balance. If soil lacks balance, anything that grows there will also be against pests like weeds and fungal diseases attracted to gardens
unbalanced—and crops that grow too fast are likely to attract disease. whose soil and plants are out of balance. Equisetum arvense helps
Whether radishes or fruit trees, crop plants should follow the oak’s prevent potential imbalances. It can be applied to the land or to
example of slow, steady, reliable growth. A radish may never seem crops as fresh tea or as a liquid manure, providing a gritty, silica-
as wise or mighty as an oak, but it can grow just as strong as one. filled barrier that fungal diseases and opportunistic weeds
Making 505 pp.102–107. Using 505 pp.122–129; 136–137. cannot stand. Making and using 508 pp.82–85.

65
 Biodynamic sprays
Horn manure 500
Horn manure is the key to the biodynamic world. It is
made from cow manure stuffed in a cow horn and buried
for six months over winter. The dark, crumbly substance Biodynamic cows are never dehorned.
The horns are the cow’s sense antennae
that results has populations of beneficial microorganisms —which is why cows lower their heads
far higher than those in normal compost or good soil. and point their horns at you in greeting.

Cow horns are connected to the

How horn manure works nasal cavity, which means that
When we chew and digest food, we not only digestive gases and sentient life
forces are circulated right to
release the nutrients required to keep the
the horn tips before rebounding
body strong, but also intangible forces back into the cow’s stomach.
needed to be sentient, conscious, and
aware. We are unique in the animal
kingdom in knowing that eventually
we will die. The cow does not have this
awareness; instead the sentient forces
are radiated into the grass she digests—
and ultimately into her manure—after
rebounding from her horns and hooves.

The horns hold beneficial life forces inside

the cow, so they are the ideal container in
which to transform fertile raw manure into
something more powerful. By burying manure-
filled horns over winter when the earth is at its
most alive, the life-giving forces in the manure
become more concentrated and further enhanced
by the inbreathing winter forces active at this time.
Sprayed on the soil, horn manure gives back all the
physical salts and minerals the cow took out when
grazing, and also provides beneficial forces that its grass
and the animals that graze there need to thrive.
Cow horns are made of keratin with
Substitute pasture with backyard, and grass with a bone core that stops just short of the
homegrown vegetables, and we can rekindle not just life tip. Gently tap out the core from the
within the earth, but life within ourselves when we eat dried horn, so that the hollow cavity
plants grown in soil sprayed with horn manure 500. can be stuffed with manure.

66
 ❧ EQUIPMENT
Fresh cow manure

Cow horns—ideally from local

pasture-grazed cows that have
had several calves—are available
from biodynamic associations.
Calving rings form at the base
of the horn for each calf born,
making a spiral pattern similar
to the vortex formed when
dynamizing (see pp.60–61).

A rock or stone anvil

helps to send the

BIODYNAMIC SPRAYS HORN MANURE 500

manure clear down
to the horn tips and
remove air spaces

67
 Making horn manure 500

1. Stuff the horns with fresh cow manure 4. Plant the horns mouth
around the fall equinox. The best manure is down. If necessary, arrange
3
from female cows in milk for their calves, them in two or three layers.
ideally from the pasture in which the animals There is no limit to the size of
are grazing. Remove any pieces of green grass 2. Check each horn is tightly packed the pit, or the number of horns
or clover. Tap each horn on a rock as you fill to ensure that the manure will decompose in buried in it, provided the soil
it to help ease the manure right into the horn the correct way. Pockets of trapped air will is good and the correct horns
tip and displace any air. result in an incomplete transformation so it is are filled in the proper way.
important to displace as much air as possible.

3. Dig a hole about 30in (75cm) deep in

good soil, and sprinkle in some fresh compost.
Make sure the site is away from power lines.

68
 To prevent rain from
seeping inside, place
horns in the pit mouth-side
down, and make sure that
the opening is buried
deeper than the tip

5. Backfill the hole, until the horns are covered by 12–18in

(30–45cm) of soil. Mark the corners of the pit with wooden stakes.

BIODYNAMIC SPRAYS HORN MANURE 500

4

Carefully pack soil around

each horn, ensuring that
there are no air gaps 6 8

6. In warm climates it is advisable to provide shade and shelter

from direct sun and heavy rain. Spread a straw mulch over the top of
the pit to prevent moisture from evaporating from the soil.

7. Lay a board at an angle over the corner stakes to provide

shade and protection from very heavy rain, without compromising
the airflow underneath.

8. Cover with more straw to help regulate the temperature.

69
 9

6 months later,
in spring
9. Lift the horns around the spring
equinox, after they have spent 6 months
underground absorbing the inbreathing
winter forces at work when the earth is
most alive. Earthworms are partial
to cow manure, so it is best to excavate
the prep before they become too active.

10

10. Scrape off any soil that sticks to the exterior of

the horns before you empty out the contents to avoid
contaminating the concentrated horn manure.

70
 Storing horn manure 500
Horn manure 500 is best made fresh each year, but you
can keep it for up to 3 years, provided it is stored well and
does not dry out. Place the crumbled horn manure in a
glazed pottery or glass jar with a loose-fitting lid that allows
the prep to breathe. Keep the jar in a dark, cool, frost-free
place, surrounded by an insulating layer of peat, either
in a wooden box, or in a clay container sunk into the ground.

11

Stone slab keeps out the weather

Drip saucer filled
with peat makes
a loose-fitting lid

BIODYNAMIC SPRAYS HORN MANURE 500

Horn manure 500
stored in a small
terra-cotta pot

Larger terra-cotta
pot filled with peat

To store horn manure 500 in the

garden, choose a shady spot with
12 fairly constant conditions—avoid
sites at risk of waterlogging, frost
pockets, or baking sun, and any
11. Gently tap the horn to remove the contents. areas close to sources of radiation,
If necessary, use a piece of wire to get to anything right at such as power lines and cell phone
the inside tip of the horn. towers. Horn manure 500 may
also be stored with the compost
12. Crumble the horn manure, and store in a jar. preps (see pp.120–121).
The contents should be dark black-brown, and smell strongly
and pleasantly of humus, the “earth within the earth.”

71
 Using horn manure 500
Bring your
soil to life
Although horn manure is not a fertilizer, it adds a concentrated
fertilizing force to the soil that benefits living organisms like
beneficial bacteria, worms, and the plants that grow there. It
Apply ground sprays
works in tandem with horn silica 501; horn manure works on like horn manure over
the earthy underground part of the garden from which crops a large area, using a
brush or conifer sprig
grow and develop their substance and form; 501 works on the to splash it onto the
ground in large drops.
parts above ground, where crops ripen and develop flavor.

How to dilute horn manure 500

1 3

1. Fill a large container with 3. Dynamize the solution for one

clean, slightly lukewarm water, and hour by stirring clockwise and then in an
add a small handful of horn manure, counterclockwise direction to break the
about the size of a golf ball. vortex at regular intervals (see pp.60–61).
2 Spray horn manure soon after dynamizing
Choose a slightly overcast day when
the soil is warm and just moist. The it—within an hour or two at the very most.
2. To dissolve the horn manure
best time is late afternoon or evening gently rub the preparation into the water
as the earth is breathing in, especially using your fingers to remove any lumps.
under a descending moon. The days
before full moon, when reproductive
and growth forces are at their height,
are also good, ensuring all the life that
prep 500 contains will work strongly.
72
 r de n a nd to ba r
to t he ga e s oi
n u r e 50 0 d y n a m i z e d l iq u l in l
a r ge
a it h t h e
rn m w id a n d , ra i n n
l y h o r u s h d r aw l i ke d a r de
Ap p
n g t h e b i n g it roplet s. Treat t he whole g
d i i n f r ont p e .
oa o f yo u r b o d y i n a s p i r a l s h a
by l

BIODYNAMIC SPRAYS HORN MANURE 500

Spring applications of horn manure 500
help to revive soil life after freezing
winter conditions and heavy frost.

Apply 500
to freshly dug,
hoed, or weeded
soil, just before
sowing seeds or
transplanting.

Applying horn manure 500 between fall and 73

spring keeps the soil inwardly alive.
 Biodynamic sprays
Horn silica 501
Made by filling a cow horn with silica-rich quartz, horn
silica works in tandem with horn manure 500. While horn
manure influences plant roots, horn silica influences the
parts that are visible both to us and to the light and heat
of the sun—shoots, leaves, flowers, and fruit—regulating
Quartz rocks can be transparently
clear, milky white, or even purple- what the crop will taste like, and how ripe it will be.
pink in color; the transparent type
is the best one to use
How horn silica works
Horn silica 501 organizes the heat and light forces
coming both from our sun and from the outer warmth
planets like Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. It allows plants to
Rainwater to
develop a stong connection with heat and light—which
make paste
Cow horn
is why it is sprayed at sunrise, into the atmosphere and
over the tops of the plants. Horn silica continues the
work of horn manure, which gets nutrients moving in
the soil, by pulling those nutrients upward into the
plants and keeping the sap flowing. It also helps to give
crops the perfect shape—not too firm or too floppy, or
too short or too tall. The prep is made in a similar way
to horn manure 500—a cow horn is filled with a paste
Heavy-duty
mortar and pestle
made from ground silica and buried in the ground for
to break up and six months, but this time over the summer.
grind quartz

Quartz rocks are

often washed down
from the mountains
into riverbeds

74
 ❧ EQUIPMENT
Toughened glass
work surface

A heavy glass
Protective bottle makes an
glasses excellent rolling
pin to crush the
ground-up silica
to a fine powder

Face mask
BIODYNAMIC SPRAYS HORN SILICA 501

75
 Making horn silica 501

1. Break the quartz rock into small

pieces when you are ready to make the
prep in late spring or early summer. You
will need to use considerable force to do
this, so use a heavy duty mortar and
pestle, or even a hammer.
2

SAFETY FIRST 2. Grind the quartz pieces into a fine powder

! Fragments of quartz can be with the mortar and pestle. Turn the powder out onto
extremely sharp: always wear protective a glass cutting board, and use a glass bottle like a rolling
eyewear when breaking up rocks, and pin to help crush it into a flourlike consistency.
make sure others—including family
pets—are well out of range of flying
shards. Wear a face mask to avoid
inhaling tiny particles of silica dust.

76
3

BIODYNAMIC SPRAYS HORN SILICA 501

3. Transfer the silica powder to a glass
bowl or pot and gradually add clean rainwater,
stirring constantly to make a stiff paste. It
should be just at the point of being runny.

4. Spoon the silica paste into the horn

until it is full to the brim.

5. Prop the horn upright and allow

the contents to settle overnight. If water
rises to the top, pour it off and add more
paste so that the horn is completely full.
Allow the contents to dry for a few more
hours if needed, and then bury the horn.
4

77
 E AT
GR
•
•
FLOW

SK
TA
E
R D AY

6 months later,
in fall
6
9. Excavate the horn silica. After
its 6 months underground, experiencing the
6. Dig a hole around 30in “summer life of the Earth” the silica inside
(75cm) deep in a sunny, open the horn will be filled with complementary
site away from cell phone “summer” solar forces to balance the earthly
towers and electrical power “winter” forces carried by horn manure 500.
lines. Ideally, choose a flower
day under an ascending moon
to bury horn silica.
8

7. Place the horn in the pit, mouth-side

down to prevent rain from collecting inside.

8. Refill the hole. The horn should be

covered by 12in (30cm) of good soil. Use a
wooden stake to mark the site of the pit.

78
 10. A crust on the horn surface, or pink spots on
the outside of the horn, indicates that helpful microorganisms
have been at work. Carefully scrape away any fungi from the
mouth of the horn to avoid contaminating the prep when you
empty out the contents.

11. Use a knife to ease the contents out of the horn and
into a clean bowl. The horn silica prep should be similar to
talcum powder in appearance.

12. Transfer the powdery silica to a clean, clear,

glass jar with a tightly fitting lid for storage.
10
13. Horn silica 501 keeps indefinitely as long as it
remains dry. Keep it in a bright, light place that catches
the morning sun every day, away from electricity. Never
store horn silica in the dark.

11

BIODYNAMIC SPRAYS HORN SILICA 501

12 13

79
 Using horn silica 501
Make your garden glow
Horn silica 501 is the yin to horn manure’s yang. Dripped on the
earth, horn manure 500 pulls roots down to give plants a solid W he
foundation, but horn silica is wafted mistily into the bright, airy • n to spray 5
Ideal 01
atmosphere to encourage your plants to stretch upward like or ea ly spray a
rly i
when n the t sunrise
the rising sun, and allow their shoots, leaves, flowers, and • Spr
the e
arth
morni
exhal
ng
ay 50 es.
fruit to develop a strong connection with heat and light. is as
ce
1 when
th
spray nding. You e moon
Crops sprayed with the combination of 500 and 501 are i c
leadi n the 14-d an also
ng up ay pe
more disease-resistant; have enhanced aroma, color, when
si
to a r
new m iod
tight lica force oon
s (th ,
flavor, and nutritional qualities; and also store better. • Ap
en cr
ops)
are at
ply i stron
to mi n spr g.
rr ing
How to dilute horn silica 501 movem or upward
en
sun a ts of the
nd pl
ants.
Horn si
li
Store it ca k eeps indefi
in a clea nitely a
it catc h r glass jar in s long as it is
es the m a d
orning bright place w ry.
sun ever h
y day. ere

1. Take a pinch of horn silica

and add it to a bucket of lukewarm
rainwater. The precise amount
depends on the size of the area to
be sprayed, but a little goes a long 2
way: 1 level teaspoon of horn silica
is all you need for around 11 gallons 2. Stir the solution for one hour in clockwise
(50 liters) of water—enough to and counterclockwise directions to break the
treat 21 ⁄2 acres (1 ha). vortex at regular intervals (see pp.60–61).

3. Pour the dynamized liquid into

a sprayer with a fine nozzle. Make sure that
you spray the solution as soon as possible
3
after stirring—it remains potent for three
hours at the very most.
80
 BIODYNAMIC SPRAYS USING HORN SILICA 501
Practical considerations
Choose a day that is likely to be warm
and at least partly sunny—do not
spray silica if heavy rain is forecast.
Aim to finish applying 501 by mid-
morning to avoid scalding the leaves.
Spray the horn silica solution as a
fine mist upward over the top of
your garden plants and seedlings
rather than onto the soil. By treating
the atmosphere the silica acts as a
lens to focus the sun’s heat and light
and connect them with your crops.

81
 Biodynamic sprays
Equisetum 508
One of the easiest biodynamic preps to make,
silica-rich Equisetum arvense 508 is used to
treat both the crops and the soil in which they
grow. It is essentially a tea or liquid manure that
is made from common horsetail and applied as
a spray to prevent plants from being outdone by
weeds or damaged by noxious pests, rot, mildew,
and other debilitating fungus disease organisms.

Unique qualities How the 508 sprays work

Equisetum arvense comes from a family Equisetum arvense is not the only silica-
of plants that predates the dinosaurs. rich biodynamic prep, but it works
It thrives by shady river banks, ditches, differently from horn silica 501. Both
and lakes where soil is damp and light revolve around the idea that silica makes
is often poor. Most plants weaken and plants healthier, tastier, and longer
succumb to pests and diseases in dingy lasting in storage, but horn silica 501
conditions, but the luminous fronds of encourages upward movement and a
E. arvense contain the highest levels of connection with the celestial forces of
silica in the plant kingdom, and it even light and heat. In Equisetum arvense 508
reproduces from fungal spores. It is the tea or liquid manure the silica works
silica that makes 508 sprays downward, using the brightening and
so effective by tightening drying effects to push disease organisms
crops and making them down, off, or away from the crops and
less appetizing for pests. back into the soil where they belong.
For maximum effect apply 508 sprays
a few days before a new moon
il? because that is when plants
r seta inwardly contract anyway,
ho arg
e
ch a l ake naturally shielding themselves
W hi l has y so m t
i
eta famil e righ against pests and diseases.
ors
H ed se th m
end ste
ext you u to the mmon
e n o
sur Cut i the c uare
. : q Collect the fronds and stems
one nd out ooks s all
fi l
to etail ction; ook just before or at midsummer,
s e l
hor ross s tails d they when the concentration of silica
c e n
in r hors nal—a is highest. You can use them
th e ag o immediately or keep them dry
o e x c .
e h oxi
mor also t t he r in airy shade until needed.
All o et um
are ui s
eq es They should retain their green
i
m spec color and dry, firm, spiky feel.
isetu
Eq u s e
n
ar v e
82
83
BIODYNAMIC SPRAYS EQUISETUM 508
 Making equisetum tea 508
1. Extract the silica
from Equisetum arvense
by making a decoction.
Use 2–4oz (50–100g)
of fronds in 2–5 pints
(1–3 liters) of rainwater.

2. Bring to a boil,
cover, and simmer for
about 30 minutes. Then
remove from the heat—
with the lid on the pan—
and leave it to cool.
1 4
3. Strain off the pale
yellow-green or brown
equisetum concentrate.

4. Make the spray,

diluting 1 part equisetum
in 40 parts rainwater, and
then dynamizing for 15
to 20 minutes (see pp.60–
61). This helps the tea
stick to the plants and
makes the treatment
more effective.

5. Pour the tea into

a garden sprayer.
2 5
6. Use a fine setting
and apply directly to the
crops, misting upper and
lower leaf sides. Spray at
2-week intervals unless
heavy rain is forecast.

Equisetum 508 tea may

be used in tandem or
mixed with other sprays
like oak bark decoction
(see p.36) and tree paste
(see pp.132–135), which
both have disease-
suppressing effects.
3 6

84
Making 508 liquid manure
2 weeks later
Mold on the surface indicates that
your liquid manure concentrate is ready
to use. It will smell like sulfur, especially if
the equisetum fronds were left in the liquid
during the fermenting process. To extend
the life of your liquid manure concentrate
starter, simply fill it up from time to time
with fresh Equisetum arvense 508 tea.

BIODYNAMIC SPRAYS EQUISETUM 508

3 4

3. Dilute the concentrate. Allow

1 part equisetum to 5–19 parts of water.
2
4. Dynamize the solution by
1. Make the equisetum decoction stirring for 15–20 minutes.
(see facing page) and pour it into a bucket,
with or without straining off the fronds. 5. Use equisetum manure 508
as a fine mist on plants, and also as a
2. Cover with a burlap bag and soil drench applied with a watering can.
leave it to ferment for 3–10 days in It is a very useful preemptive measure
a warm place. 2–3 days before perigee, or full moon,
when watery lunar forces are strong.
You can also mix 508 with stinging
nettle liquid manure to produce a spray
5
that cleanses and stimulates the soil.

85
 Biodynamic compost prep
Yarrow 502
A well-known perennial herb, yarrow
(Achillea millefolium) is a key biodynamic
plant. Its summer flowers attract insects
like lacewings, and are used to make
a sulfur-rich tea that can help
control powdery mildew. They
Tall, upright
stems support
are also used to make one of the six
flat clusters of biodynamic compost preparations.
small flowers

How yarrow compost works

Despite its shallow roots, yarrow has an amazing capacity to
regenerate the earth. Thrust skyward on firm, fingerlike stems,
the flowers pull carbon, nitrogen, and other elements out of the
atmosphere and into the soil—and also capture fine dilutions
of the myriad other elements and beneficial forces entering our
atmosphere from the celestial sphere beyond. Adding specially
prepared yarrow to the garden via the compost heap means that
the soil, the crops you grow, and all who eat them are infused
with the sensorial power of the wild plant, and are better able
to reconnect with the celestial rhythms that Earth, which is
a living organism, needs to function at its best.

The significance of the stag

Stuffed in a stag’s bladder, the flowers spend 6 months hanging
in the sun then another 6 months buried in the soil before they
are ready to add to the compost pile. The use of the stag’s
bladder is significant: stags have highly developed senses and are
intimately connected to their surroundings, aware not only of
movements in the forest, but of those on Earth as a whole. The
stag’s bone antlers—notably similar in shape to yarrow stems—
act as antennae; they transmit everything it senses through the
digestive system rather like yarrow flowers communicate with
the soil via its roots. The stag’s bladder is therefore a powerful
focal point for everything the animal senses, so when yarrow
flowers are enclosed in a stag’s bladder, their capacity to draw
Shallow roots beneficial celestial forces radiating through our galaxy into the
earth is enhanced. The synergy is so powerful that only a small
amount of yarrow is needed to enliven and refresh everything in
the garden—the plants, the soil, and the people who work there.

86
 ❧ EQUIPMENT Dried yarrow flowers

Warm water

Wire cutters

Stag bladder
(available from your
local biodynamic Yarrow flowers
association) from a
native species such as
European red deer or
North American
white-tailed deer

BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS YARROW 502

String and
scissors
Garden wire to
protect the prep
87
 Making yarrow 502

E AT
GR
•
•
FLOW

SK
TA

2
E
R D AY
1. Make yarrow tea by pouring warm—not boiling—
water over a handful of flowers. The tea is used to rehydrate
Yarrow blooms in midsummer, so collect, dry, the bladder, and to moisten the dried flowers used for
and store the flowers for use the following spring. Pick the stuffing so they are less likely to cause the sheath to split.
flowers on a sunny day. Wait until all the flower heads in
each cluster are open, and cut off the florets. Trim off 2. Prepare the sheath by making a small cut about two
the stems to ensure they don’t harden and puncture the fingers wide at the tip of the bladder (near the urinary tract)
bladder. Dry the flowers on slatted trays then store in a jar to create a balloon-shaped bag or envelope.
until you are ready to make the preparation in early spring.

88
 3 5

BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS YARROW 502

4 6

3. Soak the bladder in yarrow tea until it is soft. 5. Use your fingers to compact the stuffing slightly
When you remove it, you should be able to separate before you push it into the bladder.
the two sides at the opening. Put the sheath to one side.
6. Pack the yarrow mixture into the sheath. Use
4. Add yarrow flowers to the bowl and allow them your thumb or a wooden dowel to push the mixture firmly
to absorb the remaining tea. Work the tea into the flowers into the bladder and expel as much air as possible.
with your hands, adding more if necessary, until the flowers
feel slightly moist—like freshly baked bread or sponge cake.
They should not be dripping wet.

89
 7

7. When the sheath

is full, tie off the
opening with string.
Remove any fat that
clings to the bladder
to avoid attracting birds
and animals when it
hangs outside.

8. Hang the bladder

in a dry, sunny location
high in a tree, or under
the eaves of a building.
It must remain intact 9
until fall, so make sure
that there is room for
it to swing in the Six months later, in fall
wind without banging 9. Put a layer of soil in a terra-cotta pot, add
against anything that some fresh garden compost, place the bladder in
could cause it to split— the center, and cover with more soil and compost so that
it’s worth surrounding the entire bladder is in contact with the soil. Cover the
the bladder with a wire pot with a tile or a piece of slate: this prevents you from
cage or netting that will damaging the bladder when you dig it up. Bury the pot
also protect it from in a shallow hole around 12in (30cm) deep and leave it
8
animals and birds. alone over winter, when the earth is breathing in.

90
 BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS YARROW 502
10 12

Using
the p
11 13 Yarr
rep
ow 5
used i 02 is gener
n al
5 othe concert wit ly
Six months later, in late 12. Carefully separate • To m
r comp
ost prep
h the
the yarrow from any soil ak s.
spring or early summer and what remains of the
compos e biodynam
t, see
p.122.
ic
• For
bladder membrane using th
prep ( e barrel co
a blunt knife. BC), s
ee p.1
mpost
• To e 26.
10. Dig up the yarrow compost plant
nhanc
e h
between late spring and the summer solstice. 13. Crumble the sprays omemade
manur
compost and store it es, se and liquid
e p.13
• For 6.
11. Gently lift the yarrow out of the pot. It will in a glass or pottery jar
p.120.
storag
e, see
be extremely fragile—the bladder may have rotted surrounded by peat
away, but the flower stuffing will hold its shape. moss as soon as
possible to keep it
from drying out.

91
 Biodynamic compost preps
Chamomile 503
Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) is the “keep
calm and carry on” plant that brings a
regenerating, life-giving quality to both
garden and gardener. Its roots loosen
compacted earth so other plants can
find the food and water they need,
and a tea from the flowers helps to unblock
plant sap, preventing stress from excess heat
or cold. The flowers are also used to make one
of the six biodynamic compost preparations.

How chamomile compost works

Composted chamomile flowers encourage the natural cycle of
growth, decomposition, and new growth to occur in an efficient,
healthy way that ensures nothing is wasted. Their life-enhancing
properties allow all the raw materials in the compost heap to
break down in the correct way, ensuring the finished pile has a
stable nitrogen content. The chamomile compost preparation is
also rich in balanced proportions of both sulfur and calcium;
these allow the pile to inwardly direct life-giving forces released
during decomposition, so they stay in the heap and are not lost
to the atmosphere.

Chamomile sausages
The flowers are composted inside a cow’s intestine, which is
cut into short pieces to make sausages and then buried in the
soil for six months over winter. In the cow, the intestine holds
in the forces and substances that engender healthy life and
growth—just like chamomile does in the compost. Placing the
flowers in the intestine in the soil allows the chamomile to attract
into itself the vitality that enhances its inherent power to cleanse
soil, keep it vital, and regulate decomposition. Once it is added
to the compost heap, the chamomile prep brings these life-
enhancing qualities back to the garden: the soil finds the
biodynamic compost easy to digest, which means crops can
then find exactly the right amount of food and water they need
to force themselves out of the soil and develop into healthy
plants to enable the next cycle of growth to continue.

92
 ❧ EQUIPMENT Cow intestine (available
Warm water for from your local
chamomile tea biodynamic association)

Wooden dowel Scissors

BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS CHAMOMILE 503

Funnel

String

Dried chamomile flowers 93

 Making chamomile 503 E AT
GR

•
•
FLOW

SK
Chamomile or mayweed?

TA
There are several varieties of chamomile, so E
make sure you use the right one. Look for true R DAY
or German chamomile (Matricaria recutita)—the
strain with a strong, pure scent used in herbal tea
bags. It is often confused with Chamaemelum nobile
—Roman chamomile, also known as mayweed—
which has a more bitter taste. To check the identity
of your plant, cut open the yellow cone supporting
its flowers: on German chamomile the cone is
hollow inside, but the cone for mayweed is solid.
Chamomile Mayweed

True chamomile flowers Mayweed flowers

resemble badminton have a much
shuttlecocks, but aim to flatter
pick them before their profile
petals are fully open

Collect chamomile flowers from early spring—

Spread out the ideally on sunny mornings with an ascending moon—
flowers in a tray
lined with netting or before they are fully open, when the petals are still
blotting paper, and turn horizontal. Dry the flowers in a warm, airy place out of
them every so often. They direct sunlight, and store them until you make the prep, usually
should retain a rich, clean
smell, with no hint of in fall. Dried chamomile has a rich aroma, so keep it in a lidded glass
dustiness or mold. jar to protect it from moths and their caterpillars, as well as mice.

94
 1 3

BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS CHAMOMILE 503

2 4

1. To prepare the casing and make the 3. Roll the casing up your thumbs
chamomile sausage a manageable size, cut a to separate the sides of the tube and
piece of cow intestine 10–16in (25–40cm) long. remove any obstructions.
Trim off any excess fat.
4. Use string to tie off one end of the tube,
2. Soak the casing in warm water until and set the casing aside while you prepare
it becomes soft and rehydrated. the stuffing.

95
 5 6 7

5. To make chamomile tea, 6. Place the flowers in a bowl and 7. Roll up the casing around
sprinkle a handful of fresh or dried rehydrate them with a small amount of the spout of a wide-mouthed funnel.
flowers into warm water and leave chamomile tea. The flowers should be The top of a cut-down plastic bottle
to infuse for a few minutes. just moist—damp, but not soaking wet. is perfect for this task.

Alternative method 6 months later,

If you wish, you can make the
chamomile preparation in the in spring
same way as yarrow 502
(see pp.86–91). It will take a full 11. Dip up the chamomile prep.
year to mature, but it may be Lift the pot around the spring equinox,
more potent for absorbing the before earthworms become active and
celestial forces at work in the wriggle their way inside to devour the
summer months. The process chamomile. Gently brush off soil
is similar, but if you can collect
enough chamomile in early sticking to the casing.
spring you can use the freshly
picked flowers to fill the casing 12. Open the sausage. Use a knife
—there is no need to dry them to slice lengthwise down the middle and
first. Protect the sausage from scrape out the chamomile flowers.
wind damage, birds, animals,
and insects with a wire cage 13. Crumble the composted
covered in fine netting, and then flowers to allow them to dry slightly
hang it out in a sunny location. before storing in a glass or pottery jar,
After 3–4 months take it down insulated by peat.
and bury the prep at the fall 11
equinox, as described above.

96
 BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS CHAMOMILE 503
10

10. Fresh chamomile sausages

may attract burrowing animals, so place
8 9 the sausage in the center of an unglazed
terra-cotta pot packed with soil and fresh
8. Fill the intestine with moist 9. Continue filling the casing compost. Cover the pot with tiles and bury
chamomile, adding a few small clumps until the sausage is firm to the touch, it mouth-down in the ground—aim to
at a time. Use a wooden dowel to press but not so tightly packed that it is in provide a thick blanket of fertile, humus-
the flowers down the length of the tube. danger of splitting open. rich soil around 12in (30cm) deep.

Usi
n g
Cha the
in momi pre
l
com conce e 50 p
pos rt 3 i
• T t p wit s us
rep h 5 ed
com o mak s. oth
pos e b er
• F t, i
see odyna
pre or th p.1 mic
p ( e b 22.
• T BC) arr
o , s el
pla enh ee c
ma nt sp ance p.1 ompo
nur r h 26. st
a
es, ys omem
• F a a
p.1 or st see p nd li de
20. ora .13 qui
ge, 6. d
12 13 see

97
 Biodynamic compost preps
Nettle 504
Stinging nettles do their best to grow in out-of-the-way places,
but are a real asset to the garden: wherever they grow they leave
behind soil that is darker, earthier, richer, and healthier than
before. They are also superb companion plants, attracting ladybugs
that feed on aphids. Their extraordinary soil-improving properties
can be delivered to the garden in fresh teas and liquidz manures
as well as in the compost as one of the biodynamic preps.
Unique qualities How nettle compost works
There are many types of nettles, but perennial The nettle prep is made using the leaves and
stinging nettle, Urtica dioica, is indispensable in stems, which are buried underground for a year
biodynamic gardens. It naturally congregates in a site exposed to the sun. This enhances both
on bare, compacted land, where its shallow roots the plant’s ability to mediate between the earth
reveal an extraordinary ability to drag nutrients and the sun, and its natural power to help soil
from deep in the earth up to the topsoil and regenerate and enrich itself. The forces in the
enrich the soil so that other plants can thrive. nettle are so powerful that no animal sheath is
The flowers and seeds are tiny and easy to miss. needed. Added to the compost heap, the nettle
They appear across the central, most shaded prep helps garden soil adapt individually to all
part of the plant, indicating that the nettle the different plants being grown, so the soil
concentrates its tremendous power and all its becomes more “intelligent.” The overall effect
reproductive force at its center, on its stem and is to promote balance by keeping things flowing
leaves. This may explain why they sting so properly—it prevents
much—it is a sign of how the nettle perfectly blockages like compacted
captures and balances solar energy from soil that starve roots of air,
above and the earth’s minerals from below. water, food, and light, or sap
flowing so weakly it makes
crops more prone to hunger,
thirst, and pests.

Collect stinging nettles when

their sting is most potent—in
midsummer when the plants
are in flower

98
❧ EQUIPMENT

Let the nettles wilt

and compress
them slightly
before burying

BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS NETTLE 504

99
 Making nettle 504
E AT
GR
•
•
FLOW

SK
TA

E
R DAY

1 3

2 4

1. Harvest nettles in midsummer as they are 3. Chop the leaves, stems, and flowers into an
flowering. Use a scythe—and wear protective gloves— unglazed clay pot. The container will protect the nettles
to cut down the nettles near the base of the stems. from earthworms eager to feast on the iron-rich
contents, and also makes the prep easier to excavate.
2. Leave the nettles to wilt for a few hours. Choose
a shady spot and protect from rain, if necessary. Wilting 4. Pack as many nettles into the pot as you can,
exposes the nettles to the forces of the midsummer sun— pressing them down firmly.
and you’ll be able to pack more nettles into the container.

100
 5. Cover the pot with a piece
of tile or slate, using string to hold
the lid in place.

6. Choose an open, well-drained

site in a sunny spot for your nettle
pit. Dig a hole large enough to hold
the pot, and deep enough to ensure
the nettles will be covered by at
least 12in (30cm) of soil.

5 6
7. Bury the pot upside down.
This will reduce the amount of
rainwater penetrating the pot
during its time underground.

8. Add some fresh compost,

and then fill in the hole. Use stakes
to mark the spot where the prep is
buried, and leave it alone for at least
one full calendar year.

BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS NETTLE 504

7 8 Usin
g t he p
Nett rep
le 5
used 04 i
i n s ge
5 ot c n
her oncert erally
12 –15 months later • To
comp make bi
comp
ost
with
prep the
ost, odyn s.
9. Excavate the nettle pit. • Fo
r
see
p.122
amic
The resulting dark black, flaky prep the ba .
(BC) rrel
compost has a distinctive smell, a • To , se comp
e p.
plan enhanc 126. ost
bit like a leafy forest floor after t sp e ho
man m
light rain. Run the excavated ures rays a emade
, se nd l
material between your thumb • Fo e p.13 iquid
r
and forefinger: if the skin p.12 storag 6.
0. e, s
ee
looks like it has been
dipped in black octopus
ink, your nettle prep is of
the highest quality. Crumble it
into a glass or pottery jar and
store it with the other preps.
9

101
 Biodynamic compost preps
Oak bark 505
The oak tree is one of the strongest, mightiest, and
longest-lived plants. Throughout its journey from tiny
acorn to towering tree it must grow steadily and protect
itself from the elements. The protection is provided by
its tough, weather-resistant bark—and this is the point
of interest to the biodynamic gardener.

How oak bark compost works Encouraging balance

Oak bark compost helps to stop plants from The prep is made by stuffing crumbled bark
getting harmful diseases. Plants that grow into the skull of a farm animal and leaving
in the wild are inherently healthy, but it to soak under water over winter. Like oak
cultivated plants can get sick if the soil in bark, the skull is full of calcium, and with
which they grow has been damaged or the right amount of calcium plants produce
weakened. Plants that grow too fast or too balanced, healthy growth. The oak bark
slowly are also more likely to suffer from compost supplies calcium in a way that
pests and diseases. This is nature’s way of allows the garden to regulate or “think” for
getting rid of unbalanced plants. Oak bark itself, so it is composted in the part of the
compost helps correct weaknesses and skull that holds the animal’s brain. The
imbalances in the soil, allowing all garden swampy burial site is also significant: the
plants to grow steadily and stay healthy mud represents the earth, and water, the
like the mighty oak itself. moon. Crops grow best and stay healthier
when the earth and moon are in balance;
by placing the skull somewhere both earthy
and watery the calcium-rich bark can bring
a balancing influence to the garden.

102
 ❧ EQUIPMENT

For best results use bark

from a native species such
as the white oak (Quercus
alba) in North America or
English oak (Q. robur)
in Europe

A pig skull—here,
shown after
excavation—is
often used, but
cow, horse, sheep,
or goat skulls are
also suitable for
making the prep

BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS OAK BARK 505

Finished oak bark Crumbled oak bark

compost is a rich used to fill the skull
and earthy black

103
 Making oak bark 505
E AT
GR

•
K
ROO

AS
T

T
DAY

Wed dge a box

agga inst the
he tree
to col
c lect the
shavin
sha v gs
vin g

2. Ask your butcher to remove the

brain through the hole at the base of the skull
1 that connects the spinal cord (the foramen
magnum). Take care to leave the membrane
1. Collect the bark from mature inside—the meninges lining—intact.
living oak trees on still, dry, sunny
days from late summer to early fall. 3. Pack the cavity with the powdered
Use a rasp or a coarse file to scrape oak bark, using a funnel to help.
off the crumbly outer layer of bark.

Wear gloves and protective

! goggles to protect your
hands and eyes from stray bark.

104
 4

6. To create swamplike conditions,

partially fill a wooden water barrel with
rainwater and add a few spadefuls of soil.

BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS OAK BARK 505

5

4. Press the bark down firmly

with a wooden dowel to pack in as much
bark as you can and expel as much air 8
as possible.
7. Add some old leaves to the
5. Seal the hole with a cork, or a barrel, which will decay over winter.
piece of bone held in place with clay.
8. Place the skull in the “swamp”
—weigh it down with a heavy rock
or brick, if necessary.

105
 9. Add more leaf debris
and soil to ensure the skull
is completely covered.

10. Top off with more

rainwater, and then cover
with a heavy lid to prevent
animals from getting trapped.

11. Connect the barrel to

a downspout to ensure your mini
swamp has a regular supply of
fresh rainwater. If this is not
possible—or if the water level
drops below the outlet on the
water barrel—occasionally just
top off the barrel with enough
rainwater to create an overflow.

12. Open the tap slightly

to allow rainwater to drip slowly
through the barrel—or drain
a little water out every now and
then—to mimic the slow-running
water found in swamps.
9 10

11 12

106
 BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS OAK BARK 505
13 15

Using
the p
Use
rep
oak
14 16 5 othe bark 505 wi
r comp t
• To m ost pr h
ake bi eps.
Six months later, 15. The oak bark compos od
t, see ynamic
p.122.
should be earthy black in • For
in early spring color with a soft texture.
th
prep ( e barrel co
BC), s
ee p.1
mpost
• To e 26.
nhanc
13. Lift the skull out of the barrel, and gently hose 16. Ease the homem
ade pl
e
ant
it down with clean water. composted bark sprays
a
out of the cavity with liquid nd
manur
see p. es,
14. Break open the skull with light blows from a a knife, crumble, and 136.
chisel, or a hammer and a wedge. Avoid hitting too hard: store in a glass or • For
st
see p. orage,
the skull is flakier and less dense after its time in the pottery jar. 120.
swamp, and if it disintegrates, you may lose the contents.

107
 Biodynamic compost preps
Dandelion 506
Tenacious and vigorous, the dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale) is popular with children who love to blow
away the fluffy seed heads. Adults may curse when
they appear in the lawn, but from a biodynamic
perspective when the plant uses its strong rubbery
root to punch holes in the ground, it opens up
compacted soil, exposing the earth to the light
of the sun and other celestial bodies, so that
new plants soon thrive there.
How dandelion compost works
The dandelion prep provides garden soil with
a fine-tuned ability to sense and draw in just the
right amount of what it needs in the way of light,
heat, water, or food from the rest of the garden and its
neighbors. The composted flowers not only draw the light
and heat of the sun, and the balancing influences of
Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars into the garden, but
underneath it, too. The dandelion prep gives
the soil the inner brightness and sensitivity it
needs to be able to provide crops with the
liverlike power to filter exactly what they need
from the soil, producing high-quality food that
tastes as good as it looks.

Dandelion pillows
The flowers are encased in a cow’s mesentery, and buried
in the ground for six months over winter. The mesentery
completely encloses the cow’s digestive organs, holding
in and concentrating the streams of influence from the sun,
planets, and stars that pass through the cow and make
Dandelion flowers
are like little
her manure so life-enhancing. Light and heat from the sun
yellow suns are also captured by dandelion flowers that stream them
connected to the down into the earth, where they are released for other
earth via a strong, plants to use. By enclosing the dandelion flowers in the
deep taproot. mesentery—which concentrates these same heat and light
influences—it reinforces the dandelion’s special ability to
help other plants connect with both their immediate local
environment and the celestial sphere above.

108
 Warm water for ❧ EQUIPMENT
dandelion tea
Cow mesentery
(available from your
local biodynamic
association)

String, needle, threader, BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS DANDELION 506

and scissors

Dried dandelion flowers

109
 Making dandelion 506
Picking the moment for dandelions
EA
GR T Dandelions have a hotline to the sun: their petals unfurl as it
•

rises and close at night or on overcast days. You’ll need to

•
FLOW

SK

start early and only pick half-open flowers to beat pollinating

TA

insects—once pollinated even decapitated flowers go to seed.

E
R DAY
Half-open flower Fully open flower

The central petals on a half- Fully open flowers are often

open—and unpollinated— pollinated; they may develop
flower are closed and folded into fluffy seed heads that are
inward like a small cone. unsuitable for use in the prep.

Collect the flowers

in early spring—ideally
on sunny mornings with
an ascending moon—
and as early in the day
as possible, before the
petals are fully open.
Spread out the flowers
on flats in a warm, airy
place, and turn them
occasionally to ensure
they become completely
dry. Store the flowers in
jars or paper bags until it
is time to make the prep.

Fresh dandelions ready to dry Dried dandelion flowers Discarded seed heads

110
 1. To make dandelion
tea, add some dried flowers
to warm water and allow it
to stand for a few minutes.

2. To create the sheath,

cut a piece of the mesentery
sheet around 8–14in (20–35cm)
wide, and soak it in some of the
warm tea until it is rehydrated.
It should become soft and easy
to handle.

3. Fold the sheet in half.

Thread a needle with string
1 2
and stitch up the side and along
the base to make a pouch.

4. Put the flowers in a

bowl and pour over a small
amount of dandelion tea to
moisten them. The flowers
should be damp, but make sure
that they are not soaking wet.

5. Fill the pouch with

the flower mixture. Press
the flowers way down inside
until you have made a small

BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS DANDELION 506

dandelion pillow.

6. Seal the opening of the

3 4 dandelion package by stitching
it together with more string.

5 6

111
 7 8 9

7. Dig a hole about 24in (60cm) deep 8. Backfill the lined hole with a DANDELION
in a sunny site in fall. Ideally, choose a day thick layer of good soil seeded with fresh
when the moon is descending, and in an compost until you are about a third of the
earth-root constellation. Line the sides and way up. Alternatively, you can prepare an
base of the hole with heavy tiles to protect unglazed terra-cotta pot with soil and
the pillow from burying animals. compost as for yarrow 502 (see p.90).

Alternative method
If you wish, you can make
the dandelion prep using the
same technique as for yarrow
502 (see pp.86–91). It takes
a year to mature, but hanging
the mesentery from a tree for
6 months over the summer
allows it to benefit from the
exposure to sun’s heat and
light. Follow the process here, 10
but prepare the mesentery in
spring. Make a wire cage to
protect the prep from wind 9. Place the dandelion pillow in
damage, birds, and animals, the soil, cover with a thick layer of soil
then hang it out in a sunny and compost, then top with tiles or slate
location. Take down and —it should be around 12in (30cm) deep.
bury the prep at the fall Fill in the rest of the hole.
equinox, as described above.
10. Mark the spot, label it, and leave
it alone for 6 months until spring.

112
 BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS DANDELION 506
11 13

Using
the p
Use
rep
dand
5 othe elion 506 w
r comp i
12 14 • To m ost pr th
ake bi eps.
compos od
t, see ynamic
6 months later, in spring 13. Put the contents • For
th
p.122.
prep ( e barrel co
into a dish and prepare it BC), s mpost
ee p.1
11. Dig up the dandelion pillow. The for storage. Crumble it in • To e
nhanc 26.
mesentery sheath should still be intact and will your fingers, and look out plant e home
sp made
not have broken down much at this point. for worms—return them liquid rays and
manur
see p. es,
to the compost heap. 136.
12. Slice open the pillow with a knife to reveal • For
st
see p. orage,
the composted dandelions. They may smell musky 14. Scrape off as 120.
and earthy, but this is perfectly normal. many flowers as possible
from the sheath. Store
the excavated prep in
a glazed pot or glass jar.

113
 Biodynamic compost preps
Valerian 507
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is a perennial herb grown in
North America with tiny white flowers that are unusually
rich in phosphorus. All plants need phosphorus in order
to capture the sun’s heat and light. In biodynamic
gardens the phosphorus in valerian acts like a switch that
ensures other plants can get the heat and light they need.

How the valerian prep works

Valerian is the only biodynamic compost prep that comes in liquid
form. It is made by pressing valerian flowers or infusing them in
water: the liquid extract is then diluted and dynamized for 10–20
minutes before use. In the compost pile valerian works a bit like
icing on a compost cake. Always the last prep to be added, it seals
in the beneficial growth forces carried by the other five compost
preps, so that when the compost is spread, these forces can be
released into the soil, into the crops that grow there, and into
those who eat them. This helps plants stay free of disease when
The clusters of tiny
white, early summer
growing so the food they provide is wholesome and nutritious.
flowers are intensely
perfumed and Warming effects
much loved Of the six biodynamic compost preps valerian is the only one that
by insects. can also be sprayed directly on the garden. Its role is always to
mobilize phosphate-activating bacteria either in the compost pile
or underground within the soil. Phosphorus is one of the three
elements all plants need to survive, grow, and reproduce; the other
Flowers are ready to
two are nitrogen and potassium. Without phosphorus, plants are
collect when about half unable to use the sunlight their leaves need for photosynthesis—
the blossoms on a given so without phosphorus not only would there be no garden but
flower head are open. there would be no food or flowers in it either. The phosphorus
provided by valerian gives the garden the impetus, or will, to
grow. It helps plants connect with the light and heat of the sun
above ground, keeping them warm and frost-free in cold weather.
And it has the same effect when sprayed on the soil or brought
into the garden via compost by infusing the soil around plant roots
underground with its warming and light-bringing qualities.

114
 ❧ EQUIPMENT

Rainwater to dilute Wooden dowel

BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS VALERIAN 507

Clear glass bottle
Funnel and cork for
infusing flowers

Dark glass
Use a strainer or
bottle for
muslin to strain
storage
String the infusion

Fresh valerian
flowers

Valer
i
Infus a n 507
ion r
ecipe
• Ap proxim
(30g) ately
fr 1oz
flowers esh valeria
n
• 5 flo
z (150
rainwa ml) te
ter pid
Makes
ab
(100ml out 4 floz
) vale
For a rian 5
longer 07.
life s shelf
to
bottle re in smal
s 1 flo l
z (20m
l).

115
 E AT
GR

•
•

Making valerian 507

FLOW

SK
E
R D AY TA

1 3 5

2 4 6

1. Pick valerian flowers with their 3. Pack the flowers right down 5. Use a cork to seal the bottle. Press
supporting pods (calyx) in early summer, inside the bottle using the stick. it in firmly, but make sure you keep an air
ideally on days with an ascending moon. space to allow the flowers to ferment.
Often the best time is around the summer 4. Pour rainwater into the bottle,
solstice, but be guided by the weather. allowing for a 1 ⁄2in (1–2cm) air space 6. Tie the cork to the neck of the
The flowers in each cluster will open at the top, below the base of the cork. bottle to ensure it doesn’t pop out during
individually; their petals start to fall about the fermentation process.
2 weeks after opening, and this is the
moment to start collecting. Don’t forget 7. Attach the bottle to a tree branch
to leave some flowers for the insects. in a sunny location out of the wind, and
leave it to hang for 3 days.
2. Use a funnel and a stick to fill
a clear glass bottle with the flowers.

116
 10

BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS VALERIAN 507

9 11

3 days later 10. Pour the liquid concentrate

into a green or brown bottle, and seal with
8. Take down the bottle. If the a cork. Always leave an air gap between the
liquid is a clear yellow-amber color, cork and the liquid. Within a few weeks the
your valerian juice is of the highest quality, liquid should be a transparent green-yellow
but a cloudy green liquid is almost as good. color. It should smell like the picked flowers,
but with more depth and ripeness.
9. Strain the liquid with a strainer, or
pour it through a piece of muslin or an old 11. Store valerian 507 with the other
piece of pantyhose. The solids will be compost preps (see p.120). Lay the bottle on
discarded, but squeeze out as much liquid its side to keep the cork wet and prevent it
as you can before you throw them on the from shrinking. Valerian keeps for years if
7
compost heap. stored well, and should also keep its scent.

117
 Alternative method: Juicing
You can also make valerian 507 by pressing
freshly picked flowers to extract their liquid
content. The technique is simple, but it may
have a shorter life than juice made using the
infusion method. If mold develops during
storage, the valerian juice will no longer be
suitable for use with the other preps in the
compost pile, or as a frost-prevention spray. Collect the flower
pulp as it emerges

Run the pulp back

through the juicer to
extract more liquid

Flower juice is
1 2 ready to store

1. Use a manual juicer to press 2. Press the flowers through the

the flowers. This relatively gentle machine. Collect the pulp and push it
method reduces the risk of oxidization back through the juicer to ensure you
and ensures the valerian juice is not extract the maximum amount of juice
contaminated with bad energy from from your flowers. Work quickly to
electrical currents. stop the juice from browning while
it is in contact with the air.

3. Funnel the valerian juice

into a green or brown bottle, and seal
with a cork or a fermenting cap. This
prevents air from getting in, but allows
gases released by acid fermentation
in the juice to escape. Store the bottle
with the other compost preps.

118
 Using valerian 507
Keep frost at bay
In the compost pile valerian 507 is valued for its insulating
warmth, which surrounds the heap and seals in the growth
forces delivered by the other compost preps. In early spring

BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS VALERIAN 507

Valerian 507 must
and fall, this warming quality can be deployed as an effective always be diluted and
guard against frost: simply spray valerian 507 directly over dynamized before use
in the garden or on
your soil, and even onto the plants themselves. the compost heap.

Dynamizing valerian 507

1. Prepare the valerian
by diluting 1 part concentrate
in 19 parts of warm rainwater.
The pale yellow-green liquid
has an intense floral smell.

2. Dynamize by stirring
for 10–20 minutes, creating
a vortex in clockwise and
counterclockwise directions.

1 2

Mor
3. Gently mist fruit e u
blossoms and other plants Val ses
e
use rian for
at risk from early or late frost d 5 507
com with 07 is
on the afternoon or evening pos
t p the 5 also
• T rep
before frost is forecast, and o m s. other
com a
repeat each day if necessary. pos ke bi
t, o
The valerian surrounds the
• F
o see dynam
(BC r the p.1 i
22. c
plant with a protective ), bar
• T se e p r
warmth that reduces frost o .12 el com
pla enha 6. pos
damage—so you should n n t
man t spr ce ho
still get a crop from ur es, a ys m ema
• F
o see and l de
early-flowering fruit p.1 r sto p.1 iq
36. uid
20. rag
trees like apples. e,
s
ee

119
 The biodynamic preparations
Storing the preps
The compost preps have radiant qualities that dissipate if
they are not stored correctly, so pack the preps in peat to
keep them at their best. Peat is a natural insulator against
radiation that not only preserves the radiant qualities of
each prep but also protects them from electromagnetic
radiation from power lines and cell phone towers. You can
store them inside, but many biodynamic gardeners prefer
to keep their preps in closer contact with the earth.

2 3

1. Sink a wooden box into a hole in a 3. Label the prep jars and press them into
cool, dry, shady spot with no risk of floods. the peat, storing them away from electrical
outlets. The peat helps protect the etheric forces
2. Line the box with peat—or use pure, in the preps from radiation and electrical currents,
fibrous coconut fiber (coir) as an alternative. and insulates the preps from each other.

120
 4. To protect the top,
fill a cotton bag or hemp Individual storage sites
sack with peat to create an If you have the space, you can store the
insulating pillow that fits preparations in separate areas of the
comfortably inside the box. garden, but make sure the conditions
are consistent for all the compost preps.
5. Place the pillow Keeping the preps apart further reduces
over the prep jars. They the possibility of their radiant qualities
should be completely blurring in storage. You can create robust
surrounded by peat. shelters using terra-cotta flowerpots filled
with peat or fibrous coir, and plunging the
prep jar (here, containing horn manure
6. Cover the box with 500) into the center. Use a drip saucer
a weatherproof lid set at an filled with peat as the lid of the pot, and
angle to encourage the rain cover the hole with a stone slab.
to run off. A piece of slate
4
is ideal—easy to lift to gain
access, but weighty enough
to withstand wind and
accidental knocks.

Horn manure 500 should

also be stored in peat, so if
you are short on space you
can keep it in the same box
as the compost preps.

THE BIODYNAMIC PREPARATIONS STORING THE PREPS

Horn silica 501 should not
be stored with the compost
preps. Always keep it in a
light place—for example,
on a bright windowsill that
catches the sun each day
5
(see p.79).

121
 Using the compost preps
Making a biodynamic
compost heap
The most effective way to get the compost preps into the garden is to
include them in the compost pile when it is built. Their beneficial forces
radiate through the heap from the moment the pile starts breaking down
until its transformation into dark, earthy-smelling material is complete.

2 4

1 3 5

1. Start the heap by spreading 2. Layer the heap to ensure carbon- 4. Shred your woody waste if you
a thin layer of twigs and prunings rich, woody material is balanced by the can to help it break down faster.
over the bare soil to help airflow soft green waste rich in nitrogen.
at the base of the pile. Keep 5. Alternating the layers of green
the pile moist, but not wet, 3. Scatter crushed eggshells over and brown material helps you provide a
to encourage fermentation. the heap to increase the calcium content. balanced diet for the bacteria in the heap.

122
 Making a prep ball
To prevent the solid compost preps—yarrow 502, chamomile 503, nettle 504,
oak bark 505, and dandelion 506—from blowing away in the wind, wrap a
pinch of each prep in an individual ball made of old potting mix or good quality
fresh soil before adding the ball to the pile.

BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS MAKING A BIODYNAMIC COMPOST HEAP

Roll some soil or potting mix Take a pinch of one the Close the ball around the The prep ball is ready to be
into a ball and use your finger preps and place it in the well. prep and squeeze to hold the added to the compost heap.
to make a well in the center. prep securely in the center.

502 503

504

506

505

6 7

6. Make a prep ball for each individual 7. Arrange the prep balls on the surface.
solid compost prep using fresh soil or old When the pile is complete they will be in the
potting mix to encase each prep. ideal position at the heart of the your new
compost heap.

123
 8 10

9 11

8. Continue to build the heap in layers, adding 10. Dilute the valerian 507 using 1 part valerian to 19 parts
more brown and green material to create a balanced heap. rainwater. Dynamize for 10–20 minutes using your hand or a stick
Bear in mind that for the finished compost to achieve a C:N to stir vigorously in clockwise and counterclockwise directions.
ratio close to 30, for every bucket of brown woody material,
you will need around 3 buckets of soft green waste. 11. Splash the dynamized valerian over the compost
heap in large droplets to provide insulating warmth and to seal
9. Add more eggshells and continue adding more in the forces activated by the other compost preps. Cover the
material in layers until your bin is full. finished heap with some old carpet, paper bags, or cardboard
to prevent the pile from becoming too wet in the rain, and also
to keep the temperature up.

124
More ways to make biodynamic compost
If you garden on a much smaller
scale and cannot generate enough
waste to make perfect biodynamic
compost in one season, there are
other techniques you can use to
get the preps into your garden.

Small or existing heaps

Many gardeners constantly add waste
to the compost heap as and when it 1 2
appears. This “cool” composting method
takes longer to make usable compost, 1. Plunge a stick into the heap 2. Drop the prep balls down the
but is more practical for many. Add the until you reach the center. Wiggle chutes. Close the holes, sprinkle with

BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS MAKING A BIODYNAMIC COMPOST HEAP

preps when you turn the heap—or if you it back and forth to create a chute. dynamized valerian 507, and cover.
choose not to turn it, plunge them into Make a chute and a ball for each
the center with a stick. solid compost prep.

Activate your compost with BC Use compost starter

Compost starter, or activator, is a dried version of

BC, available from biodynamic associations. Each
Barrel compost (BC) is compost made using fresh cow manure (see time you are ready to add kitchen or garden waste
pp.126–131). Add a layer of BC to the compost pile to gain all the to the bin, sprinkle about a teaspoon of the starter
benefits of preps 502–507—and added cow power, too. into the bin first, and then add the new material.

125
 Using the compost preps
Making barrel compost
Barrel compost (BC) is a great option for
gardeners unable to generate or store
waste in the proportions needed to build
a perfect compost pile in one try. It was
developed in the 1970s by Maria Thun,
who aged cow manure in a barrel, then
diluted the resulting compost in water
and sprayed it on the land. BC has many
different uses—and is known by almost
as many names, including cow patty pit
(CPP) and manure concentrate.
A wooden half barrel
Maria Thun’s barrel compost with the base removed
The inspiration for BC came from the “birch pit preparation,” provides a compact hole
devised by German livestock farmers to recycle cow manure from with easy access, and
animals wintering in their barns. These farmers had attended ensures the manure is
Rudolf Steiner’s 1924 Agriculture Course, so they were aware that in contact with the soil.
by adding the six biodynamic compost preps 502–507, the manure
would be imbued with extra powers to regenerate the soil, the
crop, and those who ate it. They shoveled cow manure from the A shallow brick-lined
barns into long trenches lined with fresh birch branches to keep it pit is a good alternative
to a half barrel. It keeps
well aired—the birch pits—and then added the compost preps. the contents cool, moist,
Within a few months the manure and straw bedding became dark, and well-ventilated
earthy-smelling compost that could be spread back on the cow throughout its time in
pastures and crop fields. The empty pits would be refilled with the ground.
fresh barn material, creating a continual cycle of fertility.
The benefits of BC
Maria Thun re-created the birch pit idea on a much smaller scale. Traditional compost takes a year to mature, depending on the
Her barrel compost was intended to be made in relatively small climate, but BC decomposes faster and can be ready in half the
quantities with a quick turnaround, so there was no need to line time. The simple ingredients and speedy turnaround make it an
the pit with birch to increase airflow. Instead, the manure was ideal biodynamic compost spray, delivering a blast of cow power,
vigorously aerated before it was tipped into the barrel, by mixing as well as the compost preps. An application of BC in fall is
in a handful each of basalt dust—to aid healthy decomposition— particularly beneficial since it helps the soil digest fallen leaves
and calcium-rich eggshells after scientific data suggested oat, and other organic matter left over from the previous growing
celery, and tomato crops grown on limestone soils contained season. It is also interesting to note that after the nuclear accident
fewer radioactive residues left by nuclear bomb tests and at Chernobyl in 1986, tests by the German Ministry of Agriculture
accidental leaks. After transferring the mixture to the barrel, showed that plants treated with BC contained 55 percent fewer
Thun added the compost preps and left the rest to nature. radioactive residues than their untreated counterparts.

126
 ❧ EQUIPMENT
Fresh cow manure—your local
biodynamic association may
be able to help find a supplier

BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS MAKING BC

Basalt dust—
Yarrow 502 available from
local biodynamic
associations

Chamomile 503

Nettle 504

Reci
pe f
• Ap or B
pro C
(20k xi
g) f mately 4
resh 4
• 3o
z cow lb
eggs (75g) cr manu
hell re
Oak bark 505 s ushe
• 4o d
z (1
• 2 00g)
unit basa
s lt d
• 2 yarr ust
unit ow 5
s cham 02
• 2 omil
unit e 50
• 2 s ne 3
unit ttle
s 504
Dandelion 506 • 2 o a k ba
unit rk 5
Crushed eggshells • 2 s da 05
unit ndeli
Valerian 507 —collect them s va on 5
leri 06
over time, and an 5
07
dry them in the
oven to keep mold
from developing

127
 Making barrel compost

4 6

3 5 7

1. Remove the base from a clean 4. Stir for 1 hour to ensure the 6. Put the manure mixture into
half barrel and sink it into a hole, so that mixture is thoroughly aerated. Work the barrel. After an hour of stirring, it
the top third of the barrel remains above from the outside into the center, and should have a mousselike consistency.
ground level. move around the board in a circle—
effectively turning the mixture in a 7. Make six holes in the surface
2. Turn the cow manure onto a spiral. The process can be easier, less with a stick—one hole for each of the
mixing board or a hard surface, and add tiring, and more fun if 2 or 3 helpers compost preps.
crushed eggshells to raise calcium levels. mix from opposite sides.

3. Add the basalt dust. This helps 5. Wet the interior of the barrel
plants to decompose in a healthy, efficient to help prevent the prep and the barrel
way, enriching the soil for the next crop. from drying out.

128
 8 weeks later
Empty the barrel onto the
mixing board, and stir again,
working all the way around
the board to aerate the mixture. Put
it back in the barrel and add another
set of the compost preps. Water with
dynamized valerian, and cover the
pit as before. Depending on your
climate and the weather, your BC
8 11 should be ready in about 5 months.

9 12

BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS MAKING BC

10 13

8. Make a prep ball for each solid 11. Splash more valerian over the
compost prep (see p.123). Flatten a patty top of the mixture in the barrel.
of the manure mix in the palm of your
hand, place a pinch of the prep in the 12. Use the last of the valerian
middle of the patty, and roll it into a ball. to wet a burlap bag, and place it over the
manure mixture. The breathable insulation Fresh cow manure
9. Drop each prep ball into one of the sack provides protects the barrel from
the holes. Close each hole immediately. temperature extremes.

10. Dynamize the valerian 507 13. Cover the pit with a large board
(see p.119) and pour about half the mixture set at an angle to protect the BC from rain Finished BC
into the final hole. Close the hole. and the drying effects of direct sun.

129
 Using barrel compost prep The four-leaf
stage is the

Give your plants perfect time

to give your
seedlings a
biodynamic

a kick-start
boost.

When it is ready to use, barrel compost (BC) resembles rich,

dark, fine soil with a clean, intensely earthy smell. BC is precious
and potent stuff packed with power from the compost preps, so it
is often diluted and used as a spray. It has an enlivening effect on the
soil, its structure, microbial life, and texture; use it when you transplant
seedlings and young plants to ensure they have a good start.

How to dilute BC

1. Pour a generous handful

of BC into rainwater. As a general rule
of thumb, allow 3 parts BC to 20 parts
2 3
water. The amounts will vary
according to the condition of the soil,
and the size of the area to be covered, 2. Stir vigorously for about 20 minutes 3. The BC solution is ready to use.
as well as how you intend to use it. to dynamize the BC solution. Break the vortex For best results, apply BC when the earth
at regular intervals with a change of direction: is breathing in—in the afternoon; during
For ground sprays on average garden stir clockwise and then counterclockwise periods when the moon is descending;
soil expect to use around 3 gallons throughout the 20-minute period. and in fall. As this is an earth spray, the
(15 liters) of water per acre (0.4ha). optimal time to apply BC is on root days,
when the moon is passing through Taurus,
Virgo, or Capricornus.

130
 Place your
seedlings in the
BC bath and
allow them to
soak up the
goodness for Diluted BC is an excellent foliar spray: apply
about an hour. it to the undersides of leaves with a mister.

BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS USING BC

D i lute d BC
m ay
u s i ng a br u s a ls
h to o be a
fl ic k p
l a r g p l ie d
e d as
r op a g
le t r o u
so
nt o nd s
Put a pouch filled with raw BC in your t he pr ay
watering can to boost plants as you water. so ,
i l.

Ad
da
h
so a nd
il w f u
he l o
n
t
f r ans
aw p l
r

BCanti
t o ng .
t he

131
 Using the preps
Tree paste
What’s the difference between a mound of
bare soil and a tree trunk? Answer: there
isn’t one—at least not from the biodynamic
gardener’s perspective. In biodynamics, the
tree trunk is seen to be a tall cylinder of
bark filled not with wood, but with enriched
soil. The leaves growing from the woody parts
of the tree are considered to be little different
from lettuce, arugula, spinach, or any other
edible leaf crop in the vegetable garden: they’re
just a little bit higher up off the ground.

When you apply tree paste with a brush, make sure

The benefits of tree paste you coat the trunk from all angles so that every bit
Just as vegetables taste better if the soil is fed and reinforced of bark is covered. This is the only way the cambium
with biodynamic compost, or kept healthy with applications of layer below will benefit from the paste’s influence.
horn manure 500, Equisetum arvense 508, and compost sprays
such as BC, so the food that trees produce—apples, plums,
pears, and so on—tastes better if the trunk or “soil cylinder” winter in loose bark then attack apples and pears by tunneling
is treated with the biodynamic preparations in the same way into their fruit—which can make for a nasty surprise when
as garden soil. In addition to using solid compost or soil sprays, you cut open an apparently healthy fruit.
you can paint or spray a runny tree paste onto the tree trunk
during winter, or after your fruit trees are pruned. When to apply tree paste
Tree paste may sound like a treatment for plants, but in fact it
How tree paste works is a remedy for the soil part of the tree—which is why it is best
After emptying the vegetable plot, you put biodynamic compost applied under a descending moon, when the earth is breathing
back into the garden to make sure that the next set of crops in. The ideal time of day for tree pasting is during the afternoon,
grow in soil and subsoil filled with renewed vitality. Tree paste is again because this is when the earth breathes in. For fruit trees
effectively the compost used for trees. It is spread on the outer target periods when the moon stands in front of the warmth-fruit
bark and works on what is called the cambium—the growing constellations of Sagittarius, Aries, and Leo. On citrus trees treat
layer between the bark on the outside and the tree trunk on the only the base of the trunk.
inside. The cambium is really the subsoil or root system for the
tree’s shoots and leaves, and the paste provides a life-enhancing Just like good compost, tree paste can be applied more than
stimulus from the outside that makes the tree healthier within. once between fall and spring: after leaf drop to strengthen
the tree trunk and branches; a second time after pruning to
As well as enlivening the inner workings of the tree and seal pruning wounds from potential infection; and for a third
providing what it needs to maintain balanced fruitfulness, tree and final time at bud burst in spring to reduce the threat from
paste also seals crevices in the bark used by overwintering pests, any fungal disease organisms that have become active as
such as codling moth caterpillars. These pests hide over the temperatures warm up.

132
 ❧ INGREDIENTS FOR TREE PASTE

BC puts the six Equisetum arvense 508 tea

biodynamic compost offers general protection
preparations into the mix against fungal diseases

Fine sand
(silica or builder’s
sand) boosts the
mineral content Cow manure
infuses the mix
with its grass
content and
its revitalizing
digestive forces

USING THE BIODYNAMIC PREPS TREE PASTE

Potting clay (or
bentonite) also
enhances the
Tre mineral content
e pa s
• 1
par te
• 1 t c rec
dia artp la y ipe
tom fine
• 1 aceo s
man part us and
ure ear (or
fre th)
• 1 sh
500 unit cow
of
• r hor
ain n m
• ( wat anu
o er re
tea ptio to
n
508 al) dil
• ( equ ut
o
han ptio ise e
dfu nal tum
l o ) a
f B gen
C ero
us
Horn manure 500
binds the ingredients into
one dynamic whole
133
 Making tree paste

1. To prepare the clay, place the

potting clay or bentonite in a bucket
with a little rainwater, and chop it with
a spade to achieve a smooth texture
with no lumps. If you garden on clay
4
soil, you can use it as a base for the clay
paste: just add some soil to a bucket of
rainwater and stir it to remove the lumps. 4. Pour the dynamized liquid
Be sure to remove any small rocks, wood into the bucket with the clay, and
3
fragments, or pieces of root. then gradually stir in the fresh
cow manure to infuse the mixture
2. Make the equisetum tea with with the cow’s digestive forces.
rainwater (see p.84) and use it to dissolve
the horn manure. Dynamize the liquid by
stirring for 1 hour, changing direction at
regular intervals. Alternatively, you can
add the horn manure to warmed rainwater
in the usual way (see p.72).

3. If you are using BC to enhance

the paste, add it to the horn manure 500
mixture for the last 20 minutes of stirring.

134
 5

USING THE BIODYNAMIC PREPS TREE PASTE

6 7

5. Gradually stir in the sand. Use 7. Use a whitewash brush to apply the freshly made
the spade with a chopping and swirling motion tree paste to fruit trees or vines between late fall and late
to combine the sand, aerate the mixture, and winter, after pruning but before bud burst. Make sure every
break up large lumps. Add more rainwater if it crevice in the bark is covered with the paste, right down to
becomes too thick. ground level: you’ll need about 31 ⁄2 pints (2 liters) for one
mature tree. Pour leftover paste onto an unfinished
6. The finished tree paste should have compost pile.
the consistency of pancake mixture or all-
weather paint—a thinnish paste that is sloppy For large numbers of trees, make the paste with
enough to apply to tree trunks with ease. bentonite and diatomaceous earth to get a finer texture,
and apply with a coarse-nozzled sprayer. Use an old piece
of pantyhose to prevent the nozzle from clogging up.

135
 Using the compost preps
Enhance your
liquid manures
Add the compost preps to homemade liquid manures and fertilizers, and your
garden will benefit from their goodness whenever you use them. Make the manure
as usual, by pouring rainwater over the plant material. Here, marigolds are used
to make a liquid manure that repels insect pests like greenflies and blackflies.

1 3

2 4 5 6

1. Make a prep ball for 3. Make a cross using two 5. Place the prep cross 6. Dilute the valerian.
each of the five solid compost clean sticks and some twine in the liquid manure. A 1 ⁄8 fl oz (5ml) capful will be
preps 502–506, using finished to hold the preps in place. sufficient for about 10 fl oz
compost or good soil from (300ml) of water. Dynamize
your garden (see p.123). 4. Attach a prep ball the valerian for 10–20 minutes.
to each end of the cross, and
2. Wrap each ball in one—traditionally nettle 504—
muslin to ensure they will at the center.
remain intact when they are
added to the liquid manure.

136
 7. To dynamize valerian
in a bottle, close the cap and
hold it horizontally. Sweep it
from side to side to create the
vortex, keeping the bottle level
the whole time.

8. Splash the valerian

into the liquid manure.

7 8
9. Use a clean rock to
keep the preps submerged.

10. Leave it to ferment

as appropriate. This marigold
manure is left undisturbed for
2 weeks, then stirred each day.

11. To use the manure,

BIODYNAMIC COMPOST PREPS ENHANCE HOMEMADE LIQUID MANURES

remove the preps, strain, dilute
as appropriate, then dynamize
for 10 minutes before spraying.
For marigold manure dilute
1 part marigold concentrate in
10 parts of water, and apply as
9 10 11
soon as insect pests are seen.

Getting the most from the compost preps

A little of every compost prep goes a long way, so whether you make liquid manure
in a small bucket or a large bin, you only need a single unit of each prep—or a
generous portion of BC. To make the preps go further, and gain maximum benefits
throughout the growing season, it is worth making fertilizers and plant tonics in the
largest quantities you can manage as early in the year as you can.

Suspend BC in the liquid manure (here, With the preps added, weed tea is an Wrap the preps in leaves and drop them
seaweed) instead of the individual preps. even richer source of nutrients for crops. into the liquid (here, a compost tea).

137
 Biodynamic pest control
Making weed pepper
The preps make plants so strong they resist most pests and diseases, but
weeds can still be a problem. Ashing or peppering weeds discourages
them from populating the area treated—and unlike herbicides, it leaves no
residue in the soil or groundwater, and has no adverse effect on wildlife.

Ash and sand pepper

Add 1 dessert spoon of ash to 1 ⁄4
bucket of sand for 1 acre (0.4 ha).
Aerate for 10 minutes. Once a year,
at spring or fall equinox or summer
solstice, apply pepper to the soil on
three successive days: the day before,
the day of, and the day after a full
moon. Repeat over four years.

2
E AT
GR
•
•
FRU

ASK

T
T
I

DAY

1. Collect the seeds of the weed

that needs ashing—here, docks—from
the garden you intend to treat. For best
results, choose a fruit day under an
3
ascending moon.
If you are dealing with more than 2. Burn the seeds on a wood fire, ideally
one type of weed, keep their seeds at full moon. Use a metal pan with holes in the
separate. Do not be tempted to mix lid to allow smoke to escape without the ash.
different weed seeds together before
burning them: for the ash concentrate 3. Cool the ash and store it in a jar until
to be effective, each type of weed you need it. The element of fire transmits a
must be burned on its own. negative force to the weed that discourages it
from reproducing where the pepper is applied.

138
Weed ash soil spray
A homeopathic potentized
solution may be useful for
large areas. Like the sand
method, this long-term
treatment can take up to
four years to be effective.

1. Grind the ash for 1

hour with a mortar and pestle
sealed in a plastic bag to keep
any dust from escaping. 1

2 3 4 5

BIODYNAMIC PEST CONTROL MAKING WEED PEPPER

2. Dissolve 1 part weed 3. Shake the bottle 4. Measure out 5. Add 9 parts water,
ash in 9 parts of rainwater, for 3 minutes to make a 1 part of the D1 solution. pour into a bottle and shake
and pour into a bottle. D1 solution, or potency. for another 3 minutes to
make a D2 solution.

6. Repeat the 1:9 dilution

and 3-minute shake until you
reach D4 potency; this may
Move marbles be stored in a dark bottle.
from one bowl
to another to 7. Dilute the solution to D8
keep track of before use, then add a capful
the dilutions to a spray bottle. To use it,
first hoe the soil on a fruit day
with a descending moon to
stimulate weed germination;
water lightly, if needed. On
the next root day with an
ascending moon, hoe again,
and apply the weed ash spray
early in the morning when the
6 7 soil is still moist with dew.

139
Biodynamic
garden
planner
 outside
storage
soft fruit
soft fruit

tomatoes

garlic and onions

fruit trees

rough grass chicken coop

area

gravel paths
lettuce
brassicas

brassicas

beans and peas

grass
shed

compost

circle
squash
raspberr ies
flower bed
flower bed
 Fall

Plant trees and other perennials Apply BC in fall after clearing Prepare and bury horn manure Collect oak bark and make
after the fall equinox. beds and borders. 500 for excavation in spring. preparation 505.

The gardening year

A key aim of biodynamics is to transform your garden into
a self-sustaining living organism, and one way to achieve
this is to reconnect it with natural seasonal cycles.
Fall potential that are planted early. Then the key task for
Fall is the start of the biodynamic year, fall is to make new batches of biodynamic
a time of fresh beginnings and new potential. compost for the year ahead: prepare oak bark
Between the fall and spring equinoxes the 505 and those preps that overwinter below
earth is at its most vibrant and inwardly ground as the earth starts to breathe in again.
Far from signaling the end alive. For this reason, the fall equinox is the
of the growing year, fall beginning of a window of opportunity to plant Winter quiet
in the biodynamic garden is perennials like fruit trees, shrubs, and hedges. Winter is the quietest time in the garden as
a time of potential for new life. far as growing is concerned. Even so, no
Whatever remains of last year’s compost can garden should be left bare over winter: the risk
be dug into the soil while it is still workable of soil and nutrients being washed away is too
and not rain-sodden or frozen by frost. Use great. Instead, sow overwintering cover crops
this compost for planting new fruit trees, or to like beans, barley, clover, and vetches to feed
prepare the ground for crops like broad beans the soil while protecting it. And if you have a
Summer

Save seeds from your healthiest Mulch around crops to help retain Turn maturing compost piles and Collect weeds and make a tea to
plants to sow in years to come. moisture and keep down weeds. add compost preps 502–507. return the nutrients to the soil.

142
Winter

Dig over empty beds; let frost Protect tender herbs and shrubs Apply tree paste to protect trees Sow seeds under cover in late
break up clods into a fine tilth. from the cold with garden fabric. from overwintering pests. winter for the earliest harvests.

means of growing under cover, you can begin Summer harvest

to sow seeds and raise new plants, ready As spring turns into summer, plants needed
for transplanting in the spring. Resist the for teas and for biodynamic preparations can
Spring
temptation to prune most fruit trees now, be harvested: first chamomile, dandelion, and
at least until after the winter solstice. yarrow, and then around midsummer valerian, Spring equinox marks the
Winter pruning can encourage disease stinging nettle, and horsetail. moment when day is longer than
night, and the rising sun pulls the
or even death by letting frost into the plant. sap upward within plants.
Water use becomes critical during these
Spring growth months if crops are to survive. A single missed
As spring comes around, the sun’s rising and day of watering can cause sensitive crops
ever-widening arcs encourage fresh green like spinach, arugula, and lettuce to bolt,
growth and bring warmer temperatures. Birds, and summer brassicas to turn woody. Even
insects, bees, and mammals start to become compost piles need protection from the sun.
more active, and it’s a busy time for the
biodynamic gardener, too. Late summer to fall is the peak period both for
harvesting crops and composting green waste.
Overwintering crops need harvesting so the Encourage annual crops and perennial fruit
ground can be cleared for sowing new crops to ripen before the weather turns with
or transplanting seedlings, when temperatures sprayings of horn silica 501. Some crops can
and the often very changeable spring weather be sprayed after harvest too, to maximize the
are just right. Now is also a good time to prune yield of carbohydrates that the fruiting shoots
fruit trees and other perennials, as the sap send down to the plant roots, feeding
pushing from within helps to keep pests out. microorganisms in the soil.

Fill and hang yarrow 502 high Mist horn silica over crops— Flick diluted horn manure 500 Protect fruit blossoms from late
up in a dry, sunny place. and make more if necessary. on the soil to raise fertility. frost by spraying valerian 507.

143
 Know your plants
and what they need
If the same crop is grown in the same place over and over Growing in raised beds makes
it easier to plan crop rotation.
again, without a break, the soil loses its balance. Minerals get
depleted, soil pests build up, and quality and yields diminish. KEY

Rotate your crops to prevent this from happening. L Light feeders

H Heavy feeders
Crops fall into three main types: hungry crops that manure, or by sowing green manures. The next step M Medium feeders
leave the soil poorer than it was before; soil-building is to grow whichever crop is best suited to how the
+ Add nutrients
crops that leave the soil enriched; and other crops soil was prepared. Fruit trees are not rotated, for
that can fit in anywhere as long as the soil is freshly obvious reasons, and other perennial crops, such as – Take away
nutrients
prepared for each new season. Start by feeding the asparagus, horseradish, rhubarb, raspberries, and n Neutral
soil with either biodynamic compost, well-matured black currants, can remain in the same spot for years.

Managing soil fertility leaf, flower, and fruit/seed crops could be achieved if turnips,
Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and mustard were grown in the
Biodynamic growers classify vegetables according to which same spot. Since they are all brassicas, however, this would
organ is intended for eating, but using this as the basis for encourage disease. Instead, it is better to categorize and
rotation can be unhelpful. For example, a succession of root, rotate crops according to their feeding needs.

L H M
Nutrient givers Nutrient takers Moderate
+ – n
Crops in the legume family can Cucurbits like freshly composted requirements
provide a net nutrient benefit to soils, as do the nightshades Crops with moderate nutrient
the soil they are grown in by (except potatoes, which prefer needs will usually be able to live
fixing nitrogen from the air, which a soil composted the previous off any residual fertility from
is then released into the soil. fall). Other heavy feeders include general crop rotation, but you
Follow with nitrogen-hungry brassicas and leafy beets. can also apply BC to help
crops in the brassica family. activate soil microorganisms.
• brassicas, such as cabbage,
• peas and beans, including Brussels sprouts, broccoli, and • onions
green, broad, and runner beans, cauliflower—add lime if needed. • garlic
as well as snow peas. • leafy greens like chard, spinach • chives
• green manures, such as vetches and endive, plus celery and • shallots
and clovers, can be sown in celeriac. • smaller leaf crops, like lettuce
empty ground over winter to • cucurbits, such as zucchini, • carrots
replenish nitrogen levels and squash, and cucumbers. • beets
prevent erosion. • nightshades, such as peppers, • parsnips
tomatoes, and sweet corn.

144
Crop family groups
Individual garden crops belong to larger crop families whose members often share
similar care requirements in order to thrive. Understanding the characteristics of
each crop family will help you to provide for their needs and achieve higher yields.

Allium family Cucurbit family

Includes onions, garlic, shallots, Includes zucchini, squash, pumpkins, cucumbers,
chives, and leeks marrows, gourds, and melons

Crops in the allium family prefer rich soil that is Crops in the cucurbit family are among the hungriest plants
neither too acidic nor too fertile, and as such in the garden and will thrive in soil that has been generously
they can follow members of the brassica family composted. They are also some of the thirstiest, needing regular
in crop rotations. Give alliums a site with good air watering, as well as being heat lovers who prefer to grow in
flow, and for firm, tasty bulbs, avoid overwatering. full sun in a sheltered spot. Cucurbits are trailing plants; pinch
Use the horn manure 500 spray to keep the soil off their growing tips and sideshoots to control yields and
friable and free draining. Use the horn silica 501 improve flavor. Growing cucurbits vertically up a trellis saves

BIODYNAMIC GARDEN PLANNER KNOW YOUR PLANTS AND WHAT THEY NEED
spray to encourage allium crops to develop space, but make sure the trellis is strong enough to support
pungent but not overpowering flavors. potentially large quantities of often weighty fruit.

Brassica family Nightshade family

Includes cabbages, kale, broccoli, Brussels Includes tomatoes, potatoes, sweet corn,
sprouts, cauliflowers, Asian greens, rutabaga, peppers, eggplant, and okra
turnips, radishes, and arugula
Members of the nightshade family and sweet corn
Hardy brassicas like kale, sprouts, and rutabagas will thrive in are high maintenance, hungry plants but worth it
most winter climates but can be prone to the root disease for their high yields. As fruiting vegetables from
clubroot (see p.147). Brassicas like a nitrogen- hot climates, they need warm, richly fertile soils.
rich soil so can follow legumes in crop In cooler climates, start seeds off under cover so
rotation. They also dislike acidic soils, they germinate well before the last frost, giving
which should be dressed with a sprinkling them time to ripen before temperatures drop
of lime. Leafy brassicas need frequent in fall. Horn silica 501 sprayed at flowering
watering to get going and liquid feeds from promotes ripening. Regular watering and liquid
comfrey, nettle, and kelp to stay strong. manure feeds promote good yields.

Legume family Beet family

Includes peas, beans, and many green manures Includes beets, Swiss chard, spinach beet,
spinach, New Zealand spinach, and red orach
Legumes could almost be called the something-for-nothing
family, because their roots leave the soil enriched with nitrogen Members of the beet family can be grown for their leaves or,
(see p.146). Legumes are easy to grow, but need support from in the case of beets, for both the root and leaves. Beet crops grow
bean poles or pea sticks for their tendrils to cling to. Horn silica best when allowed to grow quickly, meaning in
501 sprays help guide these plants upward, toward the ripening freshly composted, fertile soil. Almost
light and heat of the sun. Most edible legumes grow in summer, constant watering in dry weather is
but broad beans can grow over winter, too. Vetches and clovers needed to prevent a check in their
are overwintering legumes, sown as growth. Keep the leaves disease
cover crops. They protect fallow land free by spraying Equisetum
from erosive winter rains, leaving it arvense 508, and well fed with
fertile for garden crops due to be nutrient-rich sprays like nettle,
sown the following spring. comfrey, and kelp.

145
 Crop finder KEY
Root days
Rotate annuals to keep everything in balance. Flower days
Although biodynamics groups plants by their Leaf days
edible part—roots, stems and leaves, flowers, Fruit days
Swiss chard
& spinach beet
and fruit—this is not a basis for crop rotation. Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla var. flavescens

p.186

Rotation group 1
This group of plants leaves the soil well fed. The
bean family are legumes, which means they pull
nitrogen out of the air and push it down into their
roots. When their roots are dug in, the nitrogen is
released into the earth. The soil is then ready for the
Soybeans Runner beans Chinese broccoli
next set of crops, usually medium or heavy feeders,
Glycine max Phaseolus coccineus Brassica oleracea Alboglabra Group
or leafy crops that need a good supply of nitrogen.
p.214 p.211 p.189

Lima beans Green beans Peas Broad beans Broccoli sprouts

Phaseolus lunatus Phaseolus vulgaris Pisum sativum Vicia faba Brassica oleracea Italica Group

p.214 p.212 p.210 p.213 p.178

Rotation group 3
This is a fairly versatile group of onions, root, and
stem crops that can be squeezed in anywhere as
long as the soil has been well worked, and has
a friable or loose texture for good drainage. They
require only moderate levels of fertility, meaning Onions Green onions Shallots
soils into which compost or other organic matter Allium cepa Allium cepa Allium cepa Aggregatum Group
has been added, but not too recently. p.154 p.158 p.155

Celeriac Horseradish Red orach Beets Endive

Apium graveolens var. rapaceum Armoracia rusticana Atriplex hortensis var. rubra Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Cichorium endivia

p.165 p.170 p.201 p.162 p.199

146
 Rotation group 2
Members of the brassica family, especially leafier
ones, need plenty of food and water, and benefit from
following soil-boosting legumes or well-manured
crops like potatoes. To prevent clubroot disease, try
Mustard greens Rutabagas Kale
to leave soil free of brassicas for three years, or add
Brassica juncea Brassica napus Napobrassica Group Brassica oleracea Acephala Group
lime to keep the soil neutral (pH 7). It pays to keep
careful notes of which brassica was planted where.
p.191 p.163 p.193

Cauliflower Cabbage Brussels sprouts Kohlrabi Broccoli

Brassica oleracea Botrytis Group Brassica oleracea Capitata Group Brassica oleracea Gemmifera Group Brassica oleracea Gongylodes Group Brassica oleracea Italica Group

p.176 p.184 p.185 p.190 p.177

Bok choy Napa cabbage Turnips Arugula Radishes

Brassica rapa Chinensis Group Brassica rapa Pekinensis Group Brassica rapa Rapifera Group Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa Raphanus sativus

p.188 p.187 p.168 p.196 p.164

BIODYNAMIC GARDEN PLANNER CROP FINDER

Japanese
bunching onions Welsh onions Leeks Garlic Celery
Allium fistulosum Allium fistulosum Allium porrum Allium sativum Apium graveolens var. dulce

p.159 p.159 p.157 p.156 p.194

Rotation
group 3
Chicory Radicchio Carrots Florence fennel Continues on next page
Cichorium intybus Cichorium intybus Daucus carota Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum

p.200 p.202 p.167 p.195

147
 Rotation Rotation group 4
group 3 These are another flexible group of crops that can be grown
almost anywhere. They need to be part of an annual rotation,
continued but do not have to follow the same patterns as other crops as
long as they are grown in a different spot each year; tomatoes
Jerusalem are an exception. They need moderate to high levels of
artichokes fertility added at planting (or transplanting in the case of
Helianthus tuberosus strawberries) and benefit from regular doses of liquid manures.
p.171

Sweet peppers
Sweet potatoes Lettuce Okra & chili peppers Melons
Ipomoea batatas Lactuca sativa Abelmoschus esculentus Capsicum annuum Cucumis melo

p.161 p.197 p.223 p.220 p.233

Cucumbers Pumpkins & Zucchini &

Parsnips Scorzonera & gherkins winter squash summer squash
Pastinaca sativa Scorzonera hispanica Cucumis sativus Cucurbita maxima, C. moschata, C. pepo Cucurbita pepo

p.166 p.169 p.216 p.218 p.215

Potatoes Spinach Marrows Strawberries Tomatillos

Solanum tuberosum Spinacia oleracea Cucurbita pepo Fragaria x ananassa Physalis ixocarpa

p.160 p.192 p.217 p.225 p.224

Salsify Corn salad Tomatoes Eggplant Sweet corn

Tragopogon porrifolius Valerianella locusta Solanum lycopersicum Solanum melongena Zea mays

p.169 p.198 p.219 p.221 p.222

148
Perennial crops that are
not rotated annually
These crops stay in the same place for years, or
even decades, so good site and soil preparation is
critical. Remove all perennial weeds, and provide
planting holes filled with the right mix of soil, Asparagus Citrus fruits Sea kale
compost, sand, or rocks needed for drainage. Asparagus officinalis Citrus species Crambe maritima

p.203 p.242 p.205

Globe artichokes Figs Apples Apricots Sweet cherries

Cynara scolymus Ficus carica Malus domestica Prunus armeniaca Prunus avium

p.179 p.241 p.234 p.240 p.236

Plums,
Tart cherries gages & damsons Peaches Nectarines Pears
Prunus cerasus Prunus domestica, P. insititia Prunus persica Prunus persica Pyrus communis

p.237 p.238 p.239 p.239 p.235

BIODYNAMIC GARDEN PLANNER CROP FINDER

Rhubarb Black currants Red currants White currants Gooseberries
Rheum x hybridum Ribes nigrum Ribes rubrum Ribes rubrum Ribes uva-crispa

p.204 p.229 p.230 p.230 p.228

Blackberries &
hybrid berries Raspberries Blueberries Cranberries Grapevines
Rubus fruticosus Rubus idaeus Vaccinium corymbosum Vaccinium macrocarpon Vitis species

p.227 p.226 p.231 p.232 p.243

149
 CAPRICORNUS

Capricornus
the Goat
R oot
days
Root days occur when the moon passes in front of the star
constellations of Capricornus, Taurus, and Virgo, which
relate to the element of earth. Almost every plant puts its
roots in the soil, but for biodynamic gardeners after a high-
quality, consistent harvest with good storage potential,
TAURUS these are the days to cultivate roots, tubers, and bulbs like
carrots, potatoes, and onions. Most root day crops have
the edible part below ground, but the bulbous stems of
leeks also develop best when tended on root days. Ideally,
aim to prepare the soil for these crops on root days too;
Taurus for maximum benefit plan your weeding, digging, or
the Bull
hoeing—and the application of soil sprays like horn
manure 500 or barrel compost—for afternoons,
especially during descending moon cycles, when
the earth is breathing in.

VIRGO
Root days and lunar cycles
The moon visits an earth-root constellation every
9 days and spends between 2 and 3 days in each.
In the northern hemisphere the moon is ascending
when it travels through Capricornus and Taurus.
The moon is descending when it passes in front
Virgo of Virgo, the largest of the zodiac constellations.
the Virgin
 Descending moon periods are the best
times to work compost into the soil.

GR
E AT
Things to do on…
•

•
K
ROO

AS
T
Root days
T

DAY

A special connection to the earth means that root days

are ideal for any task that benefits the soil, be it digging,
spreading compost, or applying ground sprays. If you are
planting or transplanting trees, shrubs, or perennials,
these are good days to choose since they encourage
plants to establish strong foundations under ground.
• Under a descending moon the earth breathes in, making this
the best time for planting root crops—especially perennials that
stay in the same place for years like horseradish—or transplanting
root crop seedlings. This is also the best time to apply soil sprays.
• Under an ascending moon the earth breathes out, which means
this is the best time to spray the tops or leaves of root crops with
teas and liquid manure feeds.
• In the 2–3 days before full moon sow root crops to encourage
stronger germination—this is especially useful for sensitive, hard-
to-germinate root crops like parsnips.
• The watery influences of the full and perigee moon make
these times to avoid harvesting root crops for
winter storage. They are more liable to rot.
• Moon–opposition Saturn
is a good time to prepare the nte r
s fo r w i t.
ground for potentially r sn i p f ros
o o t s l i k e p a o m uc h
abundant yet tricky er et s t o
L i f t a nd pr e p a r u nd g
crops like e b e fo r e t he g r o
s t or ag
potatoes.

Beets

Onions Hill up potatoes on root days—roughly

152 every 9 days rather than every week.
Sow scorzonera and other root crops just Root days are a good time to make biodynamic Tackle weeds around root crops
before full moon for optimal germination. compost, using the compost preps. whenever you see them.

A pp
ly so
i n t h i l s pr ay s
e aft l
e r no i k e h or n m
on s w a nu r e 5
he n t h 0 0 a nd BC
e ea r t h
For best results br e at he s i n .
thin or transplant root
crop seedlings like beets on
root days—even when
grown under cover.

ROOT DAYS THINGS TO DO

Harvest root vegetables when the moon is Make the barrel compost prep with compost Collect oak bark for compost
descending to maximize storage potential. preps 502–507 to give your soil a boost. preparation 505. 153
 Onions PERFECT PARTNERS
The scent of onion crops is
said to deter aphids, so all
Allium cepa kinds of onions are used as
companion plants. Carrots
Onions are slow growers, but good keepers. Mature onions and onions are a particularly
useful combination in the
may stay in the ground until needed if the weather stays dry,
vegetable plot, but beets
but once pulled they store well indoors. They come in various and parsley also work well.
sizes and may have yellow, white, or red skins. You can grow
onions from seed or plant sets—immature bulbs grown from
seed the previous year. Growing onions from seed takes a
little more work, but allows you to plant a wider range of
beautifully shaped and flavored heritage varieties.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION sun. Store in cool, dry, airy place away from
Onions like sun or light shade with good potatoes and in single layers, or in plaits or nets.
airflow in fertile, well-drained, non-acidic soil.
Add biodynamic compost or well-rotted manure TROUBLESHOOTING
to make the soil friable, well before planting. If the weather is usually wet or humid, Onions repel carrot rust flies—
and carrots return the favor,
spray Equisteum 508 as a fresh tea over all parts repelling onion flies.
SOWING AND PLANTING of the plants under an ascending moon, or as
For best results, sow or plant onions on a liquid manure, on both onions and soil, under
root days under a descending moon. Sow seed a descending moon, to deter fungal disease.
¾in (2cm) deep in rows 12in (30cm) apart. Firm
the soil well to obtain compact onions.
Collecting seeds
ROUTINE CARE
• Onions are biennials, so they
Onions need a little water to get started, flower and set seed in the
but are liable to rot in wet soil. Cut off any flower second year. Sow seed after
midsummer to form sets.
buds and hand weed or hoe, but avoid bruising or If the winters are too wet
dislodging the bulbs. Excessive hoeing makes soil to leave them in the soil,
lift them in early winter
powdery and prone to drying out; spraying 500 and replant in spring.
on the soil, in the afternoon under a descending The aromatic leaves of mint
• Support the flower stems confuse pests and deter attacks
moon in spring and fall, helps it to retain with stakes. When a flower by onion flies.
moisture. As the bulbs swell, gently scrape soil turns brown, cut it with a bit
of stem on a sunny day. Place
away from them to help them to form; spray 501 in a paper bag to dry, then
above them to help the plants stay firm and tasty. shake to release the seeds.
• Allow only one variety of onion
HARVESTING AND STORING to flower to avoid cross-pollination.
For the same reason, cage plants if
Start pulling onions as soon as their tops any other members of the onion
start dying back and falling over—lightly loosen family are flowering close by.
the roots and lay them on their sides to dry in the

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Marigolds attract hoverflies,
Time to harvest: 26–48 WEEKS • Sow, plant, or thin 2–4in (5–10cm) apart, depending on variety
which dine with gusto on aphids
Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • LIGHT FEEDERS and onion flies.

154
 Shallots PLANTING SETS
New shallots, or sets, form in
clusters around a single newly
Allium cepa planted shallot, so they are
Aggregatum Group commonly grown from sets.

Shallots take up little space, are even easier to grow than onions, especially
if you plant bulbs or sets, and you can grow them each year from the
previous season’s crop. Just remember to save the healthiest shallots—
ideally around 3 ⁄4 in (2cm) in diameter—for planting out as the next crop.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION store for several weeks, or even months, in
Shallots love an airy site on well-drained, a dark, cool, frost-free, airy place if dry and
moisture-retentive soil that is not too acidic. cleaned of mud or soil. Divide them into small
Plant sets pointed side up: push each
Prepare the soil well before planting with enough lots in slotted flats, net bags, or old pantyhose, into the soil, leaving the tip showing.
mature compost to make it friable but not or plait and hang them if you have space. They
powdery. If the soil is already well composted, do not keep well or as long in humid settings,
spray it with horn manure 500, rather than BC, such as a refrigerator. Compost sprouted bulbs
in the afternoon under a descending moon. or chop the sprouts into salads, like chives.

SOWING AND PLANTING TROUBLESHOOTING

Plant sets as soon as the soil is workable: Shallots resist most pests and diseases
in winter in mild areas, in early and mid-spring, and, like other members of the onion family,
or in late fall to overwinter. Space rows 10–12in make good companion plants, discouraging
(25–30cm) apart. To reduce the risk of bolting, pests with their scent (see facing page). If the new
plant and sow on a root day under a descending shallots around the original set are only tiny,
moon, but avoid lunar apogee. it means that the soil lacked enough compost.
A soft shallot is a sign that too much or The new shallots grow in clusters
ROUTINE CARE immature compost was used. around each previously planted set.

In dry years, water the sets in to make

sure that the roots settle firmly into the soil. WEEDING SHALLOTS
Water only in dry weather if they start wilting. To Collecting seeds Shallots may be smothered by
improve flavor and storage life, mist horn silica • Shallots may be left to flower weeds, so keep the bed clear.
501 over the shoot tops, in the afternoon under like onions, and the seed If the weeds develop deep roots

ROOT DAYS ONIONS • SHALLOTS

an ascending moon, once the shoots start to wilt. harvested from their spent around shallots, pulling them
flower heads (see facing page).
out can disturb the crop—the
HARVESTING AND STORING • To create new sets, sow seed
under cover from late winter for shallots may stop growing if
Shallots will be ready to harvest, ideally transplanting in mid-spring, or their own roots dry out.
outdoors in mid- to late spring. Thin
under an ascending moon, once their tops wither, the seedlings to 1in (2.5cm) apart and
4–5 months after planting. You could also pull transplant them to 2in (5cm)
smaller offsets much earlier for vegetable sautées apart. Make sure that the
seeds are kept well watered.
and salads. Ripe shallots should be firm and
dense in the hand, with no soft areas. Shallots

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 16–20 WEEKS • Sow, plant, or thin 6–8in (15–20cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • LIGHT FEEDERS

155
 Garlic PLANTING CLOVES
Garlic is planted as individual
cloves, with up to 20 cloves
Allium sativum contained in each bulb. Discard
any cloves that are damaged or
Garlic is easy to grow and stores exceptionally show signs of mold because they
can quickly decay in the soil.
well so it can be eaten all year round. It is possible
to become self-sufficient in garlic, beginning with just
a single, good quality clove, but be sure to start off
with garlic that is certified disease-free, and from a
horticultural supplier rather than from a supermarket.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION the garlic leaves are turning slightly yellow. Using
Garlic needs a warm site in full sun with a fork, lift the plant carefully to avoid bruising.
well-drained soil that is reasonably fertile. Boost Cut off the roots and stems for garlic that is to be
free-draining, rocky, or really sandy soils with eaten immediately; leave the stems on and weave
well-matured compost; this helps the soil retain them together into plaits to store bulbs. Hang in a
moisture without becoming waterlogged, which dry, airy place for a week or two to dry them out.
would cause the garlic to rot. Work the soil to a
fine tilth. Add lime to acidic soil (below pH 6.5). TROUBLESHOOTING
Push the cloves into the soil by hand,
Avoid planting where other members of with the pointed tips facing up and
SOWING AND PLANTING the onion family have been grown in the previous resting just below ground level.

Choose good-sized, solid bulbs, peel off two years. Spray Equisetum arvense 508 as a fresh
the papery outer skin, and break them into cloves. tea in humid weather to prevent mildew.
During a descending moon, spray the soil with
horn manure 500 the evening before planting.
Save some 500 and soak the cloves overnight to Collecting cloves
encourage better rooting. The following afternoon • Only hardneck types
push the cloves into the soil, flat part first: this is of garlic produce flowers,
where the rootlet forms. For year-round garlic, and even these rarely bear
viable seeds. Although you
plant in late fall and again in late winter. Garlic could try collecting your
needs to experience cold winter weather. own garlic seeds, they
are likely to prove
ROUTINE CARE disappointing.
• To raise your own plants,
The soil should be slightly moist but never save some of the healthiest, Harvest when garlic leaves begin to
wet, so water only in very hot dry spells, adding plumpest bulbs harvested yellow, loosening the soil gently with
during the summer, and store a fork to avoid damaging the bulbs.
a spray of chamomile tea. Hoe to remove weeds, them in a cool, dry place.
taking care not to damage the bulbs. In fall, carefully break them
open, taking care not
HARVESTING AND STORING to damage their skins,
and plant the cloves
Harvest from late spring through summer as described above.
on root days when the moon is descending and

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 24–28 WEEKS • Plant 2in (5cm) deep, spaced 6in (15cm) apart in rows 12in (30cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • LIGHT FEEDER Retaining the leaves makes it easier to
hang up the bulbs to dry for storage.

156
 Leeks PLANTING LEEKS
Whether sown under cover or
directly outside, leek seedlings
Allium porrum are always transplanted into
their final locations because
Leeks can be ever present in the garden—as young they need to be planted deeply
seedlings early in the year, baby vegetables in summer, to blanch their stems.
and a mature crop in the depths of winter. They are
treated as roots because their edible part is a thick
stem that stays white and sweet by being blanched,
kept from sunlight by being buried in the earth.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING AND STORING

Leeks like a bright, airy site on deep, fairly Pull leeks on root days under an
rich, loamy clay that does not get waterlogged. ascending moon in dry weather and store them
Dig in some mature compost just before planting, unwashed as they come out of the ground in a
grow them where compost was spread for a dark, airy place. They will keep for 1–3 months.
previous crop, or spray horn manure 500 under Frost-hardy varieties that were sown in spring
a descending moon before or during planting. can be left in the ground until late winter. Lift the seedlings and trim the roots
lightly to make them easier to plant.
SOWING AND PLANTING TROUBLESHOOTING
For early leeks, sow under cover from Avoid heeling the leeks up high too early:
midwinter, harden off and transplant during this gets soil into the stems and make them
mid-spring, and harvest in early fall. For a winter gritty, or even causes them to rot. Leeks resist
harvest sow maincrop leeks outside in mid- to most diseases and help nearby plants repel pests.
late spring for transplanting by midsummer at
the latest. Leeks are always sown first, then
transplanted as 6in (15cm) seedlings to allow the Collecting seeds
process of heeling up soil gradually around the • Leave one or two leek plants in
stems to blanch them. Transplant under a the ground for the winter and insert
descending moon on a root day, dropping the stakes for support. They will flower
in midsummer, producing seed.
leeks into holes made with a dibber in furrows • When the stems turn yellow,
6in (15cm) deep. Cover the roots with soil by cut them 12in (30cm) below
watering them in, ideally with barrel compost. the seed head. Just one leek Make a hole for each seedling. Drop
will provide more than enough it in gently, but do not backfill the soil.

ROOT DAYS GARLIC • LEEKS

seed for two seasons.
ROUTINE CARE
• Take the stems inside and
Hoe to aerate the soil and keep weeds hang them upside down in a dry,
down, and gradually heel the earth up around well-ventilated place. Strip the
seeds off once they are fully
the stems as they grow taller and wider. Water dry. Store them in a labeled paper
in dry spells, using a sprinkler head to avoid packet in an airtight container.
washing soil away. Add a dose of 1 part kelp or
stinging nettle liquid manure to 9 parts water.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 4–5 MONTHS • Plant seedlings 5in (13cm) apart in rows 12in (30cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • MEDIUM FEEDER Water the seedlings in, allowing
the water to carry soil into the hole.

157
 Green onions COMPANION PLANTS
Pungent green onions are a
Allium cepa useful companion to carrots
because onions help to mask
Green onions form small edible white or red bulbs, and green their scent, which entices
carrot rust flies. They can
shoots, which pack a punch in salads and in Asian cooking.
also be sown directly
They thrive in similar conditions to other family members— between time-consuming
onions, chives, and shallots—but because they take little space, crops such as sweet corn.
are a useful catch crop between slower-growing vegetables.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION into place, rather than firmed back in. Once the
Green onions grow best in a sunny site plants are established but not fully grown, spray
with light, well-drained, finely tilthed soil which is the bed with horn silica 501 early one morning
not too acidic. Work biodynamic compost or to keep the shoots firm and maximize flavor.
well-rotted manure into the soil before sowing. If Moon–opposition Saturn is an especially good
your soil is unsuitable—heavy clay or very sandy, time for this.
for example—grow them in pots instead.
HARVESTING AND STORING
SOWING AND PLANTING Start pulling the onions when they are
Sow indoors or under cover between about 6in (15cm) tall, on root days under a
late winter and early spring for late spring and descending moon. Target areas where plants are
summer eating. Sow winter-hardy varieties in cramped and pry them from underneath with PICK PURPLE
early to mid-fall for harvest the following spring, a small fork. The green shoots can be pinched Although green onions typically
and cover winter-grown onions with cloches if off or cut with scissors as a garnish for salads. have white stems and green
the weather is harsh. Time soil preparation and leaves, there are several more
direct sowing to a descending moon period, first TROUBLESHOOTING colorful types available that
making furrows in soil that is well weeded and Avoid mulching or overwatering—the produce purple-flushed bulbs or
raked, and watering them the day before sowing, onions will be soft at best, rotten at worst. Onion stems. They are grown in much
ideally with horn manure 500. Sow thinly and thinnings left lying around attract onion flies. the same way as traditional
shallowly, then cover with soil and firm in. If you types and taste similar but add
are transplanting seedlings, tease out the roots a splash of color to salads
and dig wide, deep holes to avoid cramping Collecting seeds and stir-fries.
them when backfilling. Sow every two weeks • Allow plants to overwinter,
for a regular supply. protecting them with mulch.
• In spring one bulb will form on
ROUTINE CARE the top of a green shoot and
produce a flower with black seeds.
In the three weeks the seeds take to • Cut the stalk and take it
germinate, water the bed lightly, especially in indoors to harvest the seeds.
dry weather. Stop watering once the plants have • To avoid cross-pollination,
established unless there are drought conditions. allow only one variety of onion
to flower at a time.
Any plants that are inadvertently bumped or lifted
during thinning or weeding can be watered back

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 8 WEEKS • Plant out ¾in (2cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • MEDIUM FEEDERS

158
 Welsh onions JAPANESE ONIONS
This variety of Welsh onions,
is grown for its strongly
and Japanese bunching onions flavored stems. The plants are
hardier, so don’t need winter
Allium fistulosum protection, and tolerate poorer
soils than most other onions.
The stems are at their best in
Unlike most onions, Welsh and Japanese bunching onions form their second year.
no bulb to speak of but are prized for their flavorful green or white
stems, which are used in Asian dishes, or eaten raw in salads.
Hardy, multistemmed bunching onions produce tender green
shoots, while single-stemmed Welsh onions are planted as annuals
and look like small leeks—their white stem is cut at soil level.

SITE AND SOIL For firm stems with good flavor, spray horn silica

ROOT DAYS GREEN ONIONS • WELSH ONIONS AND JAPANESE BUNCHING ONIONS
PREPARATION 501 during an ascending moon in the early
Welsh and Japanese bunching morning when the stems are one third of their
onions prefer a fertile soil, dressed with maximum height, and again when they are
fully matured, earthy biodynamic compost. nearly fully grown. Lightly hoe soil up around
They need an airy, sunny site with fine-textured, the stems of Japanese onions to blanch them.
free-draining soil, which is not acidic. Before
sowing hoe twice: first to stimulate weeds, and HARVESTING AND STORING
then to knock them down. Spray the soil with Harvest single stems on root days when Onion flowers are edible as well as
horn manure in fall and spring, and stinging the moon is descending. The plants will keep beautiful, and can be added to salads
and soups for flavor and color.
nettle liquid manure in early summer. growing as long as not too many are taken.

SOWING AND PLANTING TROUBLESHOOTING

Sow on root days under a descending Once the plants are established do not EGYPTIAN ONIONS
moon in spring for annual Welsh onions or in overwater. Onions are good companions for Also known as tree onions,
fall, for winter-hardy varieties—their shoots most crops, except beans, peas, and asparagus. perennial bulbs of Allium
need to be at above ankle height before the first cepa Proliferum Group are
frost. Plants sown in fall can be transplanted planted in spring and
in spring for a summer harvest. Sow seeds Collecting seeds harvested as small bulbs
shallowly and barely cover them with soil, patted • Allow the plants to grow produced at the top of a tall
down with the back of a rake. Water them in with through the winter, protecting flowering stem in summer.
barrel compost to give them a good start. them with mulch, if required. Their yield is small, but they
• In spring a bulb will form on
can be used as a hot
ROUTINE CARE the top of one green shoot per
plant, from which the flowers will flavoring, or pickled.
With bunching varieties, space gets develop. Cut the stalk carefully and
take it indoors to harvest them.
tight in onion plots, and inevitably weeding has
• Prevent cross-pollination by only allowing
to be done by hand. Stand or kneel on a plank one type of onion to flower at once, or cage plants
while weeding to avoid compacting the soil if other onions are flowering nearby.
and encouraging even more aggressive weeds.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 12–14 WEEKS • Sow seeds 1in (2.5cm) apart and thin to 9in (23cm) apart.

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • MEDIUM FEEDERS

159
 Potatoes
Solanum tuberosum
MAKING A HEAP
Smaller harvests of potatoes can
be easily stored under cover in
large paper bags. To store larger
quantities, however, making a
One of the world’s most important crops, potatoes heap outside is the best option,
are rich in vitamin C and fiber, and can be cooked and it will last until spring.
in many ways. Although they take time to grow, the
taste and texture of freshly dug, homegrown potatoes
cannot be matched by any bought at the supermarket.
SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION storage types during fall as the foliage dies back,
Potatoes like full sun, and slightly acidic before the first frost. Harvest on root days. Store
clay-loam soil that is well drained and easily the tubers in a heap (see right) or in the dark in
worked. Add plenty of mature compost the fall a cool, airy place under cover. Small amounts
before planting during a descending moon. Spray can be stored in large paper bags.
the soil with horn manure under a descending
moon, just before or when planting. TROUBLESHOOTING
If a late frost is forecast during spring,
SOWING AND PLANTING protect the foliage by spraying the soil with
Seed potatoes can be planted under a valerian 507 the night before. Potatoes do not Choose a sheltered, well-drained site
descending moon. Plant early potatoes in early need watering when planted unless the soil and stack the tubers in a pyramid on
spring, main potatoes in mid-spring, and storage is very dry. In dry summers, water the plants a 8in (20cm) thick layer of dry straw.

types in late spring. Early types are chitted before thoroughly but infrequently. Make sure the
planting—set them in flats inside in a light, soil in the planting trenches and that used for
frost-free place until the eyes sprout. When earthing up is evenly textured. This will make
planting, line the trenches with chopped comfrey, harvesting easier, and encourage the crop to
and plant around lunar apogee for a better crop. be more evenly sized and healthier overall.

ROUTINE CARE
A week after the foliage emerges, earth Collecting your
up and spray the soil with Equisetum arvense 508 own tubers
tea to remove disease spores. Earth up again a
• Potatoes can be raised from seed
few weeks later, before the foliage blocks easy but the resulting plants are not
access. Spray horn silica 501 over the beds two or consistent, and require two years
three times, especially when the weather is warm to produce a worthwhile harvest.
Cover the pile with a thick layer of
• Growing plants from tubers you
and humid. Avoid hoeing or earthing up on leaf have collected is more reliable
straw, weighing it down with soil.
days or a perigee moon before midsummer to Cover the straw completely with soil.
than seed. Harvest them in
prevent pests and fungal diseases. summer or fall, and choose
smaller tubers that are
healthy and undamaged.
HARVESTING AND STORING Store these in a cool,
Potatoes are harvested when the moon is dark, well-ventilated
place until spring.
descending. Lift early and main crops in summer
when their flower buds start to form. Dig up

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Harvest
Time to harvest: 20–24 WEEKS • Plant early potatoes 14in (35cm) apart; main and storage 15in (38cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • MEDIUM FEEDERS Lightly firm the soil without crushing the
tubers. Collect the potatoes as needed.

160
Sweet potatoes
Ipomoea batatas
CURING AND STORING
To improve the flavor of the
tubers, sweet potatoes should
be cured after harvesting. Place
them under cover, keeping them
Originating in tropical South America, sweet humid and at a temperature of
potatoes are not really potatoes at all, but part 86ºF (30ºC) for three weeks.
of the morning glory (bindweed) family. Their Turn them every few days, then
store them in a cool, dry place
sweet-tasting flesh is delicious
indoors. There is no need to
baked, mashed, or fried, and is packed with vitamins exclude light—they won’t turn
A and C, plus calcium and potassium. Their pretty green like potatoes. Handle as
trumpetlike flowers are welcome in the garden, too. little as possible.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION Loosen the soil with a garden fork, then use
Sweet potatoes need a sheltered spot your hands to collect them. Tubers taste best
in full sun with plenty of space for their trailing if cured before storage (see right).
stems. They require well-drained, sandy-loam
soil into which plenty of dark, earthy-smelling TROUBLESHOOTING
compost, based on cow or horse manure, has Avoid overwatering, especially on heavy
been worked. Avoid adding chicken-manure clay soils, or the tubers produced will be thin and
compost, which encourages leaves not roots. tasteless. If the roots are of poor quality despite
being watered moderately, the soil drainage
SOWING AND PLANTING needs improving for next time. To do this, dig
Sweet potatoes are grown from cuttings mature biodynamic compost into the soil with
called slips that can be bought ready to plant, or 15 percent sand to a depth of about 8in (20cm).
grown from tubers stored from the previous year
(see right). Plant them under a descending moon
after the last frost or just after the spring
equinox—whichever comes first. Cover the soil
if necessary to warm it to at least 52ºF (12ºC). Growing slips

ROOT DAYS POTATOES • SWEET POTATOES

For better drainage and a bigger crop, plant slips • Take a healthy tuber, stored from last
in earthed-up ridges, adding some aged but year, and suspend it in a jar of water, which
warm horse-manure to act as a storage heater. you should change every few days, and
stand it on a bright windowsill. Shoots will
Plant the slips 3–6in (8–15cm) deep into the develop after a few weeks, which you
ridges, leaving the top two leaves poking out. should twist off at the base once they reach
12in (30cm) tall.
ROUTINE CARE • The leafy shoots are then placed in jars
of water until they produce roots, which
Water freshly planted slips regularly can then be potted, ready to plant out.
until they establish, and spray them under a • Slips can also be taken from whole tubers
descending moon, at least once, with stinging overwintered in dry sand, which is watered
and warmed up in spring. Five or six leafy
nettle, comfrey, or kelp liquid manure to sprouts will form on each tuber, which can
stimulate healthy growth. Weed around them then be rooted in water, as above.
carefully to avoid damaging the tubers forming
underground. Once established, plants
need little watering, even in dry spells. SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER
HARVESTING AND STORING Plant
Dig up sweet potatoes in early Harvest
fall, before the leaves get hit by the first Time to harvest: 20–24 WEEKS • Plant 30in (75cm) apart
frost, or they will rot in storage. Choose
Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • MEDIUM FEEDERS
a day when the moon is descending.
161
 Beets GROWING
BEET TOPS
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Beets are closely related
to chard, and have edible
Very space efficient, beets grow as well in small city leaves that can be lightly
picked as the roots develop.
center gardens as in larger neighborhood plots.
They can also be grown as
Beets are nourishingly rich in Vitamin B and iron, microgreens to harvest as
and are easy to cook and store. The fresh, young tender-leaved seedlings. Sow
leaves can also be cooked as greens. the seeds into small pots and
pull the seedlings whole, once
they are large enough to use.
SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION beets until light frost comes. After heavy frost
Beets need an open site with rich but light they become woody. Twist rather than
soil, with high nitrogen levels. Soil that was well cut the leaves off to seal the juices in. Maincrop
composted for a previous crop, such as brassicas, beets can be stored over the winter in a cool
over the previous winter is suitable. room in boxes of sand. For optimal storage
avoid harvesting beets on leaf days or at other
SOWING AND PLANTING unfavorable celestial periods, such as nodes
In spring sow beets outside where they or lunar perigee of a full moon.
are to grow. Ideally, do this under a descending
moon, on a root or leaf day. Sow maincrop beets TROUBLESHOOTING
thinly 1in (2.5cm) deep and in rows 12in (30cm) Avoid sowing beets too early when
apart. Sprinkle mature, finely sifted compost into the soil is still cold—they are liable to bolt. When
the furrows and keep the seed bed moist after hoeing or digging up ripe beets, be careful not
sowing. For earlier crops, sow beets outside to damage the skins, which causes bleeding.
under cover in early spring or in flats indoors HERITAGE BEETS
in late winter and then transplant outside. Sow In addition to the traditional
the seeds shallowly 1 ⁄2 in (1cm) deep in rows Collecting beets with their dark red roots,
6in (15cm) apart. seeds there are also yellow and striped
. types. These are raised and used
ROUTINE CARE •.Grow 20 beets of the
in the same way, but cause less
same variety, without
Keep the soil lightly hoed to stop weeds allowing them to flower. staining when cooked.
and prevent the soil from crusting after watering, • Dig up the roots in fall and cool
store inside during winter.
at least until leaves are big enough to shade out
• In spring trim the tops,
weeds. The bigger the leaves get and the more replant them outside, and let
the crop swells, the less—if any—watering is them flower during summer.
needed, just enough to stop the beets from going Stake the tall flowering stems
to keep them from falling over.
woody.
• Collect seeds when the flower
heads have browned. For pure seeds,
HARVESTING AND STORING do not allow beets to flower at the same time as any
other members of the beet family, or Swiss chard.
Start pulling beets from 8 weeks,
when their tender, half-sized tops emerge out of
the ground. Continue pulling full-sized

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 8 WEEKS • Thin or transplant to leave 3in (8cm) between plants

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • MEDIUM FEEDERS Red on the outside, when sliced, striped
beets reveal their attractive flesh.

162
 Rutabagas SOWING
SEED IN FURROWS
Sow the seeds finely to reduce
Brassica napus the amount of thinning that will
be required as the seedlings
Napobrassica Group develop. Keep plants moist,
especially after thinning, to
Also called swedes or Swedish turnips, rutabagas avoid checking their growth,
are larger and more globe shaped than their fellow which affects their flavor.
brassica, the turnip, and their orange-yellow root flesh
is sweeter and creamier. They can be eaten baked, roasted, boiled, or
mashed, and are also delicious when added to soups or stews.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION the ground until early spring. A thick layer of
Rutabagas like light, fertile but not straw provides enough protection from the cold
freshly composted soil. It should be well drained until lifting. If the ground will freeze solid, lift the
but not so thin it is ever allowed to get too dry. rutabagas by prying them out without bruising
Dig mature compost into the soil in mid-fall them and store in boxes of sand in a cool, dry
before planting, or sow rutabagas in a plot place. For optimal storage, harvest rutabagas
recently vacated by nitrogen-fixing legumes on root days; avoid harvesting on leaf days.
and spray barrel compost on the soil.
TROUBLESHOOTING
SOWING AND PLANTING If the season starts out rainy, spray oak
Sow rutabagas outside when the soil has bark decoction or Equisetum arvense 508 as a
warmed up, from early spring—under cover to liquid manure to keep downy and powdery R ED -SKINNED RUTABAGAS
protect from frost—or in late spring in the open. mildew away. If the soil dries out, rutabagas Traditional rutabagas produce
Continue sowing until midsummer. Thin in attract flea beetles, which eat holes in the leaves. roots that are purple-flushed
stages, starting when seedlings are 1in (2.5cm). Hang sticky traps above the plants to trap them: on top and white below.
shake the plants if necessary. Add lime to the soil However, some varieties have
ROUTINE CARE to lift the pH if clubroot is a problem. completely red skins, which
Rutabagas taste best when they do not adds color to cooking.
experience a lack of food or water, or too much
weed competition. Spray horn manure 500 while Collecting seeds
hoeing the soil to keep weeds down between • Allow several rutabaga
plants. When the rutabagas start to swell, spray plants to overwinter in the

ROOT DAYS BEETS • RUTABAGAS

horn silica 501 in the morning, preferably the day ground and leave them
to flower in spring.
after 500 was sprayed. Do not let the soil dry out • Collect the seed in early
since rutabagas become woody or split as soon summer, once the seed heads
as the next watering occurs. are mature.
• Rutabagas are a member of the
HARVESTING AND STORING Brassica napus family, which includes rapeseed
(rapeseed oil). Cross-pollination will occur if they
Early sown rutabagas are ready in mid- flower near each other at the same time. Prevent
fall, with others to follow. Rutabagas are hardy this by caging your plants to ensure pure seeds.

and, except in very cold climates, may be left in

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: UP TO 26 WEEKS • Thin to leave 6–9in (15–23cm) between plants

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 2 • MEDIUM FEEDERS

163
 Radishes TYPES OF RADISHES
Summer radishes, with their
crisp, peppery flesh and thin
Summer and Winter skins are the most widely grown.
However, winter radishes and
Raphanus sativus Asian daikon are also well worth
considering for their versatility.
Anyone thinking of buying their first
pet is told to start with a houseplant, and if it is still alive after a year, then
any future pet should be in good hands. A similar rule could apply to
vegetables, with radishes in the role of trial plant. While summer radishes
are the quickest crop to grow from sowed seeds, the longer, larger, and
spicier-tasting winter version takes somewhat longer. Growing sweet and
tender roots without problems requires real planning and attentiveness.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION removing the leafy tops, and store in boxes of
Radishes like fine, fertile soil that retains sand, or leave them in the ground until needed.
moisture. Dry soils can be improved quickly by Mulch plants with straw during really cold spells.
adding biodynamic compost or finely chopped
leaf mold. Or, add compost, then grow other TROUBLESHOOTING
Summer radishes form colorful red
crops there for 1–2 years. To avoid bolting, sow Flea beetles create small holes in the roots, often with white bases, and are
later batches of summer radishes in partial shade. leaves, and can be a problem when the soil is too usually eaten uncooked in salads.

dry, or plants have not been watered. Spray the

SOWING AND PLANTING soil with horn manure 500 and BC to keep it
Spray the soil with stinging nettle liquid earthy and spongy, improving moisture retention.
manure before planting to improve its texture.
Sow seeds in two weekly batches at the start and
end of each descending moon period, ½in (1cm) Collecting seeds
deep in spring, 1in (2cm) in summer. Winter types • To prevent cross-pollination, only allow one type
are sown from midsummer as temperatures cool. of summer or winter radishes to flower at the same
time. Also ensure that summer and winter types
ROUTINE CARE do not flower together. Seed quality is improved
if at least 20 plants are left to flower.
For the best roots, sow thinly in the ideal • For summer radishes, select the strongest bulbs
soil type, thin regularly, and keep plants moist. To and replant them 10in (25cm) apart to
give the seed heads space to develop.
avoid plant stress, water in the evening, and spray Stake if needed and collect Winter radishes have thick skins and
the bed with chamomile tea or yarrow early the the seeds in early fall. tough flesh. They can be eaten grated
following morning. Weed carefully, using a hoe. • Winter types can stay into salads or cooked in stir-fries.
in the soil in winter
HARVESTING AND STORING or can be lifted.
Replant the roots
Pull summer radishes young and tender, in spring and
harvest the seeds
4–6 weeks after they were sown. Winter radishes in summer.
mature in 6–10 weeks from late fall onward, and
can be eaten raw or cooked. Lift them,

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 20–24 WEEKS • Sow, plant, or thin 2–4in (5–10cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 2 • MEDIUM FEEDERS Daikon forms roots up to 14in (35cm)
long. Use them like other winter types.

164
 Celeriac FROST PROTECTION
Celeriac is ready to harvest
from fall onward, and keeps
Apium graveolens best if it is left in the ground
var. rapaceum until needed. Although it is
hardy, celeriac can be
damaged by winter weather,
Mother Nature forgot about celeriac when handing out beauty so mulch around the roots
genes, but she filled its knobbly white bulbs with the vitamins, with a thick layer of straw, or
minerals, and fiber we need to keep the mind and body healthy cover the plants with fabric.
over winter. Grate raw celeriac into salads, or use it cooked to add a nuttiness
like parsnip and a pepperiness like celery to stews, casseroles, and soups.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION leaves, and residual mulch over winter. Store the
Celeriac needs moist, well-drained soil, bulbs in boxes of sand or a cool room for winter.
rich in potassium, and recently dressed with
well-rotted manure. Choose a site in full sun. TROUBLESHOOTING
Ensure the compost used to prepare soil
SOWING AND PLANTING is fully fermented to reduce slug attacks, and
Sow seeds indoors, covering lightly with grow onions nearby to deter carrot rust flies. In
sandy compost—they need light to germinate. hot weather, celeriac may suffer water stress—
When planting out, dig the holes large enough the bulbs may crack and taste woody. If no If using straw, work it in well between
for the crown to rest on the soil: it should not be compost is available, sow vetch as a cover crop the plants so it is less likely to blow
buried. Time sowing, pricking out, and planting before celeriac to add nitrogen and improve soil away. Top it off, if required, in winter.
to root days with a descending moon. Spray horn drainage and nutrient availability.
manure 500 just before or when planting out.
COMPANION PLANTING
ROUTINE CARE Collecting seeds Cabbage white butterflies
Water well to prevent bolting, and apply • Save seed from a plot of 12 celeriac plants, dislike the scent of celeriac
Equisetum arvense 508 as a fresh tea in damp which must be of the same variety. Grow them and celery, making them a
weather, or before lunar perigee, to deter fungal in the normal way without allowing them good crop to grow alongside
to flower.
diseases. In midsummer, mulch with leaf mold • Leave them in the ground over winter,
all brassicas, including kale
or comfrey to retain moisture and deter weeds. or in colder regions, dig up the roots and cabbage. Growing
With good mulching and watering, additional in fall, cool store them inside, celeriac near lettuce, spinach,
and replant them in spring.
liquid manures are not necessary. When the and peas is also thought to

ROOT DAYS RADISHES • CELERIAC

• Let the plants flower in summer.
bulbs start to swell, apply horn silica 501 once Collect seed as each flower head improve their yield.
between summer solstice and fall equinox; spray ripens, usually the central one
in the afternoon to improve winter storage. first, and sideshoots later.
• Celeriac will intercross
HARVESTING AND STORING with celery if both are
allowed to flower at
Cut under the bulb with a knife, leaving the same time.
rootlets in the soil to attract beneficial worms.
Use BC once the bed is clear to promote
healthy decomposition of the rootlets,

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 20–24 WEEKS • Sow, plant, or thin 2–4in (5–10cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • MEDIUM FEEDERS

165
 Parsnips
Pastinaca sativa
K EYS TO SUCCESS
Parsnip seed is sensitive to poor
growing conditions and can be
difficult to germinate. However,
once the seedlings appear, they
Like marathon runners, parsnips start slowly, keep going for are easy plants to grow.
ages, and finish strongly in winter after the competition fades.
Their long taproots are loaded with fiber, vitamins, and
sweet, nutty flavors, and before sugar was available
they were used to sweeten cakes and jams.
SITE AND SOIL
PREPARATION mist horn silica 501 over them, in the morning at
Choose a sunny site. Parsnips often an ascending moon, to improve sweetness and
follow brassicas in a rotation since taste. Spray 501 again, especially if storing the
they like well-worked, rock-free, crop indoors over winter, a month before harvest.
slightly acidic soil that was well composted for Gently thin seedlings sown in groups
a previous crop. Compost made in part from HARVESTING AND STORING to leave the strongest ones. Water the
comfrey leaves is rich in the potassium parsnips Parsnips are ready when their leaf tops remaining seedlings to settle the soil.

need. Fresh compost causes parsnips to fork. At wilt in late fall. The hardy roots taste better
a descending moon, dig the bed roughly in winter if pulled after a frost and can stay in the ground
to let the frost break up large clods; in late winter, over winter until required. Mark the rows with
work the soil to 8–12in (20–30cm) deep to stakes if snow is forecast, to locate them easily.
remove any compaction and allow the roots to Parsnips may rot in very wet, cold soil; store
swell. Rake to a fine tilth. Ten days before sowing, instead in boxes of sand (see right, bottom).
cover the soil with fabric or cloches to warm it.
TROUBLESHOOTING
SOWING AND PLANTING Parsnips germinate poorly, so it is best to
Sow direct as soon as conditions allow, buy fresh seed each year. Do not start them in cell
under a descending moon, with three seeds per packs indoors because they transplant badly.
group in rows 12–14in (30–35cm) apart and 1in
(2.5cm) deep. Space 4–6in (10–15cm) apart for
short or intermediate roots, 8in (20cm) apart for Collecting seeds Parsnip roots may split and spoil if the
large ones. Cover seeds lightly and firm gently. • For the best quality seed, collect soil becomes dry in warm weather, so
Sow radishes (see p.164) to mark the rows and from at least 20 plants of the same keep them well watered in summer.
make weeding easier until the parsnips sprout. To type, grown in the usual way.
• Leave the plants over winter
boost the seed, spray the bed soon after sowing and allow them to flower the next
with stinging nettle liquid manure, or with comfrey summer. If you have to lift the
liquid manure if a comfrey-enriched compost was roots for winter because of poor
conditions, replant them in spring.
not used for the previous crop on the plot.
• Stake the tall flower stems to
prevent them from falling over.
ROUTINE CARE Collect seeds when the flower heads
Weed carefully to avoid disturbing the turn brown, and dry them before storing.

roots. When the tops begin to swell,

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 17–42 WEEKS • Thin to 4–8in (10–20cm) apart, depending on variety
To store roots in a cool place indoors,
Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • MEDIUM FEEDERS lift them, remove the tops, and pack
with separation in boxes of sand.

166
 Carrots
Daucus carota
ROOTS AND SOILS
There are many heritage
carrot varieties available, from
white to purple. Long, slim
carrots prefer deep, easily
People first grew carrots as medicine, not food, worked, sandy loam. Stubbier
and for good reason—carrots are rich in vitamins carrots can handle a firmer,
A, B, and C, fiber, and minerals such as calcium. clay-rich soil, if it is aerated.
They are sweet, easy to grow, take up little
space, and they are delicious raw or cooked.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION silica 501 in the morning over the bed when the
Carrots need fertile soil, but the tips fork green tops are starting to form.
in soil enriched with fresh compost. Under a
descending moon, spread a fine layer of aged HARVESTING AND STORING
compost or, even better, grow them on a plot In the 30 days before lifting, spray 501 on
after heavy feeders such as brassicas. On heavy, a root day afternoon with a descending moon to
rocky soils, work in fully mature compost mixed concentrate the sugars and improve storage life.
with sand, then build raised beds and fill with 4:1
parts fine-textured soil to aged compost. TROUBLESHOOTING
To prevent carrot rust flies, thin on cool
SOWING AND PLANTING evenings, firm the soil, and put thinnings straight
Sow under a descending moon, and in a bucket to take away—do not place them on
spray horn manure 500 in the afternoon before the ground. Grow aromatic plants like chives
sowing for stronger rooting. Direct sow early, upwind to confuse flies, and use 2ft (60cm) tall
quick-growing carrots from late winter under natural barriers such as lavender, rather than
cloches or cold frames; sow maincrops in mid- garden fabric, to block out the flies.
spring, and then every 14 days for a constant
harvest. Sow thinly, ½in (1cm) deep in furrows STORING CARROTS
6–12in (15–30cm) apart. Cover with soil, firm, Collecting seeds You can leave maincrop carrots
water lightly, and keep moist until germination • To obtain the best quality seeds, in well-drained soil over winter
in 7–21 days. To mark the rows, sow radishes, lift at least 20 of the best plants in until needed. On heavier soils,
spinach, or lettuce with the carrots to harvest fall, grown in the usual way, and where they may rot, lift and
store until spring.
while the carrots fill out. On very sandy soil, store them in a cool, dry place,

ROOT DAYS PARSNIPS • CARROTS

• Replant the roots in spring and
intersow dill or cornflowers to provide allow them to flower. Support tall for up to five months in boxes.
phosphorus, which helps carrots to have flower stems with stakes, if needed.
a sweeter flavor. • To prevent cross-pollination, make
sure that no other carrot varieties
or wild carrots (Queen Anne’s lace)
ROUTINE CARE flower nearby at the same time.
Thin and eat the seedlings after the lacy • Cut the tops when the flowers
are dry and brown; clean the
leaves start to develop. Keep the soil moist for seed by swirling it in a strainer
the first month or so and then water only if very to remove any chaff.
dry. To obtain the sweetest flavor, spray horn

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 7–18 WEEKS • Thin to 1in (2.5cm), then to 1½–3in (4–8cm), or farther for large-rooted varieties

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • MEDIUM FEEDERS Stack layers of undamaged carrots
and soil mix in cardboard boxes.

167
 Turnips GROWING TURNIPS
Sow seeds directly into the soil in
rows 9–12in (20–30cm) apart and
Brassica rapa Rapifera Group ¾in (2cm) deep. In wet areas, sow
in low but firm ridges to aid
These often unappreciated roots are like rutabagas, drainage. Thin seedlings when
the first leaves appear, if needed.
but smaller, faster growing, and more white than
yellow; there are also red-skinned varieties. They
may be sweet enough to be eaten raw or as turnip
greens. Turnips are winter hardy and easy to
raise from seed; if you sow early and in batches
you can harvest them nearly all year round.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING AND STORING

Turnips prefer loamy, clay soils that drain Early spring sowings are tender enough
well without drying out, perhaps in part shade. Do after two months to be grated raw. Cut turnip
not sow where brassicas have grown in the last greens from these and late summer sowings in
three years or on thin soil, which causes turnips spring. Pull late spring and early summer sowings
to grow unevenly and become brittle. Spray horn from mid-fall to early winter—they are less
manure 500 on the soil at or just before sowing, frost-tolerant than rutabagas. Remove the tops and Thin to spacings recommended for each
under a descending moon in the afternoon; in store for a month or two in a clamp or box of sand. type, from 2in (5cm) apart for long roots
warm conditions, do this just after rain. to 6in (15cm) apart for globular turnips.
TROUBLESHOOTING
SOWING AND PLANTING Turnips lose their creamy sweetness and
Make the earliest sowings under cover firm texture if they get too big, so pull them early:
from late winter onward, under a descending they taste best and are easier to peel and chop.
moon if possible, for mid- to late spring crops.
Sow in mid-spring just before the last frost, on
soil manured for an earlier crop, for early to Collecting seeds
midsummer turnips. Then sow every 2–3 weeks • Turnips will cross-
until late summer to harvest from mid-fall into pollinate with other
spring. Sow turnips for winter harvest on soil members of the
Brassica rapa family,
cleared of an early crop such as potatoes or peas. like napa cabbage
(see p.187), if they
ROUTINE CARE flower at the same time.
• For seed, grow turnips in the Lack of watering in dry spells causes
Sprinkle the plant with weak chamomile normal way, but leave them roots to crack and attracts leaf-nibbling
tea in dry weather in early morning. Spray oak unharvested outdoors in winter. In cold flea beetles; damage is mostly cosmetic.

bark decoction on foliage during a break in wet climates, lift the roots and bring them under cover
to replant deeply in spring.
weather to ward off fungal disease. Spray horn
• The plants will flower in spring—support the
silica 501 in the morning as the turnips swell to long stalks with stakes and twine.
obtain smooth, shiny, firm roots. Apply stinging • Pick the seed pods as soon as they brown.
nettle tea to the leaves two weeks before pulling
turnips to intensify the flavor.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 9–42 WEEKS, depending on season and variety • Sow or plant 2–6in (5–15cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 2 • MEDIUM FEEDERS Pull turnips once they reach a usable
size, typically the size of a golf ball.

168
 Salsify HARVESTING
Dig out scorzonera (shown
here) or salsify with a fork or
and scorzonera trowel to avoid bruising or
snapping the long, thin roots.
Tragopogon porrifolius, Otherwise, they can quickly
lose their freshness.
Scorzonera hispanica
Something of a delicacy, the roots of these closely related crops are highly
nutritious, with a bitter, oysterlike flavor; they are also called oyster plant
or vegetable oyster. Salsify has white, thick roots and black salsify, or
scorzonera, is longer, more slender, and darker-skinned.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING AND STORING

Salsify and scorzonera are easy, if slow, Lift roots from mid-fall onward, once
to grow, but produce the best roots in finely at least 12in (30cm) long, under an ascending
textured, sandy but rock-free soil that is well dug moon. Salsify and scorzonera in particular are
to at least 12in (30cm). Work this type of soil at hardy enough to stay in the ground over winter,
planting. To avoid clays or loams becoming especially if protected with a straw mulch.
lumpy, dig in mature biodynamic compost in However, salsify loses its flavor if left too long.
late fall or dig and spray BC on the soil in the Keep both roots in a root cellar until spring;
evening. Another option is to spray the soil with salsify stores best with its top removed.
horn manure 500 in fall to stimulate soil life and
healthy soil decomposition, then spray BC on TROUBLESHOOTING
an afternoon just before sowing to transform To discourage carrot rust flies, grow
decomposition processes into soil-building scorzonera among rows of carrots.
processes. A site in full sun is best. All this soil

ROOT DAYS TURNIPS • SALSIFY AND SCORZONERA

preparation is done under a descending moon. BONUS CROP
Collecting You can harvest the summer
SOWING AND PLANTING flower buds of both salsify and
seeds
The seeds are best sown on an early scorzonera. Let the plants grow
• For the best quality
spring afternoon under a descending moon. seeds, save them from over winter and pick the buds
Sow several seeds to each station, 1½in (3–4cm) a plot of about 20 plants just before they open, with 4in
deep. Thin the seedlings to the strongest ones, of one variety of either (10cm) of stem. Cook them like
salsify or scorzonera.
once they have their first pairs of leaves. • Grow the plants in the
asparagus or add to stuffing.
normal way, leaving them
ROUTINE CARE outdoors over winter, and
allow them to flower in
The seeds germinate slowly, so keep summer. Salsify’s flowers
the furrows well watered and as weed-free are purple, scorzonera’s
as possible through the growing season, and are yellow.
particularly during germination. Spray horn • Collect the seeds when the flower heads
become brown.
silica 501 at fall equinox over the plants in
the afternoon to concentrate their flavors.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 30-46 WEEKS • Thin salsify to 6in (15cm) apart, and scorzonera to 12in (30cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • MEDIUM FEEDERS Harvest the flowers on the day of use,
because they soon deteriorate.

169
 Horseradish HORSERADISH TEA
Horseradish tea can be used
to protect pit-forming fruit trees,
Armoracia rusticana such as nectarines, peaches, and
plums, from brown rot, a fungal
Horseradish is easy to grow, and can be planted disease. Apply as a spray three
times during spring and summer.
to make good use of forgotten corners of the
garden. The roots have a pungent and peppery taste
and smell, and should be scrubbed, grated, and peeled under water to avoid
irritation. The root adds spice to hot and cold condiments, like traditional
horseradish sauce, for use with a variety of meat and fish dishes. It can also
be used in the preparation of an effective fungicide to use on fruit trees.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION TROUBLESHOOTING

Horseradish grows in full sun but prefers Horseradish is a brassica, so avoid
partial shade. Soils must be deep, rich, and moist, problems by growing it where other brassicas
rather than waterlogged or too dry. Although it have been grown in the preceding couple of
can be grown as an annual from seed, it easily years at least. If sown and harvested annually,
grows from roots left in the soil after harvesting. horseradish should not produce any of its small, Roughly chop up 1oz (30g) of root or
white flowers. If flowers appear in the second leaves. You may prefer to dice the root
SOWING AND PLANTING year, pinch them out. Weed the plot by hand, under water to avoid eye irritation.

Horseradish can be sown annually late rather than by digging, to avoid damaging the
winter to early spring under a descending moon. roots. Do not allow discarded root pieces
However, plants are usually raised from last year’s to regrow where they are not wanted.
roots. When the moon is descending, and ideally
in the afternoon, cut off the top third of the root
and plant the lower piece 2in (5cm) deep, at
a slight angle. Backfill with soil and compost. Raising plants
• Although horseradish
ROUTINE CARE flowers, it doesn’t produce seed.
Horseradish needs little care, apart from • Horseradish is propagated by
digging up the roots in fall
watering it during really dry weather. and slicing off small sideshoots.

HARVESTING AND STORING • Store the sideshoots under cover

during winter in a box of sand, or in pots Bring the roots or leaves to the boil in a
The roots are mature after nine months, of dry compost. covered saucepan, then allow to cool
and are largest and tastiest when lifted under • Replant the sideshoots in pots for 24 hours without removing the lid.
during spring. Plant
a descending moon after the first winter frost. out in late spring when
Roots can be lifted throughout winter. Store them the fresh green tops
begin sprouting.
cool, in sand or a pile if there are a lot of them, or
singly in the refrigerator in a plastic bag.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Harvest
Time to harvest: 20–24 WEEKS • Sow, plant or thin 8–12in (20–30cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 2 • MEDIUM FEEDERS Filter the cooled tea. It is applied in
April, May, and at the end of August.

170
 Jerusalem SAVING ENERGY
Jerusalem artichokes are
unusual because some of the

artichokes plants flower every summer,

but others never do. Either way,
the blooms are best removed to
Helianthus tuberosus conserve energy, although they
do make nice cut flowers.
Jerusalem artichokes have no link to Jerusalem and
are not members of the artichoke family. They are like
a smaller, subtly nuttier version of the potato, but unlike
potatoes produce much taller stems, and can be grown in a
dedicated bed for several years before needing to be moved.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING AND STORING

Jerusalem artichokes like soil that is rich The tubers can be lifted early winter
in humus, moisture-retentive, drains well, and is to spring under a descending moon. Lift every
not too acidic (below pH5). It thrives in an open piece of root to prevent regrowth. Store tubers
location. Dig in plenty of biodynamic compost in a dry, frost-free place in moist earth.
during a descending moon before planting.
TROUBLESHOOTING
SOWING AND PLANTING Use straw mulch or cloches to stop the
Buy tubers the size of an egg and plant ground from freezing during harvest, and mark
them during a descending moon in early spring, the rows, if necessary. Dress permanent beds
once the soil is workable, 4–6in (10–15cm) deep. with fresh biodynamic compost each year, and
create a new bed every four or five years. Deter
ROUTINE CARE

ROOT DAYS HORSERADISH • JERUSALEM ARTICHOKES

slug attacks using pine nut extract.
Spray horn manure 500 over the bed
in fall and spring at descending moon time. BARRIER PLANTING
As the stems emerge, remove any weeds, and Collecting tubers With its tall stems and dense
earth up soil around them. Keep plants well • Jerusalem artichokes are raised from tubers, form, Jerusalem artichokes can
watered, and stake to provide extra support. not seed, which are planted in spring. be planted as a windbreak to
During descending moons, spray plants with • Grow the plant in the normal way throughout other crops in exposed gardens.
summer and lift the tubers in fall.
any leftover teas from other gardening tasks, Plant them at the edge of a bed
• Retain a number of healthy tubers,
especially yarrow, dandelion, chamomile, and each no larger than an egg, and store
or garden, and provide support.
yarrow and comfrey. Spray the soil with stinging them under cover in a box of sand
nettle liquid manure if you have any spare, just or in pots of compost.
after rain to keep the soil airy. Pinch off the tops • Pot them and let them
grow under cover in spring,
and any flowers in late summer to focus the ready to plant out once the
plant’s energy on root formation. Spray horn risk of frost has passed.
silica 501 a week or two before you do this,
early one morning during an ascending moon.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Harvest
Time to harvest: 30–36 WEEKS • Plant 12–18in (30–45cm) apart in a grid pattern

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • MEDIUM FEEDERS

171
 F
AQUARIUS

lower
Aquarius
the Water Carrier days
Flower days are the periods when the moon is passing
in front of the constellations of Aquarius, Gemini, and
Libra. They relate to air or light—the element in which
GEMINI
plants flower. Edible flower crops, such as globe
artichokes, broccoli, and cauliflower, cultivated on flower
days produce high-quality, consistent yields, and store
well. Ornamental flowers and shrubs also benefit from the
rhythm of the air-flower constellations—as do the bees
and beneficial insects feeding on their pollen! Flowers
picked on these days are more intensely scented; cutting
Gemini
the Twins
them on flower days helps the plants produce stronger
sideshoots, and more top-quality blooms. Flowers for
drying will also retain their shape and color longer.

Flower days and lunar cycles

The moon passes an air-flower constellation
LIBRA roughly every 9 days, and spends 2–3 days in each.
In the northern hemisphere the moon ascends
as it travels through Aquarius and into part of Gemini.
The moon’s descending cycle then begins in
Libra Gemini and it continues to descend as it passes Libra.
the Scales
 Bury horn silica 501 on a flower day
around spring equinox.

GR
E AT
•
Things to do on…
•
FLOW

SK
TA
E
R DAY
Flower days
The garden feels at its most alive on flower days: the
scents from plants in flower become heightened, and
insects navigating by smell appear especially active.
These are the days to cultivate ornamental beds and
borders as well as edible flower crops.
• Under an ascending moon the earth breathes out and the upper
parts of plants are at their most vital, so this is the best time to
pick flowers for drying.
• Under a descending moon the earth breathes in, which means
it is a good time to plant bulbs and divide flowering herbs ready
for replanting.
• Moon–opposition Saturn is a good time to plant or transplant
perennial herbs: the strong calcium–silica influences that result
promote strong roots and enhanced aromas and flavors.
• In the 2–3 days before full moon sow seeds of annual flowers
for stronger germination. Full moon is also a good time to collect
flowers for the biodynamic preparations.
• The perigee moon induces an inward contraction
in plants, so it is the perfect time to deadhead
flowers with fading blossoms as their sap
returns underground.
s fo r
he a r t
• When the moon is at apogee companion
y a r t i c hok e
flowers like tansy are at their most aromatic: H a r ve s t b a b i ve o i
l.
g i n ol
grow them in pots and move them pr e s e r v i n
close to the crops they protect.

Nasturtium

Cut down stinging nettles to use in teas,

Broccoli
174 liquid manures, and the compost prep 504.
 Plant ornamental flowers that attract Choose flower days to dig up, divide, replant, or Harvest winter cabbage and other
beneficial insects. store ornamental bulbs and tubers like dahlias. leaf day crops for long-term storage.

Pr u n
e flow
flow e
e r d a r i ng s h r u b
ys w i s l i ke ro
th a d s e s on
Collect e s ce nd
i ng m o on
flowers for drying .
on flower days: they
retain their shape and
color longer.

FLOWER DAYS THINGS TO DO

Pick dandelion heads before they are fully Harvest chamomile flowers for teas and the Collect flowers for the valerian compost prep
open and dry them for compost prep 506. chamomile compost prep 503. 507, and juice or infuse them on the same day. 175
 Cauliflower VARIETIES TO TRY
Traditional cauliflower are grown
for their dense white heads but
Brassica oleracea there are also purple-flowered
varieties to try. These need the
Botrytis Group same growing conditions, and
offer color and subtly different
Cauliflower heads, or curds, can be picked almost flavors to your cooking.
all year round but they need year-round space and
attention too—especially, good soil preparation and watering. In smaller
gardens cauliflower sown in spring and harvested late summer are a better
choice than overwintering types, which may need protection from cold.
SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION spray again as the plant reaches full height, before
Choose an open, sunny site where no the curds start to form. Yarrow tea can be applied
other members of the cabbage (brassica) family as a pick-me-up in unsettled weather.
have been grown in the previous three years.
On an overexposed site, the stems of these large HARVESTING AND STORING
plants will rock, and the roots will fail to support Fall-harvested cauliflower ripens in cool
them. The soil should be neutral or only very weather. Cut the main stem below the curds as
slightly acidic (pH6.8 is ideal). Dig in plenty of they start to swell, ideally on a cool morning on Purple cauliflower is unique and rich
mature biodynamic compost, ideally made partly flower days under an ascending moon. The florets in antioxidants, and has a sweet, mild,
from cow manure, and spray horn manure 500 should be firm and tight. If too many ripen and nutty flavor, with no bitterness.

once or twice under a descending moon. together, pull a whole plant and hang it upside
down in a dry, cool place; it will last two weeks. SUN SCREEN
SOWING AND PLANTING White-flowered cauliflower heads
Seeds can be started off indoors from TROUBLESHOOTING should be shaded from the sun
midwinter, or sown in furrows outside from Cauliflower can be tricky if the soil is to keep their color and prevent
mid-spring for harvest in late summer and early poor, too acidic or dry, or if transplanted badly. scorching. As soon as the heads
fall. Ensure the soil is well worked and friable, Planting celery nearby will deter cabbage white form, cover them with plant
and tread it flat before you sow, ideally on flower butterflies from laying their eggs. leaves, tied at the top. Do this
days, under a descending moon. Harden off on a dry day to avoid trapping
transplants and water the night before planting. moisture that could cause decay.
While the moon is descending, plant them up to Collecting seeds
their first leaves for good rooting, and water in. • Cauliflower flowers and sets
seed in its second summer.
ROUTINE CARE Avoid collecting seed from
plants that bolt in their first year.
Cauliflower must be kept well watered, • Save seed from at least 20
well fed, and on firm ground. When the moon is plants to prevent inbreeding. Dry the
descending, spray stinging nettle liquid manure flower heads indoors, then pull off the seeds.
on the soil and on the plants (as a feed). Early in • Cauliflower will interbreed with other brassicas,
so prevent others from flowering at the same time,
the morning on flower days, spray horn silica 501 or cover their blooms with paper bags.
when direct-sown plants have 4–5 leaves, and
transplants have at least 5–6 leaves;

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 20–26 WEEKS • Sow seed ¾in (2cm) deep, plant at least 10in (24cm) apart in rows 10in (24cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 2 • MEDIUM FEEDERS Release the leaves temporarily after
heavy rain to allow the curds to dry.

176
 Broccoli CATCH CROPS
Broccoli is a slow-growing
Brassica oleracea Italica Group crop that needs plenty of
room to develop. As it
grows, make use of the
Broccoli is tasty and fairly easy to grow, with a single free space around the plants
flower head that is harvested before winter, followed by a to sow quicker-maturing
small crop of tender side spears. The bluish-tinged florets resemble crops, such as lettuce and
small cauliflower heads, although they are fluffier and less compact. radishes. With repeated
More exotic varieties include ‘Romanesco’, which has tasty, pointy- sowing, you’ll reap the
rewards of several harvests
peaked florets, the color of pistachio ice cream.
before the broccoli is ready.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION (cabbage is ideal) and the flowering shoots
The ideal site for broccoli is sunny with from cool fall nights with fabric.
good wind protection and has fertile soil that
is friable but contains humus, and drains well. HARVESTING AND STORING
Dig in plenty of biodynamic compost the fall Pick broccoli sown in spring from late
before sowing, then spray the bed with horn summer, and summer-sown types in mid-fall
manure 500 under the descending moon in on flower days under an ascending moon. Cut
the weeks before sowing. the main head from below before it gets too big
and the flower buds open and become bitter.
SOWING AND PLANTING Leave the sideshoots to develop into spears that
Transplanted broccoli performs poorly can be harvested later. Florets will store in the
so grow it from seed, sown directly or started refrigerator for several days and can be frozen.
off indoors in biodegradable pots. Start sowing .
outside under cover in early spring and continue TROUBLESHOOTING
succession sowing during flower days, preferably Protect plants from birds with netting.
with a descending moon, until midsummer. Spray oak bark 505, Equisetum arvense 508 as EARTHING UP
Water the furrows first with stinging nettle liquid a fresh tea, and yarrow tea to counter mildew. Broccoli is a tall crop that
manure. Sow two or three seeds per station and is prone to root damage if the

FLOWER DAYS CAULIFLOWER • BROCCOLI

carefully thin out the weaker ones later. stems are rocked by wind on
Collecting seeds an exposed site. As the plants
ROUTINE CARE develop, pile soil around their
• Broccoli flowers in its second
Broccoli needs regular watering to year. Avoid collecting seed from base and firm it in to provide
prevent uneven growth. Hoe to keep weeds plants that bolt in their first year, extra support.
because it will be poor quality.
down and mound the soil up a little around the
• Save seed from a minimum of
base of the plants, but avoid damaging the roots. 20 plants to prevent inbreeding.
When the seedlings have four or five leaves, Dry the flower heads indoors and
spray comfrey liquid manure over the bed and thresh off the seeds.
on the main stems, and both sides of the leaves. • Keep broccoli away from other
flowering brassicas to prevent it from
Later, spray horn silica 501 early in the morning interbreeding, or cover their blooms.
after the flower heads have started to develop.
Protect the florets from the sun using a large leaf

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 12–16 WEEKS • Sow ¾in (2cm) deep, 12in (30cm) apart in rows 12–18in (30–45cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 2 • MEDIUM FEEDERS Soil can be mounded around the base
of each plant up to the lowest leaves.

177
 Broccoli sprouts PEST PROTECTION
Tender, young plants are prone to
both attack by birds and damage
Brassica oleracea from the caterpillars of cabbage
white butterflies—cover them
Italica Group with fine netting to deter both
pests. Growing nasturtiums near
Sometimes called “poor man’s broccoli will keep aphids away.
asparagus,” broccoli sprouts’ green or
purple flower buds are just as tender and rich
in flavor. The plants have a year-round presence in
the vegetable patch; choose early and late-maturing
varieties for a constant harvest from late winter into spring.
SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION On flower days under an ascending moon, cut
Broccoli sprouts prefer a sunny site that the sprouts with a sharp knife, starting with the
is open but sheltered. Dig plenty of compost into central shoot, leaving smaller sprouts to grow and
the soil before planting, ideally with cow manure be harvested later. Pick early in the morning and
in the mix. If the soil is too acidic (below pH 6.8), store fresh florets, unwashed, in open bags
add lime a few months before planting. Work the in the refrigerator. Wash before freezing.
soil as deep as possible in dry weather, then firm
it slightly by walking on it. TROUBLESHOOTING
In early spring make leaves less
SOWING AND PLANTING appetizing to flea beetles with preemptive sprays
On flower days with a descending moon, of oak bark decoction, and Equisetum arvense 508
sow seeds thinly 3 ⁄4 in (2cm) deep indoors from as a fresh tea, ideally under a descending moon. Secure the netting at soil level to prevent
pests from creeping underneath it.
early spring onward, or outside between mid- Weigh it down with soil or rocks.
spring and midsummer. Plant out seedlings
slightly deeper so they have firm foundations, Collecting seeds
on flower days while the moon is descending. • Broccoli sprouts flower in
their second year. Grow the
ROUTINE CARE plant in the usual way and allow
the seeds to mature on the plant
Water the seedlings regularly while they for as long as possible without
are establishing; also hoe soil up around the base letting the pods shatter. Dry the
mature flower heads indoors,
of the plants when weeding to protect them from then pull off the seeds.
wind. Spray horn manure 500 at fall equinox. Tidy • Save seed from a minimum of
up fallen or yellow leaves during fall, and spray 20 plants to prevent inbreeding.
barrel compost in late fall, while the moon is Avoid collecting seed from plants
that bolted in their first year.
descending, to maintain healthy soil microflora. They will be of poor quality.
• Broccoli sprouts will breed with
HARVESTING AND STORING other members of the brassica family
that flower at the same time. Prevent this
Pick broccoli sprouts from late winter into by stopping other brassicas from flowering; or
late spring. The flowering shoots should be clearly put a bag over them just before they do.
developed but with fairly compact flower heads.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Harvest
Time to harvest: 16–36 WEEKS • Plant 24in (60cm) apart, in rows 24in (60cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 2 • MEDIUM FEEDERS Support this tall crop by tying it loosely
to stakes in fall.

178
Globe artichokes SPACE WELL
These large perennials need
plenty of room and time to
Cynara scolymus establish fully, but their silvery
sea-green leaves and large
thistlelike flowers are highly
Although globe artichokes are related to decorative so are often given
the thistle family, these statuesque, low space in an ornamental border.
maintenance perennials provide a crop
that is regarded as a delicacy in their
native Italy. The edible parts can
be found at the base of the leathery
flower petals, and deep within the
heart of the flower itself.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING AND STORING

Originating from Sicily, globe artichokes Each plant produces about 12 heads
like a sunny, sheltered spot in full sun, and from late summer to early fall. In an ascending
almost any fertile soil that is slightly acidic. moon period, pick the topmost bud first before
the scales open, then work down the plant, New plants can be grown from offsets
SOWING AND PLANTING harvesting the tight buds. Boil the heads; then cut away from mature plants and
Globe artichokes can be grown from remove the petals to eat their tender base dipped planted out in late spring.

seed sown on flower days, preferably with a in oil or butter. The final delicacy is the center of
descending moon in early spring, but they will the flower, often preserved in olive oil.
take three years to crop. You can achieve the

FLOWER DAYS BROCCOLI SPROUTS • GLOBE ARTICHOKES

same result in two years by growing sideshoots TROUBLESHOOTING
or offsets divided from existing plants and Backfill newly planted offshoots fully
planted out in late spring. During a descending or they will die from lack of water or from frost.
moon period, plant offsets—or 4in (10cm) high
seedlings—in holes no deeper than a trowel
blade and backfill with garden soil and compost.
Collecting seeds
ROUTINE CARE
• It is exceptionally easy
Cut the main stem in the first year as to collect seeds from
soon as the flower appears to enable the plant to globe artichokes.
Harvesting the uppermost king
• Grow the plants in the
produce a stronger crop over the next 3–4 years, usual way, but instead of
bud first encourages further buds
after which it should again be divided. In early to develop farther down the plant.
harvesting the buds, let the
spring when the moon is descending, spray the flower heads develop and
produce seed.
bed with horn manure 500 before the plants start
• Cut the flower heads when mature—they
growing, then mulch with compost covered by look like thistles—and dry them under cover.
straw. Spray horn silica 501 early in the morning Extract the seeds by placing the seed head in
when silvery flowering stems appear deep in the a bag, and pounding it until the seeds fall out.

base of the leaves.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Harvest
Time to harvest: 64-68 WEEKS • Plant 3–5ft (90cm–1.5m) apart
Globe artichokes become inedibly
Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 4 • MEDIUM FEEDERS tough once the flowers have opened.

179
Pisces
the Fish
PISCES

Ldays
eaf
Leaf days occur when the moon passes the constellations
associated with the element of water—Pisces, Cancer,
and Scorpius. Water is vital for all life on earth, but in the
biodynamic garden it is particularly significant for crops
CANCER
grown for their leaves, whose main constituent is water.
They include spinach, cabbage, and aromatic herbs like
parsley; trees or shrubs grown as hedges; and even the
grass in your lawn. Leaf crops are best cultivated under
a descending moon, but the speed at which some develop
means that often you won’t want to wait for a leaf day to
Cancer maintain them. Be pragmatic: if work cannot be done on
the Crab
a leaf day, the root day rhythm is the next best option. Aim
to harvest when the moon is ascending, ideally on a flower
or fruit day, when the forces are concentrated in the upper
part of the plant—you’ll gain a few days of extra storage.

Leaf days and lunar cycles

SCORPIUS
The moon passes a water-leaf constellation
every 8–9 days, and spends 11⁄2–21⁄2 days in each.
In the northern hemisphere the moon is on its
ascending cycle when it travels through Pisces.
The moon’s path is descending when it passes
Scorpius in front of the constellations of Cancer and Scorpius.
the Scorpion
 For best storage potential, harvest crops
like kohlrabi under an ascending moon.

GR
E AT
•
Things to do on…
•

K
LEA

AS

F
DAY T
Leaf days
A strong association with water means that these are the
optimal days for tending leafy vegetables and stem crops,
including lettuce, asparagus, and rhubarb. It is the watery
component that makes salad greens so refreshing in
salads on hot days—the challenge is to achieve the
crispness that helps leaf crops store well and taste best.

• Sow seeds 2–3 days before full moon to encourage strong

germination for all leaf day crops including greens like arugula.
• Leaf days leading up to moon–opposition Saturn are best for
transplanting leaf crop seedlings: the moon’s watery influences
are balanced with the crispness associated with Saturn and silica.
• Ascending and waxing moon periods are when the upper part
of the plant is most vital, which makes them good times to spray
leaf crops with flavor-enhancing teas.
• Descending or waning moon periods when the earth is
breathing in are the most efficient times to water or spray
liquid manures on the soil around leaf day crops.
• When the moon is at perigee protect leafy crops from chewing
insects by spraying Equisetum arvense s oi l
o n t o t he
508 as a fresh tea. This not only ed s n.
u r e fe mo o
makes the leaves firmer, and less id m a n d i ng
Water liqu a de s c e n
appealing to pests, they will also s w it h
o n le a f d a y
be more appetizing for you.

Asparagus

Kohlrabi

Trim vigorous hedges under an ascending

182 moon to help slow down their growth.
Lay sod or sow seed for a lawn—but mow Transplant crops like Swiss chard Birds love to eat up young seedlings,
on a leaf day and the grass will grow faster. on days with a descending moon. so protect transplants with netting.

S ow
F lo r e
ju st nc e f
befo e n ne
re a f l a nd o
u ll m t he r s te
oon fo m c r op s
r go o d
ge r m i n a t i
Plant on .
hedges and
ornamental foliage
shrubs on leaf days
when the moon is
descending.

LEAF DAYS THINGS TO DO

Apply horn manure 500 and soil sprays in Spray crops with horn silica 501 on days with Thin leaf crops like chicory when the moon is
large droplets under a descending moon. an ascending moon to encourage crispness. ascending—and enjoy the thinnings in salads. 183
 Cabbage VARIETIES TO TRY
Choose from round or pointed
cabbage with compact or loose
Brassica oleracea Capitata Group heads and smooth or crinkled
leaves. They come in shades
There are cabbage types of all sorts for every of light, dark, or blue-green, in
season: spring, summer, fall, and winter. If you white, or even in red or purple.
sow the appropriate varieties at the right times,
you can eat vitamin-rich greens fresh from the
garden all year round. All are grown in a similar way.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION cabbage tops, once they start putting on leaves,
Cabbage likes any soil that is humus-rich but only if horn manure 500 was previously used.
and slightly alkaline. Dig in cow manure compost Boost growth of spring, summer, and fall cabbage
the season before planting, adding lime, if needed. by spraying them with stinging nettle liquid
To avoid clubroot, do not grow them where other manure, in the evening under an ascending moon.
brassicas have grown in the previous three years. Remove any yellowing leaves. Loose-leaf cabbage forms open heads
Spray barrel compost on the soil during a with no hearts. Cut them off whole at
descending moon before sowing or transplanting. HARVESTING AND STORING the base or as separate, loose leaves.

Pick under an ascending moon, if

SOWING AND PLANTING possible. You can cut leaves as spring greens
Sow directly ¾in (2cm) deep and 4in before the plants form heads. As soon as the
(10cm) apart into furrows 6in (15cm) apart or in heads of hearting cabbages are firm, pick them,
pots, under a descending moon. Follow the same otherwise they may crack. Store whole fall and
lunar rhythm to transplant—spring and summer winter cabbages in a cool cellar or pickle them—
types in fall, and larger, denser fall and winter sauerkraut is a classic way of preserving cabbage.
varieties in midsummer—once the seedlings have
6–7 leaves. Dip their roots in a sloppy paste of TROUBLESHOOTING
horn manure 500 and clay, for better rooting and Use brassica collars and fabric to protect
greater pest resistance, and plant each out as plants from cabbage root flies and cabbage white
deep as the first seed leaf, to its final location. caterpillars; grazing chickens are even more Hearting cabbage forms heads of tightly
effective. Grow lettuce as a catch crop around packed leaves. There are different
. ROUTINE CARE new cabbage in summer to shade out weeds
varieties available to grow in summer
and winter, so you can harvest them
Weed regularly and earth up around the and keep the soil moist. If cabbage fail to develop year round.
bases to support the plants and keep the roots hearts, they either lacked food and water early on,
moist. Spray horn silica 501 at sunrise over the or suffered cramped roots at transplanting.
Collecting
SPRING AND SUMMER CABBAGE seeds
SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER • Grow cabbage in the
usual way, but instead
Sow of cutting them, leave
at least 20 plants to
Harvest flower for the best seed.
• Cut the flower stalks when the
FALL AND WINTER CABBAGE first seed pods turn brown; take
indoors to thresh, dry, and store
SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER the seeds.
Sow • Cabbage may interbreed with
nearby brassicas. To prevent this,
Harvest pinch off flowering stems on the
other brassicas or put bags over
Time to harvest: 14–36 WEEKS • Plant or thin to 12–20in (30–50cm) apart, depending on variety the plants just before they flower.
Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 2 • MEDIUM FEEDERS

184
 Brussels sprouts PROVIDING SUPPORT
Sprouts grow slowly and
steadily, but also reach up
Brassica oleracea Gemmifera Group to 3ft (90cm), so position them
somewhere with no prevailing,
A quintessential winter vegetable, Brussels sprouts buffeting winds. Firming soil
withstand frost and are very nutritious, with especially at planting, and earthing up
high levels of vitamin C, and substances that protect against the plants prevents wind rock.
some forms of cancer. Conveniently, you can harvest the sprouts in
batches as needed during the darkest, coldest months of the year.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING AND STORING

Brussels sprouts prefer rich loam that is You can start harvesting in late
not too acidic—lime the soil if needed. In winter summer, but the flavor improves after winter
or early spring, under a descending moon, dig frost. Twist or slice off a few sprouts at a time
the bed fairly deeply, working in plenty of from each plant, starting at the bases. When
compost or well-rotted manure, cow manure, all sprouts are gone, cut the leafy tops. Sprouts
if possible, and chopped comfrey leaves for freeze well. In severe cold, uproot whole plants
potassium. Let the soil settle and become firm. and hang in a cool, frost-free place.
Do not grow Brussels sprouts where brassicas
were planted in the last three years. They thrive TROUBLESHOOTING
if planted in a plot after early potatoes and beans. Use collars or fabric to protect against
root flies and cabbage white caterpillars. Soft
SOWING AND PLANTING sprouts result from a lack of soil potassium;
Sow seed at a descending moon, ¾in cut off the tops in fall to avoid this. Intercrop
(2cm) deep indoors or under cloches, for a crop seedling sprouts with lettuce and spinach R EMOVING LOWER LEAVES
all through winter. Once seedlings have seven to help keep the soil moist and weed free. As they grow taller, the lower
leaves, transplant them, in the afternoon at a leaves of Brussels sprout stems
descending moon, up to the level of the seed start to turn yellow. This is not
leaves; stagger them in the rows to reduce wind Collecting seeds a sign of poor health, but the

LEAF DAYS CABBAGE • BRUSSELS SPROUTS

damage. Spray horn manure 500 in the planting • Brussels sprouts flower in their second year. leaves are best removed to
holes and firm well to encourage strong roots. Grow them in the usual way, but leave several allow good airflow between
sprouts to flower on each plant. Collect from at the plants and prevent disease.
ROUTINE CARE least 20 plants for the best quality seed.
• The flower heads develop from the sprouts.
Keep well weeded and watered until the Cut them when the first pods ripen and take
plants establish and shade out the soil. Feed with indoors to extract, dry, and store the seeds.
a kelp, stinging nettle, or comfrey liquid manure • Brussels sprouts may cross-pollinate
with other brassicas. Avoid this by
in the evening to deter aphids. In very hot or preventing other nearby brassicas
changeable weather, spray oak bark decoction from flowering. Another option
or chamomile tea on the foliage in the morning is to cover their flower heads
with paper bags, secured
to minimize stress to the plants. Buttress tall, with rubber bands, just
overwintering plants against winter winds by before they open.
tying them in to supporting stakes.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 20–25 WEEKS • Plant or thin to 24in (60cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 2 • MEDIUM FEEDERS Cut or pull yellowing leaves from the
stem. Add them to the compost heap.

185
 Swiss chard COLORFUL CHARD
Swiss chard, also known as
seakale beet or silverbeet, is a
and spinach beet colorful vegetable. Its leaves
are larger, curlier, and glossier
Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla than spinach and vary in shade
var. flavescens from deep green to greenish-
yellow and reddish-green.
Collectively known as chard, these crops are easy to grow,
less prone to bolting than spinach, and very nutritious. They
are good sources of vitamins A, C, and K, iron, and calcium.
Spinach beet is also called perpetual spinach because it survives
over winter to provide a second crop of leaves in spring.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION weeks after transplanting or after the young
Chard varieties like an airy site leaves form on direct-sown plants.
in full sun or dappled shade and rich, moisture-
retentive loam. Feed the soil with very well-rotted HARVESTING AND STORING
compost before sowing or planting. Work the soil Harvest leaves and midribs with a knife,
under a descending moon into a fine tilth to mix rather than pulling them off and disturbing the Varieties with brightly colored midribs
the compost evenly and thoroughly into the soil. roots. Do not cut too low into the heart, especially retain their vivid hues even when
Spray horn manure 500 in the afternoon on the on the ribbed types—it discourages new growth. cooked, making for attractive dishes.

bed before or soon after sowing.

TROUBLESHOOTING
SOWING AND PLANTING If the leaves get spotty and tough, or taste
Start both crops indoors in early spring bitter and earthy, compost used in the soil may
or sow outdoors under a descending moon from not have rotted fully or too many liquid manures
mid-spring to early summer. Make a second, later were used. Lettuce (see p.197) and spinach (see
sowing of spinach beet in mid- to late summer for p.192) make good companions for chard crops,
overwintering. Before sowing, soak seeds in BC because they need similar soils and watering.
overnight or sprinkle them on a clean cloth and
drip BC on it until it is sodden. Sow the seed in
1in (2.5cm) deep furrows that are 15in (38cm) Collecting seeds
apart for spinach beet and 18in (45cm) apart for • Both crops flower in their
Swiss chard. Sow spinach beet seed more closely second year. Leave at least The broad stalks may be colored
if harvesting as salad greens. Lightly sprinkle 20 plants over winter; protect white, yellow, pink, or red and can be
Swiss chard with cloches or cooked in the same way as asparagus.
compost and soil over the seeds and firm gently. a deep mulch and it will
Plant out seedlings when large enough to handle. come back in the spring.
• Spinach beet and Swiss chard
ROUTINE CARE cross-pollinate, so cage the plants or
allow only one to set seed in alternate years.
Water regularly. Mulch if necessary to Once the seed heads mature, cut them off
keep the soil moist. Mist horn silica 501 over the and extract the seeds, which store well.
tops at sunrise, no sooner than three

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 8–52 WEEKS • Thin to 4in (10cm) apart for salad leaves and up to 12in (30cm) for larger leaves and midribs

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 2 • MEDIUM FEEDERS Swiss chard may develop especially
bright coloring in the winter cold.

186
 Napa
Brassica rapa
cabbage Pekinensis Group
CUT AND COME AGAIN
Napa cabbage matures
within 8–10 weeks, but you
can harvest the outer leaves
in several passes from tender,
Popular in Asian cooking for its hardiness and high vitamin young plants well before this,
content, napa cabbage has an appealing crunchiness and mild as well as the flowering shoots.
flavor that works well in salads, soups, and stir-fries. There are If you cut a plant at the base,
you can crop it again (see below).
three main types to choose from: barrel-shaped or hearted
cabbages; tall, cylindrical cabbages; and loose leaf varieties.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION plants mature, to keep the soil moist and at a
Napa cabbage needs humus-rich, constant temperature. Shade in sunny or hot
moisture-retentive, but free-draining soil. A plot weather and spray with chamomile, dandelion,
where green beans have grown has the nitrogen- and stinging nettle teas in the early morning
rich soil this crop needs. Dig in some biodynamic or late evening to prevent heat stress, improve
compost, made preferably with cow manure, flavor, and promote good health.
before sowing or planting in the same 13-day,
descending moon period. Alternatively, spray HARVESTING AND STORING
BC on the bed the day before sowing. Harvest leaves or mature heads (see right)
to eat within a few days. Wrap hearted types in
SOWING AND PLANTING plastic and store upright to keep longer.

LEAF DAYS SWISS CHARD AND SPINACH BEET • NAPA CABBAGE

Napa cabbage needs moderate, cool
temperatures when forming its leaves or it will TROUBLESHOOTING
bolt. Sowing in the days leading up to a full moon Indoor-sown seedlings are less likely to
reduces the risk of bolting. Sow in early spring bolt in biodegradable pots. Grow this crop with
under cover 4–6 weeks before the last frost to its fellow brassicas, such as Brussels sprouts,
harvest before midsummer heat causes it to bolt. cabbage, and cauliflower, for easy rotation.
For fall eating, sow after midsummer—the days
are shortening and bolting is less likely. Sow Cut adult plants to within 2in (5cm) of
seeds ½in (1.5cm) deep and 4in (10cm) apart. Collecting seeds the soil, leaving the stumps to reshoot.
• Napa cabbage flowers in its
ROUTINE CARE second year by early summer.
Keep the plants evenly watered. Spray Do not collect seeds from plants
that bolt in their first year—
spring-sown seedlings with 4–6 leaves on they will be of poor quality.
successive days, with horn manure 500 on the • Overwinter at least 20 plants.
bed one afternoon to resist bolting, and horn Once the seed heads turn brown,
pick them, dry them indoors, and
silica 501 over the tops the next morning to thresh out the seeds.
improve the flavor. For the same benefits, spray • This crop cross-pollinates with
summer-sown seedlings with 500 once in the other brassicas. Avoid it by
afternoon under a descending moon, then at preventing nearby brassicas from
flowering or put paper bags over
an ascending moon with 501, a month before their flower heads before they open.
harvesting the leaves. Mulch with compost as the

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Harvest
Time to harvest: 4–10 WEEKS • Thin to 12–18in (30–45cm) apart, depending on variety

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 2 • MEDIUM FEEDERS Just a few weeks after the first cut,
new leaves will be ready to harvest.

187
 Bok choy
Brassica rapa Chinensis Group
SOWING FROM SEED
Choose a site that has been clear
of brassicas for at least 3 years,
and sow seeds directly into
compost-rich soil to avoid
Easy to grow but prone to bolting, bok choy— transplanting. The first leaves
or pak choi, as it is sometimes called—is a will be ready within weeks.
type of Chinese cabbage that has tangy green
leaves and juicy white stems, but no head. Eat
on the day of picking, raw in salads, or added to stir-fries and soups.
SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION bruised by wind. Spring sowings can be sprayed
Choose a site with full sun and a dark with horn silica 501, but only in the afternoon
fertile soil—a spot dressed with biodynamic to reduce the risk of bolting. Spray late-summer
compost for a previous crop is ideal. If the plants sowings with 501 in the month before fall
lack food or water, they will soon bolt, so hoe the equinox on a descending moon to help
topsoil lightly and incorporate mature compost concentrate the flavor.
evenly right across the bed, if necessary. Then
spray horn manure 500 when the moon is HARVESTING AND STORING
descending to keep the soil airy and well drained. Bok choy sown in mid-spring provides
cut-and-come-again leaves or thinnings within Sow seeds evenly and thin seedlings to
SOWING AND PLANTING a few weeks of planting. Within 6–8 weeks the their correct spacing. Water the rows
Either sow direct under cover in mid- plants will have firm, succulent hearts to be cut and keep them moist to prevent bolting.

spring to avoid transplanting, or transplant and used fresh from the plot. Harvest on leaf
seedlings started indoors. The plants are likely days when the moon is ascending.
to bolt if sown much later, so wait for the days
to shorten in late summer before sowing again, TROUBLESHOOTING
allowing 12in (30cm) between plants so the plants Spray yarrow tea to keep powdery
can mature fully before the first frost. Timing mildew at bay, and dandelion tea to de-stress
sowings to midpoints between lunar apogee plants in variable weather and temperatures.
and perigee, or to moon–Saturn oppositions,
helps promote balanced growth. Winter hardy
varieties sown in late fall can survive outdoors Collecting seeds
but need the protection of fabric or cloches. • Bok choy flowers in its first year.
A greenhouse is the best option. Grow plants normally, but allow them
to flower, rather than harvesting them.
Garden fabric will protect spring-grown
ROUTINE CARE When the seed heads are brown, take
them inside to harvest the seed. bok choy from flea beetles, and winter-
This type of cabbage has shallow roots, grown crops from hard frosts.
• Collect seed from at least 20
so keep the soil moist with light sprinklings rather plants for the best diversity.
than heavy drenches, which cause the soil to • To stop bok choy from
crossbreeding, prevent nearby
leech valuable humus. The roots are also sensitive brassicas from flowering or
to temperature changes and need water that is put a bag over their blooms.
at least as warm as the soil. Also the large but
gossamerlike leaves dislike being battered and

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Harvest
Time to harvest: 6-8 WEEKS • Sow ½in (1.5cm) deep. Plant 8–12in (20–30cm) apart in rows 12–20in (30–50cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 2 • MEDIUM FEEDERS Harvest the whole plant by cutting just
below the base of the stems.

188
Chinese
Brassica oleracea
broccoli Alboglabra Group
COMPANION
PLANTING
Siting brassicas near garlic
crops that were planted
This trouble-free, Asian brassica can be spring-sown in fall may help protect
in a small plot to produce useful fall harvests, then young plants from sap-
sown again to overwinter for a spring crop. Grown sucking aphids, which
weaken their growth.
for its crisp flowering stems and dark, wrinkled
Mature, healthy brassicas
leaves that look a bit like kale, Chinese are less vulnerable. The
broccoli is also known as Chinese kale, theory is that aphids are
“kai-lan.” It has a mustardlike flavor repelled by the scent of
when eaten raw in salads or steamed, garlic and will avoid the site.
and packs a punch in stir-fries.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION ROUTINE CARE

A small bed in full sun or partial shade The most important task is to prevent
will suit this compact crop, but make sure no plants from bolting by keeping them well watered
other brassicas have been grown there for the throughout their growing season. Spring-sown
previous three years. Chinese broccoli thrives seedlings can be given a morning spray of horn
in fertile, well-drained soil, dressed lightly with silica 501 without risk of bolting, but if the flower
biodynamic compost that has been dug in well. heads are starting to form, spray with chamomile
Rake the soil to a fine tilth, ready for sowing, instead. Late-summer sowings can be given
and spray with horn manure 500, ideally on horn silica 501 around fall equinox, whatever
a leaf day under the descending moon, their stage of development. Comfrey liquid
to safeguard the kind of humus development manure will provide plenty of essential
that allows plants to produce fine feeder roots. potassium for leafy greens. Apply all of these
biodynamic preparations on leaf days when
SOWING AND PLANTING the moon is descending. Collecting
For a crop at the beginning of summer, seeds
HARVESTING AND STORING

LEAF DAYS BOK CHOY • CHINESE BROCCOLI

you can try sowing seeds from early spring
• Chinese broccoli flowers
onward in soil that has been warmed under Chinese broccoli is ready to pick within in its second year. Grow the
cloches; however, if the soil is too cold, the 6–10 weeks. Harvest the plants successionally plants in the usual way,
seedlings will bolt. For most varieties—and when the moon is ascending, either by cutting but allow at least 20 to
overwinter and flower.
there are many—it is better to sow in late spring the main stem when two or three flowers are When the seed heads are
after the last frost, or to sow from late summer open (these are considered a delicacy); or by brown, take them indoors
to harvest the seeds.
onward for an early to late fall harvest.Sown in clipping the top of the main stem to encourage
• It is not worthwhile to
early fall, Chinese broccoli will crop in spring but side growth and an extended harvest. collect seeds from plants
needs protection from winter cold. Sow seeds that bolted in their first year:
shallowly, about 1 ⁄4 in (0.5cm) deep, 1–2in TROUBLESHOOTING they will be of poor quality.
(2.5–5cm) apart on a leaf day when the moon is Chinese broccoli beds are generally • Chinese broccoli is a
brassica, and will cross-
descending. Thin the seedlings 6–10in (15–25cm) trouble-free as long as you keep on top of weeds. pollinate with other family
apart, in rows 14–20 in (35–50cm) apart. Try interplanting with basil, beans, and garlic. members. Prevent this by
stopping nearby brassicas
from flowering, or by placing
SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER a bag over their flowers
just before they
Plant open.

Harvest
Time to harvest: 6–10 WEEKS • Thin to 6–10in (15–25cm) apart in rows 14–20 in (35–50cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 2 • MEDIUM FEEDERS

189
 Kohlrabi SOWING UNDER COVER
In milder areas, sow early crops
under cover in small pots in late
Brassica oleracea winter to give them a head start.
Harden the plants off before
Gongylodes Group planting out with protection
from frost. Sow every two
This northern European member of the brassica weeks for a continuous supply.
family produces a surprising turniplike ball, which is
prized for its sweet, nutty taste. The pale green, white,
or purple swellings at the base of the leaf stem are not
roots—they sit on the ground at soil level. Try hardier
purple types of kohlrabi for a beautiful fall harvest.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING AND STORING

Prepare the ground in the fall before you For tender kohlrabi, harvest when they
plant with compost made at least in part from are between golf ball and tennis ball size, when Sow 3–4 seeds into each small pot of
compost. Water and keep them under
well-rotted cow manure. A non-acidic soil is best the moon is ascending. Both summer and fall cover. Germination takes 1–2 weeks.
to avoid clubroot. Work the compost in on either crops are at their best freshly picked, although
a leaf or root day when the moon is descending. fall kohlrabi can be stored in a box of sand.

SOWING AND PLANTING TROUBLESHOOTING

Sowing under a descending moon, early Interplant later sowings of kohlrabi with
kohlrabi can be started inside from late winter, lettuce: the leaves act as a living mulch, keeping
and planted out under a descending moon when the soil around the plants cool in summer.
large enough to handle. Alternatively, wait until
the soil has warmed above 50ºF (10ºC) and sow
outside from early spring, under cloches if Collecting seeds
needed. For later sowing and fall harvesting, • For the best seeds, save them
choose a slower-growing purple variety. Watering from a plot of at least 20 plants
is essential for kohlrabi and can be made more of the same variety.
• Grow kohlrabi in the usual Thin overcrowded seedlings and plant
efficient by spraying horn manure 500 during way, without letting the plants out the strongest when each plant has
sowing or transplanting, followed by a light flower, and leave them to three or four true leaves.
mulch, especially on lighter, sandy-loam soils. overwinter, mulching if
necessary. In very cold regions,
dig up the roots in fall, store
ROUTINE CARE under cover, and plant them
When the plants start to form bulbs, out in spring.
spray horn silica 501 in the morning, under a • Allow the plants to flower in
summer. Collect the seed as each
descending moon, to boost flavor. Spray flower head ripens, usually the
Equisetum arvense 508 liquid manure in wet central one first, then the sideshoots.
summers; stinging nettle liquid manure in hot • Kohlrabi will cross-pollinate with other
brassicas if they flower nearby at the same time.
ones; and comfrey in an average summer. Ideally,
time sprays to a descending moon on leaf days.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 20–24 WEEKS • Plant 8–12in (20–30cm) apart in rows spaced 12–15in (30–38cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 2 • MEDIUM FEEDERS To harvest, lift the whole plant or cut
the bulbs just above the roots.

190
Mustard greens PROTECTIVE
OAK BARK
Oak bark is a simple decoction
Brassica juncea made from finely crumbled oak
bark (see p.36), which helps
protect mustard greens from
These vitamin-packed, cabbagelike greens
gray mold, powdery and
have distinctive mustard and pepper downy mildew, and pests.
flavors—hot and spicy in salads, mild
and tangy when cooked. Harvest in
summer or grow this useful winter-
hardy crop from fall onward.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION TROUBLESHOOTING

Mustard greens like dark, fertile soil, Applied under a descending moon,
ideally where biodynamic compost was added yarrow, chamomile, and stinging nettle teas help
for a previous crop. Choose a bright location spring-sown seeds stay healthy and stress-free
with some shade to reduce the risk of bolting. in inclement or unsettled weather. Oak bark
Before sowing, spray horn manure 500 when decoction provides extra protection for plants
the moon is descending. intended for overwintering, especially those
intended to be saved as seeds (see below).
SOWING AND PLANTING Mustard greens are brassicas, so bear this
Warm the soil using in mind for crop rotation. Spray yarrow
cloches, then sow seed tea to keep powdery mildew at bay.
after the last frost, and Spray dandelion tea to destress Break oak bark down
under a descending plants if the weather and ambient into small pieces before
moon. Sow midsummer temperatures are variable. boiling it in water.

to early fall for plants that

overwinter in the ground. COLORFUL CROP
There are many varieties of
ROUTINE CARE Collecting seeds mustard greens with different
Keep the bed well watered throughout textures and colors but the

LEAF DAYS KOHLRABI • MUSTARD GREENS

• Start plants for seeds in late
summer. For spring sowings, wait until the first spring to allow them one full year same distinctive peppery flavor.
leaves have formed and spray horn silica 501 in in the ground. Keep them moist Some have attractive leaves
to prevent them from bolting
the afternoon to increase flavor. For sowings in the first year. that are veined or tinged with
after midsummer, it is safe to spray horn silica • Leave the plants in the red and purple.
501 in the morning without increasing the risk soil over the winter, and let
them flower and set seed.
of bolting. Spray under a descending moon.
• Cut the whole plant and hang it
indoors to dry with a paper bag over
HARVESTING AND STORING the seed heads.
Harvest young leaves and flowering • To prevent cross-pollination, allow just one
type of mustard green (Brassica juncea family)
shoots as a cut-and-come-again crop but to flower if intending to save seed.
avoid overstripping plants destined to stay
in the ground through winter.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 20–36 WEEKS • Plant out 4–6in (10–15cm) apart in rows 24–30in (60–75cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 2 • MEDIUM FEEDERS

191
 Spinach
Spinacia oleracea
SOWING DIRECT
Spinach is prone to bolting if
transplanted, so is best sown
directly where it is to grow. Sow
the seeds in furrows 1in (2.5cm)
Spinach is a superfood, loaded with vitamins, fiber, deep, spaced 8–12in (20–30cm)
and nutrients, especially if eaten raw. It is easy to apart. Keep the seedlings moist.
overcook, and not just in the home kitchen, where
it can turn soggy. In the garden, too, spinach bolts in high
summer temperatures, or if left unwatered for more than
a day. As an alternative in summer, try New
Zealand spinach (Tetragonia tetragonoides),
which is less prone to bolting in hot spells.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING

Spinach likes good soil that drains well AND STORING
but retains moisture. Add well-rotted manure or Harvest as a cut-and-come-again crop until hot
biodynamic compost during a descending moon, weather arrives, then cut plants whole before
well before sowing. To maintain soil sponginess, they bolt. Pinch rather than pull the leaves off
spray horn manure 500 before and after sowing. to avoid rocking the sensitive roots. Spinach seedlings are prone to attack
from birds, which tear at their leaves.
SOWING AND PLANTING TROUBLESHOOTING Protect the plants with plastic netting.
Sow seeds under cover from mid-spring, To avoid downy mildew, keep the bed
on leaf days during a descending moon, and weed free, and harvest only the largest leaves
harden them off and plant out when the moon is to promote good airflow.
descending. Sprinkle a handful of undiluted BC
in the base of the hole when planting out. Spinach
can be sown outdoors from early spring to reach
maturity before the summer temperatures rise. Collecting seeds
Large-leaf, winter-hardy varieties can be sown in • Spinach plants are male
late summer to overwinter. Sow New Zealand or female, so allow several
spinach at double the spacing, and soften its hard to flower to ensure you
have enough seed-bearing
seeds in barrel compost overnight before sowing. female plants.
• As soon as the plants begin
ROUTINE CARE to die off after flowering, pull
up the seed-bearing plants When harvesting the leaves, only take
Before thinning the seedlings, spray with whole. Hang them under cover a few from each plant at a time to
horn silica 501 early one morning on a leaf day, for a few weeks until the seeds avoid sapping the plant’s strength.

once the young leaves are unfolded. Mulch lightly start to turn brown.
with mature compost, covered with straw to • Once the seeds change color,
harvest them from the pods, and
NEW ZEALAND SPINACH
reflect heat and light, and to retain soil moisture. store them in paper envelopes. Heat tolerant, grow it as an
That evening, spray the bed with chamomile • To ensure pure seeds, only alternative to normal spinach
tea, and the next day, apply kelp or stinging collect them from one type. during the hot summer weeks.
nettle liquid manure.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 6–12 WEEKS • Plant 3–6in (7–15cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • MEDIUM FEEDERS

192
 Kale
Brassica oleracea Acephala Group
TRANSPLANTING
If you don’t have space for a
seedbed in which to sow and
then transplant your seedlings,
raise them in small pots instead.
Kale is the hardiest of the winter brassicas, and can Sow two seeds in each pot in
withstand temperatures down to -5ºF (-15ºC). It is a type mid-spring, ½in (1cm) deep.
of cabbage with a very tough stem but no heart. The only Thin and grow, then plant out.
edible parts are its large leaves, which can be smooth or
curled (Scotch), green or purple—or in the case of Cavolo
Nero, Tuscan black cabbage, dark greenish-black. Cooked
like cabbage, kale leaves are more strongly flavored, and
are rich in calcium. Their flavor sweetens after a frost.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION ascending. Mature leaves can be picked from
Kale grows best in well-cultivated, early fall and into spring. Harvest from the base
well-drained soil that is not too acidic, and of the plants upward, without stripping them
into which well-rotted cow manure has been bare. Plants form sideshoots if the crown
worked during the fall before planting. is trimmed in early winter. When left to grow,
kale bears edible florets in spring.
SOWING AND PLANTING
Sow seed directly when the moon is TROUBLESHOOTING
descending from mid-spring, or in cold weather, Kale has good resistance to downy
inside in pots. Thin the seedlings, then spray mildew, but in very wet years, keep the leaves
horn silica 501 on the morning of a leaf day, at healthy by spraying Equisetum arvense 508 as
least once, for taste. Plant out when the moon is a fresh tea. In early winter, protect plants from LONG -TERM HARVEST
descending in early summer, replacing nitrogen- frost and wind rock by earthing up around the Kale is harvested as individual
fixing broad beans or early peas, or early roots to just below the lowest leaves. leaves taken from the outside
potatoes. Spray horn manure 500 before and of the plant. They can be picked
at sowing or planting on a leaf day afternoon. two months from sowing, and
Collecting seeds all the way through winter.
ROUTINE CARE Allow the plants time to
• For the best seed, save them from a plot of
Water deeply in the evenings to ensure 20 kale plants, all of the same type. Grow them regrow after picking leaves.
the soil is not dry or compacted. In dry years an in the normal way without letting them flower.
• Leave the plants outside over winter, let
Equisetum arvense 508 spray will give the plants them flower the following summer,
a boost if applied one evening across the whole and collect the seeds. The plants will

LEAF DAYS SPINACH • KALE

plot, soil, and plants. Keep the bed weed free and benefit from being staked, because
the flower heads are tall.
remove any yellowing leaves from the plants.
• Kale will cross-pollinate with
other brassicas if they are
HARVESTING AND STORING allowed to flower nearby
Depending on when it was sown or at the same time, which
should be avoided.
planted, tender young leaves can be harvested
two months after sowing when the moon is

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 24–28 WEEKS • Plant out 50cm (20in) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 2 • MEDIUM FEEDERS

193
 Celery
Apium graveolens var. dulce
SOWING SEEDS INDOORS
Celery requires a long growing
season, so it is best sown under
cover in early spring. The plants
are then grown indoors until the
Celery is a valuable addition to winter dishes—its crunchy risk of frost has passed, when
stems and tasty leaves enliven salads, stocks, and stews, they can be hardened off and
while its seeds have a fennel-like flavor. There are two planted outside.
types to grow. Trench celery, which is earthed up as
it grows to stop the stems from turning green in the
light (called blanching), and the self-blanching types
that are grown in tightly packed blocks.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION midsummer in the morning, then on the

Celery needs well-composted, spongy afternoon of the fall equinox.
soil that retains moisture without being boggy.
Add lots of biodynamic compost and spray with HARVESTING AND STORING
horn manure 500 two weeks later, under a Water well before picking to prevent
descending moon, to keep it airy. stringiness, and harvest under an ascending
moon so that vitality remains in the stems. Sow the seeds into flats, and prick
SOWING AND PLANTING out the seedlings once they are large
Sow indoors under a descending moon. TROUBLESHOOTING enough, giving them more space.
Chamomile and stinging nettle tea can be applied To prevent bolting, keep plants well
as a fine mist to plants and soil while the moon watered and cover newly planted celery with
descends. Also, while the moon is descending, fabric to protect against low temperatures.
plant self-blanching celery in blocks so the plants Grow celery near cabbage and cauliflower
shade each other. For trench celery, dig trenches to deter cabbage white butterflies from them.
under a descending moon, fork well-rotted
compost into the base, and ridge the excavated
soil between. With the base of the trench 12in
(30cm) deep, plant then water the celery, and Collecting seeds
spray them with horn manure 500 or BC. • Save seed from a plot of
12 plants of the same variety.
ROUTINE CARE Grow them in the normal way,
without allowing them to flower
Mulch plants with straw to retain in their first year. When the risk of frost has passed, plant
moisture, and mix in either comfrey, stinging • Leave them in the ground over celery outside 10in (25cm) apart. Keep
nettle, and kelp liquid manures while watering. winter. Or, in cold areas lift the the plants moist at all times.
roots in fall, store inside, and replant
To blanch the stems, gradually earth up around in spring.
trench celery, drawing it from the ridges. For • Allow them to flower in
self-blanching types, wrap collars around the summer and collect the seeds.
outermost plants of each block. To help plants Celery will interbreed with
celeriac if both are allowed to
grow vertically, spray horn silica once in the flower at the same time.
morning 2–3 weeks after planting, again in

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 18 WEEKS • Plant in a block, spacing them 8in (20cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • MEDIUM FEEDERS Self-blanching celery is planted in

blocks to keep the light from the stems.

194
 Florence
Foeniculum vulgare
fennel
azoricum var.
AN EARLY START
Florence fennel can be
started under cover for an
earlier harvest. The plants are
prone to bolting, which can be
Florence fennel’s edible overlapping leaf stems—sometimes triggered by root disturbance
described as bulbs—swell just above ground level, and are and dry soil, which you can take
similar to celery stalks in appearance. In its native Italy, it simple steps to avoid.
is eaten raw or as pinzimonio—sprinkled with salt and
dipped in olive oil. Florence fennel is distinct from garden
fennel, whose fine green, anise-flavored fronds are grown
as a herb, and are often used to season fish dishes.

SITE AND SOIL HARVESTING AND STORING

PREPARATION  Harvest the bulbs when the size of
Florence fennel prefers a a cooking apple under an ascending moon,
sheltered site in full sun or very cutting them just above the soil. Bulbs will store
light shade. It needs fertile sandy- in the refrigerator for a week if left uncovered.
loam soil, richly dressed with
biodynamic compost. Plant it after TROUBLESHOOTING Sow seeds under cover into
biodegradable pots to avoid root
early potatoes or peas, adding extra biodynamic Pick slugs off young plants, with those disturbance when planting out.
compost first. Mound the soil into furrows to that have been mulched being most at risk.
help drainage, if needed, and to give the fine Protect plants from frost by covering them with
roots something friable and humus-filled to fabric, and by spraying valerian 507 the night
anchor them. Spray horn manure 500 on the soil before frost is expected.
while the moon descends at or before sowing.

SOWING AND PLANTING

Sow indoors or out under a descending Collecting seeds
moon when temperatures are above 59ºF (15ºC). • Let plants mature to form their
Germination can be patchy if the weather is bulbs, and a tall flower stem will
changeable—sow new batches on successive develop in summer.

LEAF DAYS CELERY • FLORENCE FENNEL

• After flowering, this stem will
leaf days, nine days or so apart. droop under the weight of seed. The plants should be mulched with
Cut the seed head before the
ROUTINE CARE seeds fall to the ground.
biodynamic compost to help retain
soil moisture during summer.
Hoe regularly, and keep the plants well • Dry the seed head indoors
and in a paper bag to catch the
watered to prevent bolting. As the bulbs start to seeds, ready to store.
expand, earth up or mulch them halfway up for • Florence fennel may
support and to blanch the bulbs. Collars can be cross-pollinate with garden
fennel, coriander, dill, or with
used for blanching but are less convenient. any wild fennel growing nearby
Once the bulbs are too plump for your thumb if they are allowed to flower.
and forefinger to meet around, spray horn silica
501, ideally on a clear, sunny, still morning.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 12–22 WEEKS • Plant 12in (30cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • MEDIUM FEEDERS If the stump is left in the soil and kept
moist, it will commonly reshoot.

195
 Arugula SOWING SEEDS DIRECTLY
Sow arugula outside, ½in (1cm)
deep, in furrows or blocks, from
Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa early spring. Since it is very quick
growing, sow in regular batches,
Anybody can grow arugula—whether in a wide 10 days apart for a constant
supply all summer. Keep moist.
open garden or a tiny window box—for its long,
mustardy leaves. But anybody who does, however,
will learn how a quick-growing salad leaf like this can
trip up even experienced gardeners. Give it the right
amount of heat, light, and water, and it is the perfect ingredient
to spice up late spring and early fall salads, soups, and sandwiches.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING AND STORING

Like the equally pungent radish, arugula Leaves can be picked when the moon is
grows very quickly from seed. Its lobed, luminous ascending, once large enough to handle, and as
green leaves can be ready to eat within 4 weeks closely to the base as it is possible. Picking the
of sowing. The soil must be rich, well composted, leaves small helps to prevent bolting, and means
and moisture retentive. It bolts very quickly in plants keep producing tender leaves. Ensure the
thin soils that dry out in bright sun, so choose soil remains rich and is not allowed to dry out.
somewhere more shaded.
TROUBLESHOOTING
SOWING AND PLANTING A type of wild arugula, Eruca vesicaria,
Sow under a descending moon; inside is slower growing, less likely to bolt, and hardier
from late winter; outdoors from early spring. than the annual form. Its jagged leaves are more Thin out seedlings as they develop,
To prevent the risk of bolting, avoid sowing near intensely flavored, which they retain for longer leaving them 8in (20cm) apart.
lunar apogee, and stop sowing altogether in after harvesting.
midsummer. Resume sowing from late summer PREVENTING BOLTING
into early fall, protecting later batches from cold Arugula is prone to bolting if it
using fabric or cloches. Sow seed every 10 days or becomes too warm, dry, and
so for a constant supply of leaves and thinnings. Collecting seeds hungry. Avoid sowing in full sun,
Water the soil first, using either barrel compost • Sow arugula for seed saving ensure the soil is fertile, and keep
or horn manure 500 as a soil and seed soak. as early as possible in spring. plants well watered at all times.
Keep it well watered so that it
ROUTINE CARE flowers, and thus sets seed,
as late as possible.
Arugula leaves are at their tenderest and • Do not save seeds from plants
mildest if the soil is cool and earthy smelling. that set seed or bolt quickly—
they are of poor quality.
With such a quick-growing crop, and one that can
• Collect the seed heads after
be being sown every other week or so, don’t they and the leaves have
worry about spraying horn manure 500 or horn turned darkish yellow. Dry
silica 501. This is especially so if the plot in the seed heads inside before
collecting the seeds.
particular, or the rest of the garden, is being
sprayed regularly with these anyway.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 4–6 WEEKS • Sow and thin to 4in (10cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 2 • MEDIUM FEEDERS Plants that have bolted can still be
harvested until they die off.

196
 Lettuce TYPES TO TRY
Lettuce either forms dense
hearts that are cut whole, or
Lactuca sativa open heads that are picked as
loose leaves. Some have smooth
Lettuce is commonly shipped hundreds of leaves, others uneven edges, but
all are grown in the same way.
miles to supermarkets each day, where it has
to be thrown away within 48 hours if
it is unsold, because it keeps
so poorly. However, it is a very easy crop to grow,
requiring little more than some light initial digging
and basic watering. It is also very quick to grow and
can be harvested as individual leaves, cut-and-come-
again style, or as large, crunchy heads.
SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING AND STORING
Lettuce needs a sunny or part-shaded Lettuce is best cropped under an
site, on good friable soil that was dressed with ascending moon, early in the morning or in the
biodynamic compost or well-rotted manure, evening to avoid bitterness and wilt. Plants
possibly for a previous crop. Try to leave three grown closely in blocks should be cut, rather Lettuce with hearts are cut off at the
years between planting it in the same place. than pulled, to avoid disturbing nearby plants. base, although single leaves can also
be picked, if that is preferred.
SOWING AND PLANTING TROUBLESHOOTING
Lettuce needs to grow quickly to be at To avoid slugs, cutworms, and gray
its best, and will bolt if it lacks food or water. mold, do not plant lettuce too closely together,
It is best sown late winter to early fall under and do not overfeed or overwater them.
a descending moon, and needs temperatures Also be sure to only dress them with
of 50–68ºF (10–20ºC) to germinate. Start early biodynamic compost that is fully fermented.
sowings inside or outside under cloches. Before
sowing, spray the bed with horn manure 500,
and sow seed every 2–3 weeks. Avoid the lunar
apogee, which increases the risk of bolting. Collecting seeds
• Sow as early as possible, since
ROUTINE CARE the plants need a long growing
Spray the seedlings with horn manure season in order to bear seeds.

LEAF DAYS ARUGULA • LETTUCE

Many lettuces have textured leaves,
• Maintain the plants as for normal
500 as they sprout, or any spare stinging nettle, harvesting but let about 20 of the best
such as the oak-leaf type above.
dandelion, or chamomile teas to maintain Use them to add interest to salads.
ones run to seed.
balance. Thin the seedlings, using the thinnings • Once the seed head has turned yellow, cut the
as baby greens. Spray horn silica 501 only once main stem and take it inside to dry the seeds
before they fall to the ground.
the plants have started to form hearts to avoid
• Store the seeds in paper envelopes.
the risk of bolting. Keep the bed well watered,
taking care not to fill the heads of the lettuce,
which encourages gray mold and slugs.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 6–8 WEEKS • Plant 6–14in (15–35cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • MEDIUM FEEDERS Dark-leaf types can scorch in full sun,
so given them a little shade.

197
 Corn salad CLEAN AND WEED -FREE
Corn salad forms a low rosette of
leaves that is easily obscured by
(Lamb’s lettuce) weeds if they are left to grow, so
weed around your plants often.
Valerianella locusta To keep soil from accumulating in
their crowns, water plants lightly
so the soil isn’t splashed up.
Corn salad is an easy-to-grow salad crop. It
flourishes wild in northern European pastures,
where it has acquired the affectionate nickname,
lamb’s lettuce. Its rounded, sometimes velvety, leaves are no bigger than the
palm of a hand, and form in rosettes just above soil level. Eaten raw, they
add a cool, rather than spicy, nuttiness to both summer and winter salads.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION slowly, and by using a sprinkler head with
Any rich, well-composted soil, in sun or a fine nozzle. This prevents the leaves from
part shade, is ideal for corn salad. Weed the area accumulating muddy splashback, which
thoroughly before sowing, then spray the make them more difficult to clean when they
soil with horn manure 500 under a descending arrive in the kitchen. When the moon is
moon. Remove any weed seedlings from the bed descending, give the young plants a boost with
before sowing, and follow this with a BC spray. stinging nettle liquid manure one afternoon,
either sprayed on the plants or mixed in their
SOWING AND PLANTING water. The following morning, apply
Corn salad is sown directly under horn silica 501. Do this anytime midway
a descending moon from mid-spring to early fall. between the perigee and apogee moon
If sown before midsummer, choose bolt-resistant to help stimulate both flavor and yield,
types. It germinates slowly, taking 1–2 weeks, but while maintaining the plant’s balance. Leave enough space between the rows
is then ready to harvest 4–5 weeks after that. and individual plants, so these low-
Sowings made in early fall are more useful than HARVESTING AND STORING growers don’t crowd each other out.
those made before midsummer, since they do Each plant can be cropped repeatedly
not bolt and are ready to eat when the supply of under an ascending moon, from spring to fall.
summer salad is declining. Crucially, plants sown Either pick off the larger leaves to let the smaller Collecting seeds
in fall will also survive over winter and into the ones grow, or snap or cut the plant’s central stem, • Leave some fall-sown plants
following spring if kept covered with cloches. which stimulates new growth. Regular harvesting to overwinter in the ground.
keeps the plant in check, and prevents the leaves They are very hardy, so there
ROUTINE CARE from becoming too large and flavorless.
is no need to mulch them.
• The plants will then flower
Keep the bed well weeded, especially in mid-spring.
early on, otherwise corn salad’s low, broad TROUBLESHOOTING • Collect the seed during
leaves will get crowded out. Pat or lightly Plants that have stayed in the ground midsummer, before it falls from
the seed heads, and store.
tread down disturbed or hoed soil to prevent over winter will set seed and spread. Pull them
the soil and the corn salad roots from drying up before this occurs, otherwise the plant can
out. Keep the soil fairly moist by watering become an invasive and annoying weed.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 4–6 WEEKS • Sow and thin to 4in (10cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • MEDIUM FEEDERS

198
 Endive SOWING DIRECT
Endive is best sown
Cichorium endivia directly in furrows, ½in
(1cm) deep, where it is to
Endive is an agreeably bitter-tasting green salad grow. Sow from late spring
that is hardy enough to crop from fall into early to early fall, depending on
the type you are growing.
winter. It is related to chicory, which can Keep the seedlings moist.
cause confusion. There are two main
types to grow. Curly or frisée, which has
curly outer leaves, and sweeter-tasting, broad-
leaf escarole or Batavian, which has a more upright head.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION TROUBLESHOOTING

Water the base of the seed furrow
Endive enjoys fertile, well-drained soil Endive is fairly disease resistant, before sowing to encourage the
with a loose texture. It can be grown following but if conditions are wet and humid, spray seeds to germinate more quickly.
a previous crop that was well composted before Equisteum arvense 508 liquid manure on the bed
planting, such as early or main potatoes, or at seedling stage, then as a tea as they mature.
nitrogen-fixing peas and beans. Do this under an ascending moon. Deter slugs
with pine needle mulch, a sprinkling of sage
SOWING AND PLANTING leaves, or sprays made from absinthe and fern,
Before sowing under a descending or pine nut extract. Avoid wetting the plants
moon, add biodynamic compost to the furrows. when watering to prevent root maggots. If the
Thin the seedlings as they develop, spraying tips are scored in hot weather, spray horn silica
them with horn manure 500 anytime under a 501 very early one morning, high above the
descending moon. Sow curly types in batches plants, in a fine mist. Thin out the seedlings as they
from late spring to midsummer; hardier Batavian develop, leaving the remaining
types are sown late summer and early fall. plants 9–12in (23–30cm) apart.

Collecting
ROUTINE CARE BLANCHING ENDIVE
seeds
Keep plants well watered, and encourage Endive is grown for its bitter
• Prevent endive from
their growth by applying dandelion tea before bolting in the year it is sown, flavor, which, if preferred,
thinning, and yarrow tea afterward, when the and leave it to overwinter. can be made sweeter by

LEAF DAYS CORN SALAD • ENDIVE

moon is descending. Weed plants regularly. • In the second season, let the blanching the leaves. This
plants flower and collect the pods.
means covering the plant
HARVESTING AND STORING • Dry pods indoors, separate out
with a saucer, or tying its
the seeds, and store.
Harvest under an ascending moon, • For pure seeds, only save leaves closed to exclude the
picking young leaves as a cut-and-come-again them from one variety of light for about 2–3 weeks.
crop and mature heads whole. Batavian types endive. If two types flower near
each other they will interbreed. To
can be protected from light frost using cloches prevent this, either cage plants, or only
or straw mulch. Heavy frost will kill them, so allow one type to flower.
place them under cover for blanching.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 10–12 WEEKS • Plant 10–16in (25–40cm) apart
When revealed, the blanched leaves
Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • MEDIUM FEEDERS
are a pale yellow-green color.

199
 Chicory SOWING DIRECTLY
Seeds can be sown directly
where they are to grow in late
Cichorium intybus spring, once the last frost has
passed. Sow seed into furrows
Chicory can be sown as a cover crop, since its deep roots ½in (1cm) deep, in rows
spaced 18in (45cm) apart, and
help to break up compacted soil. However, in the garden
keep the seedlings moist. As
it is more often grown for its distinctively bitter leaves, they grow, thin the plants to
which can be eaten fresh in salads, or oven-baked. 8–18in (20–45cm) apart,
Belgium chicory, or witloof chicory, is grown for depending on the type. Add
forcing and blanching during fall to produce dense the thinnings to your salads.
white heads known as chicons. This is a connoisseur
crop that rewards the effort taken.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION rather than rigid. Pick them before the heads grow
Chicory needs full sun or part shade, and too tall and lose their compact shape. Loose-
fertile soil that has been improved with mature headed sugarloaf types can be used for cut-and-
biodynamic compost or well-rotted manure. come-again salad, or blanched by tying the heads
closed a week before harvesting. Belgian chicory
SOWING AND PLANTING is used for forcing (see right).
Spray horn manure 500 on the bed one
afternoon a few days before sowing to encourage TROUBLESHOOTING
root growth. Rake the soil to a fine tilth before Discourage caterpillars and cutworms
sowing under a descending moon. Sow seed by spraying Equisetum arvense 508 as a fresh
indoors in mid-spring to plant out during a tea, or tansy decoction.
descending moon, or sow outside in late spring.

ROUTINE CARE FORCING CHICORY

Keep plants well watered in the early Collecting seeds In fall lift the roots, trim off the
stages, watering regularly rather than excessively • Prevent chicory from bolting lower half, and cut the tops to 1in
thereafter. Avoid getting water or soil in the leafy in the year it is sown and leave (2.5cm) above the crown. Pot the
heads, since it encourages decay and slugs. Spray the plants to overwinter. roots, cover with soil mix, and
• In the second season, let it
stinging nettle liquid manure on the soil around flower and collect the seed,
place a soil-filled pot upside-
the plants to keep it friable. Dandelion tea can be drying the pods indoors. down over the top. In 3–4 weeks,
applied as a very fine mist over young plants to • Only save seed from one at 45–61ºF (7–16ºC), the blanched
help them establish, then spray horn silica 501 variety of chicory. If two chicons will be ready to cut.
different types flower near
before thinning to promote firm leaves and each other—including
upright growth, which helps deter slugs. wild varieties, such as
coneflowers—they
HARVESTING AND STORING will crossbreed.
• Prevent this using
The earliest chicory will be ready in cages, if necessary.
summer, while later sowings are harvested from
late fall to late winter. Healthy leaves feel firm

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 14–16 WEEKS • Plant or thin to 8–18in (20–45cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • MEDIUM FEEDERS The chicons should be harvested once
they reach about 6in (15cm) tall.

200
 Red orach ATTRACT ALLIES
Red orach flowers are very
Atriplex hortensis var. rubra attractive to bees, so plant it
near crops where good
Red orach is a larger, colorful alternative pollination is essential, such
to spinach, with similar levels of protein, but as green and runner beans.
much higher levels of vitamin C. It is grown The flowers also attract
lacewings, which feed avidly
in a similar way to spinach but is much taller, on aphids. Grow it near
reaching up to 6ft (1.8m). It can also be grown crops most vulnerable to
in a sunnier site than spinach, where it is less attack, such as broad beans
prone to bolting. As well as red, the leaves can and most brassicas.
also be yellow or green, and vary in texture
from smooth to slightly crinkly.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING AND STORING

Orach likes rich, moisture-retentive soil. Pick larger leaves to cook like spinach.
Thin, dry, sandy soil can be dressed with mature The flower heads can also be harvested while
compost before or at planting. Soil that is dark young and tender to eat lightly steamed.
and loamy will just need a spray of horn manure
500 or barrel compost. Spray and add compost TROUBLESHOOTING
while the moon is descending. To avoid a forest of plants, and future
self-seeding, sow in batches, cut baby leaves
SOWING AND PLANTING for salad, and remove plants before they seed.
Soak the seeds overnight in a cup of
dynamized horn manure 500 or BC, and sow
during the following afternoon where the soil
was sprayed. Sow directly in furrows every few Collecting seeds HARVESTING THE LEAVES
weeks under a descending moon from early • Red orach flowers and sets The leaves vary in color and
spring, water them in, and keep them moist. seeds in its first year, and will texture. Red leaves taste the
spread freely if the seeds are spiciest, green ones are milder,
ROUTINE CARE naturally allowed to fall to
the ground. and the yellow leaves have the
Once the seedlings have 2–4 leaves, • Grow the plants in the sweetest flavor. Use a mix
spray horn silica 501 one morning, avoiding node normal way, allowing them of colors to brighten salads,

LEAF DAYS CHICORY • RED ORACH

to flower. Taller plants may
days, to promote firm, upward growth. Spraying need support. visually and flavorwise.
them with 501 when they are any taller, or if the • As seed heads start to yellow,
soil is dry, may encourage bolting. Thin out the cut them off, take them inside to
seedlings and keep plants well watered. For dry, then collect the seeds. Store
them in paper envelopes.
sweet and crunchy leaves, spray with Equisetum • For pure seeds, only collect
arvense 508 as a fresh tea. Don’t apply 508 as a them from one type of orach, and
liquid manure; this risks encouraging too much don’t allow others to flower.
vigor—these are already naturally tall plants.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 6–12 WEEKS • Thin and plant out 10–20in (25–50cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • MEDIUM FEEDERS

201
 Radicchio
Cichorium intybus
GROWING THE CROP
Sow seeds thinly or transplant
seedlings into rows that are
12in (30cm) apart. Add a tiny
sprinkling of very finely chopped
Radicchio is a type of hearting chicory. Its comfrey leaves to planting holes
crisp leaves redden and become less bitter as to provide an early food source.
the weather cools in late fall. The leaves enliven mixed salads
and pasta dishes; temper the slightly bitter taste with a drizzle
of olive oil and a pinch of salt or enjoy with
pancetta. You can also grill or oven bake
the hearts, with parmesan, for example.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION cut entire plants (see right, bottom). In fall, lift
Radicchio prefers an open site on friable, plants, with their roots, from later sowings to
well-drained, well-composted soil—in full sun in force indoors. Remove the crown for eating and
cool weather, but in heat it likes afternoon shade. replant the roots in pots filled with soil mix. Keep
Dress the soil with biodynamic compost before them at 50–59ºF (10–15ºC) in the dark (or cover
planting, or backfill with it when transplanting, with another pot) to stimulate blanched, tender, Radicchio is frost hardy, but its shallow
under a descending moon. new crowns. Store crowns in the refrigerator in roots perish if any air gaps are left at
a perforated plastic bag. You can use individual, thinning or transplanting, so firm it in.
SOWING AND PLANTING frozen leaves if you thaw them slowly.
Sow indoors in mid-spring or outdoors
from late spring. Overwinter later sowings under TROUBLESHOOTING
cover to harvest the next spring; transplant them Radicchio is fairly trouble free. Pluck off
before severe frost. Before planting, spray the bed any wilted or browned outer leaves. Use only fully
with horn manure 500 and then BC a month later, mature compost when preparing soil to decrease
both in the afternoon under a descending moon. risk of attack by wireworms, slugs, and snails.

ROUTINE CARE
Water carefully so plants develop tasty, Collecting seeds
full-sized leaves. For good leaf growth in the early • Radicchio flowers in its second year. Do not
stages, spray them with comfrey liquid manure in collect seed from plants that bolted in their first
the afternoon. Mist horn silica 501 over the tops, year—they will be of poor quality. Try to grow
at least 20 plants for seeds. Radicchio bolts in hot or dry weather.
just before fall equinox in the morning, to ripen • Radicchio will cross-pollinate with other forms
Keep plants well watered, especially
the leaves to a bittersweet, not just a bitter, flavor. early on and just before the heads form.
of chicory. To prevent this, allow only one type
Mulch with straw just before cold weather arrives to flower at a given time or cover the blooms of
other chicories with paper bags before they
or cover with cloches or garden fabric. open and release pollen.
• Allow the seed plants to flower in
HARVESTING AND STORING summer. When the pods are brown,
From late summer onward, pick off outer cut them from the plant to harvest
the seeds under cover.
leaves from spring-sown plants as they begin to
firm up; older leaves are more bitter. You can also

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 14–16 WEEKS • Plant or thin to 8–12in (20–30cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 3 • MEDIUM FEEDERS Harvest an entire head by slicing it off
at the base; it will grow back next year.

202
 Asparagus
Asparagus of ficinalis
COMPANION PLANTS
Asparagus and tomatoes
(see p.219) may grow near
each other in the same
For many, asparagus is an expensive luxury, yet place for several years to
a permanent bed of it is relatively easy to establish their mutual benefit. While
from seed or rooted crowns, and will provide tomatoes deter asparagus
beetles, asparagus is said
you with nutritious white, green, or purple-
to release a chemical that
pink spears for around 20 years. Asparagus encourages the growth of
is a natural diuretic, helping to cleanse tomato plants.
excess salt from the body.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION  under a descending moon in the afternoon near
Asparagus needs sun and shelter on fall equinox, for strong roots. Apply BC on the
well-drained, sandy loam. Raised beds are vital bed the month after fall equinox, in the evening
on heavy soils and make maintenance easier. at a descending moon, to deter disease.
Dig in lots of mature compost, ideally from cows,
seasoned with nutrient-rich kelp, comfrey, or HARVESTING AND STORING
both, under a descending moon. On acidic soils, Harvest spears once they are 8in (20cm)
sprinkle a little neutralizing wood ash, if you can. tall (see right, bottom). You can eat the spears raw,
steamed, or in soups and stews.
SOWING AND PLANTING
Sow seed in shallow furrows in a seed TROUBLESHOOTING
bed in early spring; thin the seedlings and let Asparagus is trouble free in good soil,
grow; plant out in a permanent bed in mid-spring topped off regularly with high-quality, properly
the next year—all under a descending moon. It matured compost. Take care not to damage the
is easier to transplant one-year-old rather than roots when weeding, mulching, and topdressing, HARVESTING SPEARS
two- or three-year-old crowns: you are less likely otherwise they rot. Let chickens graze dormant Harvest nothing in the first year
to damage the roots. A 4ft- (1.2m-) wide bed beds to peck out any asparagus beetle larvae. and just one stalk per crown in
takes two staggered rows of established crowns. the second. From the third year,
Plant them 6in (15cm) deep in trenches; spread harvest any spears that grow
out the roots, even if they overlap, and lightly Collecting seeds between mid-spring and early

LEAF DAYS RADICCHIO • ASPARAGUS

cover them with soil. Gradually fill the trenches • To get viable asparagus seeds, summer—usually a couple of
as the crowns start into growth to encourage you need a male and female plant. dozen spears per crown.
stronger roots and a longer, more productive life. • Allow the stems of a female
plant to grow and flower, and
ROUTINE CARE produce its red berries.
• Collect the ripe berries; rub their
Over winter, replace weathered or dried seeds through a colander; remove any
mulch with fresh biodynamic compost. For firm, remaining flesh under running water.
upright spears, mist over the bed with horn silica • Allow the seeds to dry for several
hours, then store them in glass jars.
501 at spring equinox, at an ascending moon at
sunrise. Spray the bed with horn manure 500,

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow or plant
Harvest
Time to harvest: 3 YEARS • Plant out 18in (45cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 4 • MEDIUM FEEDERS Cut off spears just below the soil
surface, with a sharp, curved knife.

203
 Rhubarb
Rheum × hybridum
FORCING EARLY STEMS
The first shoots emerge between
midwinter and the first spring
frost and may be forced. Keep
them artificially in the dark, under
Rhubarb is much underrated: it is probably the most a pot, bucket, or terra-cotta
cost-effective food in the garden, being easy to grow forcing pot, for several weeks.
and needing little attention. It gives the first dessert
crop of the year, and can be harvested for three
years before it has to be divided and replanted.
Last but not least, the stalks make delicious,
tart desserts, and a very palatable wine.

HARVESTING AND STORING

Harvest only stalks from plants that
SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION are at least two years old. The leaves should Forcing shoots blanches them, making
Rhubarb thrives in sun or part shade on not be eaten. Freshly picked stalks freeze well. them paler, sweeter, and more tender.
free-draining soil. It is hardy, but struggles in frost Force only the first flush of stems.

pockets or poorly drained hollows. Dig in a lot of TROUBLESHOOTING

compost before planting, at a descending moon. Spray comfrey, kelp, or stinging nettle HARVESTING RHUBARB
liquid manure as a feed once or twice a season When harvesting, pull only firm,
SOWING AND PLANTING on the bed and both sides of the leaves. Intersow crisp, and juicy stems with fully
It is easiest to grow root cuttings, called a new rhubarb bed with lettuce and spinach open leaves. Rather than cutting
crowns or sets: an average family needs 1–4 sets. to suppress weeds and shade the soil. Replace off the shoots, twist them off
Plant under a descending moon. Dig a wide hole any crowns that show signs of rot. from the base to avoid leaving
18in (45cm) deep: keep the topsoil separate, stumps that might decay.
then dig out the subsoil. Backfill with 1:4 parts
crumbled subsoil to rich, manure-based compost. Collecting seeds
Firm the set in gently and replace the topsoil, • Rhubarb is self-pollinating, so seeds from one
leaving the bud poking out of the top. plant may be resown the following year. Let the
plant flower in midsummer and form papery
ROUTINE CARE seed heads, then collect and dry the seeds.
• The seeds rarely produce
Spray BC in spring, in the evening under plants that come true
a descending moon, to keep the topsoil healthy. to type, which is why
rhubarb is usually
Mist horn silica 501 over the plants at sunrise propagated from cuttings.
soon after spring equinox, then twice monthly on So sow as many seeds as possible
an ascending moon, for crisper shoots. Compost and eliminate any seedlings
that are atypical.
any flowering stalks in summer. In fall, mulch
• Allowing rhubarb to
with leaf mold mixed with chopped comfrey flower can weaken it—avoid
leaves, leaving crowns uncovered, otherwise they doing this by collecting seeds
only from plants that are over
may rot. Spray the bed with horn manure 500 in three years old.
fall, in the afternoon under a descending moon,
to keep nutrients moving underground.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Harvest
Time to harvest: 16–25 MONTHS • Plant 3–4ft (90–120cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 4 • LIGHT FEEDERS Harvest one-third of each plant before
midsummer, then leave it to recover.

204
 Sea kale
Crambe maritima
FLOWERS AND FRUIT
The edible flowers are best
eaten raw, and can be added
to salads for color. Leave some
blooms to mature, however,
Sea kale’s natural habitat is the beach, but since the pealike fruit that
it will be quite happy in any garden. This follow can also be eaten, and
handsome plant is treated in a similar way to taste similar to cabbage.
rhubarb, but all parts are edible—leaves, shoots, flower
buds, and even the roots. Sea kale was traditionally eaten
by sailors because its high vitamin C content prevented scurvy.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION a descending moon, with fresh biodynamic

Sea kale grows in full sun or part shade, compost, chopped comfrey leaves, leaf mold,
and does not mind the wind. It prefers rich, well- or a combination of all three.
composted, sandy, free-draining soil bolstered
with light loam and a sprinkling of finely milled HARVESTING AND STORING
oak bark chips, which add slow-release calcium. Harvest only forced shoots (see right and
facing page); mature leaves are too bitter. Cut the
SOWING AND PLANTING shoots off at soil level. New plants take time to LONG -SEASON HARVEST
It is simpler to grow sea kale from root establish. Take only a few shoots and leaves from From the second year, you can
cuttings, called thongs, or divisions from a each plant in the second year, then harvest for force the new young shoots
dormant plant. In early spring or early fall, bury about ten years before renewing the plants. from midwinter as for rhubarb
each thong or division with its bud at soil level (see facing page) to obtain a crop
and lightly sprinkle soil over the bud. Sow seed TROUBLESHOOTING of blanched 10in (25cm) leaves
shallowly outdoors in early spring after the last Sea kale’s crinkly leaves thrive if you up to mid-spring.
frost. Thin seedlings to 1–2ft (30–60cm) apart spray the plant in the evening with leftover fresh
and transplant to their final bed around fall plant teas or decoctions that you have used on
equinox. Sow, plant, and transplant under other crops—especially chamomile and stinging
a descending moon, if possible. nettle teas, and oak bark decoction.

ROUTINE CARE
Water new plants well; established Collecting seeds
ones are less thirsty. To maintain a healthy soil • Sea kale will pollinate its own

LEAF DAYS RHUBARB • SEA KALE

balance, spray BC under a descending moon summer flowers.
closest to spring equinox. Mist horn silica 501 • Leave the seed pods to mature
on the plant and collect them in
over the tops, at sunrise at summer solstice, to early fall, when the pods have
reinforce the plants’ upper parts (for leaf texture hardened and turned brown.
and flavor). Spray the bed with horn manure 500 • Gently crack the outer shells
in the afternoon at fall equinox for strong roots. to reveal the seeds, make
sure that they are dry, then
After the leafy growth has died back to almost store them in glass jars for
nothing in late fall, remove and compost any up to a year.
leafy debris. Fork lightly and dress the bed, under

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow or plant
Harvest
Time to harvest: 26–56 WEEKS • Thin and plant out 2–3ft (60–90cm) apart
Once you remove the forcing pots,
Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 2 • LIGHT FEEDERS allow plants to build up strength over
summer, ready to harvest next spring.

205
 F ruit
SAGITTARIUS

Sagittarius
the Archer days
Fruit days are the periods when the moon is in front of
the constellations of Sagittarius, Aries, and Leo. They
relate to the element of fire, or warmth, which fruit and
seeds need to ripen, whether apples, tomatoes, sweet
ARIES
corn, or peas. It’s relatively easy to keep to the fruit day
cycle for perennials like pears and blueberries—plant
them once and they’ll often outlive their owners! Strong
roots are essential, so aim to plant trees and bushes on
fruit days under a descending moon, ideally in the
afternoon. This is also the best time to sow or transplant
Aries seedlings of other fruit day crops, but if you miss this
the Ram
opportunity the moon will move on into an earth-root
constellation—the perfect backup option. Harvest on fruit
days with an ascending moon to enjoy the best taste and
maximum storage time.

LEO
Fruit days and lunar cycles
The moon visits a fire-fruit constellation roughly
every 8–9 days, and spends 2–21⁄2 days in each.
In the northern hemisphere the moon’s ascending
cycle begins in Sagittarius and travels through Aries.
The moon’s descending path runs through Leo,
Leo and it is still descending as it returns to Sagittarius.
the Lion
 Sow fruiting crops like squash on fruit
days with a descending moon.

GR
E AT
•
Things to do on…
•

ASK
FRU

T
Fruit days
T
I

DAY

The element of fire associated with fruit days provides

ideal conditions for cultivating a wide range of fruiting
crops, from peas and beans to blackberries and apples.
They depend on warmth and light for their ripeness,
flavor, and ability to store well—whether freshly picked,
or preserved as jam, chutney, sauce, or even as wine.

• Fruit days leading up to moon–opposition Saturn are the best

times for preparing the ground and planting fruit trees for a long
and healthy life.
• Sow fruit crops in the 2–3 days before full moon for stronger
germination, and to grow robust plants suitable for transplanting.
• Fruit days with an ascending moon are good times to take
cuttings of soft fruit like black currants, and to lift strawberries
for replanting the following year. These—and waxing moon
periods—are also optimal days for spring-pruning fruit trees.
• Choose descending moon periods for pruning fruit trees
in fall: this gives nourishing sap time to descend into the root
system before branches are removed.
• In damp weather, especially during perigee, leave ru it
on f
fruit crops alone to avoid encouraging disease. k e b ea n s .
op s l i vo r
it i n g c r d fla
H a r ve s t f r u s t o r a ge a n
e be st
days for t h

Tomatoes

Zucchini Cut thick stems to pick crops like peppers

208 to avoid rocking and damaging their roots.
 Replant strawberry runners every year Fruit days are a great time to take on bad weeds Hoe to stimulate weed germination;
on fruit days with a descending moon. like bindweed before they get a stranglehold. remove weeds on the next root day.

Fr u i
ts lik
Choose fruit days w ill e red
b e at c u r ra
with an ascending moon t he i r n t s p ic
s we e k e d on
to prune fruit trees in late te s t a n f r u it d a y s
d f u ll of
spring: the sap pushing up flavor.
from below helps keep
diseases out.

FRUIT DAYS THINGS TO DO

Plant fruit trees under a descending moon Apply tree paste—a compost for tree Spray silica-rich Equisetum arvense 508 tea or
for stronger rooting and a longer life. trunks—to keep your fruit trees healthy. liquid manure to keep pests and diseases at bay. 209
 Peas
Pisum sativum
BONUS HARVEST
Tender new pea shoots make
a delicious addition to salads:
their fine leaves and tendrils
Freshly harvested peas are at their succulent taste a bit like snow peas. For
and nutritious best the moment you pick them. the best and sweetest flavor,
Whether you grow podded, snow, or sugar snap pick the young shoots on leaf
days when the plants are
varieties, dwarf forms or climbers, treat the plants 4–6in (10–15cm) tall. Save
well and they will keep you in delicious, crunchy the thinnings and pinched-
peas from mid-spring until late fall. off growing tips from the
main crop for salads, too.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING AND STORING

Peas like sun and fertile, medium-textured Pick peas daily as needed and cook
soil that warms quickly in spring. They dislike or freeze immediately to stop the sugar from
heavy clay, and very sandy or acidic soil: add lime turning to starch. Pick snow and sugar snap peas
well before planting, if necessary. Dig in compost as whole pods when the peas are just formed.
in the fall before planting under a descending
moon (not at the same time as lime), or use a plot TROUBLESHOOTING
where compost was used for a previous crop. Prevent mildew on summer sowings by
spraying Equisetum arvense 508: use as a fresh tea
SOWING AND PLANTING in the morning on young shoots or, when they are
Start sowing in late winter under cover, taller, as a liquid manure in late afternoon on the
ideally under a descending moon. Once harsh soil. Peas prefer not to have members of the onion
frost has passed, sow direct in batches: start with family nearby. Use pine nut spray
hardier, smooth seeds; sow wrinkly peas until to discourage slugs and snails.
early summer. Soak the seeds (see right), then
sow 1½–3in (4–8cm) deep. Space the rows as
far apart as the height of the crop—snow peas SOAKING PEA SEEDS
and sugar snap peas grow tallest, to 6ft (1.8m). Collecting Peas have tough skins: soaking
seeds dry seeds immediately before
ROUTINE CARE sowing ensures that they are
• Save seed from one
Support climbing peas with netting and variety of peas that fully hydrated and germinate
wooden sticks from local hedges or trees, rather flowered when no others were quickly. Chamomile tea also
than bamboo. Peas are slow starters: help them by in bloom at the same time. helps seeds to form baby roots.
• When the pea pods bulge and are
weeding and mulching. To boost yields, spray soil about to split open, cut the whole
and plants with valerian 507 when plants are knee plant off at the root on a dry day.
high, and spray horn silica 501 over the tops at • Dry the pods indoors on a
sunrise under an ascending moon as flowering cloth-covered table, or by hanging
them in a burlap bag, and collect
starts. For best results apply the sprays on fruit the seeds that drop out.
days. Water well at flowering to ensure a good • Store the seeds in batches in sturdy,
crop. Pinch off the growing tips from each plant labeled paper envelopes.
once the first pods form to encourage more pods.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 11–14 WEEKS • Sow 2–3in (5–8cm) apart, depending on variety

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 1 • LIGHT FEEDERS Soak peas in a seed bath of chamomile
tea for 36 hours before sowing.

210
 Runner beans
Phaseolus coccineus
SOWING IN POTS
Runner beans are frost tender,
so early sowings may be started
off in late spring indoors in pots,
before being transplanted once
These climbers are one of the most ornamental they have two true leaves.
plants in the vegetable garden, with pretty scarlet Harden off seedlings and plant
or white flowers all summer. They are easy to grow, out after risk of frost is past.
producing a steady, abundant supply of tasty beans.

SITE AND SOIL silica 501 over the tops, in the morning under
PREPARATION an ascending moon and just before flowering, to
Choose a sunny, sheltered prompt the flowers to open for pollinating bees.
site. Prepare the soil under
a descending moon in the HARVESTING AND STORING
previous fall: dig in plenty Harvest beans every other day or so
of compost, ideally with chopped to stop pods from becoming tough and stringy.
comfrey leaves and wood ash to provide Always cut them off; pulling them off can
potassium. Lime the soil if it is acidic. Lay the damage the supports and the roots. Sow two seeds per pot, 2in (5cm)
compost in 2in (5cm) deep and 32in (80cm) wide deep, and thin the resulting seedlings
trenches or in 3in (8cm) high and 6in (15cm) wide TROUBLESHOOTING to leave the strongest one in each.

hills, spaced 36–40in (90–105cm) apart. Do not work or harvest runner beans if
it is wet, which encourages disease. If the air is PROVIDING SUPPORT
SOWING AND PLANTING very dry at flowering, spray diluted, fresh nettle, You can leave runner beans
Erect supports for the beans before chamomile, or comfrey tea all over the vines, in to trail along the ground, but
planting (see right). Sow direct from late spring the evening, to help the flowers open. Radishes training them up supports saves
and successively to early summer, under a are good companions for this crop, but kohlrabi space, makes harvesting easier,
descending moon. To help them germinate, soak and beets seem to suffer near runner beans. and reduces the risk of pests
seeds just before sowing for a few hours in warm and diseases. Bend tall stakes
chamomile or nettle tea. Sow seeds 2in (5cm) into a tepees or use in parallel
deep in furrows with 2–3 seeds per station. If a Collecting seeds rows for better airflow.
late, unexpected frost threatens, spray valerian • For pure seed, save only
507 over the soil the night before sowing. Protect from a single variety that is a

FRUIT DAYS PEAS • RUNNER BEANS

seedlings from birds and rabbits, if necessary. good distance away from any
other runner bean varieties
flowering at the same time.
ROUTINE CARE • Leave pods to mature on the
Control weeds, and earth up the bases of plants; collect them once the
beans inside have swollen and
the plants to help them grow. Water plants well the pods are brown and crisp.
with tepid water; cold water inhibits growth and • Cut the pods on a dry day and
encourages bean aphids. Mulch with straw in hot and extract the beans. Store
weather to keep roots moist and stop soil from them in large, labeled paper
envelopes or bags.
crusting. Once the beans reach the top of the
support, pinch off their growing tips. Spray horn

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 8–12 WEEKS • Sow or plant out in stations 9in (23cm) apart and rows 32in (80cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 1 • LIGHT FEEDERS

211
 Green
Phaseolus vulgaris
beans SOWING UNDER COVER
Green beans are not frost-hardy,
so in cooler climates start them
indoors in pots or flats deep
enough for the long taproots to
These versatile beans may be dwarf bush or climbing plants, develop fully before the green
with flattened or tubular pods that may be green, red, purple, shoots emerge. Biodegradable
golden-yellow, or multicolored. You can eat the pods whole or leave cardboard tubes filled with
potting mix are good for this.
the pods to mature on the plant and eat just the beans, called
flageolet or cannellini beans, while they are still tender. If you dry the
shelled beans, you can even store or can them as haricot and kidney beans.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION TROUBLESHOOTING

Green beans need full sun, warmth, Irregular watering causes pods that are
shelter from wind, and light but fertile soil. Dig well filled at one end but shriveled at the other.
in mature compost made partly from comfrey Discourage aphids by spraying transplants with
leaves if you have not done so already for a stinging nettle cold extract. Spray an Equisetum
previous crop. Spray horn manure 500 on the bed, arvense 508 fresh tea over the plants before tying
in the afternoon under a descending moon, two them in to ward off fungal diseases. If conditions
weeks before sowing or planting. If needed, warm become overcast or humid, spray it again, as a Push two seeds 2in (5cm) deep into each
the soil to 55ºF (13ºC) by covering it with cloches. liquid manure, or with an oak bark decoction, in tube and keep them moist. Thin each
the air over the foliage in the morning. Touching pair of seedlings to leave the strongest.
SOWING AND PLANTING the plants when wet increases the risk of disease.
Start seeds indoors in early or mid-spring
(see right) or sow direct from late spring onward.
Space rows 18in (45cm) apart. Sow 4–5 seeds Collecting seeds
of climbing beans at each post; stagger seeds • It is fairly easy to save seed from green beans,
around tepees for balanced light and airflow. but select plants that grow true to type—they
can cross with other types of beans in the garden.
ROUTINE CARE • Sow seed crops of green beans as early as
possible, indoors if necessary (see right). Space
Pinch off growing tips of climbing beans the plants farther apart than usual, to improve
as they reach the top of the support to stimulate flowering, bean formation, and ripening and to
reduce the risk of disease.
more pods to form lower down. Mulch and water
• When the pods turn dry and brown,
the plants well throughout flowering. Spray horn cut each plant at
silica 501 over the tops, at sunrise under an ground level and When all risk of frost is past, harden
ascending moon, once the first flowers set. then hang upside off the seedlings for about two weeks,
down indoors to ready to plant out in early summer.
dry, leaving plenty
HARVESTING AND STORING of space between
plants. Extract the
Climbing green beans are harvested later seeds from the dried
than dwarf types. Pick tender pods regularly to pods, and store in
keep the plant flowering; snap them off cleanly. paper bags.
Harvest haricot beans as for seeds (see box, right).

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 8–12 WEEKS • Sow or plant out dwarf beans 4in (10cm) apart and climbing beans 12in (30cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 1 • LIGHT FEEDERS Plant each tube into the soil: it will soon
decay, leaving the roots undisturbed.

212
 Broad
Vicia faba
beans SOWING SEED DIRECT
Use a dibber to sow the large
beans singly, 2–3in (5–8cm)
deep in two rows 8in (20cm)
apart; stagger the seed in the
No vegetable garden is complete without a few rows rows but fill any gaps at the
of broad beans standing over winter and through ends. Leave at least 30in (75cm)
summer for an abundant crop of protein-rich food. between each pair of rows.
Also called fava beans, they taste best when they
are just starting to push against the insides of the
pods—when bean and pods can be eaten whole.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION TROUBLESHOOTING

These deep-rooted beans need light, Blackflies (black bean aphids) appear
fertile, well-drained, and well-dug soil in a sunny, on the growing tips in late spring; spray stinging
frost-free site. Dig in lots of biodynamic compost nettle or kelp liquid manure on the bed and on
or well-rotted manure, seasoned with potassium- both sides of the leaves; repeat spray if you spot
rich, chopped comfrey leaves or wood ash, under more blackflies. You could also intersow in late GETTING A GOOD CROP
a descending moon. Sprinkle lime on acidic soil. autumn with lupines, which attract hoverflies Broad beans are easy to grow,
to feed off the aphids. Lupine roots bring up but regular watering makes the
SOWING AND PLANTING potassium from deep in the subsoil; if beans lack difference between an abundant
Broad beans are best sown in late fall this mineral their leaves get brown blotches, or harvest or no crop at all.
or early spring. Soak seeds for two hours in BC chocolate spot. If necessary, dig in every other
before planting. Start hardy varieties in indoors intersown row of lupines to release more
in pots (see facing page) in late winter. Beans in potassium to the beans. Broad beans also
pots grow quickly: prepare the planting area are good companions for early potatoes.
before the second pairs of leaves appear.

ROUTINE CARE Collecting seeds

If the weather is unsuitable, keep the

FRUIT DAYS GREEN BEANS • BROAD BEANS

• You can grow broad beans for seed in the
plants from becoming stressed with a light same way as green beans (see facing page).
dose of liquid manure (nettle, comfrey, or kelp) • Like green beans, broad beans breed with
other types of beans, so
when watering. Spray horn silica 501 over choose seed for saving
the bed, under an ascending moon from plants that grow
in the morning and as flowering true to type.
is ending, to keep the leaves • Harvest the whole
After flowering, when the pods begin
plant once the pods
active and the pods firm. turn brown, and finish
to form, pinch off the growing tip of
each plant to help the pods to swell.
drying and store them
HARVESTING AND STORING as for green beans.

Fall-sown crops mature

in seven months; spring-sown ones in
three. Cut, rather than pull, off pods.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 12–28 WEEKS • Sow direct or plant out 6–8in (15–20cm) apart
Beans need support with stakes and
Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 1 • LIGHT FEEDERS twine, unless they are the dwarf types
sown for late summer picking.

213
 Lima beans SOWING FROM SEED
Lima beans and soybeans require
warm and sheltered conditions
and soybeans to grow well, and need to be
pampered at first. As conditions
Phaseolus lunatus, improve in summer, however,
Glycine max they become less demanding.

Lima beans are large and white or green, and

are also known as butter beans. Soybeans
can be either yellow, black, brown, or green.
The beans are rich in protein and can be eaten
fresh or dried for cooking later. Fresh soybeans
are known as edamame.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING AND STORING

Lima beans and soybeans need a Harvest under an ascending moon and
sheltered site in full sun, with warm, fertile, eat the beans like peas. Beans can also be dried
well-drained soil. In fall, dig in plenty of well- on the plants to use during winter.
Before sowing or planting out, warm
rotted biodynamic compost, made in part with the soil where they are to grow by using
potassium-rich comfrey leaves. Break up any TROUBLESHOOTING cloches for a few weeks.
hard soil that might restrict the plant’s root, To prevent fungal diseases during warm,
which would affect growth. humid spells, spray with Equisetum arvense 508
as a fresh tea and avoid touching the plants.
SOWING AND PLANTING
Lima beans and soybeans can be grown
as bushes, while some types of lima beans climb,
so need tall supports. All are tender, and need a Collecting seeds
growing season of about 100 days. Sow directly • Beans make gathering seed a relatively easy
during a descending moon into soil warmed with process. Start plants intended to produce seed
cloches to at least 64ºF (18ºC). When the moon is as early as possible.
• Space them wider than normal outside
descending, spray the bed with horn manure 500 to improve flowering, bean set, ripening,
before sowing, then once the seeds have come up. and to reduce the risk of disease.
• Select seed for saving from plants that
ROUTINE CARE grow true to type—they can As the seedlings emerge or are planted
crossbreed with other types of out, cover them with a bottle cloche
Protect plants on cold nights with fabric, beans in the garden. to keep them warm and sheltered.
and stake any that blow or topple over. Pinch • Harvest the whole plant
off the growing tips of climbing beans when they when the pods start drying
and turning color.
reach the top of their stakes. Mulch around the
• Continue drying indoors,
plants, and water them regularly from the start shell, and store.
of flowering and throughout its duration. Spray
horn silica 501 when the first flowers have set.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 14–16 WEEKS • Sow bush beans 3in (8cm) apart; climbing beans 3ft (90cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 1 • LIGHT FEEDERS Ensure plants are well watered once
they are flowering and producing pods.

214
 Zucchini TRAINING STEMS
Zucchini and summer squash
are large, vigorous plants, and
and summer squash many types have trailing stems.
These can be left to sprawl,
Cucurbita pepo although that makes them more
vulnerable to pests.

Zucchini and summer squash are among the

most prolific crops to grow, and just a few
plants will keep you in their produce all summer.
They also require plenty of space, so don’t grow
more plants than you really need. Zucchini,
in particular, should be picked when young, but are easily missed in the sea
of green leaves, so consider types with easier-to-spot yellow fruit.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING AND STORING

FRUIT DAYS LIMA BEANS AND SOYBEANS • ZUCCHINI AND SUMMER SQUASH
These crops need fertile, generously Harvest when the moon is ascending
composted soil. Dig plenty of compost deeply once the fruit are as long as your hand. Pick
into the soil before sowing or planting, or grow daily, cutting them from the plant with a knife. Make a tepee of stakes, at least 6ft
them on the low side of a compost heap. Provide (1.8m) tall, and plant a trailing plant
shelter to protect the fragile leaves and stems. TROUBLESHOOTING at the base, training it upward.

Deter slugs and snails with pine needle

SOWING AND PLANTING mulch. Spray yarrow tea on seedlings and again
When the moon is descending, spray the as the plants flower to prevent powdery mildew.
bed with horn manure 500. Sow seeds when the
moon is descending, indoors 2–3 weeks before
the last frost; outside in warmed soil after the last
frost. Soak the seeds in BC for an hour or so Collecting seeds
before sowing. Plants raised indoors should be • Zucchini and summer squash can
planted out when the moon is descending. interbreed, so don’t allow different
types to flower at the same time.
ROUTINE CARE • When the first female flower is
due to open, cover it the night
In hot weather, water plants thoroughly before with a paper bag.
but not daily. Mulching is not required. Where • The next morning, take a If stems are allowed to trail, guide
space is limited, train the stems up stakes or male flower, remove its petals, them along the ground so they don’t
and insert it into the female overwhelm neighboring plants.
a trellis, pinching off the tips when the support bloom, transferring the pollen.
is covered. Apply horn silica 501 early one • Put the bag back over the female
morning when plants start to grow rapidly. flower for 2 days, then remove it.
As flowers appear, spray diluted liquid manure • Harvest the fruit when the plant has died back
and clean the seeds as for tomatoes (see p.219).
feeds, ideally kelp and comfrey sprays,
to maintain plant health. Spray horn silica
501 again as the fruit begin to develop.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 14–20 WEEKS • Thin and plant out 3ft (90cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 4 • HEAVY FEEDERS Summer squash can become heavy,
and should be tied in for extra support.

215
 Cucumbers PROTECTING THE ROOTS
Cucumbers dislike root
disturbance, which can check
and gherkins their growth. Avoid it by sowing
the seeds into biodegradable pots
Cucumis sativus or cardboard tubes, which can be
planted whole. They soon decay,
Eating a juicy cucumber is a great way leaving the roots undisturbed.
to rehydrate during a hot day in the garden,
since they are packed with water. There are two main types to grow: the
long, smooth Dutch or frame type, which needs the warmth of a greenhouse
to ripen, and the rougher-skinned, more rugged outdoor or ridge varieties
that tolerate cooler temperatures. Baby cucumbers are eaten as gherkins.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION moisture and protect the shallow roots. Spray
Outdoor cucumbers need a sheltered, horn manure 500 before laying the mulch.
sunny site, and deep, well-drained, mineral-rich
soil. Pile horse manure compost into a ridge and HARVESTING AND STORING
Keep plants grown in biodegradable
cover with soil, ready for sowing or planting. Regularly harvest the fruit under an pots moist after planting to encourage
ascending moon before they become large and the pot to break down more quickly.
SOWING AND PLANTING bitter tasting. Cut the stems, don’t pull them, to
Cucumbers are sown when the moon is avoid damaging the plants.
descending. Sow plants for outdoors under cover,
at 68ºF (20ºC), a month before the last frost. TROUBLESHOOTING
Spray and water the plants moderately with fresh Keep the plants moist and avoid working
Equisetum arvense 508 tea to deter disease. Seed with them on leaf days, or when they are wet, to
can be sown outside in early summer under lower the risk of disease. Sow radishes around
cloches, midsummer without. To prevent slug the base of the plants to repel cucumber beetles.
damage, and to make picking easier, train the
plants vertically up suitable supports.
Collecting seeds
ROUTINE CARE
• Save seed from only one variety of
Encourage plants to produce fruiting cucumber or gherkin each year to avoid
stems by pinching off the growing tips when they cross-pollination, or keep different
varieties caged.
have 4–5 leaves, then again when they outgrow • Grow cucumbers and
their supports. Remove any nonfruiting shoots. gherkins in the normal way, Female flowers are essential for fruiting.
Water infrequently but thoroughly, and early on, letting the fruit ripen on the They have small fruitlets
vine for as long as possible. behind their petals.
use BC stirred for 20 minutes in warm water, at Harvest the fruit before the first frost.
least once. Balance this by applying horn silica • Scrape out the seeds and soak them in water.
501 over the plants. To prevent the fruit from When this froths up, wash the seeds in a strainer,
flagging and to deter mildew, spray the leaves then dry them on paper towels.
• Store the dry seeds in paper envelopes.
with comfrey or nettle liquid manure. Plants
should also be mulched with straw to retain

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 16–20 WEEKS • Thin or plant out 2–3ft (60–90cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 4 • HEAVY FEEDERS After initial training, cucumber plants
cling to their supports using tendrils.

216
 Marrows
Cucurbita pepo
R ETAINING MOISTURE
Marrows are thirsty plants
and should be kept well watered
all summer. To help retain soil
moisture, mulch around plants
Marrows are a favorite for children, and with compost or bark. Mulch
can be enormous and highly decorative. Although they are the can also be used to keep the
same plant, there are specific seeds for zucchini and marrows, and one fruit off the damp soil surface.
crop cannot be grown in the hope of harvesting it as the other. There
are two types of marrows: those that trail, which, if left unchecked, can
reach corners of the garden you’d long since forgotten, or the climbing
bush types. These work better if space is tight and you have a
sturdy enough vertical growing frame for them to scale.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING AND STORING

Marrows need a sunny, sheltered site, Fruit are harvested regularly while the
warm and fertile soil, space, and lots of water. moon is ascending. If their skins were cured in
Dig in plenty of compost or well-rotted manure the sun while growing, they store well indoors HARVESTING
before planting, or grow trailing types at the base in a dry, airy spot at 45–50ºF (7–10ºC). Marrows reach maturity in
of a compost heap. Weed before planting, and about two months, when they
spray horn manure 500 to seal the soil. TROUBLESHOOTING should be harvested using a
Deter slugs by spraying pine nut extract knife—the stems are very
SOWING AND PLANTING and laying wood chips. To prevent rot, ensure tough. Wear gloves to do this
Sow seeds indoors during a descending the fruit have not formed in small dips in the soil, since the stems are covered
moon in mid-spring, or outside under cloches in where moisture could accumulate, encouraging with many fine, sharp prickles.
late spring. Soak the seed in BC for an hour first. disease. Overfeeding encourages

FRUIT DAYS CUCUMBERS AND GHERKINS • MARROWS

Plants raised indoors can be planted out after excess leaf growth, not more fruit.
the last frost under a descending moon.

ROUTINE CARE Collecting

Pinch off the growing tips of trailing seeds
marrows when they have 4–5 leaves to promote
• Marrows can crossbreed
fruiting sideshoots to form. If a single large fruit with zucchini, pumpkins,
is the aim, thin all but one so it can utilize all of and summer squash. For pure
the food and water. Keep the plants well watered seeds, don’t allow these to flower.
• When the first female flower is due to
with lukewarm, rather than cold, water. In cool, open, cover it with a paper bag the night before.
cloudy, or wet spells, pollinate the flowers by Next day, remove the petals from a male flower
hand (see right). To enhance their flavor, spray and insert it into the female bloom to transfer
pollen. Remove the paper bag after two days.
horn silica 501 in the morning as the first baby
• Pick the fruit when the plant dies and store it
marrows are developing, then again one indoors for two weeks before saving the seeds.
afternoon 3–4 weeks before harvesting. Spray • Clean the seeds as for tomatoes (see p.219),
Equisetum arvense 508 as a fresh tea on the and store them in an airtight container.
leaves and fruit to prevent fungal diseases.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 14–16 WEEKS • Thin or plant out 3ft (90cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 4 • HEAVY FEEDERS Marrow fruit can be thinned if you want
to grow especially large ones.

217
 Pumpkins GROWING THE PLANTS
Pumpkins and winter squash
are large and productive plants,
and winter squash so do not grow more than you
really need or have space for.
Cucurbita maxima, To obtain the largest fruit, thin
C. moschata, C. pepo the fruitlets to 2–3 per plant.

Pumpkins and winter squash are similar

in flavor to marrows and summer squash, but can
be stored over winter. Their flesh is rich in fiber and
vitamin A, and great for hearty winter soups and pies.
You can transform the gourds, once emptied, into Halloween jack-o’-lanterns.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING AND STORING

These deep-rooted crops grow in full Fruit are ripe when their stems start to
sun or light shade in rich soil with plenty of wither and crack. Cut each fruit with as long a
well-rotted manure or compost; dig the compost stem as possible, turn it upside down, and leave in
in as deep as possible, under a descending the sun for 7–10 days to harden the skin—to cure.
moon. You can also grow them like zucchini Protect it from night frost with fabric. Unbruised
(see p.215) at the base of a compost heap. fruit stores into early winter in a cool, dry area.
A female flower can be identified by the
embryonic fruit beneath its petals.
SOWING AND PLANTING TROUBLESHOOTING
Soak seeds in BC for two hours and sow Clear organic matter that encourages
indoors in pots 4–6 weeks before risk of frost is slugs from beneath young fruit. Pumpkins and
past, or outdoors under cover. An upturned glass sweet corn (see p.222) make good companions.
jar creates a warmer microclimate than a cloche.
Harden off seedlings before transplanting them.
Collecting seeds
ROUTINE CARE
• Pumpkins and winter squash
Water each plant well early on; make a may cross-pollinate if allowed
shallow watering basin. Spray the area around the to flower at the same time.
• Cover the first female flower
planting hole with horn manure 500 or stinging with a paper bag on the night
nettle liquid manure. If the weather is unsettled, before it opens.
mist the young leaves with Equisetum arvense 508, • The next day, take a male flower,
yarrow, or dandelion fresh teas to prevent any remove its petals, and insert it into a
To deter slugs and keep the fruits clear
female bloom to transfer the pollen.
powdery mildew. In normal to hot weather, spray of damp soil, place them on a mulch of
• Replace the bag for two more dry straw or on a wooden board.
the plant with comfrey and 508 as liquid manures, days, then remove it. Label the
in the evening after pinching off the main stem fruit that forms and harvest it
when plant starts to die off.
and sideshoots. Spray horn silica 501, at sunrise
• Clean the seeds as for
over the plant tops under an ascending moon, tomatoes (see right).
after the first fruit sets or a month
before cutting the fruit.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 14–22 WEEKS • Sow or plant 3–5ft (1–1.5m) apart for bush 4–6ft, (1.2–1.8m) apart for trailing varieties

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 4 • HEAVY FEEDERS Once their skins are cured, the fruit can
be stored under cover for many months.

218
 Tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicum
PROVIDING SUPPORT
Tomatoes are high yielding
and become laden with heavy
trusses of fruit. Support bush
types by inserting a stake for
Tomatoes are a very satisfying crop to grow. The fruit each stem and tie them in, and
range from huge beefsteak to tiny cherry tomatoes, in hues train vine types up a single tall
from green, orange, yellow, red, and purple stake or a vertical string.
to black and even striped. The vine or
bush types thrive in containers,
as well as in the same soil
as last year, if it is refreshed.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION disease. Once fruit sets, mist over the tops with
Tomatoes need shelter, full sun, and rich, horn silica 501, at sunrise under an ascending
well-drained soil with pH 5.5 or above. In fall, moon, for riper flavors and better storage.
under a descending moon, prepare the soil with
well-rotted biodynamic compost and manure. HARVESTING AND STORING
Chicken manure, chopped comfrey leaves dried Twist each fruit off to eat fresh, cook, or
from last year, and wood ash all provide preserve. Before the first frost in fall, gather all
potassium. Another option is a 3:2:1 compost of the last green tomatoes (see right, below).
tomato shoots and leaves, manure, and comfrey.
Ten days before planting, warm the soil by TROUBLESHOOTING
covering it with a layer of compost. Tomatoes are sensitive and antagonistic:

FRUIT DAYS PUMPKINS AND WINTER SQUASH • TOMATOES

keep them away from potatoes to avoid blight,
SOWING AND PLANTING and zucchini, dill, all fennel, kohlrabi, and
Sow at a descending moon, indoors in peppers. Spray new plants and the area around
pots in late winter or early spring, and repot with stinging nettle cold extract to deter aphids.
as soon as two leaves unfold. After the last frost, GREEN TOMATOES
spray with horn manure 500, in the afternoon Use unripe tomatoes in chutney
under a descending moon, then plant outdoors, Collecting seeds or fried as vegetables. You can
just after the first flowers trusses form. Rows • Select fully ripe fruit, avoiding also pull up the entire plant with
2–3ft (60–90cm) apart allow airflow and light. any that are still green on trusses its roots and hang it to ripen
in the middle of the plant. upside down in a warm, dry
ROUTINE CARE • Slice the tomato open and
place, such as a greenhouse.
squeeze the seeds out of the
To keep plants stable, earth up or mulch watery pulp, and into a strainer. Picked fruit will also ripen if
with compost or mature manure topped with • Rinse under running water, placed in a bag with a banana.
straw. Pinch off water shoots between the main rubbing the seeds gently to
remove the pulp. Mix them with
stem and sideshoots to focus light, heat, and fine sand to make it easier.
energy on ripening fruit. Feed every 10–14 days, • Dry the cleaned seeds and
spraying foliage and soil with comfrey, kelp, or store in paper towels. They
should keep for several years.
stinging nettle liquid manure. Spray Equisetum
arvense 508 fresh tea on leaves to fight fungal

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 12–20 WEEKS • Plant 18–36in (45–90cm) apart, depending on variety

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 4 • HEAVY FEEDERS

219
 Sweet peppers GROWING FROM SEED
Sow seed 1 ⁄4 in (1cm) deep in flats
or pots. Transplant seedlings
and chili peppers grown in flats into pots, when the
first true leaves appear after two
Capsicum annuum weeks, into a 3:2:5 mix of soil,
sand, and compost to grow.
Confusing a sweet, or bell, pepper with a
chili pepper is an eye-watering mistake for
those not used to spicy food. Bell peppers are
usually larger and rounder than chili peppers, but
all have green leaf (Capsicum) aromas when cut.
They are subtropical, so perform best if grown
inside in all but the warmest climates.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION to sprawl from within an open, chicken-wire

Peppers need dry, desert heat in full sun: cage lets more air, light, and heat onto the fruit.
add very mature compost to well-drained, friable
soil, topped with coarse sand and rocks. Peppers HARVESTING AND STORING
thrive at the edges of raised beds where paving Peppers ripen to green and then to hues If sowing direct into small pots, thin the
reflects heat and light. Spray the soil with horn such as red, yellow, or orange, depending on the seedlings when their true leaves appear
manure 500, in the afternoon under a descending variety. Cut, rather than pull, off each fruit, with to leave the strongest in each pot.

moon, before planting, then warm under cloches. as much stem as possible so it stores longer.

SOWING AND PLANTING TROUBLESHOOTING

In most areas, sow peppers indoors (see Avoid buildup of fungal disease in soil by
right) from late winter onward, about 2 months waiting four years before planting peppers where
before the last spring frost. They need 68ºF (20ºC) potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplant grew. Peppers
to germinate, in 10–15 days: cover the seed flat prefer not to be near zucchini or tomatoes.
with glass or leave near an oven or on a sunny
windowsill. Plant peppers under a descending
moon in rows that are 3ft (90cm) apart. Collecting seeds
• Grow all types of peppers in the
ROUTINE CARE usual way, but allow fruit grown for
After planting, water with lukewarm seeds to ripen fully on the plants.
Harden off the plants and plant them
• Remove the ripe fruit and dry
water to avoid shocking the roots. Hoe off weeds, under cover in a warm, bright
out two weeks after all frost has passed.
but do not mulch, so the topsoil stays dry. Water Insert stakes to provide support.
area. Chili peppers dry out,
every 5–7 days, mixing in compost tea or liquid while peppers just shrivel.
manure as a food source—comfrey is best. Spray • Halve them to extract the
seeds. Wear gloves to keep
horn silica 501 over the plant tops, in the morning from burning your skin.
under an ascending moon, once the first fruit Leave to dry for a few
forms and again during the four weeks before hours; store in sealed jars.

harvesting. Allowing half-grown plants

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 18–26 WEEKS • Plant out 12in (30cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 4 • MEDIUM FEEDERS Picking the first fruit while still green
encourages others to be produced.

220
 Eggplant
Solanum melongena
MULCHING
In warmer regions, after
planting out eggplant in early
summer, mulch around them
The lavender-purple, black, and with a thick layer of well-rotted
creamy white eggplant, also compost, and cover it with
called aubergine, originated in straw. This will help to keep the
soil moist and feed the plants.
India and is a staple of the vegetarian diet,
providing a calorific energy boost with no fat.
It soaks up different flavors in dishes such as
moussaka and ratatouille and makes a great grilling vegetable.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION arvense 508 as a fresh tea at least once after
Eggplant need plenty of heat, light, flowering to keep fungal diseases at bay.
and humidity over their long growing season
to mature. They grow best in very fertile, dark, HARVESTING AND STORING
composted soil that holds both heat and water. Pick fruit when the skins are shiny and
Only a sheltered site in full sun will do. firm. The stems are tough, prickly, and thick, so
wear gloves to cut, rather than twist, them off.
SOWING AND PLANTING When the skin color starts to dull, the fruit
In temperate climates, sow indoors or in become tough and bitter even for chickens, so
a warm greenhouse at least a month before the slice them and add them to the compost heap.

FRUIT DAYS SWEET PEPPERS AND CHILI PEPPERS • EGGPLANT

last expected frost. Soak the seeds overnight in a
BC seed bath before sowing. Germination takes TROUBLESHOOTING PINCHING OFF
2–3 weeks at 68ºF (20ºC). Pot seedlings up or Grow eggplant next to runner beans (see Nip off the growing tips once
plant out once the first true leaves appear; cover p.211); the beans help to repel Colorado potato the plants have settled in after
if the temperature drops below 59°F (15ºC) at beetles in the areas where they occur. transplanting or are knee high.
night. The roots are sensitive, so put in support Spray horn silica 501 over the
stakes at planting. Leave 24in (60cm) between tops the next morning. This
rows. Spray valerian 507 around eggplant Collecting seeds encourages more flowering
growing outdoors to warm the site if late • Grow only one variety of eggplant if saving and fruiting sideshoots.
spring or early summer nights become cool. seed, to prevent cross-pollination.
• Collect seeds from fruit that has been
ROUTINE CARE left to ripen after the main crop has
been harvested.
Water regularly. At flowering, lightly tap • Cut the fruit open and
the plants to mobilize the pollen or make sure remove as much of the
bees and other pollinators can get in and out flesh surrounding the seeds
as possible.
of the greenhouse or outdoor site. Spray this
• Place the remaining flesh in
hungry plant and the bed with a range of liquid water to separate the seeds,
manures, ideally comfrey alternated with which will sink. Collect the seeds,
then dry and store them.
stinging nettle and kelp, every 10–14 days at any
time of day. Spray Equisetum

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 24–28 WEEKS • Plant 30–36in (60–75cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 4 • HEAVY FEEDERS

221
 Sweet
Zea mays
corn HAND POLLINATION
Sweet corn is pollinated by
the wind, so grow the plants
in square blocks or patches to
enable pollen to blow from the
There are two types of sweet corn: corn grown for pointed male tassels to the
animal feed and the food industry, and the juicy corn floppy female silk on the cobs.
on the cob, which we can grow at home and eat
steaming hot and dripping with butter. Pick it just before
eating: the sugar starts turning to starch immediately.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING AND STORING

Sweet corn needs a long, warm growing Harvest cobs when their hair, or silk,
season in full sun to ripen, ideally in slightly withers and turns brown. Ripe kernels are plump
acidic, moisture-retentive, rich soil. Prepare the enough to make the cob feel firm and bumpy. Pop
bed in late fall under a descending moon with open a kernel: if the juice is milky, the cob is ripe.
plenty of composted manure or rich compost. Steady each stalk with one hand, then pull and
If the compost is limited, lay it into furrows slightly twist off the cob. Peel back the cob’s
4in (10cm) wide and 2in (5cm) deep, then cover papery outer sheath to reveal the kernels inside.
If it is wet or windless at the 10-day
with soil. Mark the furrows with sticks and sow flowering time, brush a male flower
directly into them the following spring. TROUBLESHOOTING over female ones to pollinate them.
For a sweeter-tasting crop, spray horn
SOWING AND PLANTING silica 501 over the tops of the plants at sunrise
In warm climates in mid-spring, sow just before the tassels are ready to emerge or later COMPANION PLANTS
2–3 seeds per station in furrows 1in (2.5cm) deep when the cobs are swelling. Sow only one type of Sweet corn is a tall plant and
and 15in (40cm) apart. Thin out the weaker sweet corn each year to avoid cross-pollination requires plenty of space,
seedlings. In cool regions, start the plants under and starchy, less tasty kernels. which creates useful areas
cover in mid- to late spring in biodegradable pots around its base that you can
and harden off the seedlings before planting them use to grow other crops—
out in late spring or early summer, after the last Collecting seeds intercropping. Plant climbing
frost. Sowing outdoors under protection may be • Leave the best cobs to ripen for one or two green and runner beans to
a better option, because sweet corn does not do months longer on the stalks, after the others scale the sweet corn, which
well with any root disturbance. Spray the soil with in the patch have been harvested. Pick them also provides support, and
before the first frost.
horn manure 500 just before or soon after sowing, • Peel back the bleached, papery outer
underplant it with trailing
in the afternoon under a descending moon. sheath to expose the kernels and make squash or zucchini.
them easier to dry.
ROUTINE CARE • Tie several cobs together, using
the outer husks to save space,
Keep the newly sown rows weed free, but and hang them indoors to dry.
take care not to disturb the shallow roots. Earth • In early spring, twist off
a little soil up around the stem bases to protect the kernels, discarding any
that are brown or shriveled.
them and prevent the stems from rocking in the Store only the good ones in
wind. Water sweet corn well, especially while a glass jar.
it is establishing and in summer.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 20–28 WEEKS • Sow, plant or thin 12in (30cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 4 • HEAVY FEEDERS

222
 Okra
Abelmoschus esculentus
PROVIDING SUPPORT
Okra are tall plants, and with
enough heat, soil fertility, and
water, they can easily reach
6ft (1.8m) tall by the end of
Okra’s edible, pointed seed pods are usually green, but may be pink or summer. However, even young
white. You can eat them raw, fried, pickled, or in a stew, such as gumbo or plants that are half this height
creole. Gumbo refers to the plant’s name in its native East Africa, where it can become top heavy. To keep
them from collapsing, insert tall
thrives in humid, warm conditions. However, okra can also be grown in
stakes when the plants reach
temperate climates under cover, such as in a greenhouse. 2ft (60cm), and regularly tie
them in, using soft string.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING AND STORING

Okra needs full sun, humidity, and Start cutting immature pods from
steady daytime temperatures of 68–86ºF midsummer, every other day, once they are
(20–30ºC) in sun. The soil should also be warm, 2–4in (5–10cm) long. The more you pick, the
as well as fertile, well drained, and moisture more the plant will produce. Longer, mature
retentive. Dig in plenty of biodynamic compost pods are woody and stringy. Use a knife and
or well-rotted manure—horse or sheep manure wear gloves—the hairy leaves can irritate the
is best, since it is warmer and less dense than skin. You can store unwashed pods for several
cow dung. Spray the bed with horn manure days if you keep them whole and cool. Pull old
500 before sowing or transplanting, just after plants and chop up the stems before composting
hoeing any weeds, ideally in the afternoon them to help them decompose more easily.
under a descending moon.
TROUBLESHOOTING
SOWING AND PLANTING Avoid overwatering okra because it
Before sowing, lightly smooth the rough, causes overly lush foliage and watery pods.
rounded seeds with fine sandpaper, then soak To help the plant get settled after being
overnight in BC or some horn manure 500 left transplanted, when it is at risk of attack
over from an afternoon’s spraying to help from aphids, spray the foliage with
germination. In cool climates, use a propagator 24-hour stinging nettle cold extract.
to maintain the 61ºF (16°C) needed for
germination. A month before the last frost date,
sow seeds under a descending moon, ½–1in Collecting seeds
(1–2cm) deep in rows 2–3ft (60–90cm) apart.

FRUIT DAYS SWEET CORN • OKRA

• Grow only one variety of okra
for seed saving to avoid cross-
ROUTINE CARE pollination. Allow the pods to grow
as large as possible.
Water okra regularly as it establishes and • Dry the pods on the plant or
mulch with compost. In an afternoon, spray the indoors. Split the pods open,
foliage with kelp, comfrey, or stinging nettle collect the seeds, and dry them
for several days before storing
liquid manure or diluted vermicompost, all of them in glass jars.
which are rich in nitrogen and nutrients okra • Collect new seeds every year:
needs. Then spray the entire plant in the morning they do not store well for long.
with chamomile tea to stabilize the nitrogen.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 18–23 WEEKS • Sow and plant out 12–18in (30–45cm) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 4 • HEAVY FEEDERS

223
 Tomatillos HARVESTING THE FRUIT
Tomatillos flower and fruit over
a long period, although the fruit
Physalis ixocarpa can be slow to ripen unless grown
in warm, sheltered conditions.
Tomatillos are native to Mexico, where their In cool regions, they may be best
grown in large containers that
tart flavor provides the basis for salsa verde.
are kept under cover.
Although its name suggests otherwise, tomatillo
is not a green version of the traditional red garden
tomato. It is, in fact, related to the cape gooseberry, and because the fruit is
enclosed in a papery outer husk, the plant is also commonly called the husk
tomato or husk cherry. Tomatillos are self-pollinating, but growing at least
two plants ensures good pollination and fruit set.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION nutrients and flavors. Then spray horn silica
Tomatillos need fertile, well-drained soil, 501 on the next fruit day in the morning and
and plenty of sun. They grow well in raised beds, late afternoon. Follow this with stinging nettle
or pots, if the garden soil is unsuitable. Aerate the or kelp liquid manure.
soil to a spade’s depth, and fork in some mature
biodynamic compost. Avoid planting in beds HARVESTING AND STORING
where potatoes, tomatoes, okra, eggplant, Harvest the fruit when the moon is
or peppers have grown in the last three years. ascending. Wash before storing in the refrigerator,
where they will last several weeks, or freeze them.
SOWING AND PLANTING Avoid storing them in airtight containers.
Tomatillos need hot weather and a long
growing season. They are sown indoors in early TROUBLESHOOTING
spring, while the moon is descending, at between Tomatillos dislike dry soil in summer and
68–80ºF (20–26ºC), 6–8 weeks before the last cannot handle frost. Keep aphids and beetles at
frost. Sow into small pots, and plant out under bay with stinging nettle 24-hour cold extract.
an ascending moon once hardened off. Plant
them more deeply in the soil than in their pots
to keep them moist. Water well, but ensure
the soil does not become rinsed of nutrients. Collecting seeds
• Collect several fruit with their husks intact
ROUTINE CARE and let them ripen further in the sun for
Tomatillos are ripe when their husks
start to change color and split from
Keep plants well watered, and mulch a few days after picking. the plump fruit inside.
• Remove the husks, cut the fruit open,
with compost covered with straw to help retain and soak in water for a few days. Stir
moisture. Support them with stakes or trellis so and remove the scum.
the fruit is easier to pick and less likely to attract • The best seeds will sink in the
pests and diseases. Before flowering, spray with water. Collect and dry them, then
store in an airtight container.
comfrey liquid manure under a descending moon.
Once in flower, pinch off the growing tips to keep
the plants compact and to concentrate

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 28–23 WEEKS • Plant out 3ft (1m) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 4 • MEDIUM FEEDERS To keep well, only remove the husk
when the fruit is about to be eaten.

224
 Strawberries PROTECTING
THE FRUIT
Ripe strawberries are as
Fragaria x ananassa desirable to birds and many
other pests as they are to us,
Strawberries can be costly to buy but easy to grow, and there are two so it is important to protect
types. Flavorful summer-fruiting strawberries are planted in fall to crop them as soon as they start to
show color in early summer.
once in early summer. Everbearing types have milder tasting berries but
fruit repeatedly from midsummer into fall, and are planted in spring.
SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION this means there will always be two beds
Strawberries have shallow roots and of strawberries in the garden: this year’s crop,
need plenty of biodynamic compost, well-rotted and one planted, ready for the following year.
manure, or leaf mold dug into the bed before
planting. They like warm, sandy, and slightly HARVESTING AND STORING
acidic soil that never dries. Give them plenty of Pick the berries when dark red and firm,
sun, air, and warmth to produce a good crop. pinching them off at the stalk to avoid bruising.
Eat the fruit fresh or freeze them.
SOWING AND PLANTING
Start by buying certified virus-free, TROUBLESHOOTING
organically-raised plants, planting them out in Water plants from below to prevent dirt
rows when the moon is descending. Leave the and disease spores from splashing on the leaves
Placing dry straw beneath the fruit
crown, where the roots join the leaves, at soil and fruit. In damp weather spray Equisetum deters slugs and keeps them off the
level, exposed to light. Water the plants in. arvense 508 as a fresh tea before and after moist soil, where they could decay.
flowering, and as the fruit ripens. In fall clear
ROUTINE CARE away the old leaves and spray with BC. Keep
Mulch around plants after planting, beds mulched for tastier and healthier fruit.
keeping it away from the leaves. The next spring,
weed the soil, and mulch beneath the strawberry
plants with straw, or better still, aged spruce or
pine needles. This keeps the plants firm and Planting runners

FRUIT DAYS TOMATILLOS • STRAWBERRIES

healthy, and also discourages slugs. When the • New strawberry plants are
moon is descending, spray the bed with horn raised from runners—small
manure in early spring. Spray horn silica 501 plantlets—produced by the
parent plant, not from seeds.
when the berries start to form. Keep the soil • In midsummer extend the Cover plants with nets or cages to
moist and net against birds. Strawberry beds runners from the best plants, and pin protect the fruit from birds. Ensure
should be moved every three years, but the best the plantlets down into small pots birds cannot sneak in underneath.
of potting mix buried into the soil.
fruit comes from two-year-old plants, grown
• Cut off the runner beyond the first plantlet.
from runners (see right) taken from the previous Keep the plantlet well watered until it develops
year’s bed. In the very first year of planting, pick roots. The stem between the parent strawberry
the flowers off to make for better runners long- and the rooted plantlet can then be cut.
• The new strawberry plant can now be planted
term. The runners are taken in midsummer directly into the soil, ready to fruit next year.
and planted out in fall in a separate bed
ready for next year. After the first year

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Harvest
Time to harvest: 2–4 WEEKS AFTER FLOWERING • Plant 12in (30cm) apart, 18in (45cm) between rows
Strawberries grow well in baskets,
Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 4 • MEDIUM FEEDERS
which keep them away from slugs.

225
 Raspberries TRAINING RASPBERRIES
Erect a support system with stout
posts at the end of each row with
Rubus idaeus one or two wires strung between
them. Position shoots between
Firm, juicy raspberries with fruit in a range the wires as they grow, and cut
them when they reach the top.
of jewel-like colors can be picked from early
summer through fall if you plant both summer-
and fall-fruiting varieties.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION Fall raspberries can crop in their first year. Before
Choose a permanent site for your the shoots reach the first wire, encourage erect
raspberries in full sun or partial shade, and clear growth by spraying horn silica 501 early in the
perennial weeds before spraying horn manure morning on a fruit day.
500 on the soil under a descending moon.
Raspberries need fertile, well-drained, slightly HARVESTING AND STORING
acidic soil, but will settle for a slightly alkaline soil Choose a dry day, ideally when the moon RAINBOW FRUIT
if plenty of well-rotted manure and biodynamic is ascending, and gently twist off the fruit, leaving Golden raspberries are said to
compost is dug in before planting. Add finely the core on the plant. The berries are best eaten be the sweetest, but along with
chopped comfrey leaves to provide potassium. fresh, but, unlike many soft fruits, freeze well, too. black and purple varieties, have
the distinctive flavor and
SOWING AND PLANTING TROUBLESHOOTING appearance of the species.
Buy certified disease-free, virus-resistant, Smother summer weeds with a mulch of
bare-root, one-year-old canes for planting in fall leaf mold or compost. In hot weather, water
or spring. Choose a fruit day under a descending thoroughly every few days; avoid short daily
moon and plant canes with their tops finishing splashes that leave the topsoil wet and promote
1in (2.5cm) below the surface of the soil. Over fungus diseases such as gray mold (Botrytis).
time, develop the bed with root cuttings from
red varieties taken in spring on fruit days at
the end of the moon’s ascent and planted on Pruning raspberries
a descending moon. Or guide the growing • Summer raspberry canes that grew
tips of black and purple varieties down to and produced fruit in one year will die
the soil, peg them, and separate them the next. Prune these out shortly after
harvesting under a descending moon.
from the mother plant once rooted. • For each plant choose up to four
strong new shoots that will fruit next
ROUTINE CARE year and cut them back to four buds. EQUISETUM MANURE
Prune out the remaining new shoots.
After planting, cut the first green To protect fruit from disease,
• For fall raspberries, cut all stems
shoots off summer-fruiting raspberries down to the ground in fall in their first spray Equisetum arvense 508 liquid
before they flower to make the plants year, ready to reshoot in spring. manure on the soil before the
stronger long term. They will crop from In subsequent years, leave canes to plants get too tall, ideally on a
overwinter and cut down in spring.
their second year onward. fruit day with a descending moon.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Prune
Harvest
Time to harvest: 6–8 WEEKS AFTER FLOWERING • Space canes 18in (45cm) apart in rows 3ft (1m) apart

Rotation information: NOT ROTATED • MEDIUM FEEDER

226
 Blackberries PROPAGATING
To increase your blackberry
patch, propagate under a
and hybrid berries descending moon by guiding
the growing tips of strong, new
Rubus fruticosus shoots down to the soil, and
pegging them into the ground
until they are rooted. They can
There are few better wild harvests than then be separated from the
blackberries picked from bramble-filled mother plant and replanted.
hedgerows. But homegrown blackberries are simple to grow, easier to
pick than their wild counterparts—and unlikely to be covered in roadside
dust. Even sweeter tasting are hybrid crosses between raspberries and
blackberries, such as tayberries, boysenberries, and loganberries.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION ensures healthier fruit that is easier to pick.
Blackberries and hybrid berries need In late fall, spray horn manure 500, turn in the
plenty of space and similar soil: slightly acidic, existing mulch, and dress with new compost.
fertile, and enriched with plenty of biodynamic Protect the turned soil with straw.
compost. Blackberries enjoy full sun or partial
shade, while hybrid berries need full sun. Start HARVESTING AND STORING
by clearing perennial weeds; this can be made Pick ripe, firm berries in dry weather,
easier by spraying BC and horn manure 500, trying to leave the stalks attached. Eat them fresh
which have a loosening effect on the soil. or freeze without washing. Wash as they defrost.
YARROW AND NETTLE
SOWING AND PLANTING TROUBLESHOOTING TEA SPRAY
Plant container-grown plants in late fall Net against birds, which are their main Collect yarrow flowers to make
or early spring under a descending moon. Install pest. Use a diluted tree paste on pruning wounds. a yarrow tea (see p.30), and add
a post-and-wire trellis for the plants to climb. some stinging nettles as the
Plant with the top of the root ball 4in (10cm) water is boiling. Remove from
below the soil. Pruning blackberries the heat, and strain once cool.

FRUIT DAYS RASPBERRIES • BLACKBERRIES

• After fruiting, under Spray the blackberries before
ROUTINE CARE a descending moon, and after flowering to keep
Boost the soil while cut out old, stiff fungal diseases at bay. Then
woody canes that
the moon is descending: have produced spray comfrey liquid manure
in early spring spray a crop of berries. for a ripe, abundant crop.
BC and mulch with • Leave this year’s
tender new green
biodynamic compost. Then shoots to grow
spray horn silica 501 just upward and then
before flowering. When the weave them onto
the horizontal wires, ready to bear
fruit has set, tie the fruiting fruit next year.
canes in to their supports—good spacing

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Prune
Harvest
Time to harvest: 6–8 WEEKS AFTER FLOWERING • Space plants 6ft (1.8m) apart in rows 12ft (3.6m) apart.

Rotation information: NOT ROTATED • MEDIUM FEEDER

227
 Gooseberries FALL PRUNING
Perform late-fall pruning on
sunny afternoons that are crisp,
Ribes uva-crispa but are definitely not freezing.
Pruning sideshoots to two buds
The relentlessly prickly, wiry stems of these shrubs prompts the formation of plenty
of fruiting shoots while keeping
protect tangy, tart-tasting berries that are ideal for jam-
the plant open to light and air.
making, chutneys, tarts, fruit salads, and taste superb in
gooseberry pie. The long-lived bushes are really very easy to grow as
bushes or upright cordons once you get the hang of pruning them.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION TROUBLESHOOTING

Gooseberries grow in most soils in sun or Mix finely chopped comfrey leaves and
part shade, but beware of planting them in frost oak bark into the soil-compost mix to add the
pockets: their flowers may be decimated by early slow-release potassium and calcium gooseberries
spring frost. Prepare the soil under a descending often lack. Spray the plant with dandelion, yarrow
moon by digging an oblong hole a little deeper and Equisetum arvense 508 teas before and after
than your spade; overfill it with 60:40 good soil to flowering to avoid fungal disease, and with elder Use clean, sharp pruners to cut just
biodynamic compost to create a mound 4–6in decoction to discourage aphids, which cause leaf above an outward-facing bud.
(10–15cm) above soil level. This increases airflow curl. Slow sap movement caused by changeable
around the plant and helps prevent mildew. early spring weather attracts saw flies: keep sap R IPE HARVEST
moving with nettle or chamomile tea. If the Berries are ripe when plump and
SOWING AND PLANTING blockage was caused by frost lifting and slightly translucent if backlit by
For a crop the next summer, the best time disturbing the roots, tread them down gently. the sun. Birds also appreciate the
to plant two-year-old bushes is 1 month after the buds and berries, so net the crop
fall equinox, ideally under a descending moon. at bud burst and as it ripens.
Alternatively, plant a strong shoot, or leg, Pruning gooseberries
removing all buds below the soil and leaving • In late fall, prune off any dead wood and most
6in (15cm) above ground—enough for 4–5 of the previous year’s growth, leaving two buds
buds—for a crop in the second year. to provide the new season’s growth.
• Keep the centers of bushes open to air and light

, ROUTINE CARE by removing a few of the oldest

stems at the base. Cut back
Mulch in spring to keep the other main stems at the
tips to shape the bush.
weeds away from bushes. Water in
• The berries start to swell
late spring when the berries swell. in late spring: at the next
ascending moon, cut the
HARVESTING AND STORING new sideshoots back to
the fifth leaf, leaving the
Ideally, pick berries when the main stems untouched. This Red or reddish-pink gooseberries are
moon is ascending. Leave the stalk reduces the risk of mildew usually the sweetest of all.
and encourages fruiting spurs to
attached to keep the skin intact so the fruit form for the following year.
is less likely to oxidize and spoil before use.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Prune
Harvest
Time to harvest: 10 WEEKS AFTER FLOWERING • Plant bushes 5ft (1.5m) apart

Rotation information: NOT ROTATED • MEDIUM FEEDERS Yellow gooseberries range in hue from
very pale to amber or golden yellow.

228
Black currants PLANTING A STOOL
The easy way to start growing
Ribes nigrum black currants is to plant bare-
root plants, or stools, that have
Of all the soft fruits, black currants are the been certified disease-free. Do
richest in vitamin C. Eat them fresh from this under a descending moon:
between fall and spring is best.
the bush or make them into juices, jellies and Plant the stool about 2in (5cm)
jams, not to mention wine. They are self- deeper than the level of the soil
pollinating, so one plant can provide a crop. mark on the stem to encourage
new shoots to emerge directly
from soil.
SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION seaweed, or comfrey
Black currants need fertile, well-drained liquid manure on and
soil that is not too acidic (above pH 6) in full sun around the bushes to keep them balanced and
or part shade. Avoid frost pockets—flowers may strong. Spray horn silica 501 in the air above
not set fruit. Prepare the soil under a descending the plant just before flowering and after harvest.
moon: dig as deep as you can; backfill with 4in Apply horn manure 500 to the soil one evening
(10cm) of good soil mixed with sand; fill with near the fall equinox.
a mix of good soil, very finely chopped comfrey
leaves, and well-rotted biodynamic compost HARVESTING AND STORING
with bird or chicken manure for extra potassium. Snip off fruit trusses, or sprigs, with
scissors when the fruit is dark, shiny, and ripe.
SOWING AND PLANTING
Plant a two-year-old, bare-root bush TROUBLESHOOTING Prepare the soil before planting by
digging as deep as you can.
or stool (see right). You can also take 10in (25cm) Net buds and berries against birds. Spray
hardwood cuttings under an ascending moon cold-extract or fresh nettle over the plant early
in late fall: bury them with just the top two buds in the season to discourage aphids and mites.
above ground. A year later, transplant them

FRUIT DAYS GOOSEBERRIES • BLACK CURRANTS

under a descending moon to a permanent bed.
Pruning black currants
ROUTINE CARE
• Avoid pruning just after harvest: wait until
Mulch to suppress weeds, add fertility, a descending moon just after the fall equinox
and keep the soil moist. Equisetum to allow sap to return to and
replenish the roots.
arvense 508, yarrow or • Prune back fruited stems,
chamomile tea, sprayed on to leave the one-year-old,
all green parts from early new stems—they will
produce next year’s fruit.
spring onward, keeps This also creates an
Check the depth against a post laid
across the planting hole.
mildew at bay. At every open-centered bush to help
moon–Saturn opposition it resist pests and diseases.
between spring equinox • Mature bushes grow up
to 5–6ft (1.5–1.8m) tall.
and harvest, spray kelp,

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Prune
Harvest
Time to harvest: 10–12 WEEKS AFTER FLOWERING • Thin and plant out 5ft (1.5m) apart

Rotation information: NOT ROTATED • HEAVY FEEDERS Once the stool is planted, firm in
gently and water thoroughly.

229
 Red currants TRAINING CURRANTS
Red and white currants may be
grown as freestanding bushes
and white currants or as cordons (single stem with
fruiting spurs) along a wall or
Ribes rubrum trellis. Plant currant bushes
4–5ft (1.2–1.5m) apart.
Red currants and their close but sweeter-tasting cousins,
white currants, are used for jams, jellies, home wine-making,
and desserts. They also freeze well, so you can enjoy them
at any time of year. Currants are grown in a similar way
to gooseberries (see p.228).

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION to encourage worm activity. Spray the soil with
To crop well, red and white currants need BC at spring equinox to cleanse it of winter
a sunny or part-shaded site that is cold enough in fungal pathogens. Spray horn silica 501
winter to prompt dormancy, yet frost-free during between bud burst and flowering.
early spring flowering. They need well-drained
soil—do not plant in dips in the land, which may HARVESTING AND STORING You can space currants grown as
cordons just 12–18in (30–45cm) apart.
get waterlogged. Dig plenty of biodynamic Use scissors to snip off ripe clusters,
compost into the soil before planting. Add large or strigs, ideally when the moon is ascending.
amounts of comfrey leaves to the compost when Be careful—the fruits explode if held too firmly.
making it, or sprinkle finely chopped comfrey
leaves into the hole at planting (comfrey provides TROUBLESHOOTING
potassium for healthy shoots and steady yields). Maintain plant health between bud burst
and harvest with a spray each of Equisetum
SOWING AND PLANTING arvense 508 tea, and kelp liquid manure.
Plant currants bought as container-grown
bushes from a nursery at any time of year,
preferably under a descending moon. You could Pruning red and
also grow them from hardwood cuttings white currants
taken in late fall. Use figure-eight knots to tie in cordons
• In late fall, prune off
any dead wood and most to support stakes or wires.
ROUTINE CARE of the previous year’s
Mulch in spring with growth. Cut one or two
of the oldest stems
PROTECTING THE CROP
compost and chopped comfrey almost to their bases. Protect the new buds in spring
leaves covered by straw to combat • Fruit is borne on both old and summer berries from birds
weeds. Water in spring just before the and young wood, so leave two with netting. Do not overwater:
outward-facing buds on the
berries start to swell. Spray horn manure 500 remaining fruiting shoots. too much will burst the berries.
at or before planting and at fall equinox, • Keep the centers of bush
ideally under a descending moon, currants open to air and light.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Prune
Harvest
Time to harvest: 10–14 WEEKS AFTER FLOWERING • Plant cordons 12–18in (30–45cm), bushes 4–5ft (1.2–1.5m) apart

Rotation information: NOT ROTATED • MEDIUM FEEDERS

230
 Blueberries POLLINATION
Blueberries are self-pollinating,
but it is best to grow at least two
Vaccinium corymbosum or three to aid pollination and
provide enough fruit for an
The blueberry has been hailed as a superfood that average family. The best
pollinators are butterflies and
can reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease,
bumblebees, so entice them
and some chronic illnesses—and fortunately they taste with companion plants, such as
great, too. Blueberry plants are low maintenance and cold crocuses and cherry trees.
tolerant, but only in very acidic soil with a pH of 4.5–5.5; if
this rules out your garden soil, try growing them in pots.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION ascending moon, once either side of flowering,
Blueberries need sun, perhaps with to enhance fruit flavor and ripeness.
afternoon shade, and well-drained soil. Most
soils—especially soils with lime added for . HARVESTING AND STORING
brassicas—are too alkaline or not acidic enough. Pick berries when they are blue-black,
You can grow blueberries in pots or dedicated plump, and slightly soft with white blooms; any
beds filled with acidic (lime-free) compost or that do not pull away easily have little flavor.
create acidic soil by adding pine-needle leaf Berries store for up to a week in the refrigerator;
mold, pine bark, wood chips, coffee grounds, wash them in vinegar water to keep away mold.
and composted sawdust.
TROUBLESHOOTING
SOWING AND PLANTING Net the fruit to deter birds. Keep the
Plant under a descending moon, either soil cool and moist by mulching and watering.

FRUIT DAYS RED AND WHITE CURRANTS • BLUEBERRIES

two- or three-year-old container-grown bushes,
from late fall to early spring, or rooted suckers
from existing plants in early spring. Pruning blueberries These attractive shrubs produce
• If you have raised plants from suckers, remove beautiful little flowers in spring.
ROUTINE CARE the flowers in the first two years to divert
Mulch well with acidic mulches energy into forming strong roots below
ground and a bushy shape above it.
PRUNING OLDER BUSHES
and water with rainwater, rather than • Remove suckers growing from the
When pruning bushes that are
alkaline (hard) tapwater. Spray the roots of young plants, and branches at least four years old, cut the
soil with horn manure 500 at the blocking light in the center. thickest, oldest shoots down to
fall and spring equinoxes, in the • As the plants mature, allow a the base, if possible to a strong
couple of root suckers to grow
morning. During the first two each year and regenerate the new shoot at or near soil level.
barren years of plants grown from plants, if necessary.
cuttings, spray horn silica 501 just • Prune established plants—four
years and over—when dormant
before removing the flowers (see box, by cutting out any dead or damaged
right). Spray 501 over fruiting plants in wood, under a descending moon. Cut
beds and container-grown plants under an down the oldest shoots (see right).

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Prune
Harvest
Time to harvest: 8–10 WEEKS AFTER FLOWERING • Plant 5ft (1.5m) apart

Rotation information: NOT ROTATED • MEDIUM FEEDERS

231
 Cranberries NETTLE MANURE
Cranberries are self pollinating,
so only one is needed to produce
Vaccinium macrocarpon a crop. Just before flowering, give
plants a boost by spraying them
Cranberries are high in vitamin C and antioxidants, with stinging nettle liquid manure
(see below and p.38).
and mouthwateringly sweet, whether you eat them fresh,
crushed as juice, or as cranberry sauce. They are North
American natives, where they enjoy acidic soils in bogs,
so if you want them to thrive and fruit well, give them
similar conditions in your garden, and lots of care.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION spray the foliage with kelp liquid manure after
Cranberries need cold winters to produce pruning and fruit set.
fruiting buds, a long growing season from mid-
spring to late fall to ripen the fruit, and a wet but HARVESTING AND STORING
well-drained soil with pH 4.0–5.5. Wet soil by a Rooted cuttings crop from the third year;
pond is an option; use pine mulch to acidify the mature plants crop in the first year after planting.
soil; or create an 8in (20cm) deep bed (see p.231) Pick berries when dark red and seeds are brown, Cut nettle stems and leaves—they are
with acidic soil, under a decending moon. before the first frost. Freeze the fruit or keep in highest in nutrients when just in flower.
a container for several weeks in the refrigerator.
SOWING AND PLANTING
Plant rooted cuttings or container-grown TROUBLESHOOTING
plants under a descending moon in spring, in the To maintain soil acidity, protect the plants
soil, pots, or hanging baskets. Dip the roots of this from extreme winter cold, keep the soil moist and
shallow-rooting shrub in BC to colonize them weed-free in summer, and top up beds each year
with mycorrhizal fungi, which help roots to feed. after harvest with sand and a pine-needle mulch.

ROUTINE CARE
Water regularly, especially young plants, Pruning cranberries
with rainwater, which is more acidic than • Cranberries need only light pruning to shape
tapwater, to keep roots moist. Constantly flooding the plant, stop its long runners from taking over
soil washes it of nutrients until plants succumb the garden, and make harvesting much easier.
• Prune only once plants are three years old, in
to disease, so spray horn manure 500 in the early spring before new green growth starts. Pack the stems into a net sack before
afternoon at spring and fall equinox on • Comb each bush with a hand
macerating in rainwater for 4–10 days.
the plants and soil. Spray horn fork or rake to identify the
silica 501 above the bush, at longest runners and cut
them back to shape.
sunrise under an ascending New fruiting sideshoots
moon, when flowering ends in or uprights will grow from
midsummer. Topdress hanging the pruned runners.

baskets with acidic compost every year and

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Prune
Harvest
Time to harvest: 20–26 WEEKS AFTER FLOWERING • Plant 3ft (90cm) apart

Rotation information: NOT ROTATED • LIGHT FEEDERS Soak 2–4oz (50–100g) nettles per
13⁄4 pints (1 liter) of water.

232
 Melons MAKING A HILL
Make 6in (15cm) tall hills
from a 4:1:5 mixture of lightly
Cucumis melo packed topsoil, sand, and
compost. Space them 6–8ft
Although melons are warm-climate plants, you (1.8–2.5m) apart. Alternatively,
can still grow them in cooler climates—use hardy sink single pots or terra-cotta
pipe sections into growing
varieties and give them the best chance of ripening bags or beds.
by sowing seed early and keeping the plants warm
either in a greenhouse or outdoors in a poly house.
Cantaloupes (muskmelons) are most likely to succeed.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION Hand-pollinate each plant under cover once it
Full sun is vital; the long taproots need has four female flowers—one male flower will
moisture-retentive, humus-rich subsoil. Before pollinate four females. Mist 501 over plants at
sowing, dig in plenty of well-rotted manure or sunrise after flowering and pinch sideshoots to
biodynamic compost, under a descending moon. 2–3 leaves to keep the plants airy. Stop watering
Weed the bed with a couple of passes two weeks as the melons swell and pinch off any really
apart and spray a 7:3 mixture of horn manure small fruit so that the largest ones ripen fully.
500 and stinging nettle liquid manure, over it PROVIDING SUPPORT
once in the afternoon to keep the soil friable. HARVESTING AND STORING Melons ripen better if trained up
Melons are ripe when the skin is soft and trellis rather than over soil, but
SOWING AND PLANTING plump, and fruit comes off as you twist and pull they are heavy, so need support.
In warm climates, sow in late spring the stalk gently. Muskmelons also smell musky.
under an ascending moon, ideally at opposition Eat them fresh or freeze as melon sorbet.
to Saturn. Soak seeds in BC for an hour before
sowing sideways into well-drained hills (see right), TROUBLESHOOTING
to speed germination and avoid stems rotting at Melons suffer if overwatered, underfed,
the bases. Sow six seeds per hill; thin to 3–4 or exposed to cold. Keep the plants
seedlings. In cool regions, sow indoors at tidy by pinching back sideshoots.
70–75ºF (21–24ºC), singly in biodegradable pots,
in mid-spring. Spray valerian 507 on the soil in
Collecting seeds

FRUIT DAYS CRANBERRIES • MELONS

the evening and cover to warm it before planting.
Plant seedlings, removing pot bases, two weeks • Melon seeds can be scooped
after the last frost; keep at 61ºF (16ºC) or more. out from healthy, disease-free,
ripe fruit after harvesting them
Raise melons off the soil to stop them
ROUTINE CARE for eating.
from rotting: an upturned pot is ideal.
• Rub the seeds in sand or ash
Mulch with compost or straw in warm first to make cleaning off the
climates to keep the soil moist and obtain the pulp easier, then rinse the
seeds well in running water.
most benefit from twice-weekly watering. Use
• Dry the seeds and store in
tepid, not cold, water to avoid checks in growth. labeled paper envelopes. They
Feed by watering the soil or foliage with kelp, will last for several years.
comfrey, or stinging nettle liquid manure.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Sow
Harvest
Time to harvest: 12 WEEKS • Sow batches of seed or plant out seedlings 6–8ft (1.8–2.5m) apart

Rotation information: ROTATION GROUP 4 • HEAVY FEEDERS Support melons on trellis with slings,
to prevent falling and bruising.

233
 Apples APPLE BUDS
Spray Equisetum arvense 508 and
fresh teas of chamomile, stinging
Malus domestica nettle, dandelion, oak bark, or
yarrow, on buds from bud burst
Apples are the most widely grown hardy fruit onward, to increase the tree’s
resistance to pests and fungal
in the world. They come in a huge variety of
diseases. Apply at a time of high
textures and tastes and are delicious eaten raw humidity or in the days leading
or cooked. You can train them all sorts of ways, up to a full or perigee moon.
from large trees to fans or single-stemmed cordons.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING AND STORING

Choose a sunny, airy, but sheltered site. Eat early season apples soon after
Apples prefer well-drained, clay-loam soil that is harvest. Midseason apples keep for up to eight
neutral or slightly alkaline. Well before planting, weeks; late-season ones last over winter. Store
clear all weeds in several passes, spraying barrel them in slatted flats in a cool, dry place.
compost after each weeding, under a descending .
moon in the evening, for healthy soil. Spray horn TROUBLESHOOTING
manure 500 in the evening at the last descending Most apple trees need another tree
moon before planting to settle the soil. nearby that flowers at the same time to pollinate
it. Plant several trees or choose one to flower at
SOWING AND PLANTING the same time as a neighbor’s tree.
Plant trees when dormant, between late
fall and early spring, under a descending moon,
ideally at moon–opposition Saturn. Pruning apples
• Prune in early spring when the plant is pushing COMPANION PLANTS
ROUTINE CARE sap out, rather than sucking in potentially harmful Wildflower meadows around
Spray BC in late afternoon at spring organisms. The best time to do this is when the apple trees will encourage
moon is ascending, ideally on a fruit day.
equinox on the trunk and soil to ward off • Remove damaged, congested,
beneficial insects, but keep
fungal diseases. Spray horn silica 501 or unproductive growth. the soil under the trees free
in the early morning over treetops, • On spur-bearing apple of weeds and perennial
either side of flowering, to boost trees, which produce fruit grasses. Spray the area with
on short sideshoots from
growth. If heavy crops set, thin branches at least two horn manure 500 in the
clusters after the June drop (see years old, lightly afternoon and horn silica
facing page). Cut out the central shorten the current 501 in the morning.
year’s growth on the
fruit and any damaged ones. main branches, reducing
Thin again at midsummer to weak stems by up to half.
Cut back sideshoots on
leave one fruit per cluster. Apply what remains to 4–6 buds.
tree paste in mid-fall. Spray 500 under • For tip-bearing apples, which bear fruit
the tree in late afternoon at fall equinox at the ends of stems produced the previous
for healthy roots. year, cut back a few of the older stems.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Prune
Harvest
Time to harvest: 14–20 WEEKS AFTER FLOWERING • Plant 2 1 ⁄ 2 –32ft (0.75–10.5m) apart, depending on type and variety

Rotation information: NOT ROTATED • MEDIUM FEEDERS

234
 Pears THINNING FRUITLETS
Thin out any substandard
fruitlets in the month after they
Pyrus communis form, especially any that are
unusually small or in some way
The pear is often called the queen of fruit, damaged. Thinning allows the
best fruit to mature to full size
owing to its shapely form and refined taste. and lets in more air and light,
Pears are juicier and less tart than apples and needed for healthy ripening.
have a distinctive, gritty texture. The trees grow
much like apples, but are vulnerable to frost as they flower earlier.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION picking. The main season is from early fall
Pears need sun, warmth, and shelter. The to late winter: harvest unblemished, slightly
best soil is slightly acidic (pH6.5). Avoid heavy unripe fruit to ripen indoors and for storing.
soil that warms up slowly in early spring. Weed Pears keep for up to three months, if stored in
and prepare the soil as for apples (see facing page). cool, dry conditions—slatted boxes aid airflow.

SOWING AND PLANTING TROUBLESHOOTING

Dwarf and semidwarf varieties, often For consistent fruiting, plant at least two
grown as cordons, are most suited to gardens. trees that flower at the same time. If growth is
Plant under a descending moon, when trees are poor, spray comfrey or kelp liquid manure
dormant: dig a hole wider than it is deep; spread before flowering and after fruit set to prevent
the roots downward from the trunk; backfill with mineral deficiencies. Spray stinging nettle and
mature biodynamic compost and good soil. chamomile teas alternately, twice each season
on the leaves to prevent stress. If the site is
ROUTINE CARE prone to spring frost, protect the trees CLEARING FALLEN FRUIT
Spray horn manure 500, in the with garden fabric during flowering. Pears (and apples) naturally
afternoon under a descending moon, drop fruitlets in early summer,
in spring and fall after routine weeding but be diligent about collecting
to restore the soil. Spray Equisetum Pruning pears and composting them to avoid
arvense 508 as a tea over the whole • The best time to prune is on a fruit day attracting flies, wasps, and
tree before flowering to prevent fungal under an ascending moon. disease-causing organisms.
diseases. Spray horn silica 501 above • In early summer, shorten side stems
and fruit-bearing sideshoots (spurs)
the tree, in the very early morning and cut out nonfruiting sideshoots.
at an ascending moon, after fruit set • Prune hard in winter to keep the

FRUIT DAYS APPLES • PEARS

and again in the weeks leading up tree open to light and air: remove
to harvest, for ripeness and flavor. crossing, congested, and a few older
stems. Cut back strongly upright
stems to shape. Thin congested spurs.
HARVESTING AND STORING
Apply tree paste in fall on summer-
Eat the ripe fruit of summer cropping trees before pruning; apply
it on later varieties after pruning.
varieties in midsummer, soon after

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Prune
Harvest
Time to harvest: 16–20 WEEKS AFTER FLOWERING • Plant 30in (75cm) to 20ft (6m) apart, depending on type and variety

Rotation information: NOT ROTATED • MEDIUM FEEDERS

235
 Sweet
Prunus avium
cherries CROSS-POLLINATION
Two sweet cherries of the same
variety may not be enough for
cross-pollination, even if they
flower together. Ask your nursery
Grown as large trees or as fans on a sun-drenched wall, juicy for advice on combinations that
sweet cherries are plucked and enjoyed straight from the tree. To crop produce the best crops. A frost-
well, most need at least one partner for essential cross-pollination; if you free spring and a healthy bee
population ensure a good harvest.
have limited space, choose a self-pollinating type. Birds will feast on sweet
cherries, so use nets or accept that most trees will produce enough to share.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION 501 and valerian 507 in a single spray and aim it
Choose a sheltered, frost-free site with up into the air around and on the trees at first light.
deep soil and plenty of sun. Spray the planting
area with horn manure 500, then dig a deep HARVESTING AND STORING
planting hole and fill with an equal mix of rich Pick the cherries in midsummer on fruit
biodynamic garden compost and soil that has days with an ascending moon. Snip the fruit from
been lightly sprinkled with handfuls of coarse the branch, leaving a piece of stalk to harden over
sand and pebbles. and protect the tree. Eat within a few days.

SOWING AND PLANTING TROUBLESHOOTING

Plant when trees are dormant in late Spray horn silica 501 after harvest
fall or in very early spring when the moon is and at least a month
descending. Space trees that will grow to full size before fall equinox during
23ft (7m) apart and those on dwarfing rootstocks the afternoon to “put the
for fan training 8–9ft (2.5–2.7m) apart. Apply a tree to sleep.” Brush tree Pruning sweet cherries
fine spray of tree paste to roots before planting. paste on the uncleaned • Prune under a descending moon in warm, dry spells in
trunk in late fall. summer to reduce risk of silver leaf, a fungal disease that
ROUTINE CARE infects pruning cuts and destroys leaves and branches.
• In the first two years,
Keep the ground fertile and moist prune single trees to
with a light compost mulch and applications create an open-centered
of horn manure 500 at the spring equinox, and crown with a balanced
framework of branches.
at the next descending moon period. Spray
• After two years, prune
comfrey liquid manure just before or after only to remove damaged
flowering for consistent cropping. Cold snaps or diseased wood—
in spring can decimate the crop. The evening nothing further because
cherries fruit on old wood.
before frost is forecast apply valerian 507 up • On fans, cut back
to the height of the trunk—do not spray the branches that are
emerging blossoms. In a wet spring when the unproductive and tie in
vigorous replacements.
risk of fungus disease is high, mix horn silica

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Prune
Harvest
Time to harvest: 10–14 WEEKS AFTER FLOWERING • Plant trees 8ft (2.5m) apart, depending on rootstock and type

Rotation information: NOT ROTATED • MEDIUM FEEDER

236
 Tart cherries
Prunus cerasus
TREE PASTE
After harvesting tart cherries,
brush the trunk of the tree
with tree paste (see pp.132–135).
The best time to apply tree
Robust tart or sour cherries are generally easy to paste is under a descending
grow and well suited to a small garden, especially moon, during the afternoon,
the dwarf varieties. The fruit is challengingly tart ideally on a fruit day.
when eaten by itself, but its taste is transformed
when it is cooked or baked to create wonderful
jams, pies, cobblers, and sauces.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION TROUBLESHOOTING

Tart cherries need a free-draining, Spray chive infusion (see p.31) and nettle
moderately fertile soil with sufficient depth tea (see p.38) from bud burst—more than once, if
for the tree to put down a strong root system. necessary—to prevent cherry blackfly aphids
These trees will tolerate a site with part sun. from causing leaf curl early in the growing
season. Aphids may be a sign of overly compact
SOWING AND PLANTING soil, or soil that has become too dry if the trees
Plant when there is a descending moon are being trained next to a wall. Scrape away as
on fruit or root days, spacing these slow-growing much dry, leeched soil as possible and spray
and compact trees 15–18ft (4.5–5.5m) apart. stinging nettle manure or horn manure 500—
They can also be grown as bushes or as fans or both. Repair the area with a compost and
against a wall. Although most trees are self- topsoil mix and mulch with hay or straw.
pollinating, the crop will be more reliable
if more than one tree is planted.
Pruning tart cherries
ROUTINE CARE CHERRY PICKING
• Prune in the early years in spring and summer,
Enrich the soil with a light compost Use scissors to snip the fruit

FRUIT DAYS SWEET CHERRIES • TART CHERRIES

during an ascending moon, to let
mulch and applications of horn manure light and air into the center of the from the tree, leaving a tiny
tree. Cut back unruly growth on
500 at the spring equinox, and at the fans and train in new vigorous piece of stalk, which will harden
next descending moon period. Tart new growth. over to protect the branch
cherries need to be pruned to • In subsequent years thin through winter. Leaving the
out woody side branches or
produce fruit regularly. Netting spurs growing off the main stalks attached to the cherries
these short trees will keep birds branches, leaving those until you are ready to use them
from the crop. growing directly from the will allow them to age and
central trunk. Thin under
an ascending moon in spring mature for a few more days
HARVESTING AND STORING or summer. before cooking.
Pick tart cherries in dry weather • After harvesting, shorten
overlong branches, retaining most
in late summer and early fall, on fruit of the new growth for fruiting the
days when the moon is ascending. following year.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Prune
Harvest
Time to harvest: 10–12 WEEKS AFTER FLOWERING • Plant trees 15–18ft (4.5–5.5m) apart, depending on rootstock

Rotation information: NOT ROTATED • MEDIUM FEEDER

237
 Plums USING TEAS
Plums and gages benefit from
sprays of strengthening dandelion
gages and damsons tea after bud burst; cleansing
yarrow tea as leaves form;
Prunus domestica, P. insititia boosting stinging nettle tea as
buds form; and stress-relieving
chamomile tea after fruit has set.
These related fruits vary in size, color, and taste.
Plums and gages are delicious fresh, or cooked, while
smaller, tarter damsons are at their best puréed, baked,
or preserved. Not all plums and gages are self-pollinating, so choose plants
that flower together, or match your choice to trees in neighboring yards.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING AND STORING

An ideal site has well-drained soil and Plums and gages ripen from late
shelter from wind and cold during flowering. summer to early fall; damsons ripen in early fall.
Greengages are the most frost-sensitive; damsons Harvest on fruit days with an ascending moon.
the least. Damsons are also self-pollinating, which
is useful if there is space for only one tree. TROUBLESHOOTING
Trees trained lower to fans or cordons are more Rub flaky bark off gently by hand (not Spray horseradish tea during April,
May, and again in late August to
space-efficient and easier to protect. with a wire brush) in late fall during the afternoon prevent against fungal brown rot.
and cut out stems showing signs of dieback. Then
SOWING AND PLANTING apply tree paste as a general strengthener and
Plant the trees when they are dormant protector, working under a descending moon,
and the soil is workable between late fall and late and ideally on a fruit day.
winter under a descending moon, ideally at
moon–opposition Saturn, on a fruit or root day.
Dig a deep hole and backfill it with a mix Pruning plums
of good soil, well-rotted biodynamic • Hold back from pruning for the
compost, and finely chopped first three years to build reserves
comfrey leaves. Firm gently but in the trunk and main shoots.
• Prune older trees in warm,
avoid creating a hard surface. dry periods, in spring under
an ascending moon, just as
ROUTINE CARE growth is starting.
Spray horn manure 500 at fall • When the shape is established, Try an early evening spray of comfrey
remove congested or crossing liquid manure on the underside of the
equinox to stimulate the roots, and BC at spring stems, or branches that have died leaves before and after flowering.
equinox to clean up any disease pathogens in the back within the crown to maintain
top soil. Use a series of tea sprays following bud an open framework of branches.
• On fans, remove awkwardly growing
burst (see right). Thin young, overcrowded fruit, older stems and tie in vigorous
and support low stems heavy with fruit to new growth.
keep them from splitting away from the trunk.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Prune
Harvest
Time to harvest: 14–16 WEEKS AFTER FLOWERING • Plant trees at least 8ft (2.5m) apart, depending on rootstock and type

Rotation information: NOT ROTATED • MEDIUM FEEDERS Apply a chamomile spray for trees
in fruit to help destress them.

238
 Peaches BUD BURST
Both peaches and nectarines
are self-pollinating, but because
and nectarines they bloom early in spring when
the weather is usually cool,
Prunus persica there are few pollinating insects
around to do the job. Hand-
pollinate the flowers with a soft
Velvety peaches and smooth-skinned
paintbrush, and protect the
nectarines have a taste beyond compare when blossoms from frost
freshly picked from the garden. Peach trees can to maximize the crop.
be grown as bushes or fans, while nectarines are best grown as fans—
they are less hardy and need a little more warmth.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION width apart. In early fall an afternoon spray
The ideal soil is a light, well-drained but of horn silica 501 will seal the plant and
moisture-retentive, sandy or rocky loam that is send sugars to feed the roots in winter.
slightly acidic. Before planting, fork the soil over,
incorporating plenty of mature biodynamic HARVESTING AND STORING

FRUIT DAYS PLUMS, GAGES, AND DAMSONS • PEACHES AND NECTARINES

compost, then spray horn manure 500 a week Pick peaches and nectarines under an
later; do both tasks under a descending moon. ascending moon, ideally on fruit days, when the
The trees need cold winters to go into dormancy ripe fruit can be twisted easily from the stems.
but appreciate the shelter of a sunny wall or
fence to protect them from wind. TROUBLESHOOTING TANSY
Nectarines split if they lack water when Discourage fruit tree moths
SOWING AND PLANTING the fruit are starting to swell. Net ripening fruit from laying their eggs on your
When the moon is descending, to protect it from birds and squirrels. peach trees by siting a potted
plant the trees while they are tansy plant around each one,
dormant, from mid- to late or spray them with tansy tea
fall, or in early spring before Pruning early in the season. Before or
they start to come out of peaches after the trees bloom, feed them
winter hibernation. during an ascending moon on
• Prune trees within
a couple of weeks of fruit days, with a spray of liquid
ROUTINE CARE harvest or in early manures made from comfrey
Just before bud burst spring, during a or kelp.
descending moon
spray the soil with stinging period. Avoid cold spells.
nettle liquid manure, preferably on a fruit day. • Fruit appears on shoots grown in the
After bud burst spray the soil again, this time previous season, so prune to replace
fruited wood with plenty of new, young
with BC. Redress with fresh compost if wood and to maintain the shape of fans.
necessary. Keep watering, especially just • Paint the trees thoroughly with tree
before fruiting, and mulch, keeping the paste after pruning to enliven and
trunk clear. Thin tiny set fruit a hand’s protect the bark.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Prune
Harvest
Time to harvest: 16–20 WEEKS AFTER FLOWERING • Plant 14–16ft (4–5m) apart, according to rootstock and type

Rotation information: NOT ROTATED • MEDIUM FEEDERS

239
 Apricots FROM FLOWER TO FRUIT
Apricots flower very early in
spring; when in cool climates few
Prunus armeniaca insects are about. Train the tree
as a fan or a bush, so you can
protect its blooms from spring
You can grow apricots even in temperate regions: frost and hand-pollinate them.
treat them right and they will reward you with
juicy, sweet, fragrant fruit that cannot be matched
by store-bought fruit. The blossoms are pretty, too.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION 500, in the late afternoon under a descending
Apricots need a sunny site that is shielded moon before flowering, and horn silica 501, in the
from cold winds and away from frost pockets. very early morning under an ascending moon,
They prefer well-drained, gravelly or sandy loam over the top of the tree before and after flowering.
with a neutral pH. Before planting, dig in plenty
of biodynamic compost, at the start of a 13-day HARVESTING AND STORING
descending moon period, then spray the site with The fruit usually ripens in late summer.
horn manure 500 in the evening a week or so Eat or preserve bruised fruit immediately.
later. Root days, fruit days, and cloudy, overcast Healthy fruit should keep for a week to ten days.
days are best for this. Then, if possible, plant As soon as the flower buds open, lightly
before the end of that descending moon period. TROUBLESHOOTING brush them to aid pollination, if needed.
To avoid rot, thin heavy crops, but only
SOWING AND PLANTING after fruit starts to swell. Prevent mites by again
Apricots can self-pollinate, so you need cleaning off flaky bark and sealing with pruning
only one tree for a crop. Plant a one-year-old tree paste, on frost-free days at a descending moon.
when it is dormant, in fall or spring, or in winter
if the weather is unusually mild, at the start of a
descending moon. Carefully clean the trunk and Pruning an apricot
branches of any flaky bark. Spray or dip the root • Prune wall-trained trees in spring at the start
ball in BC when planting the tree, but without of an ascending moon. At this time the roots will
have absorbed sugars from the previous season
washing all the soil off its roots, to help the roots and rising sap will repel disease organisms from
establish in the soil. Prune the the pruning cuts. Prune
bush apricots only
tree as soon as it is planted if necessary.
to shape it into a wall-trained • Do not prune in wet
or bush form. Then paint the weather because it Fabric protects apricots from spring
cleaned trunk and pruned encourages silver leaf frost, but blocks out pollinating insects.
disease and canker.
wood with pruning paste
• Aim to retain 3–4 main
(see pp.132–135). stems with an airy, open
center on bushes. On
ROUTINE CARE fans, cut back fruited shoots to new growth.
• In summer, remove any leafy growth
Mulch with fresh compost after shading the fruit and thin fruit, if needed.
pruning to feed the soil. Spray horn manure

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Prune
Harvest
Time to harvest: 14–18 WEEKS AFTER FLOWERING • Plant bush forms 11–18ft (3.5–5.5m) apart and fans 15ft (5m) apart

Rotation information: NOT ROTATED • LIGHT FEEDERS A fruit is ripe when a rich gold and it
falls off with a half-twist of its stalk.

240
 Figs R IPENING FRUIT
Ripe figs are soft, with soft,
Ficus carica droopy stems, and a powdery
bloom on the skins. In cool
climates, remove any tiny, hard
As well as fruit with green or deep purple
fruit once the figs ripen: leave
skins and vibrant deep pink flesh, figs have them to produce a second crop
handsome foliage. They make lovely garden in warmer regions. Fruit that
plants both grown as standards, or against a wall. forms at the end of the season
will produce next year’s crop.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION top off in early summer to keep the soil moist
Figs need very well-drained soil and and help it to retain nutrients.
warm sun. In cool climates, you may need to
train them on a wall or fence and protect them in HARVESTING AND STORING
winter with fabric. Growing figs in the ground in Ripe figs (see right) are rich in fiber and
cooler, wetter conditions can result in too much calcium: eat them fresh, as jam, or dry in the sun
growth and little fruit. To avoid it, confine the and store on trays covered with netting to keep
roots (see right) or grow figs in large pots in a wasps off. Turn them every day for a week or so.
sunny, sheltered site and move them into cool,
frost-free conditions over winter. Grow figs in TROUBLESHOOTING
light, sandy soil mixed with well-rotted compost. Spray young trees with 501 at leaf fall in
the afternoon, then with a diluted pruning paste,
SOWING AND PLANTING to help sap flow to the leaves, fruit, and roots.
Plant one-year-old trees after the last Check the roots of garden trees have not
frost so that they have the summer to establish. escaped their enclosures every couple of years;
Plant on a descending moon day, avoiding nodes. chop back with a spade or replant, if necessary.

ROUTINE CARE
Spray figs in pots soon after placing Pruning figs CONFINING THE ROOTS
them outdoors in spring, with horn manure • Prune in summer under an ascending moon. Plant figs in a pit to restrict the
500 mixed with stinging nettle tea; spray Wear gloves since the sap can irritate. roots and keep them fruiting.
.• Open up the center of the
the plant and compost for steady, not- tree by light pruning,
Make the pit about 3ft (90cm)
too-rapid, growth. On all figs, removing any old or square and line the sides with
alternate applying leftover obviously weak canes paving stones or drainage tiles.
and dead, diseased, or
chamomile and Equisetum damaged growth. If planting against a wall, leave

FRUIT DAYS APRICOTS • FIGS

arvense 508 fresh teas, for overall • For wall-trained figs, a gap the length of your hand
health, with kelp and comfrey follow the same principle and train the plant onto
liquid manures as feed. Mist the and shorten overvigorous or horizontal wires or netting.
badly placed stems. Tie in new
tree with horn silica 501, at sunrise shoots to the supports.
before summer solstice, to boost next • Cut back any leafy growth that
year’s buds, and again before fall equinox shades the swelling figs.
for ripening. Mulch in fall against winter cold;

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Prune
Harvest
Time to harvest: 32–40 WEEKS AFTER FLOWERING • Plant 12–15ft (4–5m) apart

Rotation information: NOT ROTATED • LIGHT FEEDERS

241
 Citrus fruits TYPES OF CITRUS
The citrus species include many
types of delicious fruit, for
lemons, oranges, & limes example kumquats, mandarins,
and oranges. Unlike most cool-
Citrus species climate fruit trees, they flower
and fruit at the same time.

Citrus fruit originate from the subtropical climates of Asia

and are evergreen. Grow these trees in cooler climates in
large containers so that you can move
them under cover and away from fatal
frost—they do make wonderfully
ornamental plants for the patio and porch.
Kumquat
SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION HARVESTING
Citrus fruit need an open, sunny site and AND STORING
shelter from strong winds. A slightly acidic, sandy Citrus fruit can generally be left on the tree until
loam (pH 6), which warms quickly and drains well needed. Pick only when the weather is dry. They
but retains nutrients, is best. For pots, use a 3:2:1 store well if kept at 45–48°F (7–9°C).
mix of good soil, mature compost, and grit sand. The commonest lemon is Citrus limon,
TROUBLESHOOTING but there are other species and hybrids.
SOWING AND PLANTING Poor, dry soils encourage mites, but avoid
Citrus fruits self-pollinate, so you need overwatering and overfeeding. If it is humid,
only one tree for a crop. Plant container-grown spray fresh Equisetum arvense 508 tea on all green
trees in spring and bare-root trees at any time, parts of the tree to ward off fungal diseases.
under a descending moon. Spray the planting hole
and tree roots with BC. Water well after planting.
Pruning citrus fruit
ROUTINE CARE
• On planting, cut off any suckers growing from
Between bud burst and flowering, spray the base, taking care not to damage the bark.
foliage and trunks with stinging nettle or • Prune the tree just before bud burst
under a descending moon. Make as few
kelp liquid manure to boost shoot cuts as possible: remove dead and
growth. Spray 501 in the morning diseased wood, as well as any water
over plant tops just before flowering shoots crowding the tree. Prune
out branches growing too close
to improve fruit taste and for to the soil; they restrict airflow, Limes such as C. x aurantiifolia may
successful flowering next year. drain the tree of energy, and later have green or greenish-yellow fruit.
After flowering, spray with comfrey may be difficult to remove
without killing the tree.
at any time to help form the leaves
• After pruning, on the same day,
that plants need to ripen fruit. Water spray the woody parts with diluted
with rainwater after spraying. Every pruning paste (see pp.132–135).
3–4 years, renew the compost in pots. • Thin any overcrowded fruit.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Prune
Harvest
Time to harvest: 9–11 MONTHS AFTER FLOWERING • Plant 15–30ft (5–10m) apart, depending on variety

Rotation information: NOT ROTATED • HEAVY FEEDERS The flesh of grapefruit may be colored
yellow, pink, or red.

242
 Grapevines GROWING TIPS
Overcrowding and
overshading of bunches reduces
Vitis species light and airflow, leading to
smaller fruit and problems such
as mildew or pests. To avoid
Be sure to choose the type of vine you
this, thin embryonic bunches
grow according to whether you want to eat grapes fresh or to one per sideshoot on
make jam or wine. Table grapes often make flavorless dessert vines or one every
wines, but grapes for preserving make wine that 12in (30cm) on wine vines.
tastes oddly “foxy,” and wine grapes are
generally not juicy enough for eating.

SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION before or after flowering to keep your plants well
Vines need sun and a well-drained soil fed and vigorous.
that warms quickly to fruit and ripen well. Good
airflow keeps disease at bay and aids ripening, HARVESTING AND STORING
so train on walls, pergolas, or posts and wire. Cut bunches under an ascending moon.
Process wine grapes as soon as they are picked.
SOWING AND PLANTING
Dig lots of mature biodynamic compost TROUBLESHOOTING
into the planting hole and loosen compacted soil Net against birds, if needed. Pests and
when planting, under a descending moon. crowding cause vinegar-scented bunches and Thin the grapes within each new
split, windblown fruits attract vinegar flies: bunch, snipping out about one third.
ROUTINE CARE remove any affected bunches promptly.
Spray soil in fall with horn manure 500
and BC in spring to encourage strong rooting COMPANION PLANTING
and overall soil health. Spray horn silica 501, Pruning grapevines In the 19th century, roses
before or after flowering, into the air over the • In late winter or early spring, cut back the were planted at the ends of
plants to aid ripeness and flavor, and again in leader to keep it to size and encourage more grapevine rows. Roses fall
sideshoots to form. Grape trusses form from
late summer if ripening is slow. Apply Equisetum nodes left on last year’s wood, so prune the rest victim to powdery mildew

FRUIT DAYS CITRUS FRUITS • GRAPEVINES

arvense 508 tea, oak bark of the vine to ensure a balance of energy-rich earlier in the season than
fruit and energy-collecting shoots and leaves.
decoction, or yarrow tea grapevines, so the roses
• Cut off any suckers
on the foliage in the growing from the base. provided an early warning
morning, between spring Paint larger pruning system for the disease,
and summer, to improve wounds with pruning allowing growers to take
paste (see pp.132–135).
plant health. Spray action to save the harvest.
• In early summer,
stinging nettle or remove lateral or water Today, roses in vineyards
chamomile tea to prevent shoots around the young are purely decorative.
grape bunches to aid airflow.
heat stress. Use comfrey
• In late summer, pinch out some leafy
or kelp liquid manures on shoots to increase light and airflow
foliage, in the evening, just around the developing fruit.

SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER

Plant
Prune
Harvest
Time to harvest: 14–18 WEEKS AFTER FLOWERING • Plant 3ft (90cm) apart

Rotation information: NOT ROTATED • LIGHT FEEDERS

243
Biodynamic prep calendar
EARLY MID- LATE EARLY MID-
SPRING SPRING SPRING SUMMER SUMMER

500
Biodynamic sprays

Excavate the horns buried in fall

Horn manure
Dynamize for 1 hour and apply to soil in large droplets toward the end of the day

Fill horns with silica, and bury

501
Horn silica Dynamize for 1 hour and mist the atmosphere above crops—usually early in the morning

Collect and dry Equisetum arvense

508 Equisetum
arvense Dilute fresh tea or liquid manure, dynamize for 10–20 minutes, and apply to soil or plants

Collect and dry

yarrow flowers
502 Fill bladder and hang for summer
Yarrow
Excavate bladder buried in fall

Collect and dry chamomile flowers

503
Biodynamic compost preps

Chamomile Excavate intestine buried in fall

Collect and bury nettles

504
Nettle

505
Oak bark Excavate skulls buried in fall

Collect and dry dandelion flowers

506
Dandelion Excavate mesentery buried in fall

Pick, and infuse or juice

507 valerian flowers
Valerian Dynamize for 10–20 minutes; spray fruit blossoms or soil to guard against frost

Make at any time; dynamize for 10–20 minutes and apply in large droplets toward
BC the end of the day on soil or beds where no biodynamic compost was spread
Your at-a-glance guide shows when to make and apply
the biodynamic sprays and the six compost preps.

LATE EARLY MID- LATE EARLY MID- LATE

SUMMER FALL FALL FALL WINTER WINTER WINTER

Fill horns with manure and bury

Excavate the horns buried in spring

Apply when making new compost heaps,

Take down bladder and bury
or when turning compost

BIODYNAMIC GARDEN PLANNER PREP CALENDAR

Fill intestine and bury
Apply when making new compost heaps,
or when turning compost

Apply when making new compost heaps,

or when turning compost
Excavate nettles after 12–15 months

Collect oak bark, fill skulls, and bury

Apply when making new compost heaps,
or when turning compost

Fill mesentery and bury

Apply when making new compost heaps,
or when turning compost

Dynamize for 10–20 minutes; apply when making

new compost heaps, or when turning compost

245
 Resources
Demeter certification mark that is carried by www.biodynamic.org.nz
Organizations accredited biodynamic produce (food, health This New Zealand association offers
Biodynamic organizations offer and hygiene products, clothes). Demeter certification for farmers, and its
members resources to make or buy website has information on growing various
preparations, as well as education Biodynamic Association UK crops using biodynamic methods.
and certification. Painswick Inn Project
Gloucester Street
Stroud, AFRICA
NORTH AMERICA Gloucestershire Biodynamic Agricultural Association
Demeter Association, Inc. GL5 1QG of Southern Africa
P.O. Box 1390 United Kingdom Spier Wine Estate
Philomath, OR 97370 www.biodynamic.org.uk Stellenbosch 7603
www.demeter-usa.org In charge of Demeter biodynamic South Africa
In charge of Demeter Biodynamic certification in the UK and Ireland. Can www.bdaasa.org.za
certification in the US. Educates farmers, provide details of local biodynamic farms This organization is having real success at
processors, and consumers on the basic and gardens. Publishes the Star & Furrow promoting biodynamic farming, gardening,
principles of Biodynamic agriculture as journal for members. and education in southern Africa.
outlined in the Demeter Farm and
Processing Standard. Can provide details Biodynamie Services
of local Biodynamic farms and gardens. Les Crêts Further Reading
Protects the integrity of Biodynamic 71250 Château The Barefoot Farmer
agriculture, and the products that France Jeff Poppen (USA, 2001)
will result, in the US marketplace. www.biodynamie-services.fr Down-to-earth tips written in an amusing,
Source of biodynamic preparations accessible style by Jeff Poppen, an
Biodynamic Association in France. experienced professional Biodynamic farmer
661 N. Water Street, Suite 307 and gardener based in Tennessee.
Milwaukee, WI 53202 (www.barefootfarmer.org)
www.biodynamics.com AUSTRALIA &
Association of Biodynamic farmers and NEW ZEALAND The Biodynamic Farm
growers in the US. Its website provides Bio-Dynamic Research Institute Herbert Koepf (USA, 1989)
details of local Biodynamic groups across (BDRI) An agronomic text providing a practical
the US and Canada. Publishes the quarterly C/o Post Office view of developing a Biodynamic farm
journal Biodynamics. Powelltown system. Provides an array of research data
Victoria 3797 as well as many helpful details on the core
Josephine Porter Institute for Applied Australia elements of Biodynamic agriculture.
Bio-Dynamics www.demeter.org.au
201 East Main Street, Suite 14 In charge of Demeter certification Bio-Dynamic Gardening
Floyd, VA 24091 in Australia. John Soper, revised by Barbara Saunders-
www.jpibiodynamics.org Davis and K Castelliz (Souvenir Press)
Source of Biodynamic preparations in Biodynamic Agriculture Australia Written from an English garden perspective,
the US. Publishes a newsletter called PO Box 54 this book contains many tips that can be
Applied Biodynamics for members. Bellingen, NSW 2454 applied to almost any garden worldwide.
Australia
www.biodynamics.net.au The Biodynamic Spray and Compost
EUROPE Biodynamic farming and gardening Preparations Production Methods,
Demeter-International e.V. association. Sells biodynamic preparations. Booklet 1
Brandschneise 1 C. von Wistinghausen, W. Scheibe,
64295 Darmstadt Bio Dynamic Farming and Gardening E. von Wistinghausen, and U. König
Germany Association (Biodynamic Agricultural Association UK)
www.demeter.net P.O. Box 39045 Contains directions and illustrations
The global umbrella body for the biodynamic Wellington explaining the biodynamic preparations.
movement worldwide. Supervises the New Zealand

246
Biodynamics: Three Nine Lectures on Bees Weeds and What They Tell
Introductory Articles Rudolf Steiner, trans. by Marna Pease and Ehrenfried Pfeiffer (Biodynamic Farming
Ehrenfried Pfeiffer Carl Alexander Mier & Gardening Association USA)
(Biodynamic Farming and Gardening (St. George Publications) Weeds are messengers and this booklet
Association USA) Bees are in crisis. These lectures, written in explains what message they are sending
A useful primer for the Agriculture course 1923 by the founder of biodynamics, gardeners about the health—or otherwise—
by Rudolf Steiner. predicted a crisis would happen “80 years of their soils.
hence” (i.e., around now), and explain why
The Biodynamic Treatment of Fruit our relationship with bees is so fundamental What is Biodynamics?
Trees, Berries and Shrubs to us as living, sentient beings. Hugh Courtney (Steiner Books USA)
Ehrenfried Pfeiffer Valuable biodynamic insights from Hugh
(Biodynamic Farming and Gardening Grow a Garden and be Courtney, who made the biodynamic
Association USA) Self-sufficient preparations when running the Josephine
Useful tips for preparing the ground for Ehrenfried Pfeiffer (USA, 1942) Porter Institute for Applied Bio-Dynamics
planting and maintaining fruit crops. Written for Americans in the postwar period, for over thirty years.
but as relevant today as it was then.
Companion Plants and How to
Use Them The Omnivore’s Dilemma Calendars
Helen Philbrick and Richard Gregg Michael Pollan (Penguin) Biodynamic Sowing and Planting
(USA, 1966) Pollan’s message of “Eat food. Not too much. Calendar (Matthias Thun)
Profiles of which plants are best friends— Mostly plants” makes sense and will make a Published annually in English, German,
and which are not. hard day’s digging in your biodynamic French, and Italian. Used worldwide, this
vegetable garden worthwhile. celestial calendar provides guidance of when
Grasp the Nettle to sow, plant, and transplant according to all
Peter Proctor with Gillian Cole Results from the Sowing and key celestial cycles.
(Random House New Zealand) Planting Calendar
New Zealander Peter Proctor has worked Maria Thun, trans. by G. Staudenmaier Lunar Organics
extensively in India, helping poor farmers to (Floris) www.lunarorganics.com
regenerate their soil using biodynamics. Practical research by the late Maria Thun, This UK-based company’s “Moon
Proctor is a big fan of timing planting to whose trials of sowing and planting crops by Gardening” wall chart can be used to plan
moon–opposition Saturn—in this book he lunar and celestial cycles provided the basis your gardening year according to the
explains why, along with his “brick pit prep.” for the celestial calendar (see Calendars) now celestial calendar.
written by her son, Matthias.
Monty Waldin’s Best Stella Natura
Biodynamic Wines Sensitive Chaos www.stellanatura.com
Monty Waldin (Floris Books) Theodor Schwenk, trans. by O. Whicher Annual sowing and planting calendar widely
Short profiles of the best Biodynamic and J. Weigley used in North America. Contains useful
wines worldwide, with explanations from (Rudolf Steiner Press) essays and stimulating insights on practical
winegrowers about how biodynamics An in-depth study of why some biodynamic and theoretical aspects of biodynamics.
works for them. preparations are stirred in water.
When Wine Tastes Best (Floris)
Monty Waldin’s Biodynamic Spiritual Foundations for the Renewal Also published in book form, this digital app
Wine-Growing: Theory & Practice of Agriculture advises whether it is a root, leaf, flower, or
Monty Waldin (www.lulu.com) Rudolf Steiner, trans. by C. Creeger and fruit day. Intended for wine lovers (fruit days
A how-to book for professional winegrowers M. Gardner (USA, 1993) are best for wine tasting), this app is also
RESOURCES

containing detailed explanations of the This book contains the reasoning behind useful for gardeners.
biodynamic preps. biodynamics as outlined by Dr. Rudolf
Steiner during his series of lectures in 1924
to concerned farmers. These have become
known as the Agriculture course.

247
 Index
A B B. rapa 168, 187, 188 cherries
Abelmoschus esculentus 223 barley 19, 142 family group 145 sweet cherries 236
absinthe 31 barrel compost preparation (BC) natural remedies 37 tart cherries 237
Achillea millefolium 30, 86–7 125 and pests 22 cherry blackfly aphids 237
aerating sprays 20, 60 making 60, 126–9 setting seed 27 chicory 183, 199, 200
alfalfa 19 using 130–31, 133, 134, 137 broad beans 142, 201, 213 chili peppers 220
Allium when to use 142, 244–5 broccoli 36, 38, 172, 177 Chinese broccoli 189
A. cepa 154, 155, 158 barrier planting 171 natural remedies 38 Chinese kale 189
A. fistulosum 159 basalt dust 126, 127, 128 sprouts 178 chives 25, 31, 167
A. porrum 157 basil 21 brown rot 29, 170 chlorine, removing from water
A. sativum 30, 156 beans 24, 27, 57, 142, 208 Brussels sprouts 24, 27, 36, 37, 20
A. schoenoprasum 31 broad beans 142, 201, 213 185 chocolate spot 213
family group 145 green beans 201, 212, 222 buckwheat 25 Cichorium
amphibians 23 lima beans 214 bud burst 132, 234, 239 C. endive 199
animals, domestic 23 runner beans 24, 201, 211, 222 buddleja 25 C. intybus 200, 202
ants 31 soybeans 214 bulbs 57, 174, 175 cilantro 25
aphids beds, raised 17 citrus fruits 242
black bean aphids 31, 213 bees 22, 23, 58, 59, 201 C tree paste 132
cherry blackfly aphids 237 beet, family group 145 cabbage 24, 27, 165, 175, 180, clay soil 15, 21
and elder liquid manure 36 beetles 23 184 climate 14–15
and garlic 24, 189 beets 153, 154, 162, 211 napa cabbage 187 clover 19, 142
and mint 33 Belgium chicory 200 natural remedies 36, 37, 38 clubroot 147
and nasturtiums 25, 178 bell peppers 220 cabbage flies 31 coconut fiber 120
and onions 154 bentonite 133, 134 cabbage white butterflies 25, 36, codling moths 30, 37, 132
woolly aphids 25 berries, hybrid 227 178 coffee grounds 35
Apium graveolens var. rapaceum Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla var. calcium 56, 102 coir 120
165 flavescens 186 Calendula officinalis 32, 154 cold extracts 37, 38
apogee moon 50–1, 174 B. v. subsp. vulgaris 162 liquid manure 136–7 cold frames 16
apple scab disease 32 Betula pendula 32 cambium 132 comfrey 37
apples 16, 32, 37, 206, 208, 234 bindweed 209 Cancer 180 compost tea 40–41
apricots 240 biodiversity 22–3 cantaloupe 233 liquid manure 29
Aquarius 172 biodynamics, history of 58–9 Capricornus 150 companion planting 24–5
Aries 206 birch 32 Capsicum annuum 220 asparagus and tomatoes
Armoracia rusticana 170 birch pit preparation 126 carrot rust flies 25, 31, 154, 158, 203
Artemisia absinthium 31 birds 22, 23, 178, 183, 225 167 brassicas 189
artichokes, globe 174, 179 black bean aphids 31, 213 carrots 16, 21, 25, 154, 158, 167 celeriac 165
arugula 24, 143, 182, 196 black currants 208, 229 catch cropping 24, 177 green onions 158
ascending moon periods 52–3, blackberries 208, 227 caterpillars 200 roses and grapevines 243
80, 209 blackflies 136, 213 cauliflower 36, 172, 176 sweet corn 222
flower days 174 blueberries 206 Cavolo Nero 193 wildflower meadows 234
fruit days 208 bok choy 38, 188 celeriac 165 compost 15, 38, 142, 143
leaf days 180, 182 bolting 21, 143, 196 celery 165, 176, 194 biodynamic compost heaps
root days 152 Botrytis 21, 30, 36 Chamaemelum nobile 94 122–5
ash and sand pepper 138 boysenberries 227 chamomile 32, 33, 59, 175 comfrey 37
ashing weeds 138–9 Brassica 25, 143, 147, 165, 170, 201 chamomile 503 compost prep making 18–19, 125
Asian greens 57 B. juncea 191 62, 65, 123, 127, 175 compost preparations 59,
asparagus beetle 203 B. napus 163 making 92–7 62–5
Asparagus officinalis 57, 182, 203 B. oleracea 176, 177, 178, 184, when to use 244–5 biodynamic prep calendar
Atriplex hortensis var. rubra 201 185, 189, 190, 193 chard, Swiss 162, 186 244–5

248
 chamomile 503 62, 65, 92–7, Cucumis how to make 82–4, 134 gherkins 216
123, 127, 175, 244–5 C. melo 233 when to use 57, 244–5 globe artichokes 172, 174, 179
dandelion 506 63, 65, 108–13, C. sativus 216 Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa Glycine max 214
123, 127, 175, 244–5 Cucurbita 196 gooseberries 228
enhancing liquid manures C. maxima 218 exposure 14 grapevines 32, 243
136–7 C. moschata 218 gray mold 21, 30, 36, 191
Equisetum arvense 508 57, 59, C. pepo 215, 217, 218 F green beans 201, 212, 222
63, 65, 82–4, 132, 133, 134, family group 145 F1 hybrid seeds 26 green manure 15, 19, 25
154, 156, 163, 182, 209, 226, cutworms 23, 200 fall 47, 142 green onions 158
244–5 Cynara scolymus 179 fall equinox 47 greenflies 136
horn manure 500 57, 60, 62, farming, history of biodynamic greenhouses 16
64, 66–73, 74, 80, 121, 132, D 58–9 ground sprays 41, 61, 72–3, 130
133, 134, 142, 143, 153, 183, daily rhythms 46–7 fennel, Florence 25, 183, 195
244–5 daisy fleabane 25 fertilizers 29, 37, 58 H
horn silica 501 57, 60, 61, 62, damsons 238 Ficus carica 241 habitats, creating 23
64, 74–5, 76–82, 121, 143, dandelion 506 compost prep 63, figs 241 heavy feeders 144
174, 183, 244–5 65, 123, 127, 175 flea beetles 25, 37, 163, 164, hedges 142, 180, 182, 183
oak bark 505 36, 59, 63, 65, making 108–13 178 Helianthus tuberosus 171
102–7, 123, 127, 142, 153, when to use 244–5 fleas 37 herbs 25, 57, 143, 174, 180
163, 191, 244–5 dandelions 15, 25, 38, 42, 59, flies 36 herb teas 28
stinging nettle 504 63, 65, 108–9, 175 Florence fennel 25, 183, 195 hills 233
98–101, 123, 127, 244–5 Daucus carota 167 flower days 54–5, 172, 174–5 horn manure 500 compost prep
storing 120–21 day 47 flowers 23 62, 64, 66–71, 74, 80, 142,
tree paste 132–5 decoctions 28, 29, 31, 36, 37, 38 drying 174, 175 143, 153, 183
using in barrel compost (BC) descending moon periods 52–3, flowforms 61 dynamizing 60
126–9 153, 183 Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum storage 71, 121
using in biodynamic compost flower days 174 195 tree paste 132, 133, 134
heaps 122–5 fruit days 208, 209 foliage, ornamental 183 using 72–3
valerian 507 60, 65, 63, leaf days 180, 182 foliar feeds 37, 41 when to use 57, 244–5
114–19, 124, 127, 137, 143, root days 152 forcing horn silica 501 compost prep 62,
175, 244–5 dill 25 chicory 200 64, 76–82, 143, 174, 183
when to use 244–5 diseases, natural remedies for rhubarb 204 dynamizing 60, 61
yarrow 502 30, 62, 64, 65, 28–38, 163 Fragaria x ananassa 225 spray 74–5
86–91, 123, 143, 127, 227, see also individual diseases French intensive system 17 storage 79, 121
244–5 docks 138 frost 14, 16, 119, 143, 165 using 80–81
compost starter 125 downy mildew 21, 36, 37, 163, 191 fruit days 54–5, 206 when to use 57, 244–5
compost tea 40–41, 61 drying flowers 174, 175 things to do on 208–9 horseradish 152, 170
container plants 29 dynamizing 20, 60–61, 119, 137 fruit flies 31 decoctions 29
corn salad 198 fruit tree moths 239 horseradish tea 170
cover crops 142 E fruit trees 142 horsetail, common 82
cow horns 66–7, 74–5 earthing up 177 growing conditions 14 hotbeds 16
cow intestines 59, 92–7 edamame 214 natural remedies 29, 31, 32 hoverflies 25, 154
cow manure 18, 66–7 eggplant 21, 25, 32, 221 planting 208, 209 humus 15
cows 66 eggshells 35, 122, 126, 127, 128 tree paste 132 hungry feeders see heavy feeders
Crambe maritima 205 Egyptian onions 159 full moon 48–9, 56, 152, 174
cranberries 232 elder 36 fungicides 29, 30, 33, 37 IJK
creeping buttercups 15 electromagnetic radiation 120 furrows, sowing in 163 insect repellents 30
crops elements, and plant organs 55 insecticides 30
choosing 14 endive 199 G intercropping 24
crop family groups 145 equinox days 47 gages 238 intestines, cow 59, 92–7
INDEX

crop rotation 144–9 Equisetum arvense 508 compost garden waste 18 Ipomoea batatas 161
cross-pollination 27, 236 prep 59, 63, 65, 132, 133, garlic 24, 25, 30, 156, 189 Japanese bunching onions 159
cucumbers 27, 37, 39, 216 154, 156, 163, 182, 209, 226 Gemini 172 Jerusalem artichokes 171

249
 juicing valerian preparation 507 M muskmelons 233 pea shoots 210
118 Malus domestica 234 mustard 25 peaches 170, 239
Jupiter 74, 108 mandarins 242 mustard greens 191 pears 16, 37, 206, 235
kai-lan 189 manure, animal 18, 66–7, 133 peas 27, 165, 206, 208, 210
kale 36, 165, 193 barrel compost (BC) 126–9 N peat 120
kelp liquid manure 39 manure, green 15, 19, 25 napa cabbage 187 peppering weeds 138–9
kitchen waste 18 manure, liquid 28, 29, 31, 33, 36, nasturtiums 25, 27, 178 peppers 32, 39, 208, 220
kohlrabi 36, 190, 211 37, 38, 57, 152 natural remedies 28–43, 163 perennials, planting 152
kumquat 242 enhancing 136–7 nectarines 170, 239 perigee moon 50–1, 152, 174,
Equisetum arvense 508 82–3, nesting boxes 22 182
L 85, 226 nettle 504 compost prep 63, 65, perpetual spinach 186
lacewings 25, 86, 201 kelp 39 123, 127 pesticides 58
Lactuca sativa 197 leaf days 182 how to make 98–101 pests 30, 33, 132, 164, 239
ladybugs 25, 98 liquid nettle manure 232 when to use 244–5 natural remedies 28–38, 82–3,
lamb’s lettuce 198 making 61 nettles 25, 37, 42, 59, 98–101, 174 136, 154, 178
latitude 14 marrows 217 compost tea 40–41 plants that repel 25
lavender 25, 167 Mars 74, 108 liquid manure 29, 232 and predators 22
lawns 183 Matricaria recutita 33, 92, 94 nettle tea 28, 30, 38 weed pepper 138–9
leaf beets 186 mayweed 94 yarrow and nettle tea spray see also individual pests
leaf days 54–5, 180–81 medium feeders 144 227 pH, soil 15
things to do on 182–3 melons 27, 37, 233 New Zealand spinach 21 phacelia 25
leek moths 25 Mentha species 33 night 47 Phaseolus
leeks 25, 157 mesentery sheet 108–13 nightshade, family group 145 P. coccineus 211
legume, family group 145 mice 36 nitrogen 19 P. lunatus 214
lemon basil 25 microclimates 14–15 nutrients, givers and takers 144 P. vulgaris 212
lemons 242 microgreens 162 phosphorus 114
Leo 206 mildew 32, 156 O Physalis ixocarpa 224
lettuce 21, 24, 143, 165, 182, 184, downy 21, 36, 37, 163, 191 oak 102 Picea species 34–5
197 powdery 36, 86, 163, 191, 243 oak bark 505 compost prep 36, pigs’ skulls 103–7
Libra 172 mint 25, 33 59, 63, 65, 123, 127, 142, 153, pinching off 221
light feeders 144 mites 30, 31, 37 191 pine nut slug repellent 34–5
lighting 16 mold, gray 21, 191 decoction 163 pirate bugs 25
lima beans 214 the moon 48–49 how to make 102–7 Pisces 180
limes 242 apogee moon 50–1, 174 when to use 244–5 Pisum sativum 210
liquid manure 28, 29, 31, 33, 36, ascending moon periods 52–3, oats 19, 25 planning new gardens 16–17
37, 38, 57, 152 80, 152, 174, 180, 182, 208, okra 223 plant fertilizers 29
enhancing 136–7 209 onion flies 25, 154 plant teas 28–33, 38, 57, 61, 143,
Equisetum arvense 508 82–3, descending moon periods onions 16, 25, 27, 154 152, 238
85, 226 52–3, 152, 153, 174, 180, 182, Welsh onions 159 chamomile tea 33, 96
kelp 39 183, 208, 209 oppositions 56–7 compost tea 40–41, 61
leaf days 182 full moon 48–9, 56, 152, 174 flower days 174 dandelion tea 111
making 61 lunar cycles 48–55, 150, 172, fruit days 208 Equisetum arvense 508 82–4,
livestock 23 180, 206 leaf days 182 134, 182, 209
loam 15, 21 perigee moon 50–1, 152, 174, root crops 152 horseradish 170
loganberries 227 182 orach, red 201 using on plums and gages 238
lunar cycles 48–55 moon–opposition Saturn 56–7, oranges 242 weed tea 42–3, 142
flower days 54–5, 172 152, 174, 182, 208 organic farming 58 yarrow and nettle tea spray
fruit days 54–5, 206 moon–Saturn conjunction 56 ornamental flowers 57, 175 227
leaf days 54–5, 180 nodes 52–3 plums 29, 38, 170, 238
root days 54–5, 150 sidereal cycle 54–55 P pollination
lupines 19, 213 waning moon periods 48–9, 182 parasitic wasps 25 cross-pollination 27, 236
waxing moon periods 48–9, 182 parsley 25, 154, 180 hand-pollination 222
mulching 21, 142, 217, 221 parsnips 27, 152, 166 open-pollinated seeds 26

250
ponds 16, 23 pruning root days 54–5, 130, 150 Florence fennel 195
poppies 27 apples 234 things to do on 152–3 globe artichoke 179
potassium 33 apricots 240 roots, confining 241 green bean 212
potato beetles 23 black currants 229 rosemary 25 green onion 158
potatoes 16, 57, 147, 152, 160 blackberries 227 roses 30, 243 heritage 26, 27
natural remedies 32, 37, 38 citrus fruits 242 rot 32 Jerusalem artichoke 171
pots, biodegradable 212, 216 cranberries 232 Rubus kale 193
potting clay 133, 134 in fall 208 R. fruticosus 227 kohlrabi 190
potting mix 18 figs 241 R. idaeus 226 leek 157
powdery mildew 30, 36, 86, 163, on flower days 175 runner beans 24, 201, 211, 222 lettuce 197
191, 243 gooseberries 228 rust 37 lima bean 214
predators, plants that attract grapevines 243 rutabagas 163 marrow 217
25 peaches 239 rye 25 melon 27, 233
prep balls 123, 129 pears 235 mustard green 191
preparations 59, 62–5 plums 238 S napa cabbage 187
biodynamic prep calendar raspberries 226 sage 25 okra 223
244–5 in spring 143, 208, 209 Sagittarius 206 onion 27, 154
chamomile 503 62, 65, 92–7, sweet cherries 236 salad greens 182, 183 parsnip 27, 166
123, 127, 175, 244–5 tart cherries 237 salsify 169 pea 27, 210
dandelion 506 63, 65, 108–13, and tree paste 132 Sambucus nigra 36 pepper 220
123, 127, 175, 244–5 in winter 143 sand, ash and sand pepper 138 pumpkin 27, 218
enhancing liquid manures Prunus sandy soil 15, 21 radicchio 202
136–7 P. armeniaca 240 Saturn 56–7, 74, 108 radish 164
Equisetum arvense 508 57, 59, P. avium 236 moon–opposition Saturn 56–7, red orach 201
63, 65, 82–4, 132, 133, 134, P. cerasus 237 152, 174, 182, 208 rhubarb 204
154, 156, 163, 182, 209, 226, P. domestica 238 moon–Saturn conjunction 56 runner bean 211
244–5 P. insititia 238 Scorpius 180 rutabaga 163
horn manure 500 57, 60, 62, P. persica 239 Scorzonera 153, 169 salsify 169
64, 66–73, 74, 80, 121, 132, pumpkins 16, 24, 27, 218 S. hispanica 169 saving seeds 26–7
133, 134, 142, 143, 153, 183, Pyrus communis 235 Sea kale 205 sea kale 205
244–5 seasonal rhythms 47 shallot 155
horn silica 501 57, 60, 61, 62, QR seeds 58 sowing in furrows 163
64, 74–5, 76–82, 121, 143, quartz 59, 74, 76–9 arugula 196 sown in moon–Saturn
174, 183, 244–5 Queen Anne’s lace 15 asparagus 203 opposition 57
oak bark 505 36, 59, 63, 65, Quercus bean 27 spinach 192
102–7, 123, 127, 142, 153, Q. alba 36 beet 162 squash 27
163, 191, 244–5 Q. robur 36 bok choy 188 storing 16
stinging nettle 504 63, 65, radicchio 202 broad bean 213 sweet corn 222
98–101, 123, 127, 244–5 radishes 36, 37, 164, 211 broccoli 177 Swiss chard 186
storing 120–21 rainwater 14–15, 20 broccoli sprout 178 tomatillos 224
tree paste 132–5 raised beds 17, 57 Brussels sprout 185 tomato 27, 219
using in barrel compost (BC) Raphanus sativus 164 cabbage 184 turnips 27, 168
126–9 raspberries 226 carrot 167 Welsh onions 159
using in biodynamic compost red currants 209 cauliflower 176 zucchini 215
heaps 122–5 red orach 201 celeriac 165 shallots 155
valerian 507 60, 65, 63, red spider mites 31 celery 194 sheds 17
114–19, 124, 127, 137, 143, Rheum x hybridum 204 chicory 200 shrubs 23, 57, 142, 143, 152, 180
175, 244–5 rhubarb 182, 204 chili pepper 220 silica 59, 74
when to use 244–5 Ribes Chinese broccoli 189 skulls 102–3
yarrow 502 30, 62, 64, 65, R. nigrum 229 corn salad 198 slips, growing 161
INDEX

86–91, 123, 143, 127, 227, R. uva-crispa 228 cucumber 27, 216 slugs and snails 23, 30, 31
244–5 rodents 36 eggplant 221 pine nut slug repellent 34–5
propagating blackberries 227 Romanesco calabrese 177 endive 199 slurry 28, 29

251
 snow peas 210 stag’s bone antlers 86, 87 Equisetum arvense 508 82–4, W
soil Steiner, Rudolf 58–9, 126 134, 182, 209 waning moon periods 48–9, 182
assessing 15 stinging nettle 504 compost prep horseradish 170 water and watering 14–15, 16, 21,
healthy 22 63, 123, 127 plant 28–33, 38 143, 180
improving 15, 18–19, 59 how to make 98–101 using on plums and gages 238 conserving water 20–21
preparing 46, 208 when to use 244–5 weed tea 42–3, 142 and leaf days 182
water content 21 stinging nettles 25, 37, 42, 59, 65, yarrow and nettle tea spray waxing moon periods 48–9, 182
soil sprays, biodynamic 46, 59, 174 227 weeds and weeding 153, 209
70–71, 153, 183 compost tea 40–41 thinning fruitlets 235 shallots 155
applying 61 liquid manure 29, 232 thistles 42 and soil pH 15
dynamizing 60–61 nettle tea 28, 30 thrips 36 weed pepper 138–9
Equisetum arvense 508 82–5, yarrow and nettle tea spray 227 Thun, Maria 126 weed tea 42–3, 142
244–5 stools, planting 229 ticks 37 Welsh onions 159
ground sprays 41, 61, 72–3, 130 storage tomatillos 224 whiteflies 25, 33, 37
horn manure 500 60, 66–71, of biodynamic preparations 71, tomatoes 25, 27, 57, 206, 219 wildflower meadows 234
74, 244–5 79, 120–21 companion planting 203 wildlife
horn silica 501 60, 61, 74–81, of crops 16, 160 natural remedies 32, 36, 37, 39 attracting 16
143, 244–5 of garden tools 16, 17 plant teas 30 increasing diversity 22–3
valerian 507 143 strawberries 30, 57, 208, 209, 225 watering 21 wind 16
weed ash soil spray 139 plant teas 30 tools 16 windbreaks 171
when to use 244–5 sugar snap peas 210 Tragopogon porrifolius 169 winter 47, 142–3
Solanum summer 47, 142, 143 training winter solstice 47
S. lycopersicum 219 summer solstice 47 raspberries 226 winter squash 218
S. melongena 221 summer squash 215 stems 215 witloof chicory 200
S. tuberosum 160 the sun 46–7, 56 transplanting seedlings 193 woolly aphids 25
solstices 47 sunflowers 25 tree onions 159 worms 18, 22, 64, 65, 72
soybeans 214 supports tree paste 132–5, 143, 209, 237 wormwood 25, 31
spinach 21, 24, 57, 143, 165, 180, for beans 211 trees
192 for Brussels sprouts 185 as hedges 180 YZ
New Zealand spinach 21 for melons 233 planting 57, 142, 152, 206 yarrow 25, 30, 59
spinach beet 186 for okra 223 tubers 175 yarrow 502 compost prep 62, 64,
Spinacia oleracea 192 for tomatoes 219 collecting potato 160 65, 123, 143, 127
sprays, biodynamic 46, 59, sweet cherries 236 curing and storing 161 how to make 86–91
70–71, 153, 183 sweet corn 21, 24, 32, 158, 206, tulips 57 yarrow and nettle tea spray
applying 61 222 turnips 16, 27, 36, 37, 168 227
dynamizing 60–61 sweet peppers 220 yarrow tea 30, 88–9
Equisetum arvense 508 82–5, sweet potatoes 161 UV when to use 244–5
244–5 Swiss chard 183, 186 Urtica dioica 38, 98 Zea mays 222
ground sprays 41, 61, 72–3, 130 Symphytum species 37 Vaccinium macrocarpon 232 zucchini 30, 215, 222
horn manure 500 60, 66–71, valerian 59, 114–15, 175
74, 244–5 T valerian 507 compost prep 60,
horn silica 501 60, 61, 74–81, Tanacetum vulgare 37 63, 65, 124, 127, 143, 175
143, 244–5 tansy 25, 37, 174, 239 dynamizing 137
valerian 507 143 tapwater 20 how to make 114–19
weed ash soil spray 139 Taraxacum officinale 38, 108–9 when to use 244–5
when to use 244–5 tart cherries 237 Valeriana officinalis 114–15
spring 47, 143 Taurus 150 Valerianella locusta 198
sprouts, Brussels 185 tayberries 227 vernal equinox 47
squash 27, 222 teas 28–33, 38, 57, 61, 143, 152, vetch 19, 142
companion planting 24 238 Vicia faba 213
summer 215 chamomile tea 33, 96 Virgo 150
winter 218 compost tea 40–41, 61 Vitis species 243
stag bladder 86–91 dandelion tea 111 vortices 60–61

252
 My career in biodynamic wine really took off when developing
About the author a biodynamic garden for a California vineyard in the late 1990s.
Monty Waldin is an award-winning wine writer specializing I learned then that while most gardeners focus solely on the
in green issues, with firsthand experience of developing earth beneath their feet, biodynamic gardeners go a few steps
biodynamic vineyards in Europe and North America. While further by considering what is going on above their heads—
living in France, Monty was filmed by Britain’s Channel 4 for meaning lunar and other celestial cycles—and work toward
Château Monty—the first observational TV documentary on greater self-sufficiency using animals or animal-based manures
biodynamic winemaking (2008). He is the author of several for compost. I see biodynamics as a way of growing food that is
books and contributes to BBC radio and TV, and to British good for both body and spirit while putting more back into the
newspapers—including the Independent, London’s Evening land than you take out. I hope this book encourages the next
Standard, and the Daily Mail—and websites, as well as to wine, generation of gardeners to consider giving biodynamics a try
travel, and environmental publications including Decanter, like I did all those years ago.
Harpers Wine & Spirit Trades Review, World of Fine Wine, The
Ecologist, Star & Furrow (the journal of the UK Biodynamic
Publisher’s acknowledgments
Agricultural Association), and Biodynamics, the journal of the
North American Biodynamic Farming & Gardening Association. DK would like to thank Will Heap, Kate Turner, and their
children for their dedication, energy, and enthusiasm in creating
a biodynamic garden for this book. Thanks also to Michael
Author acknowledgments Fuller for assistance and advice from a biodynamic landscape
Reference books are always a team effort, and a groundbreaking gardener’s perspective; to Dorothea Leber for sharing her
book such as this requires both courage—given the esoteric expertise and showing us her garden at Michael Hall School; to
nature of the subject—as well as intricate planning on behalf Peter Brinch for information on seed saving; and to Jessica
of the publisher and the team. To create a book illustrated Standing of the BDA for her help and enthusiasm, particularly at
in such fine and coherent detail requires both a biodynamic the start of the project. We are immensely grateful to the
garden as stage and biodynamic gardeners as protagonists. community at Tablehurst Farm for the loan of Briony Young,
Photographer Will Heap has captured the essence of the plants, who guided us through our photoshoots—and to Briony herself
cow horns, and other materials used to make the biodynamic for her generosity and patience throughout the process. Thanks
preparations. His photographs reveal the inner vitality of his to all at Plaw Hatch Farm, especially Nir Halfon and Liz Charnell
own biodynamic garden, as well as the intricacies of how for accommodating photography and allowing us to sample their
biodynamic compost, teas, and, of course, the preparations beautiful produce. Thanks also to Sarah Delfas and Sabine Von
themselves are made, in this case by experienced biodynamic Szczepanski for the use of their gardens, and to David Josephs
farmer Briony Young. The choice of images and the way they and Kamil Demir of Clifton Greens for procuring grocery props.
have been presented in the book in such a clear and thoughtful Designers: Elaine Hewson, Clare Marshall, Poppy Joslin
way is thanks to Sonia Moore. Helen Fewster has edited my Editors: Chauney Dunford, Shashwati Tia Sarkar,
explanations of how biodynamic methods can make gardening Annelise Evans, Esther Ripley, Andrea Bagg, Alastair Laing
a more stimulating experience with skill, sensitivity, and, above Additional photography: Gary Ombler
all, great wisdom. Indexer: Vanessa Bird

Picture credits 183 DK: Garden designed by Outerspace Designs/RHS Hampton Court Flower
Show 2013 (cl). 186 DK: RHS Hampton Court Flower Show (cra). 187 DK: John
The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to Stewart (crb). 188 DK: Sonia Moore (crb). 190 DK: Drahomira Machackova (cr).
reproduce their photographs.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
192 DK: Nikki Mantei—http://gardenpurl.blogspot.co.uk (crb). 194 DK:
(Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) Fongshoo Yeh (crb). 195 DK: Hester Robson (crb). 199 DK: Amelia Bellamy-
Royds (crb). 201 DK: Wendy Hannan (crb). 203 DK: Joy Russell (crb). 204 DK:
2 DK: Sonia Moore (cra). DK: Kate Turner (fcl, bl). 3 DK: Kate Turner (c). 9 DK:
Olivier Bacquet (crb). 206 Fotolia: Alexey Repka (tl). 209 DK: Alan Buckingham
Helena Smith/Rough Guides (tr); Will Heap: Biodynamics in Practice, Rudolf
(cl). 210 DK: Sonia Moore (crb). 221 Alamy Images: Valentyn Volkov (tl).
Steiner Press, 2010 (br). 17 DK: Kate Turner (tr). 22 DK: Lucy Claxton (bl).
224 DK: Joanna Plumb (cr). 225 DK: Alan Buckingham (cra). 226 DK: Alan
23 DK: Kate Turner (bl). 30 DK: RHS Wisley (tr). 32 DK: Garden designed by
Buckingham (tr). 227 Getty Images: (tl). 228 DK: Alan Buckingham (cra).
Sarah Price/RHS Chelsea Flower Show 2012 (tl). 45 Fotolia: Alexey Repka.
229 Getty Images: Creativ Studio Heinemann (bl). 230 DK: Alan Buckingham
47 DK: Paul Whitfield/Rough Guides (br). 57 DK: Chelsea Flower Show (bc).
(fcra, cr, br). 231 DK: Alan Buckingham (cr). 232 Getty Images: Lauren Nicole/
73 DK: RHS Wisley (cr). 140 DK: Sonia Moore (cla). 143 DK: Lucy Claxton (ftl);
Photodisc (ftl, cra). 233 DK: Alan Buckingham (cra). 234 DK: Alan Buckingham
RHS Wisley (fcrb). 149 Getty Images: (fbl/blackberries); Lauren Nicole/
(cr). 235 DK: Alan Buckingham (tl, br). 239 DK: Alan Buckingham (cr). 240 DK:
Photodisc (br/cranberries). 150 Fotolia: Alexey Repka (tl). 156 DK: RHS Wisley
Airedale (br); Alan Buckingham (cra). 241 DK: Alan Buckingham/Hampton
(cr). 157 DK: Ally Beag (crb). 158 DK: Luke Anderson (crb). 159 DK: Sandy
Court Flower Show 2009 (cr). 242 DK: Simon Bracken/Rough Guides (br); Alan
Austin (crb). 161 DK: Moss Doerksen (br). 164 DK: Peter Warren (br). 166 DK:
Buckingham (cr). 243 DK: RHS Wisley (br).
Caroline Showell (crb). 167 DK: Caroline Showell (crb). 171 DK: Sonia Moore
(cr, crb). 172 Fotolia: Alexey Repka (tl). 175 DK: Avon Bulbs (tl). 177 DK: Sonia All other images © Dorling Kindersley.
Moore (crb). 178 DK: Karen Blakeman (crb). 180 Fotolia: Alexey Repka (tl). For further information see: www.dkimages.com. 253