Whittingham, Jo - Garden Rescue - First Aid For Plants and Flowers-DK Pub (2013)
Whittingham, Jo - Garden Rescue - First Aid For Plants and Flowers-DK Pub (2013)
Whittingham, Jo - Garden Rescue - First Aid For Plants and Flowers-DK Pub (2013)
RESCUE
Garden
RESCUE
First aid for plants and flowers
JO WHITTINGHAM
Contents
LONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH, MELBOURNE, DELHI
KNOW YOUR GARDEN
Senior Editor Chauney Dunford
Senior Art Editor Alison Shackleton How plants work 10
Illustrator Vanessa Hamilton Know your site and soil 12
Senior Jacket Creative Nicola Powling
Know your trees, shrubs, and climbers 14
Jacket Design Assistant Rosie Levine
Senior producer, Pre-production Tony Phipps Know your perennials and bulbs 16
Senior Producer Seyhan Esen Know your bedding and lawn 18
Picture Research Lucy Claxton and Romaine Werblow How to spot a sick plant 20
Managing Editor Penny Warren
How pests and diseases affect plants 22
Managing Art Editor Alison Donovan
Publisher Mary Ling Growing without chemicals 24
Art Director Jane Bull Garden friends and foes 28
What is a weed? 30
DK Publishing Don’t Panic! 32
North American Consultants
Lori Spencer and Kate Johnsen
Editor Rebecca Warren
13 14 15 16 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
001—185276—Mar/2013
Discover more at
www.dk.com
THE EDIBLE GARDEN THE ORNAMENTAL GARDEN
Vegetable Rescue How to grow ornamentals 110
How to grow vegetables 38
Know your crop types 44 Tree, shrub, and climber rescue
Fruiting crop anatomy 46 Garden tree anatomy 120
What’s wrong with my fruiting crops? 48 What’s wrong with my garden tree? 122
Fruiting crop clinic 50 Garden tree clinic 124
Root crop anatomy 52 Pruning garden trees 128
What’s wrong with my root crops? 54 Garden shrub anatomy 130
Root crop clinic 56 What’s wrong with my garden shrub? 132
Leafy salad crop anatomy 58 Garden shrub clinic 134
What’s wrong with my leafy salad crops? 60 Pruning garden shrubs 138
Leafy salad crop clinic 62 Climbing plant anatomy 140
Garden greens anatomy 64 What’s wrong with my climber? 142
What’s wrong with my garden greens? 66 Climbing plant clinic 144
Garden greens clinic 68 Pruning climbing plants 146
Bulb and stem crop anatomy 70
What’s wrong with my bulbs and stems? 72 Perennials, bulbs, and bedding rescue
Bulb and stem crop clinic 74 Perennial plant anatomy 150
Pod crop anatomy 76 What’s wrong with my perennials? 152
What’s wrong with my pod crops? 78 Perennial plant clinic 154
Pod crop clinic 80 Patio and bedding plant anatomy 158
What’s wrong with my patio plant? 160
Fruit Rescue Patio and bedding plant clinic 162
How to grow fruit 84 Garden bulb anatomy 164
Fruit tree anatomy 90 What’s wrong with my garden bulbs? 166
What’s wrong with my fruit tree? 92 Garden bulb clinic 168
Fruit tree clinic 94
Pruning fruit trees 98 Lawn Rescue
Soft fruit anatomy 100 Garden lawn anatomy 172
What’s wrong with my soft fruit? 102 What’s wrong with my lawn? 174
Soft fruit clinic 104 Garden lawn clinic 176
Pruning fruit bushes 106
A–Z of common pests and diseases 180
Index/Acknowledgments 188
6 ABOUT THIS BOOK
many plant types, and show where plants, they are attractive
enough to look good in a
flower bed if you don’t
problems can occur. Use this have a vegetable patch.
LEAFY GREENS
Leafy greens look and
taste different from
each other. Harvest
cabbage heads
whole, and pick kale
Plant galleries These show leaves and Brussels
sprouts individually. Summer cabbage Winter cabbage Kale Brussels sprouts
Pruning See how to prune your
related plants and characteristics plants to solve or avoid problems.
ABOUT THIS BOOK 7
SOLVING PROBLEMS Diagnosis charts Use these charts to narrow down the likely causes
for poor plant health, then refer to the following clinic pages to confirm a
As soon as you see signs of poor diagnosis. Look at the sick plant while reading, or take a sample indoors.
plant health, first refer to the
diagnostic chart (see right) that
relates to the plant or crop type. What’s wrong with my fruit tree?
These feature the most common The list of fruit tree ailments seems long, but if a watchful eye is kept
from the moment the blossoms open in the spring until the branches
symptoms, and by following the are bare late in the fall, then any pests and diseases can be dealt
with quickly, and a healthy, problem-free crop of fruit harvested.
arrows—red for no, green for yes
—they will lead to the most likely WHAT HAS BEEN EATING
From the outside? From the inside?
THE FRUIT?
cause, whether a pest or disease,
or poor growing conditions.
Are the plants Many insects eat fruits from
Follow the page references given Probably wasps,
which can make
netted? the inside, either as maggots
or worms. See codling
large holes,
to see more about the problem, see p.97. Winter
moths also feed on
moth p.97; apple sawfly
p.97; pear midge p.96;
plum moth p.97; sawfly
and finally find out how best to fruitlets, see p.94. Birds are the likely culprits.
See p.97.
(plum) p.186.
Diagnostic chart
94 THE EDIBLE GARDEN
Symptoms Diagnosis
?
In late summer and fall Codling moth larvae are
Fruit tree clinic holes appear in the skin usually responsible for
Fruit trees seem beset by problems, but because they are large plants that bear of apples and pears, or damaging ripening fruit.
sometimes small, white They overwinter in the
heavy crops, small amounts of damage are often easily tolerated. However, there caterpillars can be found tree’s bark, and adult moths
are some serious issues to be aware of, in order to catch and treat them quickly feeding in the cores of ripe lay eggs between late spring
before crops, or the trees themselves, are badly damaged. fruit when sliced. and midsummer. See p.182.
fruit
Why don’t the
set after flowering
?
can be
Q Why are the fruit produced Q Why have many small fruit
Developing apple fruitlets
drop from the tree during
Apple sawfly lays its eggs
among the blossoms, where
Some time s there but this year so small? fallen from the tree? early and midsummer, and they hatch into white
plent y of blossoms have a small maggot hole maggots that tunnel into
little or no fruit
, which
d by bad
A Fruit need water to swell, and when
fruit trees experience drought, their
A Apple and pear trees naturally thin
their fruit while they are still small
in their skin. Mature fruit the growing fruit, initially
is usually cause
flowe ring. may be distorted with a just below the skin, then
weather durin g yields are drastically reduced. Small to remove any that are diseased,
ge the scar on their skin. into the core. See p.186.
Frost s can dama fruit fruit also result when the trees is damaged, or infertile, giving the rest
g
flowe rs, preve ntin carrying a very heavy crop; thinning space to develop. Known as “June
cold, wet
form ation , while insects the young fruitlets prevents this. drop,” it occurs in early summer.
weather can deter Tan-colored, roughened Apple capsid bugs are bright
the
from pollin ating no fruit.
flowe rs, mean ing or raised patches appear green, sap-sucking insects
on the skins of apples as that damage the fruit and
they ripen in late summer. leaves with their toxic saliva.
Questions such Leaves at the shoot tips
may also be peppered
Fortunately, damage is only
superficial and fruit can still
as “What has with small holes. be eaten. See p.181.
Plant clinics The clinic pages give more detail about plant problems to Common symptoms To help decide
help you determine what is wrong with your plant. How to treat the issue is between similar problems, many are grouped
then explained in the “A–Z of common pests and diseases,” pp.180–187. together to show the differences between them.
Know your garden
Taking time to learn about your plants and plot allows you to choose plants
that suit the garden’s climate and soil. Settled in the right spot, they will get off
to a healthy start, perform well, and shrug off any ailments, while specimens in
unsuitable conditions will struggle. This section includes all you need to help
understand your garden better, beginning with how plants grow. Use the
summary of different plant types—from trees to lawns—to familiarize yourself
with what is normal before learning to recognize signs of poor health. Using
garden chemicals is covered, along with details of organic methods. Finally,
galleries of garden friends and foes, weeds, and symptoms that need not induce
panic provide a quick reference to help identify common garden concerns.
10 KNOW YOUR GARDEN
PLANT BASICS
Just like all other living things, plants
have basic needs. They require water,
food, light, air, and warmth to grow
well, which is where the gardener
can often help. Garden plants
originate from all over the world, and
while many grow in a wide range of
conditions, some will suffer in THE IMPORTANCE OF LEAVES
excessive cold or heat. It is therefore Plants use the green pigment in their leaves to harness
best to grow those naturally adapted the sun's energy and to power growth. Diseased,
to suit your local climate. damaged, and wilting leaves reduce plant vigor.
Plants produce energy for growth
using photosynthesis, a process that
occurs wherever the green pigment,
chlorophyll, is present, mainly in
leaves. Exposure to sunlight converts
carbon dioxide and water into sugar
to fuel cells. Water taken up by the
roots is released through pores in the
leaves, drawing it upward, and
keeping plant tissues healthy. Soil THE ROLE OF FLOWERS
nutrients, dissolved in the water Colorful and scented to attract insects, or adapted
absorbed by the roots, are channeled to scatter pollen in the wind, flowers need to be
along the stems to wherever needed. pollinated for fruit and seeds to form.
PLANT STEMS
At the heart of the plant, the stems
provide support, and transport water
and food between roots and leaves.
The stem’s tough outer layer protects
against pests and diseases.
SOIL DEFICIENCIES
Discolored foliage can occur
when plants are deficient in
particular nutrients. Nitrogen
and magnesium are easily
washed from sandy soils but
can be supplemented using
fertilizers. Sometimes nutrients
are present, but plants are still
unable to absorb them, thanks
to dry or acidic conditions. Iron deficiency Magnesium deficiency Nitrogen deficiency
14 KNOW YOUR GARDEN
TREES
Habit Trees produce a single trunk
supporting woody branches—some
may be multistemmed. So called
“fastigiate” trees are tall and slim,
while others have a weeping habit.
Size Dwarf trees may grow just as How sold Can be bought year-round Where to grow Originating from
tall as your height, while standard grown in containers, or ordered bare- diverse habitats, shrubs grow in a
trees can tower over 300ft (90m). root from specialty nurseries for fall wide range of conditions. Many
The rate at which they grow varies delivery and planting. thrive in fertile soil in full sun, but
tremendously also. some prefer shade, specific soil
conditions, or are not fully hardy.
Season of interest Deciduous
SHRUBS
trees drop their leaves in fall, while Habit Shrubs are woody plants with Pruning Annual pruning is essential
evergreens keep their foliage year- numerous stems arising at soil level. to keep some shrubs in good shape
round. Spring blossoms, fall-leaf They may be tall or dwarf, bushy or and flowering well. Others only need
color, and berries, along with winter slender, evergreen or deciduous, and to have diseased or damaged wood
bark, are all additional features. many can be trained against a wall. removed in order to thrive.
KNOW YOUR TREES, SHRUBS, AND CLIMBERS 15
PERENNIALS
Habit Hardy perennials generally
produce new growth in spring,
flower in summer, then die back to
the base in fall. The roots and young
shoots overwinter, ready to resprout
again. Some, like many ferns, are
“wintergreen”—keeping their leaves
throughout the winter and replacing
them every spring.
BEDDING
Habit These annual, biennial, or
tender perennial plants are often
used for a single seasonal display.
Some are hardy, but those described
as half-hardy or tender should only
be planted outdoors when the risk
of frost has passed.
DISCOLORED LEAVES
Foliage that takes on shades of yellow,
brown, red, or purple in the growing
season shows a plant in distress. Take
it is an early warning sign and act.
Bold leaf colors Many garden plants Imperfect fruit Strangely shaped fruit can
have been bred with unusually colored, occur for no obvious reason. However,
variegated, and patterned foliage, which they still taste great, and are part of the
may be mistaken for a problem. fun of growing your own crops.
SIGNS OF DECAY
Dark patches, spots, fungal growth, and
rotting on any part of a plant are usually
the symptoms of disease. Old or weak
plants are most at risk of infection.
Bump on the trunk Many ornamental Older leaves yellowing Evergreen plants
and fruit trees are grafted onto rootstocks. naturally drop a portion of their older
A harmless bump sometimes forms low leaves during the growing season. Where
on the trunk where the graft took place. the plant is otherwise healthy, this is fine.
WEAK GROWTH
Poor growth and pale or yellowing Plantlets and bulbils Most plants Natural dieback The lower leaves
reproduce as seed, but some also produce of some plants, such as palms and some
foliage can indicate a lack of nutrients, offsets, plantlets, and bulbils, which can evergreens, die back as they grow,
unsuitable growing conditions, root appear at the roots, stems, or flowers. eventually leaving a bare stem.
problems, or pest infestation.
22 KNOW YOUR GARDEN
affect plants and those subject are those that eat large holes in
SPOTTING SYMPTOMS to these stresses are vulnerable to leaves. The culprits may still be
Plants attacked by pests and diseases infection. Wounds and weakness present and patterns of damage
often exhibit wounds or points of created by attacks can also leave are distinctive. These pests spoil
infection, can grow less vigorously, plants open to further problems. the appearance of plants, can reduce
and perhaps produce fewer flowers vigor, and even kill seedlings.
or smaller yields of fruit than healthy Pinpointing pests Sap-feeding insects feed on leaves
specimens. Nutrient deficiencies and Pests affect plants in a variety of and stems, often causing distortion,
poor growing conditions similarly ways. Some of the easiest to identify discoloration, and stunting of young
NATURAL GROWTH Organic gardening encourages mindset required for gardeners used
an understanding of local growing to reaching for the sprayer at the first
The promise of fresh, organically conditions and the way plants work. sign of trouble. Even in successful
produced fruit and vegetables is In turn, this helps prevent many organic plots a low level of damage
frequently the motivation for difficulties and is becoming has to be tolerated, and there will be
growing your own. Those gardeners increasingly valuable as the range occasions when pests and diseases
concerned about the effects of of pesticides available to amateur get the upper hand. There is,
chemicals on children, pets, wildlife, gardeners decreases. however, something deeply
and the wider environment, however, satisfying about learning from these
are often enthusiastic to grow Create a healthy balance incidents, and finding ways to keep
ornamental plants organically too. Successful organic gardening relies them from recurring in future.
on establishing a balance where
plants flourish in fertile soil improved Feed the soil not the plant
with lots of organic matter and pest Improving garden soil by adding
numbers are kept in check by substantial quantities of bulky
beneficial wildlife. Achieving this organic matter every year is the most
takes time, as can the change in effective way to boost the health of
PLANTS TO ATTRACT
BENEFICIAL INSECTS
Many insects help gardeners
by pollinating crops or feeding
on troublesome plant pests. To
help attract these allies, provide
them with nectar and pollen by
growing a range of plants that
flower throughout the year. Gaillardias Daisylike flowers are a
Trees and shrubs are especially favorite with insects because their
good food sources when they are flat surface is easy to land on. Their
in flower. Avoid plants that have many tiny central florets are filled
Mingling edible and ornamental plants
double blooms because they with sweet nectar, which gives
in containers and all around the garden can
create fabulous, colorful combinations, and often produce no nectar. insects a good feed from each flower.
help to distract pests from cropping plants.
your plants. Organic matter improves
the structure of the soil, helps retain
moisture, slowly releases valuable
nutrients, and feeds the underground
creatures that keep soil healthy.
Well-rotted garden compost and
barnyard manure are two of the best
materials for digging in to new beds
or laying as a thick mulch on the soil
around established plants. In fact,
some organic gardeners practice the
appealing “no-dig” method. Once a
mulch is applied, it is left for worms
to work it into the soil, almost entirely
removing the need for a spade.
No garden should be without a
compost heap to convert spent plant
material, grass clippings, most weeds,
and even kitchen waste into a source Gardens bursting with flowers all year are magnets for pollinating insects, vital
of free, top-quality soil improver. Turn for good fruit crops, and other insects, like the hoverfly, that prey on plant pests.
the heap with a fork, keep it covered
to exclude weed seeds, and crumbly birds, hedgehogs, ladybugs, and taking full advantage of the plentiful
compost is ready in a few months. frogs, will repay your kindness by food source, controlling the pests.
feeding on pests that are troubling Although good garden hygiene
Encourage beneficial wildlife your plants. Where they find is important to prevent disease, leave
Providing suitable food and shelter infestations to feast on, these fallen leaves, wood piles, and old
helps attract a variety of wildlife into beneficial creatures will often perennial growth in a few areas, as
the garden. Many visitors, such as return repeatedly or even breed, cover for wildlife during winter.
Foxgloves A long flowering season Poached egg plant The carpet Frothy flower heads Showy heads
makes this a valuable plant for of yellow-centered, white flowers with many flowers, particularly those
insects. Not all insects can access produced by easy-to-grow of umbellifers like sweet Cicely, are
nectar from the tubular flowers, but Limnanthes douglasii is a magnet attractive to insects because they
bumblebees disappear right inside for beneficial insects. They can can move from one tiny flower to
to feed with their long tongues. hop from one flower to the next. the next without much effort.
26 KNOW YOUR GARDEN
Preventing problems
Prevention is always better than cure,
and organic gardeners can adopt
many strategies to keep pests and
diseases at bay. Where they exist,
grow cultivars bred with resistance
to a particular problem. Disease-
resistant forms of edible crops are
common, but some ornamental Old plastic bottles can be put to good use. Cut them in half and place them over
plants also have this useful quality. young plants to protect against slugs and snails. They can also act as watering funnels.
Crop rotation has long been
practiced to help prevent pests and insect mesh, horticultural fabric, and can be distracted by mixing them
diseases from building up in the soil. various gauges of netting work well with other highly aromatic plants,
Related edible crops, such as root at keeping small insects, butterflies, such as French marigolds. This is
crops, are grown together and and birds away from crops. Low- known as “companion planting” and
moved to a new bed each year. This flying carrot rust flies will be thwarted has the added benefit of extra color,
means it is several years before a crop by a 24in- (60cm-) high barrier particularly in the vegetable plot.
returns to the same site, which is around beds of carrots, and cabbage
longer than most pests and diseases collars stop cabbage root flies from Combat pests and diseases
can survive in the soil. Apply the laying their eggs in the soil near If these methods fail to stop the
same principle in the ornamental young plants. Try to prevent slugs spread of pests and diseases, there
garden by not replacing plants that and snails from reaching vulnerable are other effective organic ways to
have experienced problems with plants. Barriers include eggshells, tackle them. Traps are useful for
anything closely related. copper tape, and pine needles. reducing the prevalence of insect
Barriers are an effective way to Pests are often attracted by the pests and can also provide an
keep pests and plants apart. Fine strong scent of their host plants and indication of their numbers. Beer
BIRD SCARERS
Though beneficial when
eating pests, birds can attack
crops. Every gardener has a
favorite bird-scaring method
to protect vulnerable plants.
The light reflected from rows
of CDs or shiny baubles,
suspended from a string, can
deter them. Decoy birds may
convince them that your
garden is already taken. CDs and DVDs Bird decoy Shiny baubles
GROWING WITHOUT CHEMICALS 27
STRIKE A BALANCE a home in your garden, remember Always consider their use carefully.
that one often cannot exist without Plants have their own defense
Gardens are hard work to create, the other being present. mechanisms, and can often easily
so when pests spoil a crop or prized Without a steady supply of pests sustain a certain level of attack,
plant, it is easy to take it personally to eat, the gardener’s friends will go without the need for intervention.
and reach for the nearest pesticide. elsewhere. There is clearly a balance
Like all visitors though, they’re just to be struck here, where beneficial Identify the enemy
looking for somewhere to eat or rest, creatures keep pests at a manageable Damage to plants is often more
and whichever friends and foes make level, which organic growers will tell noticeable than the pest itself. Take
you sometimes works better than a look at the casualties and you will
others. One thing guaranteed to often find that if adult insects or their
upset this balance however, is the larvae are responsible, they will still
use of pesticides in the garden. be present, feeding away. Slugs and
Often extremely effective, they snails will only be found during the
quickly wipe out their target, and day in wet weather, but you can
sometimes other insects too, leaving most likely catch them after dark
nothing for the pest predators to eat. if you use a flashlight.
Many insect larvae and slugs lurk
Good beetle bad beetle Many beetle underground, only to be seen when
species cause gardeners problems,
including the bright red lily beetle (left).
plants become sickly, root crops are
Identify pests carefully however, because lifted, or soil is turned. Birds and
numerous beetles play useful roles, too. mammals, such as rabbits and deer,
What is a weed?
A weed is simply a plant growing where it is not wanted. They can be wild species
that pop up from wind-blown seeds, or cultivated plants that have spread too rapidly
or self-seeded too successfully. Weeding is an inescapable part of gardening, but
understanding the plants you are dealing with and taking steps to control them can
greatly reduce the work involved.
CONTROLLING WEEDS well in a meadow or wildlife garden. and without help they will be
But, in most gardens, it is often not weakened and may die. Weeds can
The obvious question is “why bother practical simply to let them flourish. also harbor many of the pests and
weeding?” It is often said that an Most ornamental plants, fruit, and diseases that trouble garden plants,
untidy garden is best for beneficial vegetables, particularly when they so they are also best removed to
wildlife, so why can’t we just tolerate are young or newly planted, cannot reduce the risk of infection spreading.
weeds and save ourselves some cope with the competition from
work? The trouble with this approach fast-growing weeds for water, light, Weeding by hand
is that the most vigorous weed plants and nutrients. Their growth and Digging is what comes to mind when
quickly take over, which may work flowering will be adversely affected, most people think of weeding, but
COMMON GARDEN
WEEDS
When tackling weeds,
understanding the way they
spread is the key to success.
They fall into two groups: annuals
and perennials. Annuals can
Dandelion Spread by wind-blown Groundsel Each fast-growing annual
germinate and produce hundreds
seeds, remove all of the deep taproot plant can produce thousands of fluffy
of seeds in a matter of weeks,
or the dandelion will simply reshoot. seeds from yellow flower heads.
allowing them to spread like
wildfire. Luckily, as long as weeds
are hoed or lifted before they
scatter their seeds, they are easy
to control. Perennials have fleshy
roots that plunge deep into soil
or spread just below the surface.
Caught young, their removal is
simple, but the large roots of
established plants break easily Creeping thistle A clump-forming Nettles Small annual nettles spread
and must be dug out entirely perennial with spreading roots, by seed. Large clumps of perennial
to keep the plant from spreading. purple flowers, and airborne seeds. nettles grow from fleshy roots.
AVOIDING PROBLEMS
To keep weeding to a minimum, don’t
dig. Most soil is full of weed seeds,
which germinate in the surface layer.
Turning the soil just brings a fresh
batch of seeds to the surface, so use a
hoe instead. To prevent weed growth
use mulches, such as shredded bark
or porous landscape fabric.
this heavy work is only required to bare soil in vegetable plots. As for
bring rough ground into cultivation keeping a lawn weed-free, regular
or remove deep roots. mowing is the most effective method.
Hoeing is the quicker and easier
option, best done on a hot, dry day, Using weed killers
so severed weeds wilt and die rapidly, Weed killer sprays can be particularly
and you don’t have to worry about helpful for keeping paths neat and
Many weeds are attractive plants that
picking them up from the ground. treating lawns, but be careful to use
are really beneficial to wildlife. Make use
Groundcover plants suppress weeds the correct chemical for the job, and of the flowers of thistles and clover, which
in borders, while green manures fill don’t let the spray drift onto plants. feed pollinating insects.
Buttercups The creeping stems of Annual meadow grass Short tufts of Bindweed twines around other
this perennial spread rapidly, but its grass with feathery flower heads seed plant stems. Dig out its perennial
shallow roots make it easy to remove. and reroot rampantly if not removed. root system or it regenerates.
Bittercress Annual rosettes of lobed Docks Large leaves and tall flower Ragwort Uproot the feathery leaves
leaves and white flowers produce spikes are fed by a deep perennial and yellow, late-summer flowers—
seed pods that pop when touched. taproot, which is hard to remove. they are poisonous to livestock.
32 KNOW YOUR GARDEN
Don’t panic!
When you start to discover all of the things that can go
wrong in the garden, it’s easy to imagine that every spot,
mark, fallen leaf, misshapen growth, or creepy crawly is
sinister. Thankfully, this is not the case, and what you see
may be a natural part of the plant’s cycle of growth, a pest
or disease that is of little consequence to a healthy plant, or
Yellowing leaves Older leaves of
simply part of the fascinating diversity of life in the garden. evergreen shrubs fall during spring
and summer. Don't worry. It’s normal,
as long as new leaves are produced.
KEEP CALM What you have seen may have
It is important not to panic when arrived to feed on the sweet, sticky
you spot what might be a problem. honeydew excreted by sap-sucking
In order to keep a clear head, identify insects, or to prey on the pests
what has been seen and decide if themselves. Don't squash or spray
any action is required. A useful first insects at first sight; look further and
step is to take a look at the whole they may lead to the real problem.
plant to see if it shows any obvious
signs of trouble. If not, what you've The mark of good fruit
seen may be a harmless bug or Learning to tolerate nibbles and
normal leaf fall. However, if things marks of homegrown crops can be
don't look right, be careful where a challenge when only blemish-free, Rose leaf-rolling sawflies Roses
you lay the blame. store-bought produce has been your tolerate a few leaves being curled
experience. Surface spots rarely affect tightly and eaten from the inside by
Mistaken identity eating quality, and most damage these small caterpillars. Just ignore it.
The presence of pests often attracts can be easily sliced off. Rather than
other creatures onto plants, and it’s panicking about every blotch, enjoy
wise to remember that beneficial the satisfaction and fresh flavors of
creatures also share our gardens. your own homegrown produce.
REMEMBER TO RELAX
All this talk of plants under attack
could stress a gardener out, but be
sure to unwind outside after all
your hard work. Lounging in a deck
chair, while tolerating low levels of
pest damage, gives beneficial
wildlife a free rein, and keeps you Ants Often seen collecting sticky
among your plants, ready to spot honeydew excreted by sap-sucking
any problems as they arise. insects, ants rarely harm plants and
are easily tolerated. Let them be.
DON’T PANIC! 33
Cuckoo spit Blobs of white foam Shield bugs Although these striking June drop Just as the crop on apple
in early summer hide small, sap- insects are relatively large and feed and pear trees looks promising in
sucking froghoppers. They cause on sap, they do not cause garden early summer, trees shed diseased
little damage and are easily tolerated. plants any serious problems. and excess fruit. This is normal.
Lichens Growing on branches and Fasciation Strange, flattened, or Pollen beetles These small beetles
stems, lichens are not parasitic and curled shoots and flowering stems feed on pollen from spring into
are totally harmless to plants. In fact, can occur if the young growing point summer. Harmless to the plants, they
lichens indicate clean air. is damaged. It’s odd but harmless. are only a nuisance in cut flowers.
Tomato ghost spot Fungal spores Ladybug larvae More vicious- Slow-release fertilizer granules
cause pale orange, circular marks on looking than most pests, ladybug These small pale brown beads, found
tomato skins. Marks are only skin- larvae are great allies. Leave them among roots of pot-grown plants, are
deep and fruits are perfectly edible. alone to feed on aphids. often mistaken for pest eggs.
The edible garden
Homegrown fruit and vegetables are one of the greatest rewards in the garden,
but delicious leaves, roots, pods, and fruit need good conditions to grow well
and, unfortunately, are just as tempting to pests and diseases as they are to us.
Bumper harvests are not produced by chance, and depend on thorough soil
preparation, good timing, and the right care. This section explains how to give
your crops the best start, with tips for avoiding problems as they grow. Similar
crops are grouped together, and useful anatomy guides illustrate their main
features and how they affect growing and harvesting. These are followed
by flowcharts and illustrated question-and-answer pages to help diagnose
common problems for each crop type and direct you to a practical solution.
36 THE EDIBLE GARDEN
VEGETABLE RESCUE 37
RESCUE
Vegetables
Identifying what is chewing holes
in cabbage leaves, causing onion
bulbs to rot, or stopping runner
beans from setting is the first vital
step toward rescuing your crop.
Fruiting crops, roots, leafy salads,
garden greens, bulbs and stems,
and pods are covered separately
to help pinpoint pests and diseases
specific to each crop type, as well
as symptoms resulting from poor
growing conditions. Follow the
advice given promptly, and it will
often be possible to save your crop.
38 THE EDIBLE GARDEN
Preparing the soil If sowing small seeds, keep raking simple record of when crops were
Once your site is selected, allow time until the soil has a lightly crumbly sown, planted, and harvested each
to improve the soil for your crops. texture, known as a “fine tilth.” year can help you to work out the
Dig plenty of organic matter, such as best times to get vegetables started
garden compost or manure, into the When to sow and plant in future years.
soil in fall or spring to improve its Of course, the right time to sow and Some crops, such as broad beans
structure and fertility. It is always best plant varies among crops, but for and garlic, are hardy enough to be
to dig in manure well in advance of almost all vegetables that can be sown and planted in fall or late
planting, but do not add it to beds sown outdoors, wait until the soil winter, and will reward you by
where you plan to grow root crops, begins to warm in spring. When this growing through the cold months
because it causes the roots to fork. happens will depend on your local to mature in late spring and summer.
If you have acidic soil and plan climate and the weather conditions It is also possible to sow and plant
to grow salad greens, add lime to each year, but a good indication is other crops earlier outdoors by
the soil in fall to raise the pH and when the weeds begin to germinate warming the soil under cloches or
reduce the risk of clubroot disease rapidly. This is your cue to get into garden fabric for a week or two in
(see p.182). However, never add the garden and start sowing, early spring. This is also a helpful
lime at the same time as applying although it is always a good idea to way to dry out sodden soil that
fertilizers or manure. sow small quantities of seeds every would otherwise be too wet for
Before sowing or planting remove few weeks in case the fickle spring sowing, and to protect late summer
all weeds and any large stones. Use weather changes, causing some to sowings of many vegetables from
a rake to level the surface of the bed fail, and to prevent gluts if all your cooler fall nights as they mature
and break down any lumps of soil. sowings are successful. Keeping a and become ready to harvest.
40 THE EDIBLE GARDEN
Deciding what to grow and produce good harvests with thoroughly before sowing. Pour
There is such a huge range of little effort, while others, like garden seeds into your hand and carefully
vegetable seeds and young plants greens and carrots, are particularly sprinkle them thinly and evenly along
available that it can be difficult to prone to pests and diseases, and the trench. Larger seeds can simply
choose what to grow. For the best frequently need protection or be placed at the desired spacing.
harvest, consider what will grow well treatment. Stick with easy crops if you Some gardeners prefer to “station
in your climate and soil, as well as lack time to deal with problems, and sow” seeds, sowing several together
what you have space for and time choose disease-resistant varieties. in clusters and leaving good spaces
to look after. Importantly, don’t forget between them. This works well for
to grow the crops you enjoy eating. How to sow seeds large vegetables sown in their final
Heat-loving crops, such as peppers Whether sowing outdoors in the soil positions, such as broccoli and
and squashes, will only thrive and or under cover in containers, it is parsnips, which are then thinned
ripen outdoors in a warm, sunny important that the soil or potting mix to a single plant per station. After
summer, while many leafy crops, is moist, and that seeds are sown sowing, the furrow should be
such as lettuce, don’t perform well thinly and at the correct depth. The covered with soil and labeled.
in areas with hot, dry weather. most common method for sowing When sowing in pots, cell packs,
Cultivars are often bred with into a seedbed outside is to mark or seed flats, choose a good potting
characteristics that suit particular rows with a string line and create mix. Fill your containers, firm the mix
conditions, for example, dwarf runner narrow furrows using the tip of a gently, and water, either using a
beans for windy areas or fast-ripening trowel. The depth of the furrow watering can with a fine nozzle or
cherry tomatoes for cooler regions, depends on the type and size of seed by soaking in a shallow tray of water.
so choose those best for your garden. sown, but usually ranges from 1⁄2 –2in Sprinkle seeds thinly over the surface,
Some crops are almost trouble-free (1–5cm) deep. Water the furrow cover with about twice their depth of
ROUTINE CARE
There are plenty of steps that every
gardener can take to avoid potential
problems and keep the plants
growing in their vegetable plot
strong and healthy until they are
ready to harvest.
Roots can be
harvested young
and sweet or left
to mature
Deep soil or
pots give the
best crops
MULTI-PURPOSE CROPS
FRUITING CROPS Most crops are grown to harvest a specific part, whether
These heat-loving crops, including tomatoes, peppers, and it’s their roots, leaves, or fruit. However, some can also be
harvested in other ways, providing a second feast. Young pea
zucchini, produce fruit through summer into fall. Grown shoots are delicious, so are the baby leaves of beets, while
from seed each year, they need a warm sunny site male zucchini flowers are ideal for stuffing and frying.
or a greenhouse to grow rapidly and yield ripe fruit.
KNOW YOUR CROP TYPES 45
SALAD GREENS
Grown for their delicious, fresh
foliage, salad greens, such as lettuce, GARDEN GREENS
arugula, and Swiss chard, are quick Garden greens flourish given a cool
to grow. Many can be harvested climate and fertile soil. Some, like
repeatedly by leaving the central cabbage and kale, are grown for their
growing point intact when picking. sturdy leaves, while others, such as
broccoli, produce delicious flower heads.
Peppers
Eggplant
FRUITING CROP ANATOMY 47
SUPPORTS
Training cucumbers, trailing zucchini,
and small winter squashes up supports
saves space and keeps fruit off the soil.
HARVEST YOUNG
Zucchini and summer squashes swell Keep developing fruit
incredibly quickly, soon becoming overly off the soil to prevent
slug damage and rot
large and watery, so pick when young. Adding well-rotted compost
to soil encourages growth
FRUITING CROPS
The diverse colors
and shapes of these
fruit look good in
the garden. Leave
winter squashes to
ripen in the sun for
the best flavor. Cucumbers Zucchini Summer squashes Winter squashes
What’s wrong with my fruiting crops?
Cool spells can slow the growth of these summer crops, from
germination to fruiting, and maintaining the temperature, especially
at night, helps keep them healthy. Checking leaves and fruits for signs
of pests, diseases, and nutrient deficiencies nips problems in the bud.
Have they been watered well? Fruit will not set if the plant is thirsty. See p.50.
THE LEAVES HAVE CHANGED Have plants been protected Protect plants from cold and harden
COLOR AND DON’T LOOK RIGHT. from cold weather? them off fully before planting outside.
See p.51.
This may be caused by spider mites Could be a nutrient deficiency, see p.184, This sounds like tomato blight,
sucking their sap. See p.50. or bacterial or fungal leaf spot, p.180; p.183. a fungal disease. See p.50.
THERE’S SOMETHING STRANGE Fruit often fail to ripen if plants are started
Are the fruit ripening?
HAPPENING TO THE FRUIT. late, or kept too cool or shaded.
The dark patches are caused by blossom end Several pests commonly attack the fruit as
Tomato blight can also affect fruit, causing rot, which results from underwatering. Split they develop. See birds p.180; mice p.183;
it to turn brown and rot. See p.50 skins are caused by erratic watering. See p.51. slugs p.186; tomato moth p.186.
50 THE EDIBLE GARDEN
?
Fruiting crop clinic
Although fruiting crops are prolific when healthy, harvests can be badly affected
by pests, diseases, and poor growing conditions. Plants grown in greenhouses are
particularly vulnerable to insect pests and incorrect care. Recognizing these
common problems early often means they can be resolved quickly.
flowers
Why aren’t th e
producin g fr ui t? Q Are yellowing leaves caused Q How do I identify spider
be
Fl owers ne ed to t to by nutrient deficiency? mite damage on my plants?
ui
pollinate d for fr we athe r
form . Du ri ng ba d
ct s m ay
A Fruiting crops grown in containers
A Tiny spider mites suck the sap of
pollinatin g in se are prone to magnesium deficiency many greenhouse plants during
sit th e
not be able to vi ions in summer. Older leaves turn yellow summer. They cause leaves to look
Dr y co nd it
flowe rs. at the edges and between the veins, dull and mottled, which then dry
nati on .
al so in hi bi t polli te re d then gradually darken to red, purple, up and fall off, severely weakening
ll wa
Ke ep pl an ts we or brown. See p.184. the plants. See p.186.
t flo we rs or we t
an d mis
nh ou se to
down th e gree se t.
ur ag e fr ui t to
en co
A A
Tomato blight is a The sugary kernels of
fungal disease that ripening sweet corn are
most commonly irresistible to many pests,
affects outdoor crops and whole crops can be
in late summer, but can stripped very quickly.
occur under cover too. Birds pull the protective
Leaves develop brown leaves aside to access the
patches and curl up, cob, mice will nibble their
dark blotches form on way inside, and hungry
the stems, and fruit rodents may flatten the
turns sickly brown entire plant. See birds
and rots. See p.185. p.180 and mice p.183.
FRUITING CROP CLINIC 51
ou gh
n g even th
an ts wil ti
Why are pl ered ever y da y?
at
th ey are w
tin g even
Sh oots wil
e soil is
wh en th
oi st a re a si gn
m
ss w ate r.
of ex ce
e is poor,
If drain ag
stem s
root s an d
a n d wate r
dec ay, th e
a ch
doe sn’t re r th e
s. W a te
le ave
of te n .
CUCUMBER MOSAIC VIRUS WATER TOMATOES REGULARLY pl an ts le ss
A
Strange yellow patterns at the base of fruit are blossom end rot, a sign of calcium deficiency due to dry
on the leaves of cucumbers, conditions—water plants more. Split skins result from irregular watering—don’t let
zucchini, and squashes, plants dry out. Fruit fails to ripen when temperatures and light levels are low.
along with distorted fruit,
are an unmistakable sign
that they are infected with
cucumber mosaic virus. This
disease is spread by aphids
and can occur at any time
in summer on plants grown
under cover or outside.
See viruses p.187. Blossom end rot Splitting tomato skins Unripe fruit
52 THE EDIBLE GARDEN
Flowers indicate
that potatoes are Leaves often show the
TUBERS ready to harvest first symptoms of disease,
nutrient deficiencies, and
Certain root crops produce cold damage
clusters of swollen roots,
known as tubers. Potatoes are
planted each year from special
“seed potatoes,” while
Jerusalem artichokes can be
grown and harvested as
a clump year after year. TUBER CROPS
Jerusalem artichokes and
potatoes are grown from
tubers. Sweet potatoes
are planted as small
cuttings and grown on.
Potatoes
HARVESTING
Tubers may form well away from the
plant, so dig potatoes carefully to avoid Moist, well-drained soil
damage and ensure you find them all. allows tubers to grow
without rotting
TAPROOTS
MAKING THE MOST OF TAPROOTS
Single, vertical roots are known as taproots, and can
These versatile vegetables take up little space, can be
be long and tapering, cylindrical, or round. Plants are
picked quickly to enjoy as sweet, baby roots in salads,
grown from seed, produce plump roots, then and flourish when kept well watered in deep pots.
flower. Some mature in as little as six
weeks, others over many months.
Rutabagas Turnips
FORKED ROOTS
Prepare soil carefully for carrot and parsnip
Breaking the root causes
crops; their roots may fork if they hit a rock, misshapen crops. Never Beets Radishes
or if manure was applied before sowing. transplant root crops
What’s wrong with my root crops?
The obvious trouble with roots is that they are underground, making
damage difficult to detect. Leaves can show telltale signs of problems
below the soil during spring and summer, or damage may just be limited
to the foliage. Either way, the roots are often still edible and delicious.
PARTICULARLY HEALTHY.
THE LEAVES DON’T LOOK
Has the weather been cold and Are the leaves peppered
are shoot tips damaged? with tiny holes?
Expanding brown
patches around leaf
edges may be Beet leaf miners feed Are beet leaves Slugs and snails also
potato blight. on beet leaves. crisscrossed with eat root crop leaves.
See p.56. See p.56. pale tunnels? See p.186.
WHAT’S WRONG WITH MY ROOT CROPS? 55
CROPS FLOWERING?
WHY ARE MY ROOT
THE SEEDS I PLANTED AREN’T
Did they germinate?
GROWING. WHY NOT?
Seeds may have been sown too early— A pest is probably responsible, most
they won’t grow in cold soil. likely slugs and snails.
See When to sow and plant p.39. See p.186.
WHY ARE THE ROOTS Did you plant or thin your Did you sow them early?
DISAPPOINTINGLY SMALL? crop to the correct spacing?
?
Root crop clinic
With lush foliage above ground and swollen roots in the soil, these crops are doubly
attractive to pests and diseases. It is, however, easy to minimize damage
by preparing the soil correctly and using simple growing techniques, such as
crop rotation and pest barriers, which are very effective.
rsnip root s
Why are my pa
so badly sc ar re d?
on e to
Parsni ps are pr fu ngal
Q Why have my root crops Q Will beet leaf miners harm
ca nk er ,a suddenly bolted? my beet plants?
parsni p
uses rough,
di se ase th at ca s to
oran ge-brown ar
ea A Crops grown from seed may run
A Beet leaf miner fly larvae eat their
te n ar ou nd th e top to seed, or “bolt,” in unfavorable way through the internal tissues of
form, of m on in
t co m conditions, producing flowers rather the leaves during summer, leaving
of root s. Mos
ly dr ai ne d so ils, th e than roots. Early spring sowings may ugly brown trails. Light damage is
poor
root s vi a
di se ase en te rs bolt after exposure to cold, but later harmless, but heavy infestations can
during
dam age caused dry conditions can also be to blame. cause leaves to die – pick them off.
va ti on or by carrot
cu lti e p.184.
rv ae . Se
ru st fly la
CARROT RUST FLY NETTING HEALTHY POTATO LEAVES BEET LEAF MINER DAMAGE
A A
Thin, brown tunnels and Potato blight starts with
slim, cream maggots in brown patches on the
the roots of carrots and edges and tips of the
parsnips are a sure sign leaves, which quickly
of carrot rust flies. Several spread and cause whole
generations of flies lay stems to collapse and die.
eggs on the roots from Carried in the air and in
late spring to early fall. water droplets, this fungal
Their holes also allow disease is worst in warm,
fungal infections into the humid summers; water
roots causing them to rot. can carry spores down to
See p.181. infect tubers. See p.185.
ROOT CROP CLINIC 57
Q Why are potato leaves Q Why have the potato tubers Q Why are my carrot roots
curled and yellowing? become green in the soil? misshaped or forked?
ts poppin g
otato pl an
Why are ph ere?
u p every w
tu bers
Eve n tin y
e soil m ay
left in th ll owin g
fo
sprou t th e rr y th e
a n d ca
ye ar,
adin g
ri sk of spre ew
ea se s to n
dis th is
crops. Avoid fu l
re
by bein g ca tu ber
y
to lift ever tin g.
es
FLEA BEETLES IN ACTION wh en h arv
PROBLEMFREE POTATOES
A
Small, shiny, black flea superficial damage. Narrow tunnels made by rusty brown wireworms can render
beetles eat many little tubers inedible by late summer. Some potato viruses cause light brown marks in
round holes in the upper the flesh, called “spraing”. See Common potato scab p.182; Wireworms p.187.
surfaces of radish, turnip;
and rutabaga leaves in late
spring and summer. They
are most noticeable
jumping from disturbed
leaves. A few holes will not
trouble plants, but serious
damage can kill seedlings
and reduce crops. See p.183. Potato scab Potato wireworm Potato spraing
58 THE EDIBLE GARDEN
RUNNING TO SEED
HEARTING SALADS Once heads of salad stretch upward
Hearting salads can to flower, they become bitter and
be beautiful as well as unpleasant to eat. See p.62.
productive. Grow a variety
of cultivars for a range of Fungal diseases can be
colors and flavors. particularly damaging among
densely packed hearts
Endive
LEAFY SALAD CROP ANATOMY 59
Sow Fill a flat with propagation Harvest Cut with scissors as soon
mix, sow seed thinly, and cover as two weeks after sowing, when
lightly with mix. Water and stand the seedlings have their first true
the seeds in a warm, light place. leaves. Then sow a new batch.
Spinach Herbs
What’s wrong with my leafy salad crops?
Pests and diseases love the soft leaves of salad crops, and can wreak
destruction incredibly quickly. Control slugs and snails during wet
spring and summer conditions. Be alert for symptoms of fungal diseases
year-round; protected winter crops can be lost if ventilation is poor.
A pest is the
likely cause. Sounds like damping
Did the seedlings off disease, a common
See slugs and
snails, and collapse and die? fungal problem.
cutworms p.62. See p.182.
Leafy crops
Have yellow areas on older are prone to
leaves turned brown and fungal leaf
papery, with white fungal spots.
growth underneath? See p.183.
WHY ARE THE LEAVES WILTING? Have you kept the plants Salad crops need plenty of water
well watered and fertilized? and feeding to grow well.
Are plants growing in Even in moist soil some crops wilt in hot
Check the roots for sap-sucking lettuce
full summer sun? sun. Try growing summer salads in a
root aphid. See p.62.
shadier spot.
OFF AT THE BASE. WHY?
WHOLE PLANTS ARE ROTTING
LEAVES ARE SMALL AND TASTE Are the plants becoming tall
BITTER. WHAT CAUSES THIS? and producing flowers?
Flowering is the
end of the plant’s
productive life for Lack of water can lead
leaves. Resow a new to slow growth, and This is common if the weather has
batch of seeds and tough and bitter leaves. been very wet or the soil has poor
grow a fresh crop. Water your plants drainage. Try improving the soil,
See p.62. more often. See p.63. to prepare it for next year.
62 THE EDIBLE GARDEN
?
Leafy salad crop clinic
Although quick and simple to grow, the succulent foliage of leafy salad crops is a
frustratingly soft target for pests and diseases. Preventive measures are necessary in
most gardens to keep slugs, snails, and fungal infections at bay, because by the time
a problem is spotted, much of the crop may be lost.
bein g
Are my pl an ts tworm s?
att acke d by cu Q How do I recognize the signs Q Are slugs and snails damaging
al pl an ts of lettuce root aphids? my growing crops?
Whe re in divi du an d
ps e,
su dden ly colla
dam ag e pr og re
er
sse
se ve
s al on g
ral days, A Check around the roots and you are
likely to find a white, waxy substance
A Ragged holes in leafy salad crops,
along with decimated rows of
th e rows ov ill ars
te rp
large, brown ca ay be
along with clusters of pale cream seedlings, are the work of slugs and
cu tw or m s m
calle d liv e in lettuce root aphids. These insects snails. Slugs also often make their
Th ey
re spon sible. feed on the sap from roots during way into lettuce hearts. Problems
e so il, fe ed in g on root s,
th
se edlin gs. summer, reducing yields. See p.185. are worst in wet weather. See p.186.
wh ich can ki ll
il ne ar pl an ts
Ch eck th e so
re m ov e th e pe st s.
an d
A A
Known as bolting, all Perpetual spinach and
leafy plants flower when Swiss chard are related
mature, and the leaves to beetroot and can
become small, tough, and be attacked by beet leaf
bitter. Harvest leaves early, miner. The small, white
while still at their best. maggots feed inside
Keep all crops except leaves, creating pale
lettuce productive by brown trails. Growth of
cutting back the flowering young plants is particularly
stems. Dry conditions and vulnerable. Pick off and
sowing at the wrong time destroy affected leaves
promote bolting. as soon as possible.
LEAFY SALAD CROP CLINIC 63
ste bitter
e le ave s ta
Why do th asan t?
an d un ple
su ch
Som e crops, ste
y, ta
as ch ic or
t oth ers
bitte r, bu ee tn ess
ei r sw
lose th
ri en ce
if th ey expe d th en
sp el ls a n
dry
ol t. T h is
begin to b m ak e
s to
also te n d sm aller
th ei r le av es
to eat.
FLEA BEETLE DAMAGE COLORFUL HERBS an d tou gh
Their shallow
CLUB ROOT roots make the
plants prone to
This disease causes falling over
swollen roots and
kills plants. To help
avoid it, rotate crops,
improve drainage, INSECT COLLARS
and add lime to Use collars to prevent cabbage root
acidic soils. See p.69. flies from laying their eggs at the base
of young plants. See p.69.
LEAFY GREENS
Leafy greens look and
taste different from
each other. Harvest
cabbage heads
whole, and pick kale
leaves and Brussels
sprouts individually. Summer cabbage Winter cabbage Kale Brussels sprouts
GARDEN GREENS ANATOMY 65
FLOWER HEADS
Grown for their dense heads of unopened flower buds,
broccoli and cauliflower can be harvested year-round
if the right cultivars are planted. Broccoli is relatively
compact and ready to harvest in as little as four
months; larger, overwintering crops can be in the
ground for up to a year.
The tight flower
heads soon loosen, so WRAP CAULIFLOWER HARVEST BROCCOLI
harvest them promptly Protect cauliflower heads from sunlight Cut the main head of broccoli while
Purple sprouting broccoli
bears flower heads down and cold by bending and tying the still compact. Leave the plants to bear
the length of the main stem leaves over to cover the flower head. smaller heads farther down the stem.
FLOWERING CROPS
Cauliflower needs good
growing conditions so
many gardeners begin
Space plants well apart to by growing more
allow air to flow between
the large leaves easygoing broccoli.
Broccoli
What’s wrong with my garden greens?
Popular with pests, the cabbage family will need protection with netting
in many gardens to keep birds away in winter and spring, and butterflies
at bay during summer. They are also hungry plants, their large leaves
quickly showing root damage or a shortage of nutrients.
THE LEAVES HAVE STRANGE Are there yellow blotches on the This is brassica downy mildew.
COLORED MARKS ON THEM. leaves with fungal growth beneath? See p.68.
Bolting can be
caused by dry
growing Mature garden greens give off a
conditions. distinctive aroma, especially during
Bolting can be caused by Water the plants winter. It’s not exactly pleasant but
low spring temperatures. more frequently. it’s nothing to worry about.
See When to sow and plant p.39. Removing fallen leaves may help.
68 THE EDIBLE GARDEN
?
Garden greens clinic
All garden greens belong to the cabbage family, sharing a need for fertile soil and
a susceptibility to the same pests and diseases. Giving them a good start is key, so
prepare the soil well, look after them when newly planted out, protect with bird
netting as they grow, and keep a close eye out for signs of problems.
llow
What causes yele aves?
patche s on th e Q Why aren’t my cauliflower Q Are my greens under attack
mildew is
Brassic a down y plants forming heads? from cabbage whiteflies?
as e, spre ad
a fu ngal di se
in wa te r dr op
ye
le ts,
llo w
an d
patche s A These demanding plants need well-
improved, nutrient-rich soil, and may
A Cabbage whiteflies suck sap from
under the leaves and only appear
causes pale th
, wi
on le af surfac es ff y
not initiate flower heads if the soil is when disturbed. Large infestations
ct iv e pa le, flu
di st in . Soft poor or there is insufficient moisture. weaken plants and encourage sooty
th be low
fu ngal grow ost at Cold conditions when planting out mold to develop. See Whiteflies
g gr ow th is m
youn can also prevent head formation. p.187; Sooty mold p.186.
in m oi st
ri sk , espe cially
av es fall of f.
condit ions. Le p.182 .
Do wn y m ild ew
Se e
A A
Most garden greens tend All garden greens are a
to drop their lower, older favorite food of birds,
leaves as they mature, and which will quickly peck
as long as the plant is leaves of mature plants
healthy and growing well, down to the stalks and
this is not a problem. graze seedlings off at
Remove and compost ground level. Examination
any fallen, discolored, of damaged plants will
or yellowing leaves to often reveal some tearing
keep them from attracting and sharp beak marks that
or harboring pests and would not be caused by
diseases in the garden. caterpillars. See p.180.
GARDEN GREENS CLINIC 69
d
sprou ts an ter?
y Bru sse ls in
Why do m fall over durin g w
k ale pl an ts
ee n s h ave
Garden gr
ro ot s, an d
sh all ow
ll er cr op s, su ch as
ta
el s sp rou ts,
Bru ss rou tin g
d sp
k ale, an
n be
brocc oli ca in te r
d b y w
topple
se rt
weath er. In ll for
k es in fa
sta
or t.
extra su pp
APHID INFESTATION CATERPILLAR DAMAGE
Q What damage can Q How can I quickly recognize cabbage white caterpillars?
aphids do to my crop?
A
The caterpillars of cabbage white butterflies can seriously damage crops between
A
Aphids feed on garden early summer and early fall by eating holes in the leaves. Watch out for groups of
greens during spring and tiny yellow eggs underneath leaves from late spring, pick off any yellow and black
summer. Colonies can spotted caterpillars, and keep butterflies away from plants with netting. See p.181.
become large, and are
most often found under
the leaves or on stems,
where they can cause leaves
to pucker and even stunt
growth. Gray and waxy
mealy aphids are also
common during summer.
See p.180. Clusters of yellow eggs Feeding caterpillars Adult butterfly
70 THE EDIBLE GARDEN
Leeks
PLANTING LEEKS
Plant leek seedlings
when 8in (20cm) tall.
For long, pale, sweet-
tasting stems, make
holes 6in (15cm)
deep, drop a plant
in each, and water in. Garlic
BULB AND STEM CROP ANATOMY 71
Kohlrabi
Celery
Flowering causes
bulb and stem crops
to become tough
The leaves of onions, shallots, and garlic This could be one of a few diseases.
yellow and die down naturally when they See onion downy mildew p.75; leek
mature. It’s nothing to worry about. rust p.75; fungal leaf spot p.183.
PLANTS FLOWER?
SHOULD MY GARLIC
YOUNG PLANTS HAVE BEEN Are there white maggots
DAMAGED OR DESTROYED. around the roots of onion,
leek, or garlic plants?
?
Bulb and stem crop clinic
These varied crops are generally easy to grow, but there are a few significant
pests, diseases, and problems to watch out for. A number of these can be avoided
by growing related plants together and rotating them to a new bed each year, which
prevents pests and diseases from accumulating in the soil.
garlic
Why won’t my ?
split in to cl ov es Q My crop is wilting. Has it been Q How do I recognize the
have on e attacked by onion flies?
Th e re ason you symptoms of onion white rot?
ea d of
large bu lb in st
m an y in di vi
os t
du
cu
al
lti
clove s
vars A In early summer the white maggots
of onion flies eat the roots of young
A Thick white fungal growth at the
roots and base of the bulb indicates
is th at m
ire ex po su re to cool onions, shallots, garlic, and leeks, onion white rot. This fungus
re qu
low 50 ºF
te m pe rature s be 30 days causing plants to wilt and even die. produces spores that remain viable
le as t
(10 ºC) for at Later attacks are rarely fatal, but the in the soil and can reinfect onion
in it ia te sp lit tin g. Th is
to damage may start to rot. See p.184. crops for seven years. See p.184.
pl an te d
is why garli c is
d soil in
in we ll-draine
or la te wi nt er .
fall
Q Is the damage caused Q How can I store a bumper harvest of garlic and onions?
by leek moths?
A Large garlic and onion crops can easily be stored for fall and winter use by lifting
ore a fter
e bu lbs I st
Why do th go rotte n ?
h arve st in g
e, alon g
A n y dam ag re in
st u
with m oi
e sk in , le ave s
th
sk of
bu lbs at ri store
dec ay. On ly ealthy
,h
clean , dry th em
p
bu lbs. K ee pl ace
dry
in a cool,
th em
an d ch eck rot.
rl y fo r
HEALTHY RHUBARB LEAVES UNDAMAGED ASPARAGUS re gu la
A Orange-brown, tissuelike
patches on the upper A These beetles are easy to
spot, with their red body
surface of rhubarb leaves, and yellow-spotted back.
with gray-white fungal The ½in- (1cm-) long larvae
growth below, are typical strip the leaves and bark
signs of downy mildew from asparagus stems,
disease. It is most causing them to yellow
common after damp and dry. They overwinter
conditions in late spring in the soil and emerge in
and summer. Remove late spring, feeding and
infected leaves as soon laying eggs on plants
as possible. See p.182. until fall. See p.180.
76 THE EDIBLE GARDEN
Shelling peas
Snow peas
PEA NETTING
Stretched between two posts, netting
makes an ideal support for peas and can
PEA STICKS be easier to obtain than twiggy sticks.
Tendrils wrap round twiggy sticks to
Sugar snaps support pea plants securely as they Supply plenty of moisture
climb. Any branched sticks work well. to the roots for good growth
POD CROP ANATOMY 77
TYPES OF BEANS
Dwarf green and runner
beans, and shorter broad
beans, are the best for
smaller or windy gardens,
although yields are lower.
Runner beans
TIE IN STEMS
Carefully tie young stems to their
supports using soft twine, to start them
climbing and to prevent wind damage. Climbing beans twist
their stems around
supports as they grow
Overwatering or
WHY AREN’T THERE MANY Did the plants have
excess rain can
PODS ON MY PLANTS? many flowers? cause leaves to
grow at the expense
of flowers.
Runner beans
especially don’t
set pods well in Birds and wet
hot weather. Mist Was it very hot and weather can spoil
the flowers with dry during flowering? flowers, meaning
water and keep no pods.
the roots moist.
Have the seedlings been Were seedlings that were raised under
This could be slugs and snails,
see p.186, or mice, p.80. damaged or destroyed since cover hardened off before planting out?
they germinated? See Hardening off p.41.
GROWING STRONGLY.
THE PLANTS AREN’T
WHY HAVEN’T MY SEEDS Has the weather been
COME UP YET? cold and wet?
?
Pod crop clinic
Once established in good growing conditions, pod crops are resilient, and although
they are affected by a number of pests, will often grow on regardless and produce a
respectable crop. It is at the seedling stage that they really need protecting from cold,
wet weather, and a few voracious pests.
ke d
Have mice attacan s?
my pe as an d be Q Have my plants been attacked Q Are black bean aphids on
of f at by bean seed flies? broad beans a problem?
Sh oots ch ewed
d sm all
grou nd level an eds
hole s lef t wh er e se
e sure
A Seedlings of green and runner beans
A Black bean aphids infest the tips of
we re pl an te d ar mic e emerge looking brown and tatty, or broad beans in summer. They suck
ry
signs th at hu ng may not germinate. The tiny white sap, weakening plants, and stop pods
en fe as tin g on th e
have be u sowe d
larvae of bean seed flies feed on from forming. Pinching back the
an s yo
pe as an d be them underground, causing plants young growth once the first pods
pl an te d ou t. Th ey love
or to grow slowly or die. See p.180. have set deters aphids. See p.180.
d sh oots,
th e fat se eds an ole
ro y wh
an d can de st e p.183.
ov er ni gh t. Se
rows
A A
Small cream-colored Whether they are dwarf
caterpillars with black cultivars that grow to just
heads can often be found knee-high, or tall climbing
inside pea pods, feeding varieties, almost all peas
on the peas. These are the need supports to keep
young of the pea moth, them upright. Their
which lays its eggs on the clinging tendrils need
flowers in summer. Early plenty of places to attach,
and late sowings that do so choose twiggy sticks
not flower during this or netting pulled taut
period will escape this between posts, rather
pest. See p.184. than smooth stakes.
POD CROP CLINIC 81
gs
an se e dlin
prote ct be e?
How can I on ce pl an te d ou tsid
from cold
frost-
To protect
ee n
te n der gr bean s
an d ru n n er
ak e
ou tdoors, m es
h
sim pl e cl oc ear
cl
u sin g tall, es with
tl
pl ast ic bot
s cu t of f.
th eir base caps to
ov e th e
R em
n ti lati on .
DAMAGED BEAN LEAVES HEALTHY BORLOTTI BEANS prov ide ve
Q Have my plants been Q How can I ensure the flowers on my beans form pods?
attacked by weevils?
A
Birds can damage red runner bean flowers and stop pods from forming, but
A
Adult pea and bean weevils white-flowered cultivars are usually left alone. Hot, dry weather prevents runner
are responsible for the beans from setting pods, so water plants and mist flowers well to minimize
U-shaped notches, often problems. Empty pods are often due to patchy pollination caused by bad weather.
found nibbled into the
margins of peas and broad
beans. Although this
damage looks worrisome,
it rarely affects the health
of established plants. Young
plants can suffer after heavy
attack but should recover
if watered and fed well. White-flowered variety Water crops well Misting the flowers
82 THE EDIBLE GARDEN
FRUIT RESCUE 83
RESCUE
Fruit
Both tree and bush fruit can bear
heavy crops for many years, so it
is well worth making an effort with
their planting and care. Follow the
general advice given regarding site
preparation, planting, supports, and
pest protection for all new plants.
Refer to the separate tree fruit and
soft fruit sections for help identifying
and dealing with the cause of any
symptoms. Both also feature advice
on when and how to prune different
crops, a task essential to encourage
good plant health and plentiful fruit.
84 THE EDIBLE GARDEN
Choosing the right fruit most suitable. Some will only ripen
It is useful to buy fruit trees and their fruit fully given a good summer,
bushes from a specialty fruit nursery, while others bear their blossoms late,
not only because they offer a huge helping them to avoid damaging late
selection of healthy, well-pruned frost in cooler regions. Many cultivars
plants, but also because they can offer some resistance to common
provide you with reliable advice. diseases, which can help to keep
This can be particularly helpful when them productive longer.
faced with the enormous range of Most fruit trees are sold grafted
fruit tree cultivars available. onto rootstocks in order to limit their
Look for cultivars that have been eventual size and make them more When to plant
bred locally to cope well in your manageable trees for the garden. Fruit trees and bushes are sold
climate and choose those that are There are many rootstocks available growing in containers or “bare-root,”
that each influences tree growth in which simply means they have been
different ways—from very dwarfing field grown and dug out just before
AVOIDING PROBLEMS to vigorous—so it is vital to choose sale. This has a direct bearing on
Certified plants Many countries have the right one for the space available. when they should be planted.
regulations to inspect certain fruit Check if your chosen tree is “self- Bare-root plants are only sold
trees and bushes at nurseries for compatible,” meaning it can pollinate during the dormant season, between
disease, and to certif y those that are
healthy. In the US, for example, black its own flowers, or whether it needs late fall and early spring. This is the
currants are checked for a range of a partner tree that flowers at the best period to plant trees and shrubs,
problems. It makes good sense to buy same time, to aid pollination. providing the ground is not frozen,
certified plants where possible.
Soft fruit bushes are much simpler, because it gives their roots the
because they are self-compatible, so chance to gain a foothold before
can be planted singly, although they come into leaf in the spring.
blueberries set more fruit when Although container-grown fruit
cross-pollinated. Many modern is available year round, it should also
cultivars produce much larger fruit ideally be planted while dormant.
on more compact plants and offer Avoid planting in summer, when
good disease resistance, so are well hot, dry conditions can stress newly
worth seeking out. Plant a mix of planted trees and shrubs. Any that
early and late cultivars to extend are planted in summer should be
the yielding period. kept very well watered.
HOW TO GROW FRUIT 85
How to plant fruit crops from the edge of the root ball and fully, and that the canes are planted
Prepare the soil for planting well in position the trunk close to the stake. at the same depth as they were at
advance, so that your fruit trees and Ensure that any scar on the trunk the nursery. To encourage black
bushes can be planted as soon as where the tree was grafted onto the currants to produce plenty of strong
possible. Unwrap bare-root plants, rootstock is above soil level. Backfill stems from ground level, they are
trim any long or broken roots back the hole with soil, firming it in stages usually planted about 2in (5cm)
with pruners, and soak the plants with your foot as you do, and keep deeper than they were before.
in a bucket of water for an hour. the tree straight. Once this is done,
Cover the roots at all times when firm the soil again, tie the tree to the Strawberry plants Strawberries
they are exposed to the air. Plants stake, water well, and apply a thick thrive in fertile soil, improved with
in containers should also be watered mulch of well-rotted manure or well-rotted garden compost or
thoroughly, so the root ball is moist. compost, keeping it clear of the bark. manure before planting. Plants are
available in containers or bare-root.
Fruit trees When planting fruit trees, Fruit bushes Fruit bushes are planted Whichever you are planting, take care
first drive a stake into the ground in in the same way as trees, although to position the crown of the plant—
the chosen planting location, then their smaller root balls need the point from which the leaves
dig a hole large enough to take the correspondingly smaller holes, and sprout—level with the soil surface.
roots. Fruit trees are commonly they do not need a supporting stake. Too deep and the crown may rot,
bought container-grown, and it is Cane fruits, such as raspberries and while too shallow and the plant may
important they are planted so the blackberries, have shallow root dry out and die. Dig a hole for each
surface of the potting mix sets at soil systems, and are often sold bare-root, plant with a trowel, spread out the
level, (see How to plant a bare-root so ensure their planting holes are roots, gently firm the soil back
tree, below). Tease the roots gently wide enough to spread out the roots around the plant, and water in well.
Staking trees
All fruit trees need additional support
when first planted to prevent them
from rocking in the wind or blowing
over while their roots become
established. Choose a sturdy,
pointed, wooden stake that has been Stone fruits, such as cherries and
pressure-treated with preservative plums, can be trained as fans, while AVOIDING PROBLEMS
to extend its useful life. The length apples and pears are most commonly Spacing Giving your fruit room to grow
of the stake depends on the length grown as cordons and espaliers. The will avoid competition between plants
of clear trunk the tree will have elegant shapes of these restricted and help them to grow into attractive
shapes. It also keeps air moving,
when mature, because it needs to forms of fruit trees are created by helping to prevent fungal diseases.
reach just below the lowest training them onto strong horizontal
branches to ensure it does not rub wires, securely attached to the wall or Planting distances for trees on
dwarfing or semi-vigorous rootstocks:
against them. Allow an extra 20in fence at regular intervals. Wires for
(50cm) to drive into the ground. cordons should be spaced about Plums 10–11ft (3–3.5m)
Attach the tree to the stake using 24in (60cm) apart, for espaliers about Apples and pears 10–13ft (3–4.5m)
Cherries 13ft (4.5m)
a tree tie with soft material to act as 16in (40cm) apart, and for fan-trained Peaches 13ft (4.5m)
a cushion between the trunk and trees about 6in (15cm) apart. Wires
stake, which prevents chafing. Large can be hard work to put up, but they Planting distances for fruit bushes
planted in rows:
trees benefit from the support of two allow the new growth to be tied into
stakes, driven in about 20in (50cm) the desired position easily. Wires will Strawberries 16in (40cm)
apart, with a crossbar attached just support the trees throughout their Raspberries 18in (45cm)
below their tops, to which the tree long life, so it is worth doing well. Red currants 5ft (1.5m)
Gooseberries 5ft (1.5m)
is tied. This method can also be Gooseberries, along with red and Blueberries 5ft (1.5m)
used where large root balls make white currants, can also be trained as Black currants 6ft (1.8m)
positioning a single stake awkward. cordons, and are a good choice for Blackberries 8ft (2.4m)
Trees grafted onto very dwarfing lower walls and fences—they don’t
rootstocks should always be staked, grow as tall as fruit trees. They only
all others should have their stakes require a single cane for support.
removed after four or five years. The growth of cane fruits, like
raspberries and blackberries, is
Support for fruit trees and bushes usually long and unwieldy, and is
Training fruit trees to cover walls and best trained onto supports to help
fences makes them easier to fit into keep plants tidy and aid fruit picking.
smaller gardens, and given a sunny Raspberries can simply be tied to
exposure, can help ripen the fruit. posts around 6ft (1.8m) tall, but the
88 THE EDIBLE GARDEN
canes are more often tied onto do so. Containers must have good
horizontal galvanized wires stretched drainage holes in their base. Where
between strong wooden posts. only one or two have been made,
This system suits the extremely long add a layer of broken clay pots or
canes of vigorous blackberries best. coarse gravel to the bottom of the
Wires attached to walls or fences can pot to ensure that the potting mix
also be used to train cane fruits doesn’t become waterlogged.
where space in the garden is limited.
Potting mix Growing in pots allows
Growing fruit in containers you to provide plants preferred soil
Most fruit grows well in containers conditions easily. Choose good-
and, since pot-grown plants never quality, soil-based mixes for fruit trees
reach the size of those in open soil, and bushes, which holds nutrients
this is the perfect way to include and moisture better than soil-less
them in a small garden. While their equivalents. They are also heavier,
smaller stature means that the which makes tall plants less likely to
harvests will never be huge, pot- blow over. Soil-based potting mix
grown plants are easier to cover or is a good option for fruit bushes,
move to protect them from frost and while trees will do best planted in
birds, or to position them in a heavier mix. Blueberries need acidic
favorable sunny spot, sheltered from soil to thrive and should be given an
the wind. Select compact, modern lime-free potting mix with a pH of
soft-fruit cultivars where available. 4.0–5.5. Strawberries will only be
Water well Crops in pots are especially
productive for a short time, so they sensitive to dry spells when they are in
Containers Your choice of container can simply be grown in any good flower or fruit. A lack of water at this stage
is important because trees and multi-purpose potting mix. can result in a very disappointing harvest.
bushes should only be planted in a
pot no more than 4in (10cm) wider Planting Make sure that pot-grown that allows the plant to set in the pot
than their root ball. Repot them into plants have been well watered, or at the same level as it was before. Fill
a slightly larger pot each year until bare-root plants soaked before around the roots with more mix,
the plant has reached its final size. planting. Add gravel to the bottom of firming well as you go, and fill the pot
If you want to invest in a beautiful, the pot to improve drainage, then to about 2in (5cm) below the rim to
expensive pot, this is the stage to cover with potting mix to a depth allow for easy watering. Place the pot
in its final spot and water well.
All fruit growing in containers will
AVOIDING PROBLEMS need watering regularly and feeding
with a high-potassium liquid tomato
Rootstocks for pots Although you might fertilizer every two weeks during the
expect the smallest trees to be best for
pots, this actually isn’t the case. Most growing season until the fruit is
very dwarfing rootstocks, such as G64 ripening. Regular repotting, or
for apples, need extremely good growing replacement of the top layer of old
conditions to flourish, which is difficult
to provide in containers. It is far better potting mix for mature plants, is
to choose a rootstock like G11 with more essential to keep plants healthy.
vigor that will cope well in a pot, while its Trees and shrubs will also require
overall size will be constrained by
the dimensions of your container. pruning, although less so than those
grown directly in the soil.
HOW TO GROW FRUIT 89
STONE FRUIT
These fruit, with a hard central stone, have FRUIT WITH STONES
succulent, sweet flesh that requires plenty of These soft-skinned fruit
Blossoms can be ripen over a short period
sun to ripen fully, and do well trained as fans killed by late frosts Fruit is ripe when it and will only keep for a
on south-facing walls. Many self-pollinating comes away with a
few days. Preserve a
lift and gentle twist
cultivars are available, which heavy crop by canning
allow a lone tree to set or making tasty jam.
ample crops of fruit.
Cherries
BLOSSOMS Peaches
An appropriate rootstock
The spring blossoms can be damaged will limit the growth of
by frost. Cover fan-trained peaches and these vigorous trees
nectarines with fabric on cold nights.
Nectarines
FRUIT TREE ANATOMY 91
Quince
STORING FRUIT
The thicker skins of apples and pears allow
many cultivars to be stored for several
Very dwarfing rootstocks
months, simply by laying them in trays have weak roots, so need Pears
in a cool, frost-free place. good soil to thrive
What’s wrong with my fruit tree?
The list of fruit tree ailments seems long, but if a watchful eye is kept
from the moment the blossoms open in the spring until the branches
are bare late in the fall, then any pests and diseases can be dealt
with quickly, and a healthy, problem-free crop of fruit harvested.
THE TREE DOESN’T FRUIT Have you planted It will need time to establish.
WELL, IF AT ALL. WHY? it recently? Check that you planted it correctly.
See How to plant fruit crops p.86.
THE LEAVES ON MY PEACH ARE This could only be peach leaf curl, which only affects
DISCOLORED AND TWISTED. peaches and closely related fruit. See p.96.
?
Fruit tree clinic
Fruit trees seem beset by problems, but because they are large plants that bear
heavy crops, small amounts of damage are often easily tolerated. However, there
are some serious issues to be aware of, in order to catch and treat them quickly
before crops, or the trees themselves, are badly damaged.
fruit
Why don’t th e ng?
se t after flo we ri Q Why are the fruit produced Q Why have many small fruit
e can be
Som et im es th er bu t this year so small? fallen from the tree?
ms
pl en ty of bl osso
lit tle or no fr ui
ca us
t, wh ich
ed by bad A Fruit need water to swell, and when
fruit trees experience drought, their
A Apple and pear trees naturally thin
their fruit while they are still small
is usually we ring.
flo
we athe r during th e
yields are drastically reduced. Small to remove any that are diseased,
ca n da m ag e
Frosts frui t fruit also result when the trees is damaged, or infertile, giving the rest
en tin g
flowe rs, prev carrying a very heavy crop; thinning space to develop. Known as “June
at io n, wh ile cold, we t
form
te r in se ct s the young fruitlets prevents this. drop,” it occurs in early summer.
we athe r can de
g th e
from pollinatin no frui t.
rs, m ea ni ng
flowe
A A
The caterpillars of winter This fruit (right) is affected
moths eat holes in the by apple bitter pit, which
leaves of fruit trees as also causes dark mottling
they emerge during early of their flesh. Symptoms
spring. Yellow-green, and can appear on the tree or
about 1in (2.5cm) long, while fruit is in storage. It
the caterpillars often hide is a symptom of calcium
between leaves bound deficiency, usually as a
together with silk thread, result of dry conditions,
and can also reduce yields which prevent the tree
by damaging blooms and from taking up the mineral
young fruitlets. See p.187. from the soil.
FRUIT TREE CLINIC 95
Q Can aphids cause much Q What’s wrong with the leaves of my cherry tree?
damage to fruit trees?
Brown spots on the leaves that fall away to create small holes during spring
A
A Aphids suck sap from the new
growth, weakening the tree
and summer are due to a condition called shothole, caused by a number of
fungi and bacteria. Silver leaf disease gives leaves of plums and cherries a
and causing distorted leaves. silvery surface. It enters the tree via wounds or pruning cuts, most commonly
The pests also attract sooty in spring. Affected branches often die back, and whole trees can be killed if
mold. See Aphids, p.180; seriously infected. See Shothole, p.186; Silver leaf, p.186.
Sooty mold, p.186.
e le ave s
a ti n g tu n n e ls in th
Wh at’s e e an d ch err y tre e s?
of my appl
min ers
A pple le af ee n
ll gr
are sm a th at
ca te rp il la rs
on th e ti ssu es
fe ed an d
le
in si de app s in
ry le a ve
ch er
er. T h ey
late su m m h ite
w
also weave age
on s. D a m
coco
rf icial.
BROWN ROT ON FRUIT HEALTHY CHERRY LEAVES is on ly su pe
Q Is the fruit on my tree Q What are the orange spots Q Why does my fruit
affected by brown rot? on the bark of some stems? tree look so sickly?
A
Brown rot is an aptly named
fungal condition that causes
A These bright pustules are caused
by a fungal disease, coral spot, A
Key nutrients are easily
washed from the soil by
expanding squishy, brown which infects dead stems and heavy rain or watering, or
patches to develop on fruit. branches, and can spread into are sometimes difficult for
Infection is spread by water healthy growth. See p.182. plants to absorb because of
splash and usually occurs if drought or an unfavorable
the fruit skin is damaged, soil pH. Symptoms to watch
such as by insect or bird for include yellowing leaves,
attack. The rotten fruit will poor flowering, small fruit,
either drop from the tree and weak growth. Plants in
or shrivel up and remain pots are most affected. See
in place. See p.181. Nutrient deficiencies, p.184
96 THE EDIBLE GARDEN
A
In late spring and early
summer, pear fruitlets
A These fungal diseases cause dark
blotches to form on fruit, which
A Fungal apple and pear canker
causes distorted, sunken areas
infected with the maggots may be distorted or crack, and of bark on these trees. Cherries
of pear midge become allow in rot. Infected leaves also and plums with holey leaves
black at their base and fall develop similar dark patches and and weeping infected areas
from the tree. Large may fall early. See p.180. have bacterial canker. See p.180.
numbers of fruit can be
affected, even whole crops.
The tiny maggots live in
the center of the fruitlets,
feeding on the flesh, then
migrate into the soil when
the fruit fall to the ground,
ready to infect next year’s
crop. See p.184.
A A
Leaves of peaches and In spring, new growth on
nectarines that have apple trees can appear
become twisted, blistered, white, thanks to a covering
and turned vivid shades of of powdery fungal growth.
red and purple have been This is caused by apple
infected with peach leaf powdery mildew, which
curl. This fungal disease also affects pear trees,
infects leaves in early although less seriously.
spring and will eventually Infected shoots often
cause them to drop grow weakly, can be
prematurely, weakening misshapen, and may
the plant. See p.184. die back early. See p.185.
FRUIT TREE CLINIC 97
Even, well-balanced,
uncongested canopy Prune out any congested,
damaged, or unproductive
stems and branches
Aim for an
open-centered crown
with spaced branches
Raspberries
PROVIDING SUPPORT
To stop tall canes from bowing under
the weight of fruit or breaking in
strong wind, regularly tie them onto Blackberries
supporting posts or wires as they grow.
Hybrid berry
SOFT FRUIT ANATOMY 101
NETTING
All soft fruit should be covered with BUSH FRUIT
netting before it ripens to stop birds Bush fruit are ideal for
from eating the berries before you. small gardens because
they are self-pollinating,
which means they don’t
need another nearby.
Plant fruit bushes away
from frost pockets to prevent
damage to their flowers
Blueberries
WHY ARE NEW LEAVES Has the weather Are they covered
DISTORTED, ESPECIALLY been cold at with lots of small
NEAR THE SHOOT TIPS? night? insects?
STRIPPED OF RIPE BERRIES.
THE PLANTS HAVE BEEN
WHY DOESN’T THE PLANT Have you planted It will need time to establish.
CROP WELL, IF AT ALL? it recently? Check that you planted it correctly.
See How to plant fruit crops p.86.
?
Soft fruit clinic
Soft fruit are simple to grow, but their enticing sweetness and delicate skins make
them easy pickings for pests, and vulnerable to fungal diseases just as you are ready
to pick the delicious harvest. Successful cultivation of these crops is all about being
one step ahead by spotting problems early and keeping pests at bay.
m arke d
Why is foliage erns?
with ye llow pa tt Q What damage do capsid Q Why are the fruits covered
n be
All soft frui t ca bugs do to fruit bushes? with mold?
r own
af fe cted by th ei t older
type s of vi ru se s, bu
ts are
A During summer, these small green
A Fluffy, gray fungal growth that starts
strawber ry pl an sap-sucking insects feed at the as brown patches on fruit is caused
e.
part icul arly pron m arks shoot tips. Leaf cells die where the by gray mold. Spread in the air and
om s in clu de
Sym pt bugs have fed, forming tears as the in water droplets, this is a common
isshape n
on th e le aves; m d fr ui t; leaves grow. Young growth can also disease in wet summers and if fruit
es, flo we rs, an
le av become distorted. See p.181. touch damp surfaces. See p.183.
d poor
we ak growth; an ually
ad
yi elds, wh ich gr s p.187.
se
worsen . Se e Viru
CANE SPOT SYMPTOMS HEALTHY RED CURRANTS GRAY MOLD DESTROYS FRUIT
A A
Raspberry cane spot Where the leaves of
is a fungal disease that gooseberries, red currants
also affects blackberries, and white currants have
causing pale-centred rapidly been stripped back
purple blotches on canes to the stems, the pale gray,
from early summer. Similar black-spotted larvae of
spots can then spread gooseberry sawfly can be
onto leaves and fruits, the found. Repeated attacks
bark may split where large occur from mid-spring to
spots have developed, midsummer, weakening
and canes may die. Simply the plants, although they
prune out infected stems. usually recover. See p.186.
SOFT FRUIT CLINIC 105
th e fruit,
tak in g all
Is it birds th at are n’t ripe?
eve n th ose ll
attack a
Birds will fr uit
so ft
ty pe s of
th ey ri pe n , an d
as u ck of f
th er pl
will ei ol e or
w h
th e fruit eak fu ls
sm a ll b
pe ck
otecte d
from u n pr of te n
ey
pl an ts. T h bef ore
et fr u it
targ
Se e p.180.
DISEASED FRUIT PERFECT STRAWBERRIES fu lly ri pe.
A
Gooseberry mildew, fungal infection that usually occurs during summer or, occasionally, spring. It does
a fungal disease, coats little harm. Puckered and distorted fruit are caused by poor pollination, often due
infected foliage, stems, to bad weather or few insects during flowering. See Fungal leaf spot, p.183.
and fruit in a layer of
powder that resembles
talcum powder. Young
growth can become
misshapen and die back
if badly affected, and
although edible, infected
fruit turns an unappetizing
brown. See p.183. Strawberry leaf spot Poor pollination
106 THE EDIBLE GARDEN
Cut back any shoot tips damaged Tie in new stems as they grow during
by cold or wind in spring summer, to fruit the following year
What about the thorns?
Many soft fruit plants,
such as blackberries and
gooseberries, have sharp
thorns and spines along
their stems, so be sure
to wear thick gloves
when pruning or training
them. You also need to be
careful when picking the
fruit. If you have children,
consider planting thornless
varieties as a precaution.
Remove any
diseased or
BLACKBERRIES damaged stems
The key is to cut canes to the base after fruiting in
their second year. This makes room for new, young
canes to be tied onto supporting horizontal wires
in late fall, ready to bear fruit the following year.
BLUEBERRIES
These are the easiest fruit bushes to look after,
Prune unproductive
since they need no routine pruning. During old shoots back to
winter, remove any dead or damaged stems the base
and cut any weak branches on mature bushes
back to the base to stimulate new growth.
PRUNING FRUIT BUSHES 107
Young wood is pale; older Cut out about a
The most fruit is wood is dark brown third of the oldest
borne on stems in stems in winter RASPBERRY CANES
their second year
Summer- and fall-fruiting raspberries are easy
to prune. Summer types produce berries on canes
in their second year, which should be cut out at the
base after fruiting, to be replaced with the new canes
that have grown during summer. Fall types flower and
fruit on the current season’s canes, which are cut
down in late winter, making space for new growth.
Red and white currants Prune old, weak stems to New canes in Remove any
are pruned in the same make way for new growth spring will fruit weak or badly
way as gooseberries by the fall placed shoots
buying them. This is worthwhile, not are dormant and leafless. If this nurseries, often via mail order and
only because healthy plants will grow is the case, look for a good shape, at lower prices. Since they can only
better, but also because it’s best to undamaged bark and stems on be lifted when dormant, bare-root
avoid bringing pests and diseases woody plants, and evidence of plenty trees and shrubs are only available
into your garden. For this reason it’s of healthy buds on all. Bulbs are also from late fall to early spring—slightly
always best to tactfully examine any usually bought when dormant and longer for perennials. They can
gifts from friends’ gardens too. should feel firm, with no signs of therefore only be planted at this time
Look for plants that are a full, mold, and their outer skin intact. of year, and should always be put
attractive shape, with bright green into the ground as soon as possible.
leaves and no roots pushing out of Bare-root or container-grown?
the base or at the top of the pot. Be Everyone is familiar with the pot- Before planting ornamentals
wary of very weedy pots, especially grown plants found in garden Every plant has its own individual
with trees and shrubs, since this can centers, but trees, shrubs, and soil requirements, so it is advisable
indicate a pot-bound plant that has sometimes herbaceous perennials to check the label or a good book
been in its container for too long. are also available bare-root. All this first. However, it is always good
Watch out for pest damage on leaves, means is that they have been grown practice to remove all weeds from
since whatever caused it could still in a nursery field and lifted for sale, the planting area, particularly deep-
be on the plant or in the medium. so do not come in a pot. Pot-grown rooted perennials, which will be
Also look for any signs of rot or mold. plants offer the convenience of being difficult to extract once the new
Deciduous trees and shrubs, along available and plantable all year round, plant is growing and can resprout
with herbaceous perennials and but a wider range of plants is usually if even the tiniest section of root
climbers, can be bought when they available bare-root from specialty remains. The addition of a good
112 THE ORNAMENTAL GARDEN
Right way up When planting bulbs and bare-root Firm in properly Air pockets can easily be left Avoid rain shadows Soil next to walls and fences
perennials, make sure you know which way they beneath new plants unless they are firmed in well. can be very dry because it is sheltered from the rain.
should be planted. Bulbs can rot if planted facing These voids can cause roots to dry out and die, or When planting in these areas, position plants at least
down, while perennials may be slower to establish. can fill with water, causing the roots to rot. 12in (30cm) into the border, and water them well.
114 THE ORNAMENTAL GARDEN
outer roots of those in pots, and but even those like ivy that can cling
position the plant in the hole. Ensure vertically to walls benefit from stakes AVOIDING PROBLEMS
it is at the right depth, fill soil back or netting until established. Preventing damage Mulches and
around the roots, firm gently with Perennials and bulbs with tall fertilizers are beneficial to plants when
your hands, and water well. Bulbs can flowers can be damaged during bad applied correctly, but unless you are
using a liquid foliar feed, they must
be planted singly in small holes, or in weather. Wire mesh or twiggy
only touch the soil and not the plant
groups in larger holes. Check that the supports, put in place as growth itself. Solid fertilizers can scorch any
bulb is the right way up at the base begins in spring, allow plants to grow stems, leaves, or flowers they come into
of the hole, and cover with soil. through and cover them, giving a contact with, while mulches laid right
up to the stems and crowns of plants
natural appearance, while the plants can allow fungal diseases to develop.
Providing support for plants are well supported. Flowering stems
Many ornamental plants need can also be staked individually.
additional supports, which can be
either permanent or temporary. Growing in containers
A stake, driven into the soil before All types of ornamental plants can be
planting, helps steady trees in windy successfully grown in containers, and
conditions while their roots establish. many glorious gardens are populated
After three or four years the roots entirely with plants in pots. Although
should anchor the tree sufficiently, plants in containers require a lot
and the stake can be removed. more attention than those in the soil,
The requirements of climbing planting in pots is popular because
plants vary depending on their it offers many opportunities to utilize
method of attaching to surfaces. extra space and manipulate growing Which potting mix Use a soil-based
Some need a substantial support conditions. Don’t be afraid to mix potting mix for long-term specimens,
system put in place before planting, plants from different groups to create such as trees, shrubs, climbers, and
exciting displays and provide a long some perennials. A lighter, multi-
season of interest. purpose mix usually suits patio
plants, particularly those in hanging
Choosing containers Once you baskets, and is often adequate for
have selected plants, the priority is bulbs, although specially formulated,
to find a suitable container for them. free-draining bulb medium will give
As always, good drainage holes in the best results. Use lime-free potting
the base are essential. Large, long- mix for acid-loving plants, such as
lived plants, such as trees and shrubs, rhododendrons and camellias.
need a pot that will comfortably Plant in containers as you would
accommodate their roots, but don’t in the ground, adding a layer of
like too much spare space, so only broken pots or coarse gravel to the
allow up to 4in (10cm) extra width. bottom of pots with few drainage
Climbers require deep pots that are holes. Firm mix carefully around
sturdy and stable enough to hold plants, especially where there are
their supports if necessary. Bulbs several in the pot, and water well.
need containers with excellent
drainage that allow them to be The right site The greatest
Clear view Providing support not only
protects plants from damage, it also planted at the right depth. Fast- advantage of pots is that they can be
improves their display in the yard by growing perennials and patio moved into the plant’s ideal growing
holding the flowers and stems well. plants are best given large pots. conditions whenever required.
HOW TO GROW ORNAMENTALS 115
ROUTINE CARE
The range of ornamental plants is
huge and their problems are varied.
Many different plants are prone to
the same problems, which can often
be prevented with basic routine care.
Watering
Soil improved with organic matter
holds moisture well, reducing the
need for watering. However, many
newly planted specimens will still
need regular watering in their first
season. Plants need less watering Routine care Regular watering and feeding Keep tidy Clearing away plant and garden
once fully established, unless they will encourge strong, healthy growth and a debris is an effective and simple way to help
are planted in the dry soil at the better show of color. avoid many pests and diseases.
base of walls and fences.
Never water in the full heat of weed growth. A generous layer of Correct pruning
midday and always direct the water composted bark, garden compost, Always be sure to prune trees and
at the soil, not on the plants. Soak the or well-rotted manure are all highly shrubs at the right time of year. Badly
soil well so water penetrates deeply. beneficial to the soil. timed pruning can leave plants prone
to disease, cause stems to bleed sap
Mulching Fertilizing heavily, and prevent flowering. Also
Mulching in spring adds organic If the soil has been improved, newly make sure that cuts are made
matter to the soil, helps retain planted ornamentals shouldn’t need correctly, since poorly pruned wood
moisture and warmth, and controls feeding. However, fertilizer will help can die back and become infected.
established plants, particularly if
their leaves show signs of nutrient Check ties
AVOIDING PROBLEMS deficiency. Spring is the best time As trees, shrubs, and woody climbers
Prevent overcrowding Congested clumps to apply fertilizers, giving plants grow, tight ties can cut into their
of bulbs and herbaceous perennials a boost as they begin growing. expanding stems, causing significant
often look tired and don’t flower well. Well-rotted manure or organic damage that can provide an entry
Lifting and dividing them, usually
while they are dormant, allows you to
fertilizers, such as bone meal, release point for disease. Check ties on trees
replant vigorous, healthy plant material nutrients slowly. Liquid fertilizers at least every spring, and those on
that will flower prolifically. See p.155. and inorganic products are ideal other plants more often. Loosen,
for a quick pick-me-up. Use specially replace, or remove them as required.
formulated fertilizers that are suitable
for acid-lovers, when needed. Leave bulbs to grow
The leaves of bulbous plants help
Garden hygiene fatten the bulbs for next year’s
Weeds, fallen leaves, and other plant flowers, and should be left to die
debris helps spread pests and down naturally, without being tied
diseases. Always keep the soil around up or trimmed off. Where bulbs grow
your plants clear to maintain a in grass, leave the surrounding area
garden that looks tidy and is healthy. unmown until the leaves have faded.
GARDEN LAWNS
Lawns may appear the same but
there are actually many different
mixes of grasses available to suit a
variety of growing conditions and
the purpose the lawn serves.
Choosing the right mix for your
yard will make maintaining healthy
green grass much simpler.
Lawns can be established by
sowing seed, which is cost effective,
or laying turf, for quick results. Spring
and fall are the best seasons for both
methods. Whichever way you
choose, good soil preparation is
essential. Clear the area of weeds,
expecially perennials, and improve
Main feature The lawn is usually one of the largest, most conspicuous features in a
sandy soil with potting mix. On garden, and often the most heavily used. An unkempt lawn can spoil an otherwise
heavy soil improve drainage by beautiful yard, although nearly all can be revived with time and effort—and maybe sod.
digging in sharp sand or installing a
drainage system if water pools often. into regular sections, using stakes, the prepared soil. Cut the edges to
Dig or rototill the soil, remove any and measure the correct amount of the desired shape once all sod is laid.
large stones, and rake the site level. seed per section into a cup. This can Tamp down sod with the back of a
To prevent hollows from appearing in then be sown evenly over the soil— rake, and water during dry weather
the lawn as the soil settles, firm the repeat until the whole area is sown. until the grass has rooted through.
soil by treading it evenly with your Rake lightly, water using a sprinkler if Avoid heavy use of new grass until
feet. Level any dips that form during there is no rain, and protect the seed established, which could be up to
treading, and rake the surface to a from birds with netting. three months for sod, or one year for
fine tilth, taking care to remove Sod should be laid onto moist soil seed. Cut new grass lightly when it
stones if sowing grass seed. very soon after purchase. Start at the reaches about 2in (5cm) tall.
Ideally sow seed in warm, moist edge of the lawn and lay the sod in
conditions, at the rate recommended. straight lines, standing on planks on Caring for lawns
To make this easier, mark the ground the sod already laid, rather than on The key to easy lawn care is to mow
little and often. Cutting one-third of
the leaf length each week in summer
AVOIDING PROBLEMS is less stressful for grass than letting
it grow longer and cutting less often.
Feed well for strong growth Healthy,
well-fed lawns look more attractive, Trim edges regularly and recut them
withstand wear and tear, and are less annually to keep grass from spreading.
likely to become overrun with weeds. Established lawns benefit from
Apply a spring/summer fertilizer in
early summer, and a specially formulated scarifying with a rake in the fall to
lower nitrogen feed at the start of fall. remove dead foliage and moss.
Always apply lawn fertilizers at the rate Lawns can also be aerated to help
recommended on the packet. Overfeeding
can scorch and damage new growth. loosen compacted soil by spiking
the area all over with a garden fork.
118 THE ORNAMENTAL GARDEN
TREE, SHRUB, AND CLIMBER RESCUE 119
RESCUE
Trees, shrubs,
and climbers
Since they are frequently used
as specimen plants, prominently
positioned in the garden, it is
particularly important to keep trees,
shrubs, and climbers healthy and
looking at their best. A basic
understanding of their needs, found
in the anatomy guides that follow,
will make this easier. Diagnostic
charts and question-and-answer
pages also help pinpoint the cause of
symptoms. Take heed of the pruning
and training advice given, which can
spell the difference between flower-
covered glory and a tangled mess.
120 THE ORNAMENTAL GARDEN
Susceptible to root
rot, plant conifers
in well-drained soil
HEDGES
All conifer hedges, except yew, will not
regrow if cut back past the green shoot
tips. To prevent unsightly brown Interesting pine flowers
patches, never clip them too severely.
GARDEN TREE ANATOMY 121
DECIDUOUS TREES
Losing leaves in the fall has many advantages for deciduous SEASONAL INTEREST
trees. Bare branches are less prone to wind damage, and Deciduous trees can have
pests and diseases fall away with the foliage. Their annual year-long appeal, bearing
leaf fall, often in a vivid range of fall tints, can also expose flowers, fruit, berries, and
attractive bark and branch patterns. bark. Most are unaffected
by pests and diseases.
Birds are attracted to
Flowers can be damaged feed on colorful fall fruit
by cold or heavy rain
Attractive bark
?
Garden tree clinic
Often large enough to allow minor problems to go unnoticed, it pays to keep an
eye on trees—both up close and from a distance—to prevent something serious
from developing. Check leaves and bark for signs of insect and disease damage, and
step back to look for signs of environmental stress, such as wind damage.
le aves
Why are youn g
pale an d cr is p? Q Why are the flowers dying off Q What is eating lots of holes
pe ar
Whe re le aves ap m e and turning brown on the tree? in the leaves?
co
bl each ed an d be turn in g
pape ry , so m et im es
ay be th e A Blossom wilt is a fungal disease that
A Yellow-green colored winter moth
brown, sc orch m causes spring flowers of ornamental caterpillars feed on the leaves of
by
proble m. Caused ight, crabapples and cherry trees to turn many deciduous trees as they unfurl
e or ho t su nl
in te ns brown, die, and remain in place. It is in spring. They also make nests by
ft, youn g
it can af fe ct so worse in damp weather and may pulling leaves together with silk.
es ne ar th e ti ps, an d
le av
to be wo rse wh ere affect nearby leaves. See p.181. Damage can be severe. See p.187.
is lik ely
th e foliage
rain drops on rays.
ni f y th e su n’s
m ag
A A
Semi-circular growths In damp springs and falls,
of bracket fungus appear bacterial canker produces
on the roots, trunk, or areas of sunken bark on
branches of trees, usually ornamental cherry trees.
after humid summer and These patches may exude
fall weather. The fungus a syrupy, amber substance.
gradually weakens the Growth is affected, with
tree by feeding on its small, yellow leaves, or
tissues, increasing the stem tips dying back. In
chance of limbs falling. spring, the leaves may
See Pruning garden develop brown spots and
trees, pp.128–129. tiny holes. See p.180.
GARDEN TREE CLINIC 125
Q How can I tell if my trees are affected by a soil nutrient deficiency? Q What are these red pimples
on my maple leaves?
Magnesium deficiency causes yellowing around leaf edges and between veins,
A particularly in older leaves, often because heavy rain has washed magnesium
from the soil. Acid-loving trees are prone to iron deficiency and lime-induced
A Acer gall mites feed on the
leaves of sycamores and maples,
chlorosis on alkaline soil, which also causes yellowing and brown patches triggering the formation of
between leaf veins. Trees can show symptoms for several years before gradually distinctive, upright, red growths
declining and dying back. See Nutrient deficiencies, p.184. on the leaves. Although dramatic
looking, it is harmless to the tree.
A
The signs of waterlogging entering through the wounds. Good cuts leave the branch collar, which promotes
closely resemble those of quick healing. Cutting flush with the trunk removes the collar and leaves a large
drought, as leaves often wound—long stumps encourage disease. See Pruning garden trees, pp.128–129.
yellow and fall early. This
is because poor drainage
can cause the roots to rot,
meaning that they can’t
supply the rest of the plant
with water. Dark roots that
break easily are a sure sign
that rot has set in. Try to
improve soil drainage. Cutting flush to the trunk Decaying pruning stump A healthy branch collar
126 THE ORNAMENTAL GARDEN
HEALTHY CONIFER GROWTH HONEY FUNGUS ON ROOTS HOLLY LEAF MINER DAMAGE
A A
Drought can cause leaves Infected trees may die
to turn yellow and fall gradually or in a single
early, poor growth, the season. Groups of tan-
dropping of flowers, and colored toadstools grow
poor fruit formation. around the trunk or roots
Whole branches may in late summer or fall, and
die back, and in severe creamy fungal growth
droughts, established develops beneath the bark
mature trees may die at the base of the trunk.
completely. Recently Black, shoelacelike fungal
planted trees are most at strands spread out into the
risk. See Watering p.116. surrounding soil. See p.183.
GARDEN TREE CLINIC 127
growin g
e th e vi go rou s sh oots
Wh at ar base of th e
tree?
u p from th e
ts are
T h ese sh oo d can
a n
“su ck ers”
cu r n a tu rally or
oc
root s are
if sh all ow
. T h ey
dam aged m oved
ld b e re
sh ou
th e
as cl ose to
ssible
sourc e as po th er
te a ri n g ra
by
g th em.
WINDDAMAGED BRANCH WEAKENED TREE TRUNK th an cu tt in
A
Trees can suffer physical
damage in many ways. A Trees will grow around
tight ties and stakes left
Passing vehicles, wind, in place, which also allows
heavy snow, and vandals disease in and may
can all break tree limbs, weaken the main trunk.
leaving an open wound It is vital to inspect tree
that increases the risk of ties and stakes regularly
infection. Cut broken to check that they are not
branches back with sharp rubbing against the tree
tools to help prevent when it moves, wearing
disease. See Pruning away the bark and leaving
garden trees, pp.128–129. it vulnerable to disease.
128 THE ORNAMENTAL GARDEN
Prune weak or
diseased growth
in winter
EVERGREENS PRUNING
The structure of many gardens, evergreen TYPES OF EVERGREENS
Evergreens usually
shrubs retain their leaves or needles year Whether they are grown
only require light
for their attractive flowers,
round, although older leaves dropping in pruning to remove
compact shapes, or glossy
summer is no cause for concern. Even hardy spent flowers, and
foliage, evergreens have
evergreens are prone to damage by frost dead or diseased
many uses in the garden,
and cold winds, and prefer a sheltered site. wood. This is usually
and are ideal for screens.
done in spring or
after flowering.
Scented flowers
Compact shape
Permanent groundcover
GARDEN SHRUB ANATOMY 131
DECIDUOUS SHRUBS
Flowers can be
lost if shrubs are In good health, deciduous
incorrectly pruned shrubs deliver everything
from bold winter color
and spring foliage to
scented summer flowers.
PRUNING
As a rule, deciduous shrubs are pruned
Regular watering and
after flowering, or in early spring if new annual mulching helps Attractive summer flowers
growth bears flowers or colorful bark. keep shrubs healthy
What’s wrong with my garden shrub?
Although the foliage and flowers on shrubs can be spoiled by pests,
diseases, and unfavorable weather, the problems are rarely serious.
Leaves often show the first signs of trouble, but don’t overlook yellowing
foliage caused by nutrient deficiency when checking for bugs and mold.
Is it mainly the
Are the stems and
WHAT IS EATING MY SHRUB? leaves and soft
bark chewed?
growth?
COLORTHEY LOOK SICK.
THE LEAVES ARE CHANGING
Most probably
It could be
caused by spider This could be
a nutrient
mites, see p.186, dieback p.182;
deficiency.
or a virus, see Has the weather fireblight p.182;
See p.184.
p.187. been cold at night? scorch p.135.
WHAT’S WRONG WITH MY GARDEN SHRUB? 133
MY SHRUB DOESN’T FLOWER Have you planted If it hasn’t established well, check
OR FRUIT. IT LOOKS SICK. it recently? that you planted it correctly.
See How to plant p.113.
Pruning encourages
flowers, fruit, and
healthy growth. Check the shrub for signs
See Pruning garden of pests and diseases.
shrubs pp.138–139. See Garden shrub clinic pp.134–137.
WHY ARE THE LEAVES Can you see any insects This could be caused by gall insects,
DISTORTED AND UNSIGHTLY? on the affected growth? which are harmless or virus. See p.187.
WITH SOMETHING POWDERY.
THE LEAVES ARE COVERED
?
Garden shrub clinic
Most garden shrubs are robust plants that, given good growing conditions, can easily
tolerate a little damage from common pests and diseases. To prevent these issues
from becoming serious and spoiling the plant’s appearance, it’s always wise to site
shrubs correctly, and be vigilant in order to catch problems early.
ru bs
Why don’t my sh
produce an y be rr ie s?
Q What causes the brown Q Why are the flowers turning
we rs se t patches on camellia leaves? brown and unsightly?
On ly fe m al e flo
ly wh en
be rrie s, an d on
pollina te d. M
ha
an
ve
y sh ru bs
both m al e A Camellia leaf blight is a fungal
disease that infects these shrubs in
A Heavy rain can damage delicate
petals, causing them to look bruised,
th at frui t
we rs, bu t
an d fem al e flo wet or humid conditions. Leaves turn brown, and sometimes to fall.
pr od uc e th em on
othe rs at ne ed
develop brown speckled patches Petals that remain often fade and
ts th
se parate pl an and drop off. Infection may spread, turn moldy, particularly in double
be pl an te d clo se ly for
to
cur. Badly causing stems to die. See p.181. blooms—remove damaged flowers.
pollinati on to oc
g ca n al so
tim ed prun in
en t a cr op of be rrie s.
prev
A A
Cold can damage a wide Variegated shrubs are
range of shrubs but most usually first propagated
commonly kills the soft from a parent plant with
young leaves of slightly plain green leaves that
tender plants in spring. produced a variegated
Leaves and stems, as well sport. Sometimes their
as buds and flowers, turn growth will revert to the
brown or black, and die plain green of the parent,
back, while the rest of the and, since these shoots are
plant appears healthy. Cut usually more vigorous,
back the damaged growth they should be cut out
when conditions improve. as soon as they are seen.
GARDEN SHRUB CLINIC 135
my rose
e le ave s on
Why are the d u p in to tu be s?
pl an t curl
llin g
R ose le af ro u p
ro ll
sawflie s
rin g
le ave s in sp to
m m er
an d su
eir eg gs.
sh el te r th illars
rp
T h eir cate
bes bu t
eat th e tu h arm.
cau se li tt le
es sh ou ld
R olle d le av f.
ed of
PROBLEMFREE PLANT HEALTHY LEAVES be pi ck
A A
Circular brown spots that Bright sunlight can scorch
sometimes enlarge and shrubs, with delicate
join together, and develop young leaves and petals
tiny black spots on their being particularly prone in
surface, are fungal leaf sunny conditions. Affected
spots. These are caused areas often become pale
by a range of fungi and and papery, sometimes
are usually more prevalent turning brown. Water
in damp conditions, droplets can increase the
particularly when plants problem by intensifying
are stressed or weakened sunlight. Pick off the
by other factors. See p.183. leaves that look worst.
136 THE ORNAMENTAL GARDEN
A A
Shrubs vary enormously Sooty mold forms dark
in their tolerance to cold, powdery fungal growth
making it vital to choose on leaves already coated
appropriate plants for your with honeydew, the sticky
local climate, taking into excretion from sap-
account exposure to wind sucking insects. It suggests
and rain too. A particularly the presence of aphids or
hard frost or cold spell can scale insects, which need
kill established shrubs, and to be treated. Wipe the
poor drainage will also leaves clean. See Sooty
finish off sun-lovers, such mold p.186; Aphids p.180;
as lavender and cistus. Scale insects p.186.
GARDEN SHRUB CLINIC 137
PATIO ROSES
If their flowering and shape
are good, these roses need
minimal pruning to remove
dead or crowded stems, and to
retain a compact form. If untidy,
prune in spring, cutting any Clipping over with shears
vigorous shoots back by half. helps retain a compact shape
PRUNING GARDEN SHRUBS 139
Use loppers
to prune out
Only young shoots congested wood
Retain a framework of have the desired
older wood, 24–36in vibrant bark
(60–90cm) tall
WALL DAMAGE
Sound walls can cope with clinging Evergreen foliage
roots, but climbers work into gaps in Sturdy, woody stems need no Add plenty of compost
damaged masonry, enlarging them. extra supports, but are hard to to soil to help keep
Keep eaves and gutters free of climbers. remove when unwanted roots moist
Hardy annuals
Tender annuals
Remember when planting on
fences and pillars that flowers
always face the light
SUITABLE SUPPORTS
Short tendrils need a lot of opportunities
to coil around thin supports, like wire,
Improve soil and water
netting, or twiggy branches. Trellis is regularly for healthy plants Tender perennial climber
ideal for tying in many other climbers. and a good display
What’s wrong with my climber?
Vigorous and vibrant when healthy, climbing plants can suffer problems
when planted in poor conditions or not given appropriate supports.
Check in spring and summer that new growth is healthy, pruned, and
tied in as required, and that pests are not hiding in the lush foliage.
WHY ARE THE LEAVES ON MY CLIMBER Are they covered with brown
BECOMING DISCOLORED? spots or a white powder?
SUDDENLY WILTED?
WHY HAS MY CLEMATIS Brown spots
Spider mites mean it’s fungal
cause mottled, leaf spot, p.183.
pale leaves. White powder
See p.186. is powdery
mildew, p.145.
IT’S SWALLOWING MY GARDEN WHOLE. Your plant needs pruning and training.
See Pruning climbing plants pp.146–147.
Have you planted Are you sure it’s growing Check the plant’s growing requirements.
it recently? in the right spot? See Right plant right place p.110.
Check for other symptoms. See Is it planted against The soil at the base of walls and fences can be very
Climbing plant clinic pp.144–145. a wall or fence? dry, due to rain shadow. Water your plant well.
?
Climbing plant clinic
Often grown in poor soil at the base of walls, where the sheltered conditions favor
pests and diseases, it is no surprise that a few common complaints affect many
climbers. Given good care however, along with the right supports and regular
pruning, these plants overcome problems to create a glorious display.
erne d
Sh ou ld I be concct s?
abou t scale in se Q Why doesn’t my climbing plant Q How do I recognize aphids
rive on climb properly? on my climbing plant?
Scale in se ct s th own on
gr
clim bing pl an ts d are
sh elt er ed wa lls, an
stem s an d
A All climbing plants, even self-
A Young growth is a magnet for
easy to spot on clinging types like ivy, need tying to aphids, which are usually green,
aves. Th ey
un dersides of le their supports to get them growing often with a yellow or brown tinge.
p, af fe ct in g growth,
su ck sa in the right direction. Select They quickly multiply, causing young
ag e so ot y m old,
an d en cour supports that suit the way your plant leaves to curl and can reduce overall
an d air
which stops light es. Se e grows to help it take off quickly. growth and display. See p.180.
ac hi ng le av
from re
86; Soot y
Scale in se ct s p.1
m old p.186 .
A A
Snails often hide on walls, Wisterias can be shy to
trellises, and fences during flower, so help encourage
the day, only to come out plenty of cascading spring
at night to chew irregular blooms by cutting back
holes in the leaves and the long, vigorous, leafy
flowers. Their rasping shoots in late summer.
teeth are also capable This helps focus the plant’s
of eating through stems, energy on flower-bud
which can lead to large production. Training the
portions of the plant main stems horizontally,
dying back if damage is rather than vertically, also
near the base. See p.186. promotes flowering.
CLIMBING PLANT CLINIC 145
g brown
aves turn in ?
Why are le th e si de s an d tips
on
an d cr ispy
th e fu ll
E xposed to win d on
th e
forc e of
fe n ce s,
wall s an d owers
s a n d fl
le ave
g pl an ts
on clim bin m aged.
da
are easi ly stem s,
d ea d
Pru n e
an d
wate r well, r to
id e sh el te
prov
re cove r.
h elp th em
NIBBLED LEAVES CONTROLLED CLIMBER
A A
Adult vine weevils are usually Some climbers grow incredibly
responsible for this pattern of quickly during summer and can
foliage damage at any time swamp neighboring plants. They
between spring and fall. The may even find their way onto roofs
dull, matte-black beetles are and gutters, where they can cause
easiest to see when they emerge damage. The only way to prevent
to feed at night. They eat only this is to prune them at least once
leaf edges, so most climbers can a year in spring or after flowering.
withstand the damage. However, If a climber still proves too rampant,
this pest can severely harm other replace it with something slower
plants growing nearby and growing. See Pruning climbing
should be controlled. See p.187. plants pp.146–147.
146 THE ORNAMENTAL GARDEN
CLIMBING ROSES
During their first two years, all dead and weak stems
Occasionally cut back should be pruned out, while their long stems are trained
A well pruned and old, unproductive
trained plant will stems to ground level horizontally to promote flowering. Once established,
flower all over prune all sideshoots back by two-thirds each fall.
PRUNING CLIMBING PLANTS 147
Bold summer
flowers are
prolific
Cut back just above Tie new growth
the strong buds into supports
during early spring during spring
and summer
RESCUE
Perennials, bulbs
and bedding
Used to create seamless swathes
of color in our gardens, perennials,
bulbs, and bedding plants are
incredibly diverse, with plants
suitable for almost every situation.
The anatomy guides for each plant
group in this section illustrate some
of this variety and give advice on
planting and routine care. Common
pests, diseases, and cultural
problems are also easily diagnosed
using the flowcharts and question-
and-answer pages, with solutions
to help maintain a vibrant display.
150 THE ORNAMENTAL GARDEN
SPREADING PERENNIALS
Many perennials SPREADING PLANTS
Rapid growth marks out this group of perennials, which start dying back
after flowering Robust and frequently
cover ground quickly by sending up shoots from shallow
evergreen, spreading
roots or underground stems, or rooting stems above perennials are ideal for
ground. They are easy to grow, encounter few filling spaces and growing
problems, and often thrive in difficult conditions. beneath larger shrubs.
Dense mats of
foliage can be prone
to powdery mildew Winter and spring color
in dry soils
CARPET OF GROWTH
Spreading perennials make excellent
groundcover plants, because their
quick growth and dense carpets of Leafy bamboo grasses
foliage make it difficult for weed
seedlings to establish.
Evergreen foliage
Summer flowers
PERENNIAL PLANT ANATOMY 151
CLUMPFORMING PERENNIALS
Many of the best-known colorful perennials form clumps CLUMPING BAMBOO
with a fibrous root system that produces new shoots each Bamboos are large evergreen
grasses with segmented
year. Others regrow annually from deep taproots, which
woody stems and delicate
make the plants more difficult to move and divide. Both divided leaves that grow in
are a quick and easy route to a vibrant garden. dense clumps. Many varieties
are vigorous and, once
Deadheading regularly will established, they can spread
prolong the display of flowers
over a large area.
Has the weather been Don’t worry. Many perennials often wilt when it’s hot
warm and dry lately? out. Water them well in the morning or evening.
Is your soil light and Plants dry out quickly in lighter soils, even during
free draining? brief dry spells. Water them regularly.
The roots may be damaged or eaten, limiting Feeding insects and partly chewed stems
their ability to absorb water. See wireworms p.187; can cause plants to wilt during the day.
phytophthora root rot p.185; vine weevil grubs See aphids p.154; spider mites p.186;
p.157; waterlogging p.154. slugs and snails p.156.
WHAT’S WRONG WITH MY PERENNIALS? 153
PLANT’S LEAVES?
WHAT’S EATING THE
WELL, IT’S DISAPPOINTING.
THE PLANT DOESN’T FLOWER
Have you planted Have you kept it well Watering and fertilizing are essential to help
it recently? watered and fertilized? newly planted perennials establish well.
Are you sure it’s growing Check the plant’s preferred growing conditions.
in the right location? See: Right plant right place p.110.
?
Perennial plant clinic
Perennials usually stay healthy thanks to the fact that their growth dies back in fall
and can be removed along with any lingering pests and diseases. Specific ailments
target some, and tender new growth may be attacked by common pests
and fungal diseases, but if well cared for, these plants grow and thrive.
e m uch
Can aphids causts?
dam age to pl an Q My perennials are wilting, Q What can I do to prevent cold
rge grou ps are they too dry or too wet? from damaging my plants?
Aphi ds form la
sa p from
an d su ck th e
are of te n
pe re nn ia ls,
so
an
ft ,
d
ne w stem s. A A lack of water reaching the leaves
results in wilting, either because the
A Brown leaves in spring, which wilt
and die, may be caused by cold.
foun d on can
io ns
He av y in fe stat , an d
soil is very dry, or because it is During mild spring weather, plants
pl an t gr ow th
re du ce youn g waterlogged and causing the roots start into growth but are then hit by
do ne to
th e dam age to to die. Check the soil then either cold spells. Protect them with fabric
em
le aves causes th re ad water the plant or improve drainage. or move them to a sheltered spot.
so sp
curl. Aphi ds al
Se e Aphi ds,
viral di se ases.
; Vi ru se s, p.187.
p.180
A A
With large flowers and no Many perennials develop
woody stems to support pale, tunneled areas in
them, many perennials their leaves—the larvae
struggle to stay upright of various insects feed
in wet or breezy weather. inside them. Although
Keep them standing by this looks unattractive, the
installing supporting damage caused is rarely
twiggy sticks, poles and severe enough to affect
twine, or commercially a healthy, established
produced stakes in spring, plant. Simply pick off any
which plants will grow mined leaves to limit the
through and conceal. spread of the pests.
PERENNIAL PLANT CLINIC 155
Q How do I know if it’s Q Why has my established perennial stopped flowering well?
rabbits eating my plant?
A
Many perennials spread quickly, forming congested clumps that are bare in the
A When established plants are
rapidly destroyed or badly
middle, and less free-flowering than before. This is easily remedied by lifting the
clump in late fall or early spring, and dividing it into several sections containing
damaged, especially in rural healthy young shoots and roots that can be replanted. Most plants can be teased
areas, rabbits are likely to be apart once lifted, and the woody central portion discarded. Take the opportunity
the culprits. Keep them out to remove weeds from the clump and improve the soil before replanting.
of the garden if you can.
bu ds
u se d th e le ave s an d e d?
Wh at’s ca twiste d an d def or m
to be com e
pl an ts
If aff ecte d are a
a n
are n ear
raye d
re ce n tly sp ille r,
w ee d k
with
possibly
th ey m ay it by
h
h ave bee n pl et s.
ro
airborn e d pl an ts
Establi sh ed wate r
r;
of te n re cove well.
iz e
HEALTHY SOLOMON’S SEAL UNAFFECTED FOLIAGE an d fe rt il
A A
Small caterpillarlike sawfly The foliage of perennials
larvae can rapidly defoliate can be damaged or
Aquilegia, Solomon’s seal, scorched by the weather.
and Aruncus in late spring The most common
and summer. Plants can symptoms are crisp, brown
tolerate some damage patches at the leaf edges
but will be weakened after and shoot tips, and the
several seasons, especially browning of flowers. Dry
when attacks occur in late wind and bright sunlight
spring. Remove the larvae are usually to blame.
as soon as possible; check Provide shelter and keep
plants often. See p.186. plants well watered.
156 THE ORNAMENTAL GARDEN
Q How can I keep spreading perennials under control? Q Should I worry about
slugs and snails?
Many spreading perennials create dense mats of foliage and flowers, making
A them great groundcover plants. However, this rapid growth can result in them
becoming invasive. Luckily most are simple to control because they spread via A Since they have no woody
growth and grow close to soil
stems just below the soil surface. To tame the plant, every piece of these fleshy level, many perennials are
stems must be unearthed with a fork, leaving a clump the desired size. Overly particularly vulnerable to
vigorous plants are best removed to prevent the problem from recurring. damage by slugs and snails.
New shoots, which can be
chewed off overnight during
wet spring weather, need to be
protected. Mature plants cope
well with holes in their leaves
during the growing season,
but as summer progresses,
hostas and other leafy plants
can be spoiled without
Euphorbia cyparissias Persicaria bistorta protection. See p.186.
Hardy geraniums
Impatiens
TAKING CUTTINGS
Pull away healthy sideshoots in late
summer, remove lower leaves, insert
Shasta daisies stem into a pot of propagation mix,
water, and cover with a clear plastic bag.
PATIO AND BEDDING PLANT ANATOMY 159
Sunflowers (annual)
Wallflowers (biennial)
Watch leaves for wilting,
yellowing, and damage,
which signal problems
?
Patio and bedding plant clinic
Unequaled for a burst of seasonal color, patio and bedding plants grow strongly
when given the right conditions. Poor drainage, along with inadequate fertilizing and
watering however, are the root of many problems for pot-grown plants. Insect pests
and fungal diseases also thrive on their soft growth and can spoil the show.
iz e
How can I re cogn rot?
th e si gn s of ro ot Q What has damaged the shoot Q What damage do vine weevils
pl an ts have and leaf tips overnight?
Man y be ddin g do to bedding plants?
at are pron e
soft stem s th
to fu ng al fo
e
ot
ca
an
us e
d root
m ature A Summer bedding plants cannot
tolerate cold and may be damaged
A The cream, c-shaped grubs feed
on the roots of bedding plants,
rots. Th es gs alik e
lin
pl an ts an d se ed in g soft, by spring weather. Affected growth especially primulas, cyclamen, and
of te n sh ow
to wi lt, becomes limp, turns brown, and begonias. A real problem in pots
nd th e
dark ti ssue arou Af fe cted dies back. Cut back to healthy buds from early fall to spring, they sever
se of th e st em .
ba di e, an d and protect plants with fabric. roots, killing plants. See p.187.
llo w an d
pl an ts ye t. Se e
te n ro
th eir root s of rot p.185
op ht ho ra ro ot
Phyt
A A
Densely packed into pots Fungal leaf spot causes
and grown in full sun pale brown or gray circular
during summer, it’s no patches on leaves. These
wonder that bedding can spread and may join
plants often wilt due to a together, killing the whole
lack of water. During warm leaf, while the rest of the
spells, containers may plant remains healthy.
need watering thoroughly Although not usually a
twice a day. Never rely serious problem, the
on rainfall or allow potting disease occurs most often
mix to dry out—it can when growing conditions
be hard to rewet. are poor. See p.183.
PATIO AND BEDDING PLANT CLINIC 163
m oldy
m y pl a n ts turn in g
Why are in g?
an d coll aps
y m old,
T h is is gra s pl an t
fe ct
wh ich in
ss u e, ca u sin g it
ti
b ro wn an d
to turn
a y fu n gal
devel op gr
is worse
growth. It ion s,
co n d it
in wet
in age is
wh ere dra ts are
n
poor, or pl a p.183.
e
RUNNING TO SEED APHIDS ON A FLOWER crowded. Se
A A
Powdery mildew is a Thrips are insects that feed
fungal disease that forms on the flowers and leaves
a fine, dusty white coating of bedding plants, causing
on the leaves of many silvery flecking on leaves,
bedding plants, especially but more noticeable white
pansies and begonias. splotches on petals. Large
Growth may be poor, and numbers of thrips can ruin
affected leaves can yellow flowers and prevent buds
and distort. Dry roots and from opening. Mainly a
damp air leave plants at summer pest, they can
risk of attack—keep them infest plants brought inside
well watered. See p.185. for winter. See p.186.
164 THE ORNAMENTAL GARDEN
Tulips (bulb)
FLESHY ROOTS
Leave hardy tubers, such
as cyclamen, undisturbed,
but tender plants, like
dahlias, can be stored in a
frost-free place for winter.
Many tubers and
rhizomes produce
striking foliage,
unlike most other
bulbous plants
Dahlias (tuber)
MY STORED BULBS HAVE ROTTED. Did you keep them dry, frost-free,
and well ventilated?
?
Garden bulb clinic
Bulbs planted in the perfect spot will often flower profusely without any problems
for years, but many can be affected by viruses, a range of fungal diseases, and a few
pests. Knowing common symptoms will help you spot problems quickly during the
bulbs’ rapid growth spell and prevent the issues from spreading.
have
Do my daffodilsorm s?
a viru s or ee lw Q How do I recognize tulip Q Why are canna lilies growing
stun te d gray bulb rot? poorly? Do they have a virus?
Di stor te d an d
rs can be
le aves an d flowe oble m,
caused by ei th er pr
bu lbs A This fungal disease affects many
A Canna lilies are prone to several
an d all af fe cted d bulbs, including alliums, crocuses, viruses that cause the leaves of
ye
sh ou ld be de stro daffodils, snowdrops, and tulips. infected plants to develop pale
ly. To id en tif y
prom pt bu lb
Infected bulbs rot and develop thick, or yellow stripes, weak or distorted
sli ce a
th e cause, gray mold, or form weak, distorted growth, and poor flowers. There is
ha lf cr os sw ise . If brown
in leaves that quickly die. See p.186. no cure—destroy infected plants.
in th e
rings are vi sible s
lb wa
fle sh , th e bu
lworm s.
in fe sted wi th ee
A A
Bulbs that fail to flower are Congested bulbs steadily
said to be blind. Newly produce fewer flowers,
planted bulbs may be too and may become weak
small to flower and should because of the intense
be left to grow. A lack of competition for water
care during the growing and nutrients. Pests and
season also impairs flower- diseases also spread easily
bud formation. Water your where bulbs are grown
bulbs well, give them densely packed together.
some high-potassium Lift and divide crowded
fertilizer, and remove their bulbs in fall—discard
leaves once faded. any that are unhealthy.
GARDEN BULB CLINIC 169
h e althy
th e fl ow er bu ds on?
Why are wn an d sh rive le d
pl an ts bro
se n si tive
Bu lbs are in g
gr ow
to th eir
n d it io n s durin g
co
rm a ti on of
th e fo an d
d s,
fl ower bu te r at
ck of w a
a la
al stage
th is crit ic se
u
can late r ca t
s to a b or
bu d
open .
SLUGDAMAGED LEAVES PESTFREE LILIES an d fail to
A
The lush foliage and tender often badly damaging plants. The pudgy, orange-red grubs can be found during
flowers of many bulbs are a midsummer, covered in their black excrement. The easy-to-see adult beetles are
prime target for slugs and bright scarlet with a black head, and feed from spring into fall. See p.183.
snails. Early spring bulbs
often escape damage since
they come into leaf and
flower before the pests
become active, but late
spring-, summer-, and
fall-flowering bulbs can
all suffer, especially in
wet seasons. See p.186. Lily beetle grubs Adult beetle Typical damage
170 THE ORNAMENTAL GARDEN
LAWN RESCUE 171
RESCUE
Lawns
A healthy, well kept lawn provides
the perfect offset for beds and
borders, while patchy, weed-riddled
grass can make even a neat garden
look scruffy. The key to a lush, green
lawn is to first understand the way
grasses grow, and to keep them
strong and able to outcompete
weeds with regular mowing and
feeding. Quick diagnosis and
treatment makes all common
problems much easier to deal
with, and keeps grass handsome
and hard-wearing.
172 THE ORNAMENTAL GARDEN
Yarrow Oxalis
Dock Mind-your-own-business
What’s wrong with my lawn?
It is wise to keep a check on your lawn’s well-being year-round, not only
to watch for signs of disease, pests, and weeds, but also to look at the
growing conditions. Improving drainage, well-timed watering, and
mowing at the right height all help keep grass healthy.
WHY IS MY LAWN ALWAYS FULL Is your lawn shaded Shade weakens grass but
OF MOSS? IT ALWAYS GROWS BACK. for periods of the day? encourages moss to grow.
See p.176.
Are the piles made These are ant hills and make the
of very fine soil? lawn uneven. See p.178.
GROWING ON THE GRASS?
WHAT’S THE SLIMY STUFF
?
Garden lawn clinic
A healthy lawn is a matter of pride for many gardeners, but even if you don’t covet
pristine turf, regular maintenance will keep growing conditions favorable and make
a green landscape easier to achieve. Ailments often indicate an underlying problem,
which it is best dealt with, as well as treating the pest or disease.
tche s
Are th e slimy pa
caused by al ga e?
Q What are the pale red patches Q My lawn has slime mold.
e grass
In patche s wh er e wi ll developing on the lawn? Should I be concerned?
al ga
growth is poor,
of te n deve lop on
ee n or
th e soil,
bl ack- A Patches of small, jellylike fungal
threads in shades of pink and pale
A Slime molds produce gray, yellow,
or orange bumpy growths along
formin g gr
ge d sli m y pa tche s. red are a sign of red thread. This blades of grass in summer and fall.
tin
gae th rives
Un lik e grass, al eas an d disease is most common after heavy They are not parasitic and are
ad y ar
in m oi st, sh rain—infected areas are often killed thought harmless. Use a hose to
es wh er e th e soil is
pl ac and appear bleached. See p.185. wash them off or wait for heavy rain.
ed an d po orly
com pact
ring for
draine d. Se e Ca
lawn s p.117.
A A
Moss flourishes in shade Bad drainage results in
and poorly drained soil, water pooling at the soil
so improve conditions and surface, which will kill
aerate the lawn by spiking grass and encourage the
annually with a fork, and growth of moss and algae.
increase light levels by Aerating the lawn in
cutting back overhanging early fall by pushing a
branches. Kill moss using garden fork into the soil at
lawn sand and remove it regular intervals reduces
when dark brown, using compaction and improves
a wire rake or a powered drainage. Very wet lawns
lawn scarifier. may need drains installed.
GARDEN LAWN CLINIC 177
e of ye ar
e be st tim
Wh e n is the a lawn ?
to fert iliz
ippin gs
A s grass cl , soil
ov ed
are re m
can ru n
n u trie n ts wn
pp ly la
low. A
in late
fe rt iliz er
a low
sprin g an d iliz er
n fe rt
n it roge
th e
in fall at
m m en ded rate,
re co
a te r it in .
TOADSTOOLS IN GRASS BALD PATCH IN LAWN th en w
A
Various toadstools appear
in grass, from honey fungus
A The damage caused by a few
molehills can easily be repaired A
Small, yellow-brown
spots in the grass may
growing on roots to fairy and reseeded, but where many indicate the presence of
rings that grow from circles occur, deterrents may be needed. leatherjackets. These are the
of yellowing grass. Since large, soil-dwelling larvae of
toadstools are the fruiting crane flies, which sever the
bodies of fungal growth roots of grass, causing it to
beneath the soil, little can die back. Once damage is
be done to control them done, it is too late to act,
except to remove them but encouraging starlings
before they release their into the yard can help
spores to minimize spread. control their numbers.
178 THE ORNAMENTAL GARDEN
Q Why do patches of Q There are small ant hills on Q Will my lawn survive during
grass die in winter? the lawn. Are they harmful? a drought?
Fusarium patch is a disease Ants frequently tunnel under Drought can result in patches
A that causes areas of grass to A lawns during summer to make A of grass, or even the entire lawn,
yellow and die during late nests, creating small hills with turning yellow or brown. It may
fall and winter, often after a the soil they remove during look alarming, but grass recovers
covering of snow. The digging. The soil rarely damages its green color quickly after rain
patches may merge grass and can be brushed away. or a thorough evening watering.
together, forming larger
areas of dead grass. In damp
conditions, tufts of grass
develop white fungal
growth and stick together.
It is most common on lawns
fed with a high-nitrogen
feed during fall, which
should be avoided.
A A
Applying too much lawn One of the most important
fertilizer can scorch grass lawn maintenance tasks is
and may kill it, creating to rake up any leaves that
bare patches. Unevenly drop onto grass in fall.
applied fertilizer will also This is because leaves
cause the lawn to grow at create a dense covering,
different rates in different particularly when wet,
places, making it uneven. which excludes light from
For the best results, use a grass, turning it pale
calibrated lawn spreader yellow and weak. The
or evenly apply measured decaying mat can also
amounts by hand. encourage fungal diseases.
GARDEN LAWN CLINIC 179
Q Does dog urine damage Q How can I get rid of the Q Can I use creeping herbs
the lawn? cracks in new sod? instead of grass for a lawn?
Dog urine, especially from New sod may shrink slightly Creeping herbs will form an
A female dogs, is very high A once laid, leaving ugly gaps. A attractive, fragrant lawn, but will
in nitrogen and will quickly These can be filled using not withstand much wear and
damage grass, leading to ugly good, fine garden soil, then tear. Herb lawns can also be
bare patches. Wash it away lightly sprinkled with grass short-lived, lasting just a few
using plenty of water. seed, and watered well. years, and high maintenance.
Q Why does grass thin close Q How can I restore a lawn that has been neglected?
to buildings and trees?
If the lawn is riddled with weeds, it may be easier to remove it and start again.
A
A
Large buildings, trees, and If not, dig out all large weeds, then mow, weed, and fertilize regularly. Grass is
shrubs all cast shade, which resilient, so you should be able to restore a lawn within a single season.
does not suit most turf grasses.
The shelter created also
prevents rain from reaching
the lawn, and the roots of trees
and shrubs will compete for
the little moisture available.
Reduce shade by cutting back
plants, water well during dry
spells, and use a grass mix
designed for shady lawns. Give the lawn a good mow Starting from scratch
180 AZ OF COMMON PESTS AND DISEASES
ADELGIDS APPLE AND PEAR CANKER sometimes oozing sticky resin. Affected
Symptoms In spring or early summer Symptoms Starting with patches of stems can die back and leaves are
sap-sucking insects can be seen on shoot sunken, cracked, flaky bark on branches, the peppered with shothole (p.186).
tips, often covered in a white, waxy affected area will often swell and can cause Plants affected Plums, cherries, peaches,
secretion. Foliage yellows and galls may the branch to die back. apricots, and ornamental Prunus.
form, but growth usually unaffected. Plants affected Apples, pears, hawthorns, Prevention Prune these trees in mid-
Plants affected Conifers, particularly poplars, and willows. to late summer.
pines and silver firs (Abies). Prevention Ensure good drainage, add Treatment Cut back to healthy wood and
Prevention None available. lime to acidic soils. Avoid susceptible paint cuts with wound paint. Use suitable
Treatment Often unnecessary—a suitable apple varieties. fungicides in late summer and fall.
insecticide can be used in late winter to Treatment Remove infected spurs and
prevent egg laying. branches by cutting back to healthy wood BACTERIAL LEAF SPOT
with clean, sharp tools. Treat with a suitable Symptoms Dark, dead patches, often with
APHIDS fungicide right after harvest, and again a surrounding yellow halo, on leaves.
Symptoms Distorted leaves, especially when some leaves have fallen. Plants affected Many plants.
at shoot tips, reduced growth, and sticky Prevention Avoid overhead watering.
honeydew on leaf surfaces that can APPLE AND PEAR SCAB Treatment Remove affected leaves quickly.
develop black sooty mold (p.186). Severe Symptoms Brown, scabby marks appear It can indicate a more serious ailment.
infestations can kill younger plants. on fruit and leaves. The skins of badly
Related types Black bean, green spruce, affected fruits can crack, and may rot. BEAN SEED FLY
mealy aphids. Plants affected Apples, pears, crabapples, Symptoms Seedlings grow slowly and
Plants affected Almost all garden plants. ash, Cotoneaster, Pyracantha. have damaged stems and ragged leaves,
Prevention Minimize or pinch back soft Prevention Rake up and remove fallen or fail to germinate at all.
young growth where possible. leaves to help stop the spread of infection. Plants affected Green and runner beans.
Treatment Squash between fingers, Treatment Grow resistant cultivars and Prevention Protect outdoor sowings with
encourage predatory insects, or use remove infected stems. Treat smaller trees fabric or sow seeds under cover in pots.
a suitable insecticide. with a suitable fungicide. Treatment Nothing can be done by the
time damage is visible.
APPLE BITTER PIT ASPARAGUS BEETLE
Symptoms Apples develop small, brown, Symptoms In summer adult beetles and BIRDS
sunken spots on skin, pale brown flecks in larvae eat foliage and bark. Stems die back Symptoms Holes pecked in apples, plums,
flesh, and may have a nasty, bitter taste. above damage. and other large fruit, while currants and
This can happen on the tree or in storage. Plants affected Asparagus berries are eaten entirely. Tree blossoms
Plants affected Apples Prevention Burn old stems in late fall may also be damaged and spring bedding
Prevention Caused by calcium deficiency to kill beetles. plants may lose their flowers. Pigeons strip
in fruit, usually because of dry conditions. Treatment Pick off beetles and larvae the leaves of garden greens.
Keep plants well watered and mulched. by hand or spray with a suitable pesticide. Plants affected Tree fruit, soft fruit, and
Treatment Affected apples are often garden greens.
spoiled. Water well next year and apply BACTERIAL CANKER Prevention Cover crops with netting
a mulch in spring to retain soil moisture. Symptoms Areas of bark sink and die, before fruit ripens or seeds germinate.
AZ OF COMMON PESTS AND DISEASES 181
Treatment Netting quickly after first Treatment Apply an appropriate biological Prevention None available.
damage is seen will allow garden greens control. No chemical controls are available. Treatment Squash any caterpillars found
to recover or save remaining fruit. between the leaves or use an appropriate
CAMELLIA GALL insecticide.
BLOSSOM WILT Symptoms Large, off-white growths
Symptoms Spring blossoms turn brown appear in place of leaves from early CARROT RUST FLIES
in spring and nearby shoots die back summer. The rest of the plant is unaffected. Symptoms Roots are eaten by small white
from early summer. Dead blossoms and Plants affected Camellias larvae, causing brown tunnels. This can kill
shoots lingers on the tree and develop Prevention Remove galls when first seen. seedlings, stunt growth, and spoil crops.
cream-colored spots in wet weather. Treatment None available. Plants affected Carrots, parsnips, parsley,
Plants affected Fruit trees, ornamental celery, celeriac, and Florence fennel.
cherries, and crabapples. CAMELLIA LEAF BLIGHT Prevention Practice crop rotation. Protect
Prevention Remove rotten fruit and Symptoms Brown patches form on leaves, crops with 2ft (60cm) high barriers or a
grow resistant cultivars where possible. which then develop tiny black spots. Leaves covering of fabric. Minimize thinning—it
Treatment Cut out and burn infected may fall and affected stems can die back. attracts adult flies. Grow resistant cultivars.
shoots. Use a suitable fungicide. Plants affected Camellias Treatment Use a suitable nematode
Prevention Dispose of all fallen leaves. biological control to reduce numbers of
BOXWOOD SUCKER Treatment Remove infected growth. larvae, or a suitable pesticide for adult flies.
Symptoms In spring, leaves on new No chemical controls are available.
growth remain bunched together CATERPILLARS
and become wrinkled. CANE SPOT Symptoms A lacelike pattern of damage
Plants affected Boxwood Symptoms From early summer, purple that appears rapidly on leaves is often
Prevention None available. spots with silvery centers appear on stems, caused by butterfly and moth caterpillars,
Treatment Clipping mature plants and sometimes leaves. Canes may be killed which come in variety of sizes and colors.
removes damage. Treat young plants using if the spots spread, splitting the bark. Related types Cabbage white, winter moth.
a suitable pesticide in spring. Plants affected Blackberries, raspberries, Plants affected Many plants.
and hybrid cane fruits. Prevention Use of fine netting
BROWN ROT Prevention Avoid susceptible cultivars. prevents butterflies from laying eggs
Symptoms Fruits soften and turn brown Treatment Prune out infected canes. on leafy vegetables.
around wounds where infection has Use a suitable fungicide. Treatment Remove eggs and caterpillars
occurred. Cream-colored spots form on the by hand, treat with a suitable biological
skins; infected fruit may remain on tree. CAPSID BUGS pest control or pesticide.
Plants affected Fruit trees, ornamental Symptoms Shoot tips become tattered
cherries, and crabapples. and full of holes, and flower buds may be CHOCOLATE SPOT
Prevention Remove all rotten fruit from deformed or fail to develop from late spring Symptoms Small, circular brown spots
tree and ground. Net trees if possible to to fall. Damage to young apples results in on leaves can enlarge and spread to stems,
prevent bird damage. tan-colored bumps on skins of mature fruit. pods, and flowers, reducing yields and, in
Treatment Use a suitable fungicide while Related types Apple capsid serious cases, killing plants.
the tree is flowering. Plants affected Many vegetables, Plants affected Broad beans
herbaceous plants, shrubs, and apple trees. Prevention Grow on well-drained soil and
CABBAGE ROOT FLIES Prevention None available. leave plenty of space between plants for
Symptoms Seedlings and recently Treatment Plants often cope well with good air circulation. Remove all infected
transplanted garden greens grow slowly, damage, but appropriate insecticides plant material and rotate crops.
wilt, and die. White maggots can be found can be used. Treatment Suitable fungicides may
eating their roots. provide protection if applied before
Plants affected The cabbage family, CARNATION TORTRIX MOTH infection, but none is effective once
including rutabagas and turnips. Symptoms Leaves joined together with symptoms are established.
Prevention Practice crop rotation and silky threads turn brown and dry, after the
prevent flies from laying eggs by placing caterpillar living inside has fed on them. CLEMATIS WILT
collars around transplants or protecting Plants affected A range of herbaceous Symptoms Leaves wilt, leaf stalks turn
with row cover. plants and shrubs. black, and whole stems quickly wilt and die.
182 AZ OF COMMON PESTS AND DISEASES
Whole plants may sometimes be killed. Plants affected Many trees and shrubs. on bark. Symptoms may begin at the base,
Plants affected Clematis, especially Prevention Prune correctly, during dry shoot tip, or from a wound, spreading into
large-flowered hybrids. weather, without leaving long stubs that healthy tissue.
Prevention Provide good moist soil, water are prone to infection. Plants affected Many plants.
and feed regularly, and mulch annually. Treatment Cut out infected areas back to Prevention Avoid waterlogging and
Plant resistant types. healthy wood. No fungicides are available. drought. Prune correctly to minimize
Treatment Cut out wilted shoots to the chances of fungal infection.
base. No chemical controls available. CURRANT BLISTER APHID Treatment Cut out all affected stems.
Symptoms In spring and early summer,
CLUBROOT leaves at shoot tips develop red or yellow DOWNY MILDEW
Symptoms Drastically swollen roots lead to raised areas, with pale yellow insects Symptoms Patches of yellow or brown
weak growth, purple-tinged leaves, wilting, underneath. Growth and fruiting are discoloration on upper leaf surface, with
and sometimes, plant death. rarely affected. pale mold beneath. Badly affected leaves
Plants affected Garden greens, including Plants affected Red, white, and can die. It is worse in wet weather.
related root crops, such as rutabagas, and black currants. Related types Brassica, lettuce, onion,
related ornamental plants (e.g., wallflowers). Prevention Encourage beneficial insects. and pansy downy mildew.
Prevention Add lime to acidic soils, Treatment Not worthwhile once Plants affected A wide range.
improve drainage, keep soil weed-free, symptoms appear. Overwintering eggs Prevention Avoid overhead watering,
and grow resistant cultivars. can be killed with a suitable insecticidal leave space between plants, and keep
Treatment There is no treatment for wash midwinter, or apply an appropriate greenhouses well ventilated to reduce
infected plants. insecticide in early spring. humid air around plants. Grow resistant
vegetable cultivars.
CODLING MOTH DAMPING OFF Treatment Remove infected leaves.
Symptoms A hole appears in the skin of Symptoms Seedlings don’t come through No suitable fungicides are available.
ripe fruit, and flesh is spoiled by the tunnels the soil or quickly collapse and die.
and excrement of small caterpillars. Plants affected Seedlings EELWORMS
Plants affected Apples and pears. Prevention Use fresh potting mix, clean Symptoms Stunted, distorted growth,
Prevention Pheromone traps hung in trees pots, and tap water when sowing seeds to and swollen stems are common signs
in late spring show if the moths are present prevent infection. Sow thinly and provide of infection. Tiny, pale, hairlike worms
to help time pesticide application correctly. good ventilation. A suitable fungicide, can often be found living in bulbs, stems,
Treatment The nematode Steinernema watered onto seedlings, is effective. or near roots of infected plants.
carpocapsae kills overwintering caterpillars Treatment None available. Related types Narcissus, onion, phlox, and
when applied in fall. Use a suitable potato cyst eelworms.
pesticide from early to midsummer. DEER, RABBITS, AND SQUIRRELS Plants affected Many types of plants.
Symptoms Leaves, flowers, stems, and bark Prevention Destroy infested plants.
COMMON POTATO SCAB may be nibbled or destroyed. Stems can be Practice crop rotation and don’t replant
Symptoms Rough, bumpy, brown patches partially chewed, which then die back. related ornamentals in the same site.
appear on the surface of tubers and roots, Bulbs can be unearthed and eaten. Even Treatment None available.
but are usually superficial. large plants can be killed or damaged.
Plants affected Mainly potatoes, but also Plants affected Most plants. FIREBLIGHT
beets, radishes, rutabagas, and turnips. Prevention Fence the garden to keep deer Symptoms Blossoms wilt and die, as do
Prevention Add organic matter and water and rabbits out. Shield young trees with adjacent shoots. Brown leaves remain on
to keep soil moist while tubers develop. protective tubes, and cover vulnerable the plant. Infections seep white slime in
Do not lime soil before potato crop. Grow plants and bulbs with chicken wire. wet weather, and sunken areas of bark may
resistant cultivars. Treatment Cut back damage to healthy form. Infection spreads and can kill plants.
Treatment None available. growth where possible, and protect Plants affected Apples, pears, and related
the plant from further attack. plants, such as cotoneaster and pyracantha.
CORAL SPOT Prevention Clean pruning tools to avoid
Symptoms Small, salmon-pink pustules DIEBACK spreading infection.
appear on dead wood and can cause Symptoms Stems fade and die, with Treatment Cut out and burn any infected
further dieback. wilting leaves and sometimes dark patches wood immediately.
AZ OF COMMON PESTS AND DISEASES 183
FLEA BEETLE GRAY MOLD Plants affected Many woody plants and
Symptoms Small, round holes in leaves Symptoms Leaves, flowers, and fruit show herbaceous perennials.
that may not go all the way through. a burst of fluffy gray fungal growth, which Prevention Choose plants more resistant
Seedlings are particularly susceptible. spreads rapidly in wet conditions. Affected to infection, such as bamboo, bay, and yew.
Beetles jump off leaves when disturbed. areas can die and fruit rots. Treatment Dig out and burn infected
Plants affected The cabbage family, Plants affected Fruit, vegetables, and plants, including the stump and roots.
including arugula, mizuna, and many ornamentals. Remove black fungal threads from the soil.
ornamentals, such as wallflowers. Prevention Clear away all dead plant
Prevention Cover germinating vegetables material, and ensure good ventilation LEEK MOTH
with fabric to keep beetles out. in greenhouses. Symptoms Pale patches on stems, where
Treatment Use a suitable insecticide. Treatment Remove any affected parts brown-headed caterpillars can sometimes
of the plant immediately. No suitable be seen feeding inside. Damage to stems
FUNGAL LEAF SPOT fungicides are available. can halt growth and cause rot to set in,
Symptoms Gray or brown spots on leaves, killing plants.
which may remain circular or join together HALO BLIGHT Plants affected Leeks, onions, shallots,
and kill whole leaves. Circles of tiny black Symptoms Wet-looking spots form on and garlic.
dots are sometimes visible. leaves, which turn dark with a yellow halo Prevention Cover crops with row cover.
Related types Celery, currant and surrounding them. Leaves then yellow and Treatment Pick silky cocoons from leaves.
gooseberry, ivy, and strawberry leaf spot. may die, reducing yields. No suitable pesticides are available.
Plants affected A wide range. Plants affected Green and runner beans.
Prevention Remove or rake up infected Prevention Only buy fresh seed from a LILY BEETLE
leaves. Ensure good growing conditions. reputable supplier. Symptoms Bright red beetles and their
Treatment Not always necessary. Suitable Treatment Destroy infected plants. larvae eat lily leaves and sometimes flowers.
fungicides can be used for some plants. Plants affected Lilies and fritillaries.
HELLEBORE LEAF BLOTCH Prevention None
GLADIOLUS CORM ROT Symptoms Dark brown, dead areas appear Treatment Pick off beetles and larvae
Symptoms Foliage has yellow spattering on leaves. Stems may also be affected, when seen. Treat with a suitable pesticide
at tips, gradually developing downward causing them to collapse. in spring and summer.
into stripes. Leaves eventually die. Corms Plants affected Hellebores, particularly
form raised, brown markings and dry out Helleborus niger. LILY DISEASE
during storage. Prevention Remove infected leaves. Symptoms Brown oval spots spread over
Plants affected Gladioli, crocuses, and Cut back old leaves as new shoots emerge. leaves, which wilt and die. Flower buds can
bulb-forming irises. Treatment None available. be distorted, and infected stems collapse.
Prevention Check corms before planting Plants affected Lilies
and only plant healthy corms in a new, HEMEROCALLIS GALL MIDGE Prevention Remove all spent plant
disease-free site each year. Symptoms Flower buds look swollen and material in fall.
Treatment Destroy infected plants. don’t open. They are infested with small Treatment Destroy infected leaves.
white maggots. No suitable fungicide available.
GOOSEBERRY MILDEW Plants affected Daylilies (Hemerocallis)
Symptoms A powdery, pale gray coating Prevention Grow late-flowering cultivars, MICE
develops on leaves, stems, and fruit. which may escape damage. Symptoms Seeds and bulbs are dug
Fruit skins turn brown and shoots can Treatment Destroy affected buds quickly. up and eaten, sometimes leaving young
die back. shoots lying on the soil. Mature fruit and
Plants affected Gooseberries and HONEY FUNGUS vegetables can also be nibbled on the
black currants. Symptoms Plants die back over several plant or in storage.
Prevention Grow resistant cultivars and seasons, or quite suddenly. Leaves may Plants affected Bulbs, beans, peas, sweet
avoid high-nitrogen fertilizers that be small and take on fall colors early. Bark corn, and other vegetables and fruit.
encourage vulnerable soft growth. near ground level sometimes splits, with Prevention Sow crops in pots out of reach.
Treatment Cut out affected growth and white fungal growth between the bark and Firm soil well around newly planted bulbs.
prune to create an open bush that allows wood. Honey-colored toadstools may Treatment Set mouse traps, taking care to
air in. Use a suitable fungicide. emerge in fall. conceal them from birds, pets, and children.
184 AZ OF COMMON PESTS AND DISEASES
NARCISSUS BASAL ROT ONION FLIES Plants affected Peas and broad beans.
Symptoms Pale pink fungus is visible on Symptoms In early summer foliage wilts Prevention None available.
stored bulbs, which rot from the root end. and young plants can die as their roots are Treatment Often unnecessary, but
Leaves turn yellow and plants don’t flower. eaten by maggots. In late summer maggots heavy infestations can be treated with
Plants affected Daffodils (Narcissus). tunnel into bulbs, encouraging rotting. a suitable insecticide.
Prevention Do not plant or store bulbs Plants affected Onions, shallots, leeks,
showing symptoms. Lift bulbs and plant and garlic. PEA MOTH
in a new site each year. Prevention Plants grown from sets are Symptoms Small, white caterpillars are
Treatment Destroy infected plants and less susceptible. Cover beds with fabric found feeding inside pea pods in summer.
bulbs. No suitable fungicide available. to prevent egg laying. Plants affected Peas
Treatment Lift and destroy affected plants. Prevention Early spring and late summer
NARCISSUS BULB FLIES Use a suitable biological control. sowings of fast-maturing peas should miss
Symptoms Large maggots feed on the the egg-laying period. Cover crops with
center of bulbs from midsummer, resulting ONION THRIPS row cover or insect mesh.
in spindly leaves and no flowers in spring. Symptoms White flecks develop on foliage Treatment Spray with a suitable insecticide
Plants affected Daffodils (Narcissus) and during summer, and pale yellow or black as the flowers fade.
snowdrops. insects can be seen on leaves.
Prevention Plant only firm bulbs from Plants affected Onions, shallots, and leeks. PEACH LEAF CURL
reliable suppliers. Adult flies lay eggs in late Prevention Cover with fabric in spring. Symptoms Leaves become distorted, with
spring and early summer, when plantings Treatment Often none required. Use a thickened patches that often turn bright
can be protected with row cover. suitable pesticide if necessary, or biological red and fall prematurely. Plant vigor and
Treatment Destroy infected bulbs. control during warm weather. crop is reduced as a result of leaf drop.
No suitable insecticide available. Plants affected Peaches, nectarines,
ONION WHITE ROT apricots, and almonds.
NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES Symptoms Foliage yellows and wilts. Roots Prevention Grow cultivars with resistance.
Symptoms Foliage takes on yellow and red rot, and white fungal growth can be seen at Keeping shoots dry prevents infection, so
coloring, and growth and flowering are the base of bulbs. Black fungal bodies sheltering wall-trained trees with clear
poor. Plants may start to die back but there remain viable in soil for at least seven years. plastic from early winter until late spring is
are no signs of pests or diseases present. Plants affected Onions, shallots, leeks, worthwhile. Move pot-grown trees inside.
Related types Iron – leaves of acid-loving and garlic. Treatment Spray with a suitable fungicide
plants most commonly turn yellow Prevention Avoid introducing infected just before leaves fall and in late winter.
between veins and brown at edges. plants or soil into the garden. Practice
Magnesium – yellowing between leaf veins, crop rotation. PEAR MIDGE
sometimes tinged red. Treatment Destroy infected plants and Symptoms Fruitlets blacken from the
Nitrogen – yellow leaves and weak growth. remove the surrounding soil. No suitable flower end and drop off in early summer.
Potassium – plants flower and fruit poorly, fungicide available. Small maggots can be found inside.
with yellow and purple patches, and brown Plants affected Pears
edges on the foliage. PARSNIP CANKER Prevention Pick up infected fruitlets to
Plants affected All plants, particularly fruit Symptoms Orange-brown, roughened keep larvae from going into soil to pupate.
and vegetables; plants in containers; and areas are found around the top of roots. Treatment Use a suitable pesticide just
those grown on sandy, acidic, or alkaline Plants affected Parsnips before blossoms open.
soils. Acid-lovers are especially at risk of iron Prevention Sow resistant cultivars and
deficiency if planted in alkaline soil. improve soil drainage. Protect from PEONY WILT
Prevention Improve soil annually with carrot rust flies with row cover since Symptoms Foliage develops brown
well-rotted organic matter, such as garden damage allows infection. patches, buds wilt and fail to open, and
compost. Repot or replenish potting mix of Treatment None available. whole stems can collapse in early summer.
container-grown plants regularly. Fertilize Plants affected Peonies
and water plants routinely. Only grow PEA AND BEAN WEEVILS Prevention Clear away all plant debris.
plants suitable for your soil type. Symptoms Notches are eaten from leaf Treatment Remove infected stems quickly
Treatment Apply suitable fertilizers edges by gray-brown beetles. It is not and burn or compost. No suitable fungicide
containing the nutrients in short supply. usually harmful. is available.
AZ OF COMMON PESTS AND DISEASES 185
Treatment Remove infected leaves. summer, using wound paint to seal cuts. THRIPS
Use a suitable fungicide. Treatment None available. Symptoms Small, narrow insects can be
seen feeding on leaf surfaces, and cause
SAWFLIES SLUGS AND SNAILS pale mottling on foliage.
Symptoms Caterpillarlike larvae rapidly Symptoms Holes eaten in leaves and Plants affected A wide range.
devour leaves, tunnel into tree fruit, or roll flowers, destroyed seedlings, damaged Prevention None available.
rose leaves into cigar shapes. stems, and chewed root crops. Plants Treatment Often none required. Use a
Related types Apple, gooseberry, plum, often have a slimy trail leading from them. suitable pesticide if necessary, or biological
rose leaf-rolling, and Solomon’s seal. Plants affected Many, but especially soft control in warm weather.
Plants affected A number of perennials growth of seedlings, bedding plants,
and fruit trees and bushes. perennials, and vegetables. TOMATO MOTH
Prevention Control numbers as larvae Prevention Encourage predators into the Symptoms Leaves show pale, papery
overwinter in soil to pupate and lay eggs garden. Create barriers using, for example, patches caused by young caterpillars. Later,
the following year. copper tape or slug repellents around large holes are eaten in the leaves and fruit.
Treatment Squash or pick off larvae plants. Catch them by flashlight or in The green-brown caterpillars hide during
in spring and summer. Treat with a sunken traps filled with beer. the day and are difficult to spot.
suitable insecticide. Treatment A nematode biological control Plants affected Tomatoes
applied from spring to fall will reduce slugs, Prevention None available.
SCALE INSECTS but is less effective on snails. Treatment Watch for damage and pick
Symptoms Sticky honeydew and sooty off caterpillars when seen, or spray with
mold on upper leaf surfaces is produced SOOTY MOLD a suitable insecticide.
by insects that live under brown or waxy Symptoms A black layer develops on
white, protective scales that can be found leaves covered with honeydew excreted TULIP FIRE
under leaves or on stems. by sap-sucking insects. Symptoms Tulip leaves become twisted
Plants affected Shrubs, trees, climbers, Plants affected Many plants. and covered in brown spots, which develop
and many greenhouse plants. Prevention Deal with the pest responsible. gray mold in wet weather.
Prevention None available. Treatment Wipe leaves clean. Plants affected Tulips
Treatment Pick off scales on small plants. Prevention Only plant healthy bulbs. Don’t
Use a suitable insecticide in early to SPIDER MITES plant tulips in diseased soil for three years.
midsummer. Treat greenhouse plants with Symptoms Pale mottling on foliage, with Treatment Remove infected plants
the biological control, Metaphycus helvolus. tiny yellow-green mites hiding underneath promptly and destroy.
leaves. Heavy infestations produce silk
SHOTHOLE webbing and cause leaves to fall early. TULIP GRAY BULB ROT
Symptoms Round brown spots form on Plants affected Many grown under cover Symptoms Leaves fail to grow, or emerge
leaves. Holes are left in the leaves when and those outdoors in summer. distorted and quickly die. Infected bulbs
the dead tissue falls away. Prevention None available. become gray and dry as they rot, and gray
Plants affected Trees and shrubs. Treatment Use biological control fungal growth can be seen on the outside
Prevention Water and mulch, where Phytoseiulus persimilis in warm conditions, and between scales.
necessary, to improve growing conditions. or a suitable insecticide. Plants affected Many bulbs including
Prune carefully and at the right time of year. alliums, crocuses, lilies, daffodils, and tulips.
Treatment Can be caused by range of TARSONEMID MITES Prevention Do not plant infected bulbs or
fungal and bacterial diseases, so look for Symptoms New foliage and flowers are replant tulips in diseased soil for five years.
other symptoms before taking action. small and distorted, and growth can stop Treatment Lift affected plants and the
completely. Shoot tips are infested with surrounding soil, and throw away.
SILVER LEAF tiny, pale brown mites.
Symptoms Leaves develop a silvery Plants affected Many bedding plants VERTICILLIUM WILT
appearance and branches die back. and perennials. Symptoms Wilting occurs over parts, or
Infected wood has a dark stain at its center. Prevention Don’t introduce plants with whole plants, and foliage yellows. Branches
Plants affected Plums, cherries, apricots, symptoms to the garden. die back on trees and shrubs. Dark tissue
and rhododendrons. Treatment Destroy affected plants. under the bark is visible if stems are cut.
Prevention Prune susceptible plants in No insecticides available. Plants affected A wide range.
AZ OF COMMON PESTS AND DISEASES 187
Prevention The disease can be carried on Prevention Pick fruit as soon as they ripen grease band around the trunk in late fall
soil and by weeds, so avoid contamination and avoid leaving fallen fruit beneath trees. to prevent females from laying eggs.
and keep weed-free. Treatment Hang wasp traps in branches. Treatment Use a suitable insecticide as
Treatment Destroy infected plants. leaves unfurl in spring.
WHITEFLIES
VIBURNUM BEETLE Symptoms Small white insects fly up from WIREWORMS
Symptoms Shrubs are defoliated by larvae plants when disturbed, and excrete Symptoms Rust-colored beetle larvae live
from late spring to early summer, and adult honeydew, which can cause sooty mold in soil. They kill seedlings by eating through
beetles from midsummer into fall. to form on leaves below. the stems and tunnel into root vegetables.
Plants affected Viburnums, including Plants affected Many greenhouse plants, Plants affected Seedlings and root
V. tinus and V. opulus. garden greens, and shrubs. vegetables.
Prevention None available. Prevention None available. Prevention Dig up root vegetables
Treatment Pick off larvae by hand or use Treatment Use suitable insecticides. promptly. Although wireworms are
a suitable insecticide in late spring. In greenhouses, hang up sticky yellow common on newly cultivated lawns,
sheets to catch the adults, or use the they usually decrease each year. Prepare
VINE WEEVIL biological control, Encarsia formosa. and work the soil well each year.
Symptoms Adult beetles eat notches in Treatment None available.
leaf edges in spring and summer, but root WINTER MOTH
damage caused by grubs during fall and Symptoms In spring, young leaves are
winter is more serious. Plants wilt and die woven together with silky threads and
as their roots are attacked. eaten by yellow-green caterpillars. These
Plants affected A wide range, especially holes expand as the leaves grow. Blossoms
those in containers. and young fruit can also be damaged,
Prevention Pick off adult beetles by hand affecting yields.
and encourage beneficial wildlife. Plants affected Fruit trees and other
Treatment Nematodes are available as deciduous trees and shrubs.
biological controls and work particularly Prevention Encourage birds into the
well applied to pots in late summer. garden to eat caterpillars, and place a sticky
Suitable pesticides can be used to treat
plants in pots, but not those in open soil.
VIRUSES
Symptoms Patterned markings and
distortion on leaves, stems, and flowers,
along with a loss of vigor, although plants
are rarely killed.
Related types Cucumber mosaic virus,
daffodil virus, and potato viruses.
Plants affected Many plants.
Prevention Control weeds and aphids,
since they help spread some viruses. Grow
resistant cultivars where available. Don’t
propagate from diseased plants.
Treatment Destroy all infected plants.
WASPS
Symptoms Holes nibbled in ripe soft-
skinned tree fruits, such as plums, and
damage caused to tougher-skinned fruit
by birds is enlarged. Natural allies By caring for your plants—watering and feeding them well—and
Plants affected Fruit trees. by encouraging wildlife into your garden, most plant problems can be avoided.
188 INDEX
fruit 85, 88, 90, 91, 101 eggplant 46, 48–51 frogs & toads 25, 26, 29
ornamentals 114–15, 135, 160 endive 58, 60–3 fruit
pot-bound plants 20, 111, 160 fruit trees 27, 33, 84–9, 90–9
vegetables 39, 43, 50 F misshapen 21
container-grown plants, buying & planting 14, 15, fairy rings 177 soft fruit 84–9, 100–7
84, 86, 88, 111, 113–14 fasciation 33 fruit cages 85
coral spot 95, 122, 127, 133, 182 fennel, Florence 71–5 fruiting crops 38, 40, 42, 44, 46–51
corm rot, gladiolus 183 fertilizing fungal diseases 20, 23, 115, 169 see also specific
corms 17, 164, 166–9 containers 115, 135 diseases (e.g., chocolate spot)
crop rotation 26, 43, 44 fruit 88, 89 fungal leaf spot 183
crown rot 156 lawns 117, 174, 177, 178 fruit 102, 105, 183
cuckoo spit 33 ornamentals 114, 116, 143, 153, 159, 161, 163 ornamentals 135, 142, 145, 153, 157, 161, 162, 183
cucumber mosaic virus 47, 49, 51 vegetables 43, 46, 48 vegetables 60, 67, 73, 183
cucumbers & cucumber family 44, 47–51 figs 91, 99 fungicides 23, 27
cultivars, choosing 40, 84, 110–11, 115 fireblight 92, 97, 123, 132, 183 fungus see specific types (e.g., bracket fungus)
currant blister aphid/mite 22, 105, 182 flea beetles 183 fusarium patch 178
currant & gooseberry leaf spot 102, 183 bulb & stem crops 73
currants 22, 84, 86, 87, 101–5, 107 garden greens 66, 67 G
cutworms 60, 62, 152, 160 leafy greens 59, 61, 64 gall midge, hemerocallis 157, 183
patio & bedding plants 160 gall mites, acer 125
DE root crops 54, 57 galls 120
damping off disease 41, 42, 48, 60, 66, 182 seedlings 41, 42 camellia 181
deadheading 18, 151, 159, 161, 163 flies see by specific plant affected garden bulbs 17, 111, 112, 113–14, 116, 164–9
deer 28, 121, 123, 132, 182 (e.g., carrot rust flies) garden greens 23, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 64–9
dieback 21, 63, 97, 120, 132, 182 Florence fennel 71–5 garden hygiene 25, 29, 68, 89, 90, 115, 178
disease-resistant plants 40, 84, 110, 115 flowers 10, 11, 20 garden shrubs 14–15, 111, 112, 113–14, 116, 130,
diseases 20–3, 180–7 see also specific diseases beneficial insect attractants 24–5, 26, 31 132–9
(e.g., downy mildews) bulb & stem crops 70, 71, 73 garden trees 14, 111, 112, 113–14, 116, 120–9
division fruit trees 90, 94 garlic 39, 45, 70, 72–5
garden bulbs 164, 166, 167, 168 garden greens 45, 65–9 germination problems
perennials 16, 150, 153, 155 leafy greens 58, 59, 61, 62 bulb & stem crops 72
dog lichen 175 ornamental plants see specific types (e.g., fruiting crops 38, 48
dog urine 174, 179 garden shrubs) garden greens 66
downy mildew 60, 63, 67, 68, 73, 75, pod crops 76, 78, 81 leafy greens 60
153, 182 root crops 52, 53 see also pollination pod crops 38, 77, 79
drainage & waterlogging 13 foliage problems 20–3, 32 root crops 55
containers 88, 114 bulb & stem crops 73, 75 ghost spot, tomato 33
fruit trees & bushes 85, 101 climbers 142–5 gladiolus corm rot 167, 183
fruiting crops 46, 51 fruit trees 22, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96 gooseberries 87, 101–5, 107
garden bulbs 167 fruiting crops 46, 47, 49, 50, 51 gooseberry leaf spot, currant & 102, 183
garden trees & shrubs 120, 122, 125, 130 garden bulbs 164, 166, 167, 168 gooseberry mildew 105, 180
lawns 117, 175, 176 garden greens 66, 67, 68, 69 gooseberry sawflies 104, 186
leafy greens 61 garden shrubs 130–7 graft unions 21, 121
ornamentals 112 garden trees 120, 122–7 grass
patio & bedding plants 160, 163 leafy greens 60, 61, 62, 63 annual meadow grass 31
perennials 152, 154 leaves on lawns 178 lawns 19, 117, 172–9
pod crops 45 perennials 17, 150, 152–7 gray bulb rot, tulip 167, 168, 186–7
root crops 44, 52, 53, 54, 56 pod crops 78, 81 gray mold 183
vegetables 38 root crops 52, 54, 56, 57 fruit 104
drought see weather problems soft fruit 22, 101, 102, 104 leafy greens 60, 63
earthworms 175, 177 forking, root crops 39, 53, 55, 57 ornamentals 115, 153, 157, 161, 163
eelworms 115, 167, 168, 182 froghoppers 33 grease bands 89
190 INDEX
pollen beetles 33 root aphids 61, 62, 160, 185 site selection 12–13, 20, 38, 110, 114–15
pollination 11 root crops 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 52–7 slime mold 175, 176
beneficial insects 24–5, 29, 31 root rot slugs & snails 26, 28, 29, 186
fruit trees 84, 90, 91, 93, 94 garden trees 120, 125 bulb & stem crops 71, 73
fruiting crops 44, 46, 47, 48, 50 patio & bedding plants 160, 162 climbers 142, 144
garden shrubs 134 perennials 151, 152 fruiting crops 49
pod crops 45, 78, 81 phytophthora 123, 132, 185 garden bulbs 166, 167, 169
soft fruit 84, 100, 101, 103, 105 roots 10, 20, 23, 140, 150, 151, 164, 165 garden greens 66, 67, 69
pot-bound plants 20, 111, 160 taproots 38, 39, 40, 44, 53–7, 151 leafy salads 58, 59, 60, 61, 62
potassium deficiency 184 rootstocks 21, 84, 87, 88, 90, 91, 121 ornamentals 115
potato blackleg 185 rose black spot 115, 136, 185 patio & bedding plants 160
potato blight 54, 56, 185 rose leaf-rolling sawflies 32, 135, 186 perennials 151, 152, 153, 156
potato scab, common 55, 57, 182 rose powdery mildew 185 pod crops 77, 78, 79
potato spraing 57 rose replant disease 185 root crops 54, 55
potato wireworm 55, 57 rose root aphids 185 seedlings 41, 42
potatoes 44, 52, 54–7 rose rust 115, 136, 186 soft fruit 27, 84–9, 100–7
potting mix roses 32, 115, 135, 136, 138, 146 soils 13
for containers 88, 114 runner beans 40, 77–81 acidic 13, 85, 88, 101
powdery mildews 185 running to seed see bolting improving 13, 24–5, 112, 140, 141, 142
climbers 115, 142, 145 rusts 153, 161, 167, 186 see also by specific plant liming 39, 64
fruit 96, 105, 180 affected (e.g., rose rust) manuring 13, 25, 39, 57, 79, 112
garden trees & shrubs 115, 127, 133 rutabagas 53–7 no-dig cultivation 25, 31
patio & bedding plants 161, 163 organic gardening 24–5
perennials 150, 153, 157 S pH testing 13, 110
vegetables 49, 60, 78 salad crops, leafy 45, 58–63 preparation 39, 85 see also nutrient deficiencies
propagating perennials 16, 150, 153, 155, 158 sawflies 28, 153, 155, 186 see also specific types Solomon’s seal sawflies 155, 186
pruning (e.g., plum sawflies) sooty mold 68, 95, 120, 133, 136, 186
climbers 15, 140, 143, 144, 145, 146–7 scab spacing see planting & spacing
fruit trees 88, 89, 90, 93, 95, 98–9 apple & pear 92, 96, 180 spider mites 49, 50, 132, 142, 152, 153, 160, 161, 185
garden shrubs 14, 116, 130, 131, 133, 134, common potato 55, 57, 182 spinach 59–63
137, 138–9 scale insects 186 spraing 57
garden trees 14, 116, 122, 123, 125, 128–9 climbers 142, 144 spreading perennials 16, 116, 150, 152–7
perennials 16 garden trees & shrubs 115, 120, 123, 133, 136, 137 sprouts, Brussels 64, 66–9
soft fruit 89, 101, 103, 106–7 patio & bedding plants 160 squashes 40, 47–51
training 85, 87–8, 90, 91, 99 scorch 51, 124, 132, 135, 142, 145, 155, 161 squirrels 123, 132, 167, 169, 182
seedlings, vegetable 41–2 staking
QR seeds & sowing 10, 11 fruit trees 86, 87
quince 91 annuals & biennials 159 ornamentals 114, 116, 127, 165
rabbits 28, 121, 132, 153, 155, 160, 182 microgreens 59 stem & bulb crops 39, 45, 70–5
radishes 42, 53–7 station sowing 40 stems 11, 20, 131, 139, 140, 141, 150, 158
rain shadows 12, 113, 143 successional sowing 39, 58, 61 stone fruit 84–9, 90, 92–7, 99
raised beds 39 vegetables 38–41 see also germination strawberries 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 101–5
raspberries 86, 87–8, 100, 102–5, 107 problems strawberry leaf spot 102, 105, 183
raspberry beetle 105, 185 shade problems structure, plant 10–11
raspberry cane blight 102, 185 lawns 19, 174, 175, 176, 179 suckering shoots 100, 121, 127, 131
raspberry cane spot 102, 104, 181 vegetable growing 38 supports
raspberry rust 102, 186 shallots 70, 72–5 climbers 15, 114, 116, 141, 144
red currants 87, 101–5, 107 shelter 12 fruit 86, 87, 100, 106, 107
red thread 176, 185 shield bugs 33 fruiting crops 43, 46, 47
repotting 42, 88, 115 shothole 95, 115, 186 garden greens 64, 65, 69
rhizomes 17, 165–9 shrubs 14–15, 111, 112, 113–14, 116, 130–9 ornamentals 114, 116, 127, 165
rhubarb 71–5 silver leaf 95, 99, 115, 186 perennials 11, 152, 154
192 INDEX
pod crops 43, 45, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81 ornamentals 17, 165–9 weather problems 12, 38, 39
sweet corn 47, 50 tuber crops 44, 52, 54–7 bulb & stem crops 72, 73
sweet potatoes 52 tulip fire 167, 186 climbers 141, 142, 145
Swiss chard 45, 59–63 tulip gray bulb rot 167, 168, 186–7 fruit trees 85, 92, 93, 94
symptoms, disease 20–3, 180–7 see also specific turnips 53–7 fruiting crops 48, 49, 50, 51
diseases (e.g., downy mildews) garden bulbs 167
UV garden greens 67, 68, 69
T urine, animal 174, 179 garden shrubs 130, 132, 134–7
taproots 38, 39, 40, 44, 53–7, 151 variegated shrubs reverting 134 garden trees 122, 124, 126
tarsonemid mites 186 vegetable growing 26, 38–43 lawns 178
temperature requirements verticillium wilt 123, 132, 187 leafy greens 40, 61, 63
bulb & stem crops 39, 74, 75 viburnum beetle 115, 132, 137, 187 ornamentals 113
fruit trees & bushes 85, 93, 103 vine weevils 187 patio & bedding plants 158, 159, 160, 161, 162
fruiting crops 38, 40, 42, 44, 46–51 climbers 145 perennials 151, 153, 154, 155
patio & bedding plants 159, 161 garden bulbs 115, 167 pod crops 77, 78, 79, 81
pod crops 38, 39, 77, 78, 79, 81 garden shrubs 132, 137 root crops 54, 55, 56
tender perennials 18, 19, 158, 160–3 patio & bedding plants 159, 160, 162 soft fruit 85, 100, 102, 103
thatch 172, 175 perennials 151, 152, 157 see also cold damage; temperature
thinning viruses 23, 187 requirements
seedlings 41 garden bulbs 167, 168 weeds & weeding 30–1, 39, 43, 89, 111, 117, 173
tree fruit 90, 94 garden shrubs 132, 133 weed killers 23, 31, 133, 153, 155, 173
thrips 63, 73, 153, 161, 163, 184, 186 ornamentals 115 weevils see pea & bean weevils; vine weevils
toads & frogs 25, 26, 29 patio & bedding crops 161 white currants 87, 101–5, 107
toadstools 23, 126, 177 perennials 153, 154, 157 white rot, onion 73, 74
tomato blight 49, 50, 185 soft fruit 22, 85, 89, 104, 105 whiteflies 48, 67, 68, 115, 187
tomato ghost spot 33 vegetables 47, 49, 51, 57, 67, 78 wilting 10, 20, 51, 58, 61, 63
tomato moth 186 patio & bedding plants 159
tomatoes & tomato family 33, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46–51 WZ perennials 151, 152, 154
tortrix moth, carnation 181 wasps 27, 29, 92, 97, 102, 187 winter moth 89, 92, 94, 124, 132, 187
training, fruit trees & bushes 85, 87–8, 90, 91, 99 water shoots 15 wireworms 42, 55, 57, 187
traps 26–7 watering 10 wisteria 15, 144, 146
tree ties 86, 87, 116, 127 containers 43, 88, 115, 135 worm casts 175, 177
trees see fruit trees; garden trees seedlings 41, 42 see also specific plant types wound paint 98
tubers waterlogging see drainage & waterlogging zucchini 38, 42, 44, 47–51
Acknowledgments
Picture credits 78l, 80cl, cr, 81br, 82tl, ct, cb, 83tr, 84b, 86bl, bc, br, Proofreader Constance Novice
The publisher would like thank the following for 87tc, tr, 89b, 90bl, tr, cr, 91tr, cr, br, 92l, br, 93br, Index Susan Bosanko
kind permission to reproduce their photographs: 94c, bl, br, 95cl, cr, ct, 96tl, tr, c, cr, 97tr, tcr, cr, tl,
cbr, 100l, cr, 101br, 102l, c, br, 104cr, 105cl, 109c, Author’s acknowledgments
(key: b-below/bottom; c-center; l-left; r-right; 123br, 124cb, br, 135 tl. Lucy Claxton 9br, 17br, Many thanks are due to Chauney Dunford,
t-top) 25r, 29tc. Emma Firth 177cr. Barrie Watts Alison Shackleton, and the team at Dorling
Blackmore Nursery 90br, 96cl. DT Brown Seeds Collection 48br. Igor Zhorov (c) Alamy 10c. Kindersley for their contributions at every stage
64bcl. Dobies of Devon 100tr. Fothergill Seeds of this project. I’m enormously grateful to
67br. Sutton Seeds 53cb, cbr, 71tr. Victoriana Dorling Kindersley would like to thank: Malcolm Dodds for the loan of his camera and
Nursery 84–85 tc. Dorling Kindersley: Alan Jo Whittingham, Chauney Dunford, Alison tireless support. Thanks also to Judy and Paul
Buckingham 13cb, 20tl, 21c, cr, 22l, 30tr, bl, br, Shackleton, Caroline Reed, Collette Sadler, Esther Whittingham, Alma and John Dodds, and all
31tl, tc, tr, bl, br, 33tr, 35br, 46cr, 50bl, 53bc, 54l, Ripley, Elaine Hewson, Verne Crawford, and others who allowed me to poke around their
55l, 56l, 58tl, 59tl, cl. bl, cr, 64bl, cr, r, 65b, 70ctl, Veronica Peerless for additional photography. gardens to photograph their sickly plants. And
71b, 72l, 73bl, 74l, cr, br, 75cl, bl, 76tl, cl, bl, 77r, br, All other images copyright DK Images to Evan, thanks for eating what I grow with gusto!