Mechanics of Materials Stress Analysis Project

Mechanics of Solids 2 Project:
Stress – Strain Analysis on

a L Lug Wrench
LIST OF CONTENTS
01 Introduction
02 Background
03 Analysis and Calculation
04 Conclusion
05 References
INTRODUCTION
On a day to day basis, engineers use stress analysis as a tool to
determine and study the stresses a solid object experiences when it is
subjected to loading. From this, engineers can determine the
deformations that can occur and observe how the material behaves when
experiencing these stresses.
This project will solely focus on stress – strain analysis, and determining
the safety factor of an object made from a specific material. It will
highlight the dimensions of the object, the load it experiences during a
particular situation, observe the results, and create a conclusion based
on our results.
Objectives
The objectives for this
project are
Understanding Stress Analysis
We first understand the theory and the mathematics behind stress

transformation
Apply it into real life situations
Once the knowledge of stress transformation is understood, we apply it

to a real life situation.
Conclude a statement based on our results
From our analysis, experiment, and calculations, we can create a

statement to comment on the behavior of the object under stress
BACKGROUND
Stress Transformation
The process of transforming stress components acting on an element at a point into components acting
on a corresponding element having a different orientation. Most loadings tend to be coplanar, so they can
be analyzed in a single plane. So therefore, the material is subjected to plane stress.
BACKGROUND
Strain Transformation
The transformation of strain at a point is similar to that of transformation of stress at a point. It also
consists of normal strains in the x and y direction as well as a shear strain.
BACKGROUND
Mohr’s Circle
•Mohr’s Circle serves as a graphical representation for both stress and strain transformation.
•The Mohr’s Circle method can graphically determine the stress and strain components acting on a
rotated coordinate system (i.e on a different plane).
•It can also determine the principle stress and strains at a specific element on that object.
BACKGROUND
Safety Factor
Safety Factor is an expression that is used to determine how much stronger a system needs to be for an
intended load so that the system/material will not undergo failure.
BACKGROUND
Failure Theory
Failure Theory is the science of predicting the conditions under which solid materials will fail when
subjected to external loads. The failure theories included in this study are:
•Tresca (Max. Shear Stress Theory)
•Von Mises (Max. Distortion Energy Theory)

The Project:
Stress Analysis on L Lug
Wrench
MATERIAL STEEL ALLOY (S -36)
E=200 GPa
PROPERTIES
G=75 GPa
σy-=250 Mpa
Ѵ=0.32
To manually remove lug nuts on

USES
automobile wheels.
The Project: Assumptions
Constant Density Static Loading
ρ
We can assume the density to be The loading applied is static. Dynamic
constant throughout the object and that it loading such as momentum and impulse
was made perfectly without any faults L are not taken into consideration
Material Linearly Proportional

We can assume that the type of material is M P The deflection and stress are linearly
the same for the whole object proportional to the load. If you double the
load, the deflection and stress double.
Flow of Work
σ,τ Mohr’s
Circle ϵ Failure
Theory and
Safety
Factor
1st Determine Normal and Shear In

Plane Stresses 3rd Obtain strain transformation from
Strain-Stress Relation
Determine safety factor using
2nd Graphically represent the stresses

using Mohr’s Circle to find principal
stresses
4th Tresca and Von Mises Failure
Theory
The Project: Stress Analysis
500 N
Consider a load of 500 N being
Consider the free body diagram of
the L Lug Wrench, when it is in C
equilibrium, as it is about to move.
Section a-a is located at the
midpoint of section BA of the
A section a-a
wrench
B A
28 cm
8 cm
Ø = 15 mm
Consider a load of 500 N being
Consider the free body diagram of 500 N
the L Lug Wrench, when it is in
equilibrium, as it is about to move.
Section a-a is located at the
midpoint of section BA of the
wrench
For our stress analysis, we shall cut T V

section BA of the rod where cross A
section a-a is located. 28 cm
M = (500 N)(4 cm) = 20 Nm 4 cm

M
V = 500 N
T = (500 N)(28 cm) = 140 Nm
Ø = 15 mm
M = (500 N)(4 cm) = 20 Nm V = 500 N T = (500 N)(28 cm) = 140 Nm
Area Moment of Inertia: Polar Moment of Inertia:
Normal Stress due to A

v
Shear Stress due to Torsion:
Bending Moment:
Ø = 15 mm
Based on the results for calculating the normal and shear stresses, the state of stress of the
element is shown below, along with its graphical representation using Mohr’s Circle Method.
From this the principal stresses and its orientation can be found.
Mpa Mpa Mpa

Mpa Mpa Mpa
Mpa ° °
Based on plane-stress analysis, we can
calculate the absolute maximum normal and
shear stresses by creating a 3D Mohr’s
Circle.
From this figure, we can conclude that

•σ1= 243.5 MPa
•σ2= 0 MPa
•σ3= -183.3 MPa
S T R A I N
A N A L Y S I S ϵ
From stress analysis we found that:
σ1=243.5 σ2=0 Mpa σ3= -

Mpa 183.3
MPa
So in order to determine the

respective strains ( ϵ1, ϵ2, and ϵ3), we
can use the formula that defines the
relationship between the properties
of the material:
F A I L U R E
T H E O R Y
The safety factor of the material can be
determined by using the failure theories,
for this one we shall use Tresca (Max.
Shear Stress Theory) and Von Mises
(Max. Distortion Energy Theory).
Which are the two most widely used
failure theories in engineering.
Conclusion
Based on the last results from failure theory, we can conclude that principal
stresses will cause the wrench theoretically fail at that point. However, we
assumed the object to be static, so in practice it would actually turn.
From this we can understand more about how to design structures and learn
how to maintain them in such a way that it remains safe and reliable. This
shows that stress analysis is a highly important aspect of engineering.
References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_failure_theory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Mises_yield_criterion
https://www.engineeringcalculator.net/mohrs_circle.html
http://www.graniteng.com/mohr-3d?lang=en
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lug_wrench
Mechanics of Materials (10th Edition): Russell C. Hibbeler

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Mechanics of Solids 2 Project:

Stress – Strain Analysis on

03 Analysis and Calculation

We first understand the theory and the mathematics behind stress

Apply it into real life situations

Once the knowledge of stress transformation is understood, we apply it

Conclude a statement based on our results

From our analysis, experiment, and calculations, we can create a

•Von Mises (Max. Distortion Energy Theory)

MATERIAL STEEL ALLOY (S -36)

To manually remove lug nuts on

Material Linearly Proportional

1st Determine Normal and Shear In

Determine safety factor using

2nd Graphically represent the stresses

For our stress analysis, we shall cut T V

M = (500 N)(4 cm) = 20 Nm 4 cm

Normal Stress due to A

Mpa Mpa Mpa

From this figure, we can conclude that

σ1=243.5 σ2=0 Mpa σ3= -

So in order to determine the

Mechanics of Materials (10th Edition): Russell C. Hibbeler

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