1 CHAPTER 30 WIND LOADS: COMPONENTS AND CLADDING

2 30.1 SCOPE

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3 30.1.1 Building Types

4 This chapter applies to the determination of wind pressures on components and cladding (C&C)

ite A
5 on buildings.

C R
6 1. Part 1 is applicable to an enclosed, partially enclosed, or partially open

or T D
7 • Low-rise building (see definition in Section 26.2); or
8 • Building with h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m).
9 The building has a flat roof, gable roof, multispan gable roof, hip roof, monoslope roof,
10 se N
stepped roof, or sawtooth roof, and the wind pressures are calculated from a wind
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11 pressure equation.
ot MM

12 2. Part 2 is applicable to an enclosed, partially enclosed, or partially open

13 • Building with h > 60 ft (18.3 m).
14 The building has a flat roof, pitched roof, gable roof, hip roof, mansard roof, arched roof,
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15 or domed roof, and the wind pressures are calculated from a wind pressure equation.
16 3. Part 3 is applicable to an open building of all heights that has a pitched free roof,
17 monoslope free roof, or troughed free roof.
IC

18 4. Part 4 is applicable to building appurtenances such as roof overhangs, parapets, and

N

19 rooftop equipment.
BL

20 5. Part 5 is applicable to non-building structures – circular bins, silos and tanks; rooftop
D

21 solar panels and roof pavers.

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22 • Circular bins, silos, and tanks with h ≤ 120 ft (38.6 m);

23 • Rooftop Solar Panels: Buildings of all heights with flat roofs or Gable or Hip
24 Roofs with roof slopes less than or equal to 7 degrees; and
25 • Roof pavers: Buildings of all heights with roof slopes less than or equal to 7
26 degrees.

27 30.1.2 Conditions

1
 1 A building that has design wind loads determined in accordance with this chapter shall comply
2 with all of the following conditions:
3 1. The building is a regular-shaped building as defined in Section 26.2; and
4 2. The building does not have response characteristics that make it subject to across-wind
5 loading, vortex shedding, or instability caused by galloping or flutter; nor does it have a

FT
6 site location for which channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of upwind obstructions
7 warrant special consideration.

ite A
C R
8 30.1.3 Limitations

or T D
9 The provisions of this chapter take into consideration the load magnification effect caused by
10 gusts in resonance with along-wind vibrations of flexible buildings. The loads on buildings that
11 do not meet the requirements of Section 30.1.2 or that have unusual shapes or response
12 se N
characteristics shall be determined using recognized literature documenting such wind load
U E
13 effects or shall use the wind tunnel procedure specified in Chapter 31.
ot MM

14 30.1.4 Shielding

15 There shall be no reductions in velocity pressure caused by apparent shielding afforded by

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16 buildings and other structures or terrain features.

17 30.1.5 Air-Permeable Cladding

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N

18 Design wind loads determined from Chapter 30 shall be used for air-permeable claddings,
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19 including modular vegetative roof assemblies, unless approved test data or recognized literature
20 demonstrates lower loads for the type of air-permeable cladding being considered.
D
PU

21 30.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

22 30.2.1 Wind Load Parameters Specified in Chapter 26

23 The following wind load parameters are specified in Chapter 26:

24 • Basic wind speed, V (Section 26.5).

25 • Wind directionality factor, Kd (Section 26.6).

2
 1 • Exposure category (Section 26.7).

2 • Topographic factor, K zt (Section 26.8).

3 • Ground elevation factor, K e (Section 26.9).

4 • Velocity pressure exposure coefficient, K z or K h (Section 26.10.1);

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5 • Velocity pressure, qz (Section 26.10.2).

ite A
6 Gust-effect factor (Section 26.11).
7 • Enclosure classification (Section 26.12).

C R
8 • Internal pressure coefficient, ( GC pi ) (Section 26.13).

or T D
9 30.2.2 Minimum Design Wind Pressures

10 se N
The design wind pressure for C&C of buildings shall not be less than a net pressure of 16 lb/ft2
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11 (0.77 kN/m2) acting in either direction normal to the surface.
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12 30.2.3 Tributary Areas Greater than 700 ft2 (65 m2)

13 C&C elements with tributary areas greater than 700 ft2 (65 m2) shall be permitted to be designed
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14 using the provisions for main wind force resisting systems.

15 30.2.4 External Pressure Coefficients

IC
N

16 Combined gust-effect factor and external pressure coefficients for C&C, ( GC p ), are given in
BL

17 the figures associated with this chapter. The pressure coefficient values and gust-effect factor
D

18 shall not be separated.

PU

19 PART 1: LOW-RISE BUILDINGS

20 User Note: Use Part 1 of Chapter 30 to determine wind pressures on C&C of enclosed, partially
21 enclosed, and partially open low-rise buildings that have roof shapes as specified in the
22 applicable figures. The provisions in Part 1 are based on the Envelope Procedure, with wind
23 pressures calculated using the specified equation as applicable to each building surface. For

3
 1 buildings for which these provisions are applicable, this method generally yields the lowest wind
2 pressures of all analytical methods contained in this standard.

3 30.3 BUILDING TYPES

FT
4 The provisions of Section 30.3 are applicable to an enclosed, partially enclosed, and partially
5 open
•

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6 Low-rise building (see definition in Section 26.2); or
7 • Building with h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m).

C R
8 The building has a flat roof, gable roof, multispan gable roof, hip roof, monoslope roof, stepped

or T D
9 roof, or sawtooth roof. The steps required for the determination of wind loads on C&C for these
10 building types are shown in Table 30.3-1.
11
se N
U E
12 30.3.1 Conditions
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13 For the determination of the design wind pressures on the C&C using the provisions of
14 Section 30.3.2, the conditions indicated on the selected figure(s) shall be applicable to the
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15 building under consideration.

16 30.3.2 Design Wind Pressures

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17 Design wind pressures on C&C elements of low-rise buildings and buildings with h ≤ 60 ft
N

18 (18.3 m) shall be determined from the following equation:

BL

19
𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 ��𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝 � − �𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 �� (lb/ft2) (30.3-1)
D

20
PU

21 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 ��𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝 � − �𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 �� (N/m2) (30.3-1.SI)

22 where
23 qh =Velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height h as defined in Section 26.10;

24 K d = Wind directionality factor, see Section 26.6; and

25 ( GC p )= External pressure coefficients given in:

26 • Figure 30.3-1 (walls).

4
 1 • Figures 30.3-2A–G (flat roofs, gable roofs and hip roofs),30.5.2.
2 • Figure 30.3-3 (stepped roofs).
3 • Figure 30.3-4 (multispan gable roofs).
4 • Figsure 30.3-5A–B (monoslope roofs).
5 • Figure 30.3-6 (sawtooth roofs).

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6 • Figure 30.3-7 (domed roofs).
7 • Figure 30.3-8 (arched roofs).

ite A
8 • Figure 30.3-2A (bottom surfaces of elevated buildings)

C R
9 ( GC pi )= internal pressure coefficient given in Table 26.13-1.

or T D
10
11 30.3.2.1 Bottom Horizontal Surface of Elevated Buildings. Design wind pressures for C&C
12
13 se N
elements on the bottom flat horizontal surface of elevated buildings shall be determined using the
roof pressure coefficients from Figure 30.3-2A with the following modifications:
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14 1. h B shall be the height above grade of the bottom surface of the elevated building, as
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15 depicted in Figure 30.3-1A. The value of h shall equal h B for determining zone
16 dimensions from Figure 30.3-2A. For elevated buildings with a flat bottom horizontal
17 building surface and situated on a slope, h B shall be taken as the maximum height
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18 between the slope and the bottom of the elevated building.

19 2. Areas of the horizontal surface above partially enclosed spaces and areas extending a B
20 perpendicular to walls beneath the elevated building with plan dimension greater than 4 ft
IC
N

21 (1.2 m), as shown in the shaded regions in Figure 30.3-1A, shall be designed to resist
BL

22 positive pressures equal to the Zone 4 wall pressures obtained using Figure 30.3-1. The
23 value of a B shall equal 0.4h B or the width of the wall, whichever is smaller for
D

24 determining zone dimensions from Figure 30.3-1A.

PU

25 The loading convention shall denote downward loading on the bottom surface with negative
26 pressure coefficients and upward loading on the bottom surface with positive pressure
27 coefficients.
28 EXCEPTION: The provisions of Section 30.3.2.1 do not apply to buildings with h B < h B < 2
29 ft (0.61 m).
30

5
1 Table 30.3-1. Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and
2 Partially Open Low-Rise Buildings.
3
Step 1: Determine Risk Category; see Table 1.5-1.
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V , for applicable Risk Category; see Figure. 26.5-1.

FT
Step 3: Determine the wind load parameters:

• Wind directionality factor, K d ; see Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1.

ite A
• Exposure Category B, C, or D; see Section 26.7.

C R
• Topographic factor, K zt ; see Section 26.8 and Figure 26.8-1.

or T D
• Ground elevation factor, K e ; Section 26.9 and Table 26.9-1.

• Enclosure classification; see Section 26.12.

• se N
Internal pressure coefficient, ( GC pi ); see Section 26.13 and Table 26.13-1.
U E
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, K h ; see Table 26.10-1.
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Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, qh , Equation (26.10-1).

Step 6: Determine external pressure coefficient, ( GC p ):

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• Walls; see Figure 30.3-1.

• Flat roofs, gable roofs, hip roofs; see Figure 30.3-2.
•
IC

Stepped roofs; see Figure 30.3-3.

N

• Multispan gable roofs; see Figure 30.3-4.

BL

• Monoslope roofs; see Figure 30.3-5.

• Sawtooth roofs; see Figure 30.3-6.
D
PU

• Domed roofs; see Figure 30.3-7.

• Arched roofs; see Figure 30.3-8.
• Bottom horizontal surface of elevated buildings; see Section 30.3.2.1.
Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p ; Equation (30.3-1).
4
5

6
 FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
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IC
N
BL

1
D

2 FIGURE 30.3-1. Components and cladding, h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m): external pressure coefficients (
PU

3 GC p ) for enclosed, partially enclosed, and partially open buildings—walls.

4

7
 FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
1
2
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3 FIGURE 30.3-1A. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)]: External Pressure

4 Coefficient Zones for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Elevated Buildings
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5 with Partially Enclosed Spaces and Areas Beneath the Elevated Building—Bottom
6 Horizontal Surface of Elevated Buildings.
IC
N
BL
D
PU

8
 FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
o CO
IC
N
BL

1
D

2
PU

3 FIGURE 30.3-2A. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure

4 Coefficients ( GC p ) for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings—Gable

5 Roofs, θ ≤ 7° .
6

9
 2
1
PU
BL
IC
D
o CO
N
ot MM
U E
se N
or T D
C R
ite A
FT

10
1 FIGURE 30.3-2B. Components and Cladding[h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure
2 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Partially Oopen Buildings —

3 Gable Roofs, 7° < θ ≤ 20° .

4

FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
o CO
IC
N
BL
D
PU

11
 2
1
PU
BL
IC
D
o CO
N
ot MM
U E
se N
or T D
C R
ite A
FT

12
1 FIGURE 30.3-2C. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure
2 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings —

3 Gable Roofs, 20° < θ ≤ 27° .

4

FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
o CO
IC
N
BL
D
PU

13
 2
1
PU
BL
IC
D
o CO
N
ot MM
U E
se N
or T D
C R
ite A
FT

14
1 FIGURE 30.3-2D. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure
2 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings —

3 Gable Roofs, 27° < θ ≤ 45° .

FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
o CO
IC
N
BL
D
PU

15
 2
1
PU
BL
IC
D
o CO
N
ot MM
U E
se N
or T D
C R
ite A
FT

16
1 FIGURE 30.3-2E. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure
2 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed and Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings —

3 Hip Roofs, 7° < θ ≤ 20° .

FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
o CO
IC
N
BL
D
PU

17
 2
1
PU
BL
IC
D
o CO
N
ot MM
U E
se N
or T D
C R
ite A
FT

18
1 FIGURE 30.3-2F. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure
2 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings — Hip

3 Roofs, 20° < θ ≤ 27° .

4

FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
o CO
IC
N
BL
D
PU

19
 2
1
PU
BL
IC
D
o CO
N
ot MM
U E
se N
or T D
C R
ite A
FT

20
1 FIGURE 30.3-2G. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)] External Pressure
2 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings — Hip

3 Roofs, 𝛉𝛉 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒°.
4
5

FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
o CO
IC
N
BL
D
PU

6
21
1
2 FIGURE 30.3-3. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure
3 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings, ϴ ≤

4 7° — Stepped Roofs.
5

FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
o CO
IC
N
BL
D
PU

22
1
2 FIGURE 30.3-4. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure
3 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, Partially Open Buildings —

4 Multispan Ggable Roofs.

5

FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
o CO
IC
N
BL
D
PU

23
1
2 FIGURE 30.3-5A. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure
3 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings —

4 Monoslope Roofs, 3° < θ ≤ 10° .

5

FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
o CO
IC
N
BL
D
PU

6
7

24
1 FIGURE 30.3-5B. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure
2 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings—

3 Monoslope Roofs, 10° < θ ≤ 30° .

4

FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
o CO
IC
N
BL
D
PU

5
6

25
 1 FIGURE 30.3-6. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure
2 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings —

3 Sawtooth Roofs.
4

FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM

5
6
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7 FIGURE 30.3-7. Components and Cladding (all heights): External Pressure Coefficients, (
8 GC p ), for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings and Structures —
9 Domed Roofs.
IC
N

10
BL
D
PU

26
 FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
1
2 ____________________________________________________________________________
ot MM

3 Notation:
4 L = Horizontal dimension of building, ft (m), measured normal to ridge.
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5 r = Rise-to-span ratio = ‘rise’/L.

6 h = Roof height as defined in Chapter 26 for roof angle θ.
7 θ = Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees, measured at eave.
8
IC
N

9 External Pressure Coefficient, GC p

BL

Conditions Rise-to-Span Ratio, r GC p

Zone A Zone B
D
PU

Roof on elevated 0 < r < 0.2 -1.08 -0.84-1.2r

structure 1.8r-0.36
0.2 ≤ r < 0.3 7.2r-2.52 -0.84-1.2r
-0.6
3.3r-0.84
0.3 ≤ r ≤ 0.6 -0.84-1.2r
-0.6
0 < r ≤ 0.6 1.68r -0.84-1.2r

27
 Roof springing from -0.6
ground level
1
2 Notes
3 1. At roof perimeter Zone C, use the roof zones (Zone 2 and 3) and external pressure

FT
4 coefficients in Fig. 30.3-2A, B, C, and D with “theta” based on springline slope. In the
5 case of Fig. 30.3-2A, use 0.6h as the size of the roof perimeter zone C. For roof Zones A

ite A
6 and B, use external pressure coefficients shown in this table.

C R
7 2. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces,

or T D
8 respectively.
9 3. Where multiple values of GCp are listed, the roof zone is subjected to either positive or
10 negative pressures and the structure shall be designed for all conditions.
11 se N
U E
12 FIGURE 30.3-8. Components and Cladding (all heights): External Pressure Coefficients, (
ot MM

13 GC p ), for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings and Structures —

14 Arched Roofs.
15
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16 PART 2: BUILDINGS WITH [h ˃ 60 ft (h ˃ 18.3 m)]

17 User Note: Use Part 2 of Chapter 30 for determining wind pressures for C&C of enclosed,
IC
N

18 partially enclosed, and partially open buildings with h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m) that have roof shapes as
BL

19 specified in the applicable figures. These provisions are based on the Directional Procedure with
20 wind pressures calculated from the specified equation applicable to each building surface.
D
PU

21 30.4 BUILDING TYPES

22 The provisions of Section 30.4 are applicable to an enclosed, partially enclosed, or partially open
23 building with a mean roof height [h ˃ 60 ft (h ˃ 18.3 m)] with a flat roof, pitched roof, gable
24 roof, hip roof, mansard roof, arched roof, or domed roof. The steps required for the
25 determination of wind loads on C&C for these building types are shown in Table 30.4-1.
26

28
 1 30.4.1 Conditions

2 For the determination of the design wind pressures on the C&C using the provisions of
3 Section 30.4.2, the conditions indicated on the selected figure(s) shall be applicable to the
4 building under consideration.

FT
5 30.4.2 Design Wind Pressures

ite A
6 Design wind pressures on C&C for all buildings with [h ˃ 60 ft (h ˃ 18.3 m)] shall be

C R
7 determined from the following equation:

or T D
8 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 (𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝 ) − 𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 �𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 � (lb/ft2) (30.4-1)
9 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 (𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝 ) − 𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 �𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 � (N/m2) (30.4-1.SI)
122T

10 where
11 q= se N
qz For windward walls calculated at height z above the ground;
U E
12 q= qh For leeward walls, sidewalls, and roofs evaluated at height h ;
ot MM

13 K d = Wind directionality factor, see Section 26.6;

14 qi = qh For windward walls, sidewalls, leeward walls, and roofs of enclosed and partially open
o CO

15 buildings and for negative internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings;
16 qi = qz For positive internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings where height z is

17 defined as the level of the highest opening in the building that could affect the positive internal
IC

18 pressure. For positive internal pressure evaluation, qi may conservatively be evaluated at height
N

19 h ( qi = qh ) ;
BL

20
D

21 Table 30.4-1. Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, or
PU

22 Partially Open Building with h ˃ 60 ft (h ˃ 18.3 m)]

23
Step 1: Determine Risk Category; see Table 1.5-1.
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V , for applicable Risk Category; see Figures. 26.5-
1.
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:

29
 • Wind directionality factor, K d ; see Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1.

• Exposure Category B, C, or D; see Section 26.7.

• Topographic factor,
• K zt ; see Section 26.8 and Figure 26.8-1.

FT
• Ground elevation factor, K e ; see Section 26.9 and Table 26.9-1

• Enclosure classification; see Section 26.12.

ite A
• Internal pressure coefficient, GC pi ; see Section 26.13 and Table 26.13-1.

C R
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient,

or T D
K z or K h ; see Table 26.10-1.

Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, qh , Equation (26.10-1).

Step 6: Determine external pressure coefficient( GC p :

•
se N
Walls and flat roofs ( θ<10° ), see Figure 30.4-1
U E
• Gable and hip roofs, see Figure 30.3-2 per Note 6 of Figure 30.4-1
ot MM

• Arched roofs, see Figure 30.3-8

• Domed roofs, see Figure 30.3-7
•
o CO

Bottom horizontal surface of elevated buildings; see Section 30.4.2.1

Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p , Equation (30.4-1).
1
IC
N
BL
D
PU

30
 FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
o CO
IC
N
BL
D
PU

1
2 FIGURE 30.4-1. Components and Cladding, Part 2[h ˃ 60 ft (h ˃ 18.3 m)]: External
3 Pressure Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, Partially Open Buildings—

4 Walls and Roofs.

5
6 ( GC p ) = External pressure coefficients given in:

31
 1 • Figure 30.4-1 for walls and flat roofs,
2 • Figure 30.3-8 for arched roofs,
3 • Figure 30.3-7 for domed roofs,
4 • Note 6 of Figure 30.4-1 for other roof angles and geometries;
5 • Figure 30.4-1 for bottom surfaces of elevated buildings

FT
6
7 ( GC pi ) = Internal pressure coefficient given in Table 26.13-1.

ite A
8 q and qi shall be evaluated using exposure as defined in Section 26.7.3.

C R
9

or T D
10 30.4.2.1 Bottom Horizontal Surface of Elevated Buildings. Design wind pressures for C&C
11 elements on the bottom flat horizontal surface of elevated buildings shall be determined using the
12
13 se N
roof pressure coefficients from Figure 30.4-1 with the following modifications:
1. The velocity pressure, q, used in Equation 30.4-1 shall be calculated at a height equal
U E
14 to the height above grade of the bottom horizontal surface plus 25%of the height of the
ot MM

15 elevated building above the horizontal bottom surface, calculated as [ h B + 0.25(h - h B ) ].

16 For elevated buildings with a flat bottom horizontal building surface and situated on a
17 slope, h B shall be taken as the maximum height between the slope and the bottom of the
o CO

18 elevated building.
19 2. Areas of the horizontal surface above partially enclosed spaces and areas extending a
20 distance a B perpendicular to walls with plan dimension greater than 4 ft (1.2 m) as shown
IC
N

21 by the shaded regions in Figure 30.4-1A, shall be designed to resist positive pressures
BL

22 equal to the Zone 4 wall pressures obtained using Figure 30.4-1. The value of a B shall
23 equal 0.4h B or the width of the wall, whichever is smaller, for determining zone
D

24 dimensions from Figure 30.4-1A.

PU

25 The loading convention shall denote downward loading on the bottom surface with negative
26 pressure coefficients and upward loading on the bottom surface with positive pressure
27 coefficients.
28

32
 FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM

1
2
3 FIGURE 30.4-1A. Components and Cladding, Part 3 [h > 60 ft (h > 18.3 m)]: External
o CO

4 Pressure Coefficient Zones for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Elevated
5 Buildings with Partially Enclosed Spaces and Areas Beneath the Elevated Building—
6 Bottom Horizontal Surface of Elevated Buildings.
IC

7
N

8
BL

9 EXCEPTION: In buildings with a mean roof height h greater than 60 ft (18.3 m) and less than
10 90 ft (27.4 m), Figures 30.3-1 through 30.3-6 shall be permitted to be used if the mean roof
D
PU

11 height h does not exceed least horizontal dimension.

12 PART 3: OPEN BUILDINGS

13 User Note: Use Part 3 of Chapter 30 for determining wind pressures for C&C of open buildings
14 that have pitched, monoslope, or troughed roofs. These provisions are based on the Directional
15 Procedure with wind pressures calculated from the specified equation applicable to each roof
16 surface.

33
 1 30.5 BUILDING TYPES

2 The provisions of Section 30.5 are applicable to an open building of all heights that has a pitched
3 free roof, monosloped free roof, or troughed free roof. The steps required for the determination
4 of wind loads on C&C for these building types is shown in Table 30.5-1.

FT
5 30.5.1 Conditions

ite A
6 For the determination of the design wind pressures on C&Cs using the provisions of

C R
7 Section 30.5.2, the conditions indicated on the selected figure(s) shall be applicable to the

or T D
8 building under consideration.

9 30.5.2 Design Wind Pressures

10 se N
The net design wind pressure for component and cladding elements of open buildings of all
U E
11 heights with monoslope, pitched, and troughed roofs shall be determined by the following
ot MM

12 equation:
13
14 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 𝐺𝐺𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁 (30.5-1)
122T
o CO

15
16 where
17
IC

qh = Velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height h using the exposure as defined in Section
N

18
BL

19 26.7.3 that results in the highest wind loads for any wind direction at the site; and
20 K d = Wind directionality factor, see Section 26.6;
D
PU

21
22 Table 30.5-1. Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads for Open Buildings.
23
Step 1: Determine Risk Category; see Table 1.5-1.
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V , for applicable Risk Category; see Figure. 26.5-1.
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:

• Wind directionality factor, Kd , see Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1.

34
 • Exposure Category B, C, or D; see Section 26.7.

• Topographic factor, K zt ; see Section 26.8 and Figure 26.8-1.

• Ground elevation factor, K e ; see Section 26.9 and Table 26.9-1

• Gust-effect factor, G ; see Section 26.11.

FT
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, K z or Kh ; see Table 26.10-1.

qh , Equation (26.10-1).

ite A
Step 5: Determine velocity pressure,

C R
Step 6: Determine net pressure coefficients, C N :

or T D
• Monoslope roof, see Figure 30.5-1
• Pitched roof, see Figure 30.5-2
• Troughed roof, see Figure 30.5-3
se N
Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p , Equation (30.5-1).
U E
1
ot MM

2
3 G = Gust-effect factor from Section 26.11; and

4 C N = Net pressure coefficient given in

o CO

5 • Figure 30.5-1 for monosloped roof,

6 • Figure 30.5-2 for pitched roof, and
•
IC

7 Figure 30.5-3 for troughed roof.

N

8
BL
D
PU

35
 FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
o CO
IC
N
BL

1
D
PU

2
3 FIGURE 30.5-1. Components and Cladding ( 0.25 ≤ h / L ≤ 1.0 ): Net Pressure Coefficient,

4 C N , for Open Buildings—Monoslope Free Roofs, θ ≤ 45° .

5

36
 FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
o CO
IC
N
BL
D

1
PU

2
3 FIGURE 30.5-2. Components and Cladding ( 0.25 ≤ h / L ≤ 1.0 ): Net Pressure Coefficient,

4 C N , for Open Buildings—Pitched Free Roofs, θ ≤ 45° .

5

37
 FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
o CO
IC
N
BL

1
D

2
PU

3 FIGURE 30.5-3. Components and Cladding ( 0.25 ≤ h / L ≤ 1.0 ): Net Pressure Coefficient,

4 C N , for Open Buildings—Troughed Free Roofs, θ ≤ 45° .

5
6

38
 1 Net pressure coefficients, C N , include contributions from top and bottom surfaces. All load
2 cases shown for each roof angle shall be investigated. Plus and minus signs signify pressure
3 acting toward and away from the top surface of the roof, respectively.

4 PART 4: BUILDING APPURTENANCES AND ROOFTOP STRUCTURES AND

FT
5 EQUIPMENT

ite A
6 User Note: Use Part 4 of Chapter 30 for determining wind pressures for C&C on roof overhangs

C R
7 and parapets of buildings. These provisions are based on the Directional Procedure with wind
8 pressures calculated from the specified equation applicable to each roof overhang or parapet

or T D
9 surface.

10 30.6 PARAPETS
se N
U E
11 The design wind pressure for C&C elements of parapets for all building types and heights shall
ot MM

12 be determined from the following equation:

13

14 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞𝑝𝑝 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 ��𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝 � − �𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 �� (30.6-1)

122T
o CO

15 where

16 q p = Velocity pressure evaluated at the top of the parapet;

IC

17 K d = Wind directionality factor, see Section 26.6;

N

18 ( GC p ) = External pressure coefficient given in

BL

19 • Figure 30.3-1 for walls with h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m);

D

20 • Figure 30.3-2A–C for flat roofs, gable roofs, and hip roofs; and
PU

21 • Figure 30.3-3 for stepped roofs;

22 • Figure 30.3-4 for multispan gable roofs;
23 • Figure 30.3-5A–B for monoslope roofs;
24 • Figure 30.3-6 for sawtooth roofs;
25 • Figure 30.3-7 for domed roofs of all heights;
26 • Figure 30.4-1 for walls and flat roofs with h > 60 ft (18.3 m);

39
 1 • Figure 30.3-8 for arched roofs;

2 ( GC pi ) = Internal pressure coefficient from Table 26.13-1, based on the porosity of the parapet

3 envelope.
4

FT
5 Two load cases from Figure 30.6-1 shall be considered:
6
•

ite A
7 Load Case A: Windward parapet shall consist of applying the applicable positive wall
8 pressure from Fig. 30.3-1 [ h ≤ 60 ft ( h ≤ 18.3 m )] or Figure 30.4-1 [ h > 60 ft (

C R
9 h > 18.3 m )] to the windward surface of the parapet while applying the applicable

or T D
10 negative edge or corner zone roof pressure from Figures 30.3-2A, B, or C, 30.3-3, 30.3-4,
11 30.3-5A or B, 30.3-6, 30.3-7, Figure 30.3-8, or Figure 30.4-1 [ h > 60 ft ( h > 18.3 m )] as
12
•
se N
applicable to the leeward surface of the parapet.
U E
13 Load Case B: Leeward parapet shall consist of applying the applicable positive wall
14 pressure from Figure 30.3-1 [ h ≤ 60 ft ( h ≤ 18.3 m )] or Figure 30.4-1 [ h > 60 ft (
ot MM

15 h > 18.3 m )] to the windward surface of the parapet, and applying the applicable

16 negative wall pressure from Figure 30.3-1 [ h ≤60 ft ( h ≤ 18.3 m )] or Figure 30.4-1 [
o CO

17 h > 60 ft ( h >18.3 m )] as applicable to the leeward surface. Edge and corner zones shall

18 be arranged as shown in the applicable figures. ( GC p ) shall be determined for

19 appropriate roof angle and effective wind area from the applicable figures.
IC
N

20
BL
D
PU

40
 FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
1
ot MM

2
3 FIGURE 30.6-1. Components and Cladding, Part 4 (All Building Heights): Parapet Wind
4 Loads for All Building Types—Parapet Wind Loads.
o CO

5
IC
N
BL
D
PU

6
7
8 FIGURE 30.7-1 Components and Cladding (All Building Heights): Wind Loading on Roof
9 Overhangs for All Building Types—C&C Wind Loads on Roof Overhangs.
10
11

41
1 Table 30.6-1. Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads for Parapets.
2
Step 1: Determine Risk Category of building; see Table 1.5-1.
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V , for applicable Risk Category; see Figure. 26.5-1.
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:

FT
• Wind directionality factor, K d ; see Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1.

ite A
Exposure Category B, C, or D; see Section 26.7.

C R
Topographic factor, K zt ; see Section 26.8 and Figure 26.8-1.

or T D
• Ground elevation factor, K e ; see Section 26.9 and Table 26.9-1

• Enclosure classification; see Section 26.12.

• Internal pressure coefficient ( GC pi ); see Section 26.13 and Table 26.13-1.

se N
U E
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, Kh , at top of the parapet; see Table
ot MM

26.10-1.

Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, q p , at the top of the parapet using Equation (26.10-1).

Step 6: Determine external pressure coefficient for wall and roof surfaces adjacent to parapet,
o CO

( GC p ):

• Walls with h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m); see Figure 30.3-1.

IC

• Flat, gable, and hip roofs; see Figure 30.3-2A–I.

N

• Stepped roofs; see Figure 30.3-3.

BL

• Multispan gable roofs; see Figure 30.3-4.

•
D

Monoslope roofs; see Figure 30.3-5A–B.

PU

• Sawtooth roofs; see Figure 30.3-6.

• Domed roofs of all heights; see Figure 30.3-7.
• Walls and flat roofs with h > 60 ft ( h > 18.3 m ); see Figure 30.4-1.

• Arched roofs; see Figure 30.3-8.

Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p , using Equation (30.6-1) on windward and leeward face
of parapet, considering two load cases (Case A and Case B) as shown in Figure 30.6-1.

42
 1
2
3 If internal pressure is present, both load cases should be evaluated under positive and negative
4 internal pressure.
5

FT
6 The steps required for the determination of wind loads on component and cladding of parapets
7 are shown in Table 30.6-1.

ite A
8

C R
9 30.7 ROOF OVERHANGS

or T D
10 The design wind pressure for roof overhangs of enclosed, partially enclosed, and partially open
11 buildings of all heights, shall be determined from the following equation:
12 se N
U E
13 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 ��𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝 � − �𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 �� (lb/ft2) (30.7-1)
ot MM

14
15 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 ��𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝 � − �𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 �� (N/m2) (30.7-1.SI)
16
o CO

17 where
18

qh = Velocity pressure from Section 26.10 evaluated at mean roof height h using exposure
IC

19
N

20 defined in Section 26.7.3;

BL

21 K d = Wind directionality factor; see Section 26.6;

( GC p ) = External pressure coefficient at the overhang, (GC p ), given in Figureure 30.3-2A for
D

22
PU

23 gable roofs θ ≤ 7° [h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)], or calculated as the sum of the GC p of the overhang’s top
24 and bottom surfaces determined by the applicable roof and wall external pressure coefficient
25 GC p figures. The GC p of the overhang’s top surface is the same as the applicable roof surface’s
26 GC p ; the GC p of the overhang’s bottom surface is the same as the adjacent wall’s GC p , adjusted
27 for effective wind area.

28 ( GC pi ) = Internal pressure coefficient given in Table 26.13-1.

43
 1
2 The steps required for the determination of wind loads on C&C of roof overhangs are shown in
3 Table 30.7-1.

4 30.8 ROOFTOP STRUCTURES AND EQUIPMENT FOR BUILDINGS

FT
5 The C&C pressure on each wall of the rooftop structure shall be equal to the lateral force
6 determined in accordance with Section 29.4.1 divided by the respective wall surface area of the

ite A
7 rooftop structure and shall be considered to act inward and outward. The C&C pressure on the

C R
8 roof shall be equal to the vertical uplift force determined in accordance with Section 29.4.1

or T D
9 divided by the horizontal projected area of the roof of the rooftop structure and shall be
10 considered to act in the upward direction.
11
12 se N
Table 30.7-1. Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads for Roof Overhangs.
U E
13
ot MM

Step 1: Determine Risk Category of building; see Table 1.5-1.

Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V , for applicable Risk Category; see Fig. 26.5-1.
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:
o CO

• Wind directionality factor, K d ; see Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1.

• Exposure Category B, C, or D; see Section 26.7.

IC

• Topographic factor, K zt ; see Section 26.8 and Figure 26.8-1.

N

• Ground elevation factor, K e ; see Section 26.9 and Table 26.9-1

BL

• Enclosure classification; see Section 26.12.

D
PU

• Internal pressure coefficient ( GC pi ); see Section 26.13 and Table 26.13-1.

Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, K h ; see Table 26.10-1.

Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, qh , at mean roof height h using Equation (26.10-1).

Step 6: Determine the external pressure coefficient ( GC p ) at the overhang, using Figure 30.3-

2A for gable roofs θ ≤ 7° [h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)], or calculated as the sum of the GC p coefficients

44
 on the overhang’s top and bottom surfaces, as determined by the applicable roof and wall GC p
given in figures:
• Gable roofs 7°< θ ≤ 45°, hip roofs θ ≤ 45° [h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)]: see Figure 30.3-
2B-G
• Other roofs [h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)]: see Table 30.3-1 Step 6

FT
• Flat roofs θ ≤ 7° [h > 60 ft (18.3 m)]: see Figure 30.5-1
• Gable and hip roofs [h > 60 ft (18.3 m)]: see Figure 30.5-1

ite A
• Other roofs [h > 60 ft (18.3 m)]: see Table 30.5-1 Step 6

C R
• Walls [h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)]: see Figure 30.3-1

or T D
• Walls [h > 60 ft (18.3 m)]: see Figure 30.5-1
Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p , using Equation (30.7-1); refer to Figure 30.7-1.
1
se N
U E
2 30.9 ATTACHED CANOPIES ON BUILDINGS
ot MM

3 The design wind pressure for canopies attached to the walls of buildings shall be determined
4 from the following equation:
5
o CO

6 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 �𝐺𝐺𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 � (lb/ft2) (30.9-1)

U

7
8 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 �𝐺𝐺𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 � (N/m2) (30.9-1.SI)
IC
N

9
BL

10 where
11
D
PU

12 qh = Velocity pressure from Section 26.10 evaluated at mean roof height h using exposure
13 defined in Section 26.7.3; and
14 K d = Wind directionality factor; see Section 26.6; and

15 ( GC p ) = Net pressure coefficients for attached canopies given in Figure 30.9-1A–B [buildings

16 with h < 60 ft (h < 18.3 m)] and 30.9-2A-B [buildings with h > 60 ft (h > 18.3 m)] for
17 contributions from both upper and lower surfaces individually and their combined (net) effect on
18 attached canopies.
45
 1

FT
ite A
C R
or T D
2
3
4 se N
FIGURE 30.9-1A Pressure coefficients on separate surfaces of attached canopies on
U E
5 buildings with h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m).
ot MM

6
o CO
IC
N
BL
D
PU

7
8
9 FIGURE 30.9-1B. Net pressure coefficients considering simultaneous contributions from
10 upper and lower surfaces on attached canopies on buildings with h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m).
11
12

46
 FT
ite A
C R
or T D
1 se N
U E
2
ot MM

3 FIGURE 30.9-2A. Pressure coefficients on separate surfaces of attached canopies on

4 buildings with h > 60 ft (h > 18.3 m).
5
o CO
IC
N
BL
D
PU

47
 FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM

1
2
3 FIGURE 30.9-2B. Net pressure coefficients considering simultaneous contributions from
o CO

4 upper and lower surfaces on attached canopies on buildings with h > 60 ft (h > 18.3 m).
5
6
IC

7 The steps required for the determination of wind loads on attached canopies are shown in
N

8 Table 30.9-1.
BL

9
10 Table 30.9-1. Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads on Attached Canopies.
D
PU

11
Step 1: Determine Risk Category of building; see Table 1.5-1.
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V , for applicable Risk Category; see Figure 26.5-1.
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:
• Wind directionality factor, K d ; see Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1.
• Exposure category B, C, or D; see Section 26.7.

48
 • Topographic factor, K zt ; see Section 26.8 and Figure 26.8-1.

• Ground elevation factor, K e ; see Section 26.9 and Table 26.9-1

Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, Kh ; see Table 26.10-1.

Step 5: Determine velocity pressure,

FT
qh , at mean roof height h using Equation (26.10-1).

ite A
Step 6: Determine surface or net pressure coefficient ( GC p ) or (

C R
GC pn ) using Figure 30.9-1A-B [buildings with h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)] or Figure 30.9-2A-B

or T D
[buildings with h > 60 ft (h > 18.3 m)].
Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p , using Equation (30.9-1).

1 se N
EXCEPTIONS:
U E
2 1) As an alternative to using the (GCp) value from Figure 30.9-2A for buildings with a mean
ot MM

3 roof height between 60 ft (18.3 m) and 90 ft (27.4 m), the value of GCp may be linearly
4 interpolated between the value for a mean roof height of 60 ft (18.3 m) from Figure 30.9-1A
o CO

5 and the value for a mean roof height of 90 ft (27.4 m) from Figure 30.9-2A for each specific
6 hc/he of the attached canopy.
7 2) As an alternative to using the (GCpn) value from Figure 30.9-2B for buildings with a mean
IC

8 roof height between 60 ft (18.3 m) and 90 ft (27.4 m), the value of GCpn may be linearly
N

9 interpolated between the value for a mean roof height of 60 ft (18.3 m) from Figure 30.9-1B
BL

10 and the value for a mean roof height of 90 ft (27.4 m) from Figure 30.9-2B for each specific
11 hc/he of the attached canopy.
D
PU

12
13 PART 5: NONBUILDING STRUCTURES

14 30.10 CIRCULAR BINS, SILOS, AND TANKS WITH h ≤ 120 ft ( h ≤ 36.6 m )

15 Wind pressures on surfaces of isolated circular bins, silos, and tanks shall be calculated from
16 Sections 30.10.1 to 30.10.5.

49
 1
2 Grouped circular bins, silos, and tanks of similar size with center-to-center spacing greater than 2
3 diameters shall be treated as isolated structures. For spacings less than 1.25 diameters, the
4 structures shall be treated as grouped and the wind pressure shall be determined from

5 Section 30.10.6. For intermediate spacings, linear interpolation of the C p (or C f ) values shall be

FT
6 used.
7

ite A
8 The steps required for the determination of wind loads for circular bins, silos, and tanks are

C R
9 shown in Table 30.10-1.

or T D
10 .
11 Table 30.10-1 Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads for Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks.
12
se N
Step 1: Determine Risk Category; see Table 1.5-1.
U E
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V , for applicable Risk Category; see Figure. 26.5-1.
ot MM

Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:

• Wind directionality factor, K d ; see Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1.

•
o CO

Exposure Category B, C, or D; see Section 26.7.

• Topographic factor, K zt ; see Section 26.8 and Figure 26.8-1.

• Ground elevation factor,

IC

• K e ; see Section 26.9 and Table 26.9-1

N
BL

• Enclosure classification; see Section 26.12.

• Internal pressure coefficient ( GC pi ); see Section 26.13 and Section 30.11.3.

D
PU

Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, K z or Kh ; see Table 26.10-1.

Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, qh , Equation (26.10-1).

Step 6: Determine external pressure coefficient ( GC p ).

• Walls; see Sections 30.10.2 and 30.10.6.

• Roofs; see Sections 30.10.4 and 30.10.6.

50
 Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p , using Equation (30.10-1).

1 30.10.1 Design Wind Pressure

2 Design wind pressure on C&C for isolated circular bins, silos, and tanks in (lb / ft 2 ) (N / m 2 )

FT
3 shall be determined from the following equation:
4

ite A
5 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 ��𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝 � − �𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 �� (30.10-1)

C R
6

or T D
7 where

8 qh = Velocity pressure for all surfaces evaluated at mean roof height h

9 K d = Wind directionality factor; see Section 26.6.

10 se N
( GC p ) = External pressure coefficients given in
U E
11 • Section 30.10.2 for walls
ot MM

12 • Section 30.10.5 for underneath sides

13 • Section 30.10.4 for roofs
o CO

14 ( GC pi ) = Internal pressure coefficient given in Table 26.13-1 and Section 30.11.3.

15 30.10.2 External Walls of Isolated Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks

IC
N

16 The external pressures on the walls of circular bins, silos, and tanks shall be determined from the
BL

17 external pressure coefficients ( GC p ) as a function of the angle α, given as follows for the shape

18 ranges indicated:
D
PU

19

20 GC p (α) = kbC(α) (30.10-2)

21
22 where the cylinder (diameter D ) is standing on the ground or supported by columns giving a
23 clearance height ( C ) less than the height of the cylinder ( H ), as shown in Figure 30.10-1.
24

51
1 H / D is in the range 0.25 to 4.0 inclusive. α = angle from the wind direction to a point on the wall
2 of a circular bin, silo, or tank, in degrees.
3
=kb 1.0 for C(α) ≥ −0.15, or
4 1.0 − 0.55(C (α) + 0.15)log10 ( H / D)
= (30.10.3)

FT
for C(α) < −0.15

ite A
−0.5 + 0.4 cos α + 0.8cos 2α + 0.3cos 3α
C(α) =

C R
6 (30.10-4)
1− 0.1cos 4α − 0.05cos 5α

or T D
7
8 Figure 30.10-1 lists the external pressure coefficients for walls, which includes the graphic

9 distribution of the external pressure, GC p (α) , around the perimeter of the wall.
se N
U E
ot MM
o CO
IC
N
BL
D
PU

52
 FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
o CO
IC
N
BL

1
D
PU

2 FIGURE 30.10-1. Components and Cladding [ h ≤ 120 ft ( h ≤ 36.6 m )]: External Pressure

3 Coefficients, GC p , for Walls of Isolated Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks with D < 120 ft

4 (36.6 m) and 0.25 < H / D < 4.0 —Other Structures.

5

53
 FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
o CO
IC
N
BL
D
PU

1
2
3 FIGURE 30.10-2. Components and Cladding [ h ≤ 120 ft ( h ≤ 36.6 m )]: External Pressure

4 Coefficients, GC p , for Roofs of Isolated Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks with D < 120 ft

5 (36.6 m) and 0.25 < H / D < 4.0 —Other Structures.

6

54
 FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
1

2 FIGURE 30.10-2. (Continued). Components and Cladding [ h ≤ 120 ft ( h ≤ 36.6 m )]:

External Pressure Coefficients, GC p , for Roofs of Isolated Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks
o CO

4 with D < 120 ft (36.6 m) and 0.25 < H / D < 4.0 —Other Structures.
5
IC
N

6 30.10.3 Internal Surface of Exterior Walls of Isolated Open-Topped Circular Bins, Silos,
BL

7 and Tanks
D

8 The pressures on the internal surface of exterior walls of open-topped circular bins, silos, and
PU

9 tanks shall be determined from Equation (30.10-5):

10

11 GC pi =
−0.9 − 0.35log10 ( H / D) (30.10-5)

12 30.10.4 Roofs of Isolated Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks

55
 1 The external pressures on the roofs or lids of bins, silos, or tanks of circular cross section shall be

2 equal to the external pressure coefficients, ( GC p ), given in Figure 30.10-2 for Zones 1, 2, 3, and

3 4.
4

FT
5 Zone 3 is applicable to the windward edges of roofs with slope less than or equal to 30 degrees,
6 and Zone 4 is applicable to the region near the cone apex for roofs with slope greater than 15
7 degrees. The applicable areas are shown in Figure 30.10-2.

ite A
C R
8 30.10.5 Undersides of Isolated Elevated Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks

or T D
9 ( GC p ) values for the undersides of elevated circular bins, silos, and tanks shall be taken as 1.2

10 and −0.9 for Zone 3 and 0.8 and –0.6 for Zone 1 and Zone 2, as shown in Figure 30.10-2.

se N
U E
11 30.10.6 Roofs and Walls of Grouped Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks
ot MM

12 Closely spaced groups with center-to-center spacing less than 1.25D , the external pressures of
13 grouped bins, silos, or tanks, shall be equal to the external pressure coefficients, (

14 GC p ), given in Figure 30.10-3 for Zones 1, 2, 3a, 3b, and 4 for roofs and Figure 30.10-4 for
o CO

15 Zones 5a, 5b, 8, and 9 for walls.

16
IC
N
BL
D
PU

56
 FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM

1
2
o CO

3 FIGURE 30.10-3 Components and Cladding [ h ≤ 120 ft ( h ≤ 36.6 m )]: External Pressure

4 Coefficients, GC p , for Roofs of Grouped Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks with D < 120 ft
IC

5 (36.6 m) and 0.25 < H / D < 4.0 (center-to-center spacing < 1.25D )—Other Structures.
N

6
BL
D
PU

57
 FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
o CO
IC
N
BL
D

1
PU

2
3 FIGURE 30.10-4 Components and Cladding [ h ≤ 120 ft ( h ≤ 36.6 m )]: External Pressure

4 Coefficients, GC p , for Walls of Grouped Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks with D < 120 ft

5 (36.6 m) and 0.25 < H / D < 4.0 (center-to-center spacing < 1.25D )—Other Structures.
6
7

58
 1
2
3

4 30.11 ROOFTOP SOLAR PANELS FOR BUILDINGS OF ALL HEIGHTS WITH FLAT

FT
5 ROOFS OR GABLE OR HIP ROOFS WITH SLOPES LESS THAN 7 DEGREES

6 The design wind pressures for rooftop solar modules and panels shall be determined in

ite A
7 accordance with Section 29.4.3 for rooftop solar arrays that conform to the geometric

C R
8 requirements specified in Section 29.4.3.

or T D
9 30.12 ROOF PAVERS FOR BUILDINGS OF ALL HEIGHTS WITH ROOF SLOPES
10 LESS THAN OR EQUAL to 7 DEGREES

11
se N
The design net uplift pressures for roof pavers, for buildings of all heights with roof slopes less
U E
12 than or equal to 7 degrees, shall be determined from the following equations:
ot MM

13
14 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙/𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 2 ) (30.12-1)
o CO

15
16 where
17 K d = Wind directionality factor, see Section 26.6
𝑞𝑞ℎ = Velocity pressure evaluated at mean height h, as defined in Section 26.10, of the roof on
IC

18
N

19 which the pavers are located;

BL

20 𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = Design net uplift pressure coefficient which shall be taken as

21 (a) The value of external pressure coefficient, GC p , from Figures 30.3-2A and 30.5-1,
D
PU

22 or
23 (b) Determined by approved wind tunnel tests performed in accordance with Chapter 31,
24 or
25 (c) Determined by methods described in the recognized literature.

26 30.13 Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents

59
1 No consensus standards and other documents that shall be considered part of this standard are
2 referenced in this chapter.
3
4

FT
ite A
C R
or T D
se N
U E
ot MM
o CO
IC
N
BL
D
PU

60