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E ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
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Venturi Meter Nozzle

Fluid flow measurement It consist of a converging tube AB

which is connected to the main
A nozzle is a converging tube installed at the
end of a pipe or hose for the purpose of
The following table gives the mean values
of coefficients for water discharging

(Other Devices and Unsteady flow)

pipe at the inlet at A and ending at increasing the velocity of the issuing jet. through a nozzle having a base diameter
A and ending in a cylindrical section
BC called the throat and a diverging
of 40 mm and Cc = 1.0.
section CD which is connected
Tip diameter
again to the main pipe at the outlet 19 22 25 29 32 35
in mm
D.
The angle of divergence is kept
C = Cv 0.983 0.982 0.98 0.976 0.971 0.95
small to reduce the head lost cause
by turbulence as the velocity is The discharge through a nozzle can be
reduced. The head lost through the nozzle is given
Reference: calculated using the equation:
by this equation:
- Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics 4th Edition by Gillesania
- Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Crow, Elger, Williams & Roberson
Where: H = total head at base of nozzle
An = area at the nozzle tip

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Contents Venturi Meter Pitot Tube

Considering two points in the Named after French physicist and engineer
Venturi Meter system at the base of the inlet Henri Pitot, Pitot tube is a bent (L-shaped and
and at the throat and writing U-shaped) tube with both ends open and is
Nozzle the energy equation between these
two points neglecting head lost:
used to measure the velocity of fluid flow or
Pitot Tube velocity of air flow as used in airplane
speedometer.
Unsteady Flow When the tube is placed in a moving stream
with open end oriented into the direction of
flow, the liquid enters the opening at point 2
The left side of the equation is the until the surface in the tube rises a distance of
kinetic energy which shows an h above the stream surface. An equilibrium
increase in value, while the right condition is the established, and the quantity
side of the equation is the potential
energy which shows a decrease in
of liquid in the tube remains unchanged as the
value. flow remains steady. Point 2 at the face of the
tube facing the stream is called the stagnation
point.
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Venturi Meter Venturi Meter Pitot Tube

The venturi meter is an instrument for measuring flow rate by using measurements Consider a particle at point 1 to moving with
of pressure across a converging-diverging flow passage. a velocity of v. As the particle approaches
point 2, its velocity is gradually retarded to 0
at point 2. Writing the energy equation
between 1 and 2 neglecting friction:
Therefore, neglecting head lost, the
increase in kinetic energy is equal
to the decrease in potential
energy. This statement is known as
the Venturi principle.
The theoretical discharge Qt can
be found once v1 and v2 is known.
The actual discharge is
computed by multiplying the
theoretical value by the coefficient
of discharge .

Q = C x Qt
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Pitot Tube Unsteady Flow Unsteady Flow

The flow through orifice, weirs, or tubes is said to be If the outflow is through and orifices or tube,
steady only if the total head producing flow, H, is
This equation shows that the velocity head at point 1 is transformed into pressure head at constant. The amount of fluid being discharged for a
point 2: time t can therefore be computed using the formula.
Vol = Q x t

Where Q is the charge, which is constant or steady. In

some conditions, however, the head over an orifice,
tube or weir may vary as the fluid flows out and thus
causing the flow to be unsteady.

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Gates Unsteady Flow Unsteady Flow

A gate is an opening in a dam or other hydraulics structure to control the passage of water. Consider the tank shown in the figure to be supplied If the If liquid flows through a submerged
It has the same hydraulic properties as the orifice. In using gates, calibration test are with a fluid (inflow) and simultaneously discharging orifice or tube connecting two tanks as
advisable if accurate measurements are to be obtained since its coefficient of discharge through an outlet (either an orifice, tube, weir or shown the time for the head to change
varies widely. pipe). Obviously, if Qin > Qout, the head will rise and if from H1 to H2 is:
The following illustrations show the two different flow conditions through the sluice gate. Qin < Qout , the head will fall. Suppose we are
required to compute the time to lower the level from
h1 to h2 (assuming Qin < Qout ), the amount of fluid
which is lost in the tank will be
Where As1 and As2 is the water surface
dV = (Qin Qout) dt areas in the tanks at any time, and H is the
difference in the two tanks at any time,
dt = dV/(Qin Qout)
If As1 and As2 are constant, the formula becomes:
Where dV is the differential volume lost over a
differential time dt. If the head over the outlet is h,
then the level will drop dh, thus dV = As dh

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Gates Unsteady Flow Problem #1

In Figure 6 7 (a), writing the energy If the head over the outlet is h, then the level will A horizontal pipe 150mm diameter pipe gradually reduces its section to 50mm diameter, subsequently
enlarging into 150mm section. The pressure in the 150mm pipe at a point just before entering the reducing
equation between 1 and 2 neglecting drop dh, thus dV = As dh, where As is the surface area section is 140 kPa and in the 50mm section at the end of the reducer, the pressure is 70 kPa. If 600 mm of head
head lost: in the reservoir at any instant and may be constant or is lost between the points where the pressure are known, compute the rate of flow of water throught the pipe.
variable, then
Solution:

Energy equation between 1 and 2:

When there is no inflow (Qin=0), the formula
becomes:

Where:
C = Cc Cv (varies from 0.61 to 0.91) Interchanging the limits to change the sign of the
A = by intergrand:
b = width of the flume
Note: If As is variable, it must be expressed in terms of h
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y1
Problem #2 y2
Problem #5
z

Neglecting head losses, calculate the discharge through the venturi The initial head on an orifice was 9m and when the flow was terminated the
meter shown, head was measured at 4m. Under what constant head H would the same
orifice discharge the same volume of water in the same interval time?
Solution:
Solution:
Under variable head: Under constant head:
Energy eq. between 1 and 2 neglecting head lost:
Also, from the figure:

Sum-up pressure head from 1 to 2 in meters of water:

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Problem #3 Problem #6

A Pitot tube in the pipe in which air is flowing is connected to A tank in the form of a frustum of a right circular cone 1.50 m in
manometer containing water as shown in the figure. If the difference diameter and the bottom, 3m diameter at the top, and 3.5m high, is full
in water levels in the manometer is 87.5 mm, what is the velocity of of water. A sharp-edged orifice with C = 0.62 is located at the bottom of
flow in the pipe, assuming a tube coefficient, Cp = 0.99? the tank. What diameter of orifice is needed to empty the tank in eight
minutes?
Solution:
Solution:
Energy equation between 1 (stagnation point) and 2
neglecting head lost:

Actual velocity:

Sum-up pressure head from 1 to 2 in meters of water:

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Problem #4

A sluice gate flows into a horizontal channel as shown in the figure.

Determine the flow through the gate per meter width when y = 1.0m
and d1 = 6m. Assume that the pressure distribution at sections 1 and
2 to be atmospheric and neglect friction losses in the channel. Use
coefficient of contraction Cc = 0.25 and coefficient of velocity Cv =
0.95. Thank you for listening
Solution:
God Bless
Energy equation between 1 and 2
neglecting losses:

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