CVE 111

Hydraulics I
Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces
Hoop Tension
Longitudinal Stress in Thin-walled cylinders
Kristine D. Sanchez, Ph.D.
CVE 111 Instructor
Contents [1]
• Overview
• Intended learning outcomes
• Objectives
• Derivation of hydrostatic force
• Derivation for location of center of pressure
• Notation for derivation of hydrostatic force and center of pressure
• Force exerted by a liquid on a plane area
• Sample Problem 2.1: Submerged vertical surface
• Sample Problem 2.2: Submerged inclined surface
Contents [2]
• Exercise
• Force exerted by liquid on a submerged curved area
• Sample Problem 2.3: Submerged curved surface
• Hoop or Circumferential tension
• Longitudinal stress in thin-walled cylinders
• Sample Problem 2.4: Hoop tension
Overview
• Engineers must calculate the forces exerted by fluids in order to
design the constraining structures satisfactorily.
• In this lecture, all three characteristics of the hydrostatic force will be
evaluated: magnitude, direction and sense.
• In addition, the location of the force will be found.
Intended Learning Outcomes

• At the end of this topic, the student will:

• Learn about the concepts involved in computing hydrostatic forces, reactions
and other forces for a vertical, inclined and curved submerged surfaces;
• Learn about calculating the location of center of pressure of the hydrostatic
force.
• Learn about hoop tension.
Objectives
• At the end of this topic, the student will:
• Become familiar with the concepts and equations of calculating for the
magnitude, sense and direction of hydrostatic force on submerged surfaces;
• Become familiar with the concepts and equations of calculating for the
location of the hydrostatic force or the center of pressure;
• Solve problems related to finding the hydrostatic force, reactions and other
external forces for vertically submerged, inclined, and curved submerged
surfaces.
Derivation of hydrostatic force
ത
Derivation for hydrostatic force 𝑃 = γℎ𝐴: θ
𝑑𝑃 ℎ
(2.1) ℎത
𝑑𝑃 = 𝑝𝑑𝐴
𝑝 = γℎ (2.2) P e
𝑝 = γ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛θ (2.3)

𝑑𝑃 = γ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛θ𝑑𝐴 (2.4) dA

𝑃 = γ𝑠𝑖𝑛θ න 𝑦𝑑𝐴 (2.5)

But,‫ 𝐴𝑑𝑦 ׬‬: moment of inertia, ‫𝑦𝐴 = 𝐴𝑑𝑦 ׬‬, ഥ (2.6)

𝑦ത ∶ distance from center of gravity of the plane surface to
the water surface measured along the plane. Figure 2.1 Hydrostatic force
acting on a plane.
ത but ℎത = 𝑦ത 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ,
𝑆𝑜, 𝑃 = γ𝑠𝑖𝑛θ𝐴 𝑦, (2.7)
ഥ
Which leads to: 𝑷 = 𝜸𝒉𝑨 (2.8)
Derivation for location of center of pressure
𝑑𝑃 = γ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛θ𝑑𝐴 (2.4)
𝑃 = γ𝑠𝑖𝑛θ𝐴 𝑦ത (2.7)
Equate: 𝑃𝑦𝑝 = ‫𝑃𝑑𝑦 ׬‬ (2.9)
Substitute: γ𝑠𝑖𝑛θ𝐴 𝑦ത 𝑦𝑝 = ‫ 𝑦 ׬‬γ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛θ𝑑𝐴, (2.10)

𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 (2.11)
Which leads to: 𝑦𝑝 = ‫𝑦𝐴 ׬‬ത
‫ 𝑦 ׬‬2 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐼𝑠 ∶ moment of inertia of the plane with respect to the (2.12)
water surface.
𝑆𝑠 = 𝐴𝑦ത : statistical moment with respect to the water surface. (2.13)

𝐼
So: 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑆𝑠 (2.14)
𝑠
Where: 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑔 + 𝐴𝑦ത 2 and 𝑆𝑠 = 𝐴𝑦ത (2.15)
𝒚𝟐
𝑰𝒈 +𝑨ഥ 𝑰𝒈 (2.16)
Making: 𝒚𝒑 = = ഥ
+𝒚
𝑨ഥ
𝒚 𝑨ഥ
𝒚
From Fig. 2.1, 𝑦𝑝= 𝑦ത + 𝑒 (2.17)
𝐼𝑔 𝐼𝑔 (2.18 a, b)
+ 𝑦ത = 𝑦ത + 𝑒, hence e =
𝐴𝑦ത 𝐴𝑦ത
Notation for derivation of hydrostatic force
and center of pressure [1]
• 𝑃: hydrostatic force acting on the area
• γ: unit weight of fluid
• ℎ: vertical distance from the water surface to the center gravity of
differential strip 𝑑𝐴
• 𝐴: cross sectional area of the incline surface
• 𝑑𝑃: differential hydrostatic force acting on differential strip 𝑑𝐴
• 𝑝: pressure
• 𝑦: inclined distance from water surface to center of gravity of
differential strip 𝑑𝐴
Notation for derivation of hydrostatic force
and center of pressure, [2]
• θ: angle of inclination of the plane surface with respect to water surface
• 𝑦:
ത location of center of gravity to water surface; inclined
• ത vertical distance from the center of gravity of plane surface to water
ℎ:
surface
• 𝑑𝑝: differential pressure
• 𝑦𝑝 : location of center of pressure
• 𝐼𝑠 : moment of inertia of the plane with respect to the water surface.
• 𝐼𝑔 : moment of inertia of the plane with respect to its center of gravity
• 𝑆𝑠 : statistical moment with respect to the water surface
• e: location of center of pressure with respect to center of gravity
Force exerted by a liquid on a plane area [1]
• The force 𝑃 exerted by a liquid on a plane area 𝐴 is equal to the
product of the unit weight 𝜌𝑔 of the liquid, the depth ℎ𝑐𝑔 of the
center of gravity of the area, and the area:

𝑷 = 𝝆𝒈 𝒉𝒄𝒈 𝑨 (2.19)

• Note that the product of the unit weight 𝜌𝑔 and the depth of the
center of gravity of the area yields the intensity of the pressure at the
center of gravity of the area.
Force exerted by a liquid on a plane area [2]
• The line of action of the force passes through the center of pressure which
can be located by applying the formula:

𝑰𝒄𝒈
𝒚𝒄𝒑 = + 𝒚𝒄𝒈 (2.20)
𝒚𝒄𝒈 𝑨

• where 𝐼𝑐𝑔 is the moment of inertia of the area about its center of gravity
axis. The distances 𝑦 are measured along the plane from its axis located at
the intersection of the plane and the liquid surface, both extended if
necessary. Use the inclined values if the body is inclined!
Sample Problem 2.1: Submerged vertical surface [1]

• Find the total hydrostatic force (magnitude and direction) on a

vertical circular gate, 2 meters in diameter, with its top 3.5 meters
below the water surface.
Fig. 2.2

3.5 m

cg 2m
P cp
Sample Problem 2.1: Submerged vertical surface [2]

• Solution:
𝑘𝑁 2 π 2 2
• Hydrostatic force, 𝑃 = γ ℎ𝑐𝑔 𝐴 = 9.81 3 𝑥 3.5 + 𝑚𝑥 𝑚2 =
𝑚 1 4
𝐼𝑔
• Location of center of pressure, 𝑦𝑐𝑝 = + 𝑦ത
𝐴𝑦ത
2
• Since plane is vertical, 𝑦ത = ℎ𝑐𝑔 = 3.5 + = 4.5 𝑚
1
π 𝐷 4 π 2 4
• 𝐼𝑔 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = =
64 64
π 2 4
𝐼𝑔
• So, 𝑦𝑐𝑝 = + 𝑦ത = π 2
64
2 + 4.5 =
𝐴𝑦ത 𝑥 4.5
4
Sample Problem 2.2: Submerged inclined surface [1]

• The gate is 1.5 m wide, hinged at point A, and rests against a smooth
wall at B. Compute (a) the total force on the gate due to seawater, (b)
the reaction at B, (c) the reaction at hinge A. Neglect the weight of
the gate.
Fig. 2.3

• Answers: seawater
s.g. = 1.03 B
• (a) 218.25 kN
5m
• (b) 180 kN 2m
• (c) Rx = 58.94 kN, hinge
A
θ
• Ry = 181.6 kN
3m
Sample Problem 2.2: Submerged inclined surface [2]
Fig. 2.4. Free body diagram for Sample Prob. 2.2.

seawater
s.g. = 1.03
ℎ𝑐𝑔 B 𝑅𝐵𝑥
5m 𝑃
2m

A θ
𝑅𝐴𝑥
3m
𝑅𝐴𝑦 cg
cp
Sample Problem 2.2: Submerged inclined surface [3]

• Solution to (a):
• 𝑃 = γ𝑠𝑒𝑎 ℎ𝑐𝑔 𝐴 = 1.03 𝑥 9.81 3 + 1 x 3.61 x 1.5 = 𝟐𝟏𝟗 𝐤𝐍
• θ = tan−1 2Τ3 = 33.69°
𝐼𝑐𝑔
• Location of P, 𝑦𝑐𝑝 = 𝑦𝑐𝑔 +
𝑦𝑐𝑔 𝐴
3 2Τ𝑠𝑖𝑛 33.69
• 𝑦𝑐𝑔 = + = 7.21 𝑚 𝑒 = 0.15 𝑚
sin 33.69 2
𝐼𝑐𝑔 1.5 (3.61)3 Τ12
• So: 𝑦𝑐𝑝 = 𝑦𝑐𝑔 + = 7.21 + = 7.36 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤. 𝑠.
𝑦𝑐𝑔 𝐴 7.21 𝑥 1.5 𝑥 3.61
Sample Problem 2.2: Submerged inclined surface [4]

• Solution to (b):
• Take a moment at A (free to rotate at hinge), taking counterclockwise
moment as positive:
• σ 𝑀𝐴 = 0: 𝑃 𝑦𝐴 = 𝑅𝐵𝑥 2
3.61
• 𝑦𝐴 = − 0.15 = 1.65 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴
2
• So, σ 𝑀𝐴 = 0: 𝑃 𝑦𝐴 = 𝑅𝐵𝑥 2 : 219 1.65 = 𝑅𝐵𝑥 2
• We obtain: 𝑹𝑩𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑵
Sample Problem 2.2: Submerged inclined surface [5]

• Solution to (c):
+
• σ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 : 𝑃𝑥 + 𝑅𝐴𝑥 = 𝑅𝐵𝑥
• 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛θ (note of the location of angle)
• So: 𝑃𝑥 + 𝑅𝐴𝑥 = 𝑅𝐵𝑥 : 219 sin 33.69 + 𝑅𝐴𝑥 = 180;
• We obtain: 𝑹𝑨𝒙 = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟓𝟐 𝒌𝑵
• + σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 : 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑅𝐴𝑦 : 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠θ = 𝑅𝐴𝑦 : 219 cos 33.69 = 𝑅𝐴𝑦
• We obtain: 𝑹𝑨𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖𝟐 𝒌𝑵
Exercise
• A collapsible dam is shown which is supported at B by strut BD.
Determine the height of the water so that the dam is about to
collapse.
• Answer: 4.472 m Fig. 2.5 C

B
ℎ hinge

A θ D
• Refer to Hydraulics reviewer, Item on CE Board May 1978 Page 41
3.0 m
Force exerted by liquid on a submerged
curved area
• The horizontal component of the hydrostatic force on any surface
(plane or irregular) is equal to the normal force on the vertical
projection of the surface. The component acts through the center of
pressure for the vertical projection.

• The vertical component of the hydrostatic force on any surface (plane

or irregular) is equal to the weight of the volume of liquid above the
area, real or imaginary. The force passes through the center of gravity
of the volume.
Sample Problem 2.3: Submerged curved surface [1]

• The crest gate shown consists of a Fig. 2.6

cylindrical surface of which AB is the
base, supported by a structural frame
hinged at C. The length of the gate
perpendicular to the paper is 10 m.
Compute the amount and location of
the horizontal and vertical
components of total pressure on AB.

• Answer: Px = 3679 kN, Py = 1238 kN,

y = 2.89 m from A, x = 8.59 from C
Sample Problem 2.3: Submerged curved surface [2]
Fig. 2.6. Free-body diagram of Sample Prob.
2.3
𝑃𝑣
D

8.66 𝑃ℎ

5 5
Sample Problem 2.3: Submerged curved surface [3]

• Solution:
10 sin 60
• ℎ𝑐𝑔 = = 4.33 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤. 𝑠.
2
• The projected area, 𝐴, is a rectangle.
• 𝑃ℎ = γℎ𝑐𝑔 𝐴 = 9810 4.33 8.66 x 10 = 𝟑𝟔𝟕𝟗 𝐤𝐍

• To find 𝑃𝑣 , calculate first the shaded area, 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐷 . Refer to Fig. 2.6.
• 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐷 is obtained by extending the lowest part point A, extending
highest part point B, and intersecting them with the water surface.
Sample Problem 2.3: Submerged curved surface [4]

• 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 𝐴𝐴𝐷𝐵𝐶 − 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶

5+10 𝑥 8.66
• Trapezoid 𝐴𝐴𝐷𝐵𝐶 = = 64.95 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚.
2
π𝑟 2 θ π(10)2 𝑥 60
• Sector 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶 = = = 52.33 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚.
360 360
• So, 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 64.95 − 52.33 = 12.62 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚.
𝑘𝑁
• 𝑃𝑣 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑥 γ = 12.62 𝑥 10 𝑥 9810 3 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟖 𝒌𝑵
𝑚
• Total hydrostatic force, 𝑅 = (1238)2 +(3679)2 = 3882 𝑘𝑁
8.66
• Location of 𝑃ℎ , 𝑦 = = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟗 𝒎 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑨
3
𝑃𝑣 𝑃𝑥 1238 3679
• Location of 𝑃𝑣 , 𝑥: = ∶ =
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
• We obtain: 𝒙 = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟗 𝒎 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑪
Hoop or Circumferential tension
• Hoop tension or circumferential tension (𝑃𝑎) is created in the walls
of the cylinder subjected to internal pressure.
• For thin-walled cylinders, 𝑡 < 0.1𝑑 ,

𝑝𝑥𝑟
𝜎= (2.21)
𝑡

• where: 𝜎 = intensity of stress, 𝑝 = pressure in Pa, 𝑟 = radius in m, 𝑡 =

thickness in m.
Longitudinal stress in thin-walled cylinders

• Longitudinal stress (Pa) in thin-walled cylinders closed at the ends is

equal to half the hoop tension.
Sample Problem 2.4: Hoop tension [1]
Fig. 2.7
• A wooden storage vat, 6 m in
outside diameter, is filled with 7.3
m of brine, with s.g. = 1.06. The
wood staves are bound by flat
steel bands, 50 mm wide by 6 mm
thick, whose allowable stress is
110 x 10E6 N/sq.m. What is the
spacing of the bands near the
bottom of the vat, neglecting
initial stress?
Sample Problem 2.4: Hoop tension [2]
Fig. 2.8 Fig. 2.9
Thank you.
• Sources:

Giles, R. V. (1977). Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc.,
Ch. 2, pp. 22-35.

Besavilla, V. I. Jr. (1983). Solution to Problems in Hydraulics Volume 3, V.B.

Publisher: Cebu City, Ch. 1 pp. 31-66.