Reading and Writing Q3mod1
Reading and Writing Q3mod1
Reading and Writing Q3mod1
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
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Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
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ownership over them.
Members: Neil A. Improgo, PhD, EPS-LRMS; Bienvenido U. Tagolimot, Jr., PhD, EPS-ADM;
Erlinda G. Dael, PhD, CID Chief; Maria Teresa M. Absin, PhD, EPS (Learning
Area) In-charge; Celieto B. Magsayo, LRMS Manager; Loucile L. Paclar, Librarian
II; Kim Eric G. Lubguban, PDO II
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Senior High School
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page 1
Copyright Page 2
Title Page 3
Table of Contents 4
Module Overview 6
Competency 1 7
What’s New 8
What I Need to Know 8
What I Know 9
What’s New Lesson 1.1 Writing Paragraphs 10
What Is It? Activity 1 11
What’s New Lesson 1.2 Narration 12
What Is It? Activity 2 13
What’s New Lesson 1.3 Description 14
What Is It? Activity 3 15
What’s New Lesson 1.4 Definition 16
What Is It? Activity 4 17
What’s New Lesson 1.5 Classification 18
What Is It? Activity 5 19
What’s New Lesson 1.6 Comparison & Contrast 20
What Is It? Activity 6 21
What’s New Lesson 1.7 Cause & Effect 22
What Is It? Activity 7 23
What’s New Lesson 1.8 Problem-Solution 25
What Is It? Activity 8 26
What’s New Lesson 1.9 Persuasion 27
What Is It? Activity 9 28
What I Have Learned 29
Assessment 29
Key to Answers 30
References 31
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Competency 2 33
What’s New Lesson 2 Properties of a Well-Written Text 34
What I Need to Know 34
What I Know 35
What’s New Lesson 2.1 Organization, Coherence & Cohesion 36
What I Have Learned 38
What Is It? Activity 10 38
What Is It? Activity 11 41
What Is It? Activity 12 42
What’s New Lesson 2.2 Language Use & Mechanics 43
What Is It? Activity 13 46
What Is It? Activity 14 48
What Is It? Activity 15 49
What I Have Learned 50
Assessment 50
Key to Answers 51
References 53
Writer’s Profile 54
Back Outside Cover 55
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OVERVIEW
Hi there! I see that you have opened the first few pages of this module. That’s
great! This module is made especially for Grade 11 Senior High School students like
you, who aim to improve one’s reading and writing skills. There will be two other
modules for you to complete for this subject, and all of these modules are filled with
This module is all about Reading and Thinking Strategies across Text
Types. As a student, you will be asked to read and write different types of academic
texts—and you need to work hard and work smart to succeed in the tasks given to
you. This module will teach you the different strategies and techniques in reading
There are two parts of this module, one for every competency outlined by the
With that being said, I wish you all the best and take this opportunity to learn
Author
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Senior High School
This part of the module discusses about paragraph writing. It includes the
various techniques or patterns in developing a paragraph. It also explains the
elements involved in paragraph writing. Each method or pattern is followed by writing
activities to test your ability and theoretical knowledge in writing unified, coherent
and emphatic paragraphs.
a) Narration
b) Description & Definition
c) Classification
d) Comparison & Contrast
e) Cause and Effect
f) Problem-Solution
g) Persuasion
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What I Know
Before heading on to our lesson, let us first check what you already
know. Read the statements carefully, and determine what is being referred to,
then write your answers on the blanks provided before each number.
Great job! Later we will see if your answers are correct by reading the
rest of this module… but before that….
Can you define what a paragraph is? Try filling up this graphic organizer, with your
ideas of what a paragraph is.
PARAGRAPH
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Lesson Reading & Thinking Strategies:
1.1 Writing Paragraphs
What’s New
The word paragraph comes from two Greek words: para which means
“beyond” or “beside” and graphein which means “to write”.
A paragraph is a collection of related sentences with one central idea.
Each sentence shows connection to other sentences in the paragraph.
A paragraph is an independent unit or a related unit. As an independent
unit, it is complete in itself. As a related unit, it is a part of a composition
that is combined with other paragraphs to make a larger composition.
Whether a paragraph is an independent unit or a related unit, it has its
beginning, middle and end.
Topic sentence – it reveals the main or central idea of the paragraph. It does
not necessarily have to be placed at the beginning of the paragraph. It may be
found in the middle of the first and the last sentence or at the end. If it is found
at the end of the paragraph, it may be used as a clinching or concluding
sentence.
Supporting details – they give the paragraph life as it elaborates on the scope
given by the topic sentence.
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Clinching sentence – it closes your paragraph. According to Dagdag (2010),
this “may be a restatement of the topic sentence, a summary, or a conclusion
based on the supporting details.”
What is it?
Activity 1: Read the paragraph below and identify the topic sentence. Write
your answer on the blank provided below each paragraph.
1. Oceans and lakes have much in common, but they are also quite different. Both
are bodies of water, but oceans are very large bodies of salt water, while lakes
are much smaller bodies of fresh water. Lakes are usually surrounded by land,
while oceans are what surround continents. Both have plants and animals living
in them. The ocean is home to the largest animals on the planet, whereas lakes
support much smaller forms of life. When it is time for a vacation, both will make
a great place to visit and enjoy. I want to swim in the lake.
Topic Sentence:
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2. Sunset is the time of day when our sky meets the outer space solar winds. There
are blue, pink, and purple swirls, spinning and twisting, like clouds of balloons
caught in a blender. Sunset is the opposite of sunrise. The sun moves slowly to
hide behind the line of horizon, while the moon races to take its place in
prominence atop the night sky. People slow to a crawl, entranced, fully forgetting
the deeds that still must be done. There is a coolness, a calmness, when the sun
does set.
Topic Sentence:
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3. Here is the perfect system for cleaning your room. First, move all of the items
that do not have a proper place to the center of the room. Get rid of at least five
things that you have not used within the last year. Take out all of the trash, and
place all of the dirty dishes in the kitchen sink. Now find a location for each of the
items you had placed in the center of the room. 5s is a Japanese cleaning
system. For any remaining items, see if you can squeeze them in under your
bed or stuff them into the back of your closet. See, that was easy!
Topic Sentence:
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Lesson Reading & Thinking Strategies:
1.2 Narration
What’s New
Narration, from the root word narrates, originated from the Latin word
narrare— which means related or told.
It gives a written account of an event or story, or simply, storytelling. The
sequence of events is told in chronological order.
It usually contains the following: the who, what and when.
A narrative must have “vivid” description of details, a consistent point of
view and verb tense, and a well-defined point or significance.” (Tiongson,
2016).
At the end of writing it, it must send a clear message to its readers through
the story.
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a. First person point of view. The story is told by the
protagonist or one of the characters using pronouns I , me ,
we.
b. Second person point of view. The author tells the story in
second point of view using the pronouns you , yours, and
your.
c. Third person point of view. The narrator is not part of the
story but describes the events that happen. The writer uses
the pronouns he, she , him, and her.
What is it?
Activity 2: Read the story “Not Necessary News From The Beat” and
answer the comprehension questions that follow.
COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
1. Who is the main character of the story?
A. Jesus Ayala C. President Aquino
B. Mother Teresa D. Palace Sta
2. Where is the setting of the narrated story?
A. Malacanang Guest House C. Office
B. Garden D. Sala
3. Who is the world –renowned missionary?
A. Chito Ayala C. Sta. Rita
B. Mother Teresa D. Pres. Aquino
4. Where is the setting of the narrated story?
A. Spain C. Philippines
B. Calcuta, India D. Malaysia
5. Who is the president mentioned in the story?
A. Pres. Estrada C. Pres. Aquino
B. Pres. Macpagal D. Pres. Duterte
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Lesson Reading & Thinking Strategies:
1.3 Description
What’s New
Here is a word bank of sensory words to refer to when you want to add
descriptive details to your paragraphs:
SIGHT SOUND SMELL TOUCH TASTE
sparkling yelp musty sticky spicy
gloomy shriek rotten grainy sweet
glossy whisper fragrant smooth sour
bright hiss fresh satiny bitter
dazzling screech pungent pointy bland
cloudy chortle fruity clammy creamy
blurred sneeze stinky furry delectable
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What is it?
A. Imagine yourself somewhere in the forest. You cannot find your way to get back
home. Write a short paragraph describing your sensations. You may use the word
bank list to help you express your sensations.
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B. Then imagine yourself still in the forest. You continue walking and you get lost
along the way and you really don’t know where to go. You get tired, so you sit under
a tree. Suddenly, a lady appears in front of you. How would you describe the lady so
that others could imagine her?
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Lesson Reading & Thinking Strategies:
1.4 Definition
What’s New
It appealsistothe
Definition the reader’s senses. of any dictionary. In developing a
main constituent
paragraph by definition, you should take account of these things:
a) the term to be defined
A descriptive paragraph has concrete and specific details, which are
b) the class to which the term belongs
carefully chosen by a writer to paint a picture in the mind of the reader.
c) the characteristics that distinguish the term from the other
members of its class.
Take a look at this example of a definition:
An owl is a bird with a large head, strong talons and has a nocturnal
habit.
Owl – is the term to defined
Bird – is the class where the owl belongs
with a large head, strong talons and has a nocturnal habit – are the
characteristics that distinguish the owl from the other birds.
The following are the different types of definitions:
1. Formal Definition. The definitions provided in dictionaries.
2. Informal Definitions. The three common informal definitions are operational
definitions, synonyms, and connotations.
a. Operational Definitions gives the meaning of an abstract word for
one particular time and place.
b. Synonyms or words that mean the same as another word.
c. Denotation is the exact meaning of the word
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d. Connotation is an idea or meaning suggested by or associated with
a word or things.
3. Definition Paragraph. It is a definition sentence which is extended into a
paragraph by adding meanings, descriptions, narrations , and other kinds
of paragraph development to make clear the term being defined.
What is it?
1. Education
2. Senior High School
3. Family
4. COVID-19
5. Student
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Lesson Reading & Thinking Strategies:
1.5 Classification
What’s New
2. Transitional Expressions
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What is it?
Activity 5: Read the paragraph below and answer the questions that follow.
Types of Friends
Comprehension Questions
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Lesson Reading & Thinking Strategies:
1.6 Comparison & Contrast
What’s New
A comparison tells how two things are similar. A contrast tells how they
are different.
A paragraph developed by comparison and contrast has a unifying idea or
purpose of attempting to weigh decisions between two ideas or subjects.
A comparison and contrast paragraph must be balanced in such a way that
there is an equal amount of information for each subject to avoid bias.
2. Point – by - Point Arrangement. You discuss each point for both subjects
before giving on the next point.
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What is it?
1. Classroom Laboratory
Similarities: ____________________________________________________
Differences: ____________________________________________________
2. Computer Calculator
Similarities: ____________________________________________________
Differences: ____________________________________________________
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Lesson Reading & Thinking Strategies:
1.7 Cause and Effect
What’s New
Cause and Effect paragraphs are written for the following purposes:
to discuss why a certain phenomenon occurs
to discuss the results of a phenomenon, event, feeling or action
to understand a situation
to solve a problem
to predict an outcome
to entertain
to persuade
Some of the signal words used in this type of paragraph are the following:
For
Because
Since
Due to
So
But
For this reason
As a result
Consequently
Otherwise
Therefore
Thu
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What is it?
Activity 7: Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.
(Source: www.tailoredessays.com/samples/video-games-affect-children-essay.htm)
Comprehension Questions
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Lesson Reading & Thinking Strategies:
1.8 Problem - Solution
What’s New
In composing this type of essay, you must present an argument or stand and
support it with reliable evidence in order to persuade the readers to make a particular
move or action (Kemper et.al, 2016).
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What is it?
Activity 8: Directions: Read the passage below and complete the graphic
organizer that follows.
Today, all around the world, deforestation continues, the world´s climate may
change, floods may become more common, and animals will die. One solution to the
problem of deforestation is to use less paper. If you use less paper, fewer trees will
be cut for paper making. How can you use less paper? One answer is to reduce your
paper use by using both sides of the paper when you photocopy, write a letter, or
write an essay. A second answer is to reuse old paper when you can, rather than
using a new sheet of paper. The backs of old envelopes are perfect for shopping list
or phone messages, and when you write a rough draft of an essay, write it on the
back of something else. A final answer is to recycle used paper products instead of
throwing them away. Most schools, offices, and districts have some kind of recycling
center. If you follow "the three Rs"- reduce, reuse, and recycle-you can help save the
world´s forest.
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Lesson Reading & Thinking Strategies:
1.9 Persuasion
What’s New
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What is it?
Your paragraph will be rated based on the rubric below. You may write your
paragraph on the space provided.
I CHANGED MY ____________________
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What I Have Learned
Assessment
After our lesson, let us now check what you have learned. Read the
statements carefully, and determine what is being referred to, then write
your answers on the blanks provided before each number.
____________________1. It is a method of writing a paragraph by drawing
pictures with words.
____________________2. This method of paragraph development involves
similarities and differences between two things.
____________________3. This gives a written account of an event or story.
____________________4. This is a collection of related sentences with one
central idea.
____________________5. This pattern of development classifies or divides
people, places, things or ideas into categories.
Congratulations!
You have completed your journey in this module. You did a great
job! It’s now time to go on to the next adventure…
Good luck!
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ACTIVITY 9: Answers may vary.
ACTIVITY 8: Answers may vary.
ACTIVITY 7: Answers may vary.
ACTIVITY 6: Answers may vary.
ACTIVITY 5: Answers may vary.
ACTIVITY 4: Answers may vary.
ACTIVITY 3: Answers may vary.
1. A
2. A
3. D
4. A
5. C
ACTIVITY 2
1. Oceans and lakes have much in common, but they are also quite different.
2. Sunset is the time of the day when our sky meets solar winds.
3. Here is a perfect system for cleaning your room.
ACTIVITY 1
1. Description
2. Comparison & Contrast
3. Narration
4. Paragraph
5. Classification
Pre-Test & Post-test
Key to Answers
REFERENCES
Abraham, P. (2010). Skilled reading: Top-down, bottom up. Retrieved April 15, 2013
fromwww.sabes.org.resources/fieldnotes/vol10/f02abrah.htm.
Erskine, D.L. (2010). Effect of prompted reflection and metacognitive skill instruction
on university freshmen’s use of metacognition. (Brigham Young University).
Proquest Dissertations and Theses, 1, 2, 3. Retrieved from http://proquest.
com/docview/748217165/ on November 23, 2012.
Gomez, N. L., & Briggs, C. (2012). Reciprocity between Reading and Writing:
Strategic Processing as Common Ground. Reading Teacher, 64(7), 546-549.
Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=ec1c4
512-698d-403c-885b-d1153b77fca1%40sessionmgr110&vid=2&hid=104 on
April 30, 2013
Gabelo , N, &Geron , C. et al. , ( 2016 ) . Reading and writing Connection for the
21stCentuty Learners for Senior High School. Mutya Publishing House, Inc.
Goita , M. (1995) . Basic English Skills and the Effective Paragraph. CAP College
Self Learning Series.
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/arkisto/45/havola on April 30, 2013.Vol. 29, No. 2 (Apr. - May - Jun., 1994),
pp.178-188.Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/747810 on April 22,
2013
Jimerson, M. K. Burns, & A. M. Van Der Heyden (Eds).The handbook of response to
intervention: The science and practice of assessment and intervention (pp.
234-243). Spring Science: New York.
Petersen, E.Z. (n.d.). how to read: using annotation in the composition classroom.
Retrievedfromhttp://etc.dal.ca/ojs211/index.php?journal=C2&page=article&op
=viewFile&path[]=TheEnglishJournal,Vol.93,No.5,SecondaryReadersReading
Successfully,pp.82-89.Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4128941.
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Senior High School
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Lesson Reading & Thinking Strategies:
2 Properties of a Well-Written Text
What’s New
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What I Know
Before heading on to our lesson, let us first check what you already know.
Read the statements carefully, and determine what is being referred to, then
write your answers on the blanks provided before each number.
Great job! Later we will see if your answers are correct by reading the
rest of this module… but before that….
What is a
well-written
text?
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Lesson Reading & Thinking Strategies:
Organization, Coherence and
2.1 Cohesion
For a text to be well-written, one must keep in mind these three properties:
Organization - this is the structural framework for writing. It is important to
effective writing because it provides readers with a framework to help them
fulfil their expectations for the text. This is the logical progression and
completeness of ideas in a text.
Organization is achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged.
Coherence – by coherence we mean that every part of a composition must
contribute to one main unifying thought, which means that the various parts
of a text must follow one another in an order which makes their relationship
clear.
Cohesion - means that the overall text has meaning.
What’s New
Text organization is the way a text is organized that helps to guide the reader
logically through it. This property makes a text readable and its message clear.
Organization can be achieved through the following techniques:
Physical format
Signal words
Structure
Physical Format
The format is an aspect of the organization that is immediately apparent to the
reader. It is seen in how the text physically appears like headings and
subheadings, bullet points or font emphasis. However, use this technique with
discretion as improper or superfluous formatting can be confusing.
Example:
Marxist ideology has three main theories. Historical materialism purports that all
the features of society can historically be traced back to economic activity. Social
class in capitalist societies is what produces unjust structures of power that exist
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today. Socialism would be the next rational step for the development of human
society.
Explanation:
The words in bold are the three most important Marxist theories that the first
sentence is referring to. By emphasizing these words, the reader can identify the
correct term for the concepts along with their definitions; this would also aid in
remembering the theories since they stick out from the rest of the text.
Signal Words
Signal words are textual cues that readers can use to follow a text. They
can “signal” the transition from one point to another, the ordering of events and
concepts, or the writer’s chosen text type (e.g., linear narration, question and
answer).
Example:
Chuck Palahniuk’s novel Fight Club greatly influenced me as a fictional
writer. First, his use of the unreliable narrator fascinated me, and I have written
similar characters in my works. Second, the theme of patriarchal oppression can
also be found in the stories I write. Third, the novel’s stunning twist is something that
I have been trying to recreate. Thus, I am extremely grateful to have encountered
Palahniuk’s genius early in my writing career.
Explanation:
By using sequential signal words (first, second and third) before the beginning
of every sentence, the reader can follow what seems to be the writer’s list of three
reasons why the novel influenced him. The word thus also signals the conclusion
and the end of the list.
Structure
The structure provides the framework upon which the text is organized. It
consists of the following:
Example:
Ancient philosophies believe that a person has an “aura,” this appears as a
rainbow of light around the body that can be seen by individuals with clairvoyant
abilities. The colors change depending on one’s mood, health, and thoughts. Some
scientists believe that the existence of the aura has something to do with the
electromagnetic fields produced by cells and tissues in the human body. Whether
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auras are real or not, the fact remains that there are forces everywhere that are real
even though we cannot see them.
Explanation:
Organization in this paragraph is not readily noticeable as it does not use cues
like formatting or signal words. However, the text is organized in this way:
By adhering to the structure, the writer can produce a text that is still easy to
follow. The topic, supporting details and concluding message is still clear to
the reader.
Text organization makes a text easy to read. It prevents the reader from
becoming confused by a jumble of words, sentences, and paragraphs that are
in no particular order.
Organization can be achieved through the physical format, signal words,
and structure.
What is it?
`
Activity 10: Underline the signal words and phrases that the author has used
for arranging the details in the paragraphs.
Northern Mindanao is a region rich in culture, which can be seen in their
numerous festivals. One of the most popular festivals in the region is the Higalaay
Festival in Cagayan de Oro City. They celebrate the feast day of St. Augustine every
28th day of August. Another festival is Kaamulan festival in Bukidnon. It is an ethnic
cultural festival wherein people allocate a relative amount of their time to remember
the culture and traditions of the seven ethnic tribes in their area. It is also considered
as a thanksgiving festival to celebrate their bountiful harvest. Moreover, another
famous festival in the region is the Lanzones festival in Camiguin, which is a 4-day
celebration of this fruit. It is held every 3rd week of October. It is essential to note
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that the sweetest Lanzones can be found in the islands of Camiguin. Regularly
celebrating different causes as one whole community shows that the citizens of
Region 10 value camaraderie and friendship.
Some parts of this region are known to have preserved their tribal beliefs and
customs. An example is the Higaunon, a mountain tribe in Bukidnon. Apparently,
they still believe in the existence of spirits and gods. Furthermore, they have a god
for each element. Another superstition is they need to please the spirits so they will
experience something good in return. People in this tribe still live according to
their traditions with farming as their primary source of income. Additionally, the
ancestors of its current inhabitants mentioned that the region was occupied by four
tribes but when northern-central Mindanao was divided into provinces, migrants from
Visayas and Luzon began to dominate the region. Since that happened, the tribal
communities went to the mountains and forests to continue living out their cultural
heritage.
The region’s culture can also be seen in their establishments and churches.
These include: the Immaculate Conception Parish Church in Misamis Oriental,
Macapagal-Macaraeg Heritage House in Lanao Del Norte, General MacArthur Maker
and Saint Augustine Cathedral in Cagayan de Oro. These places represents a
glimpse of Northern Mindanao’s history because the events that occurred in these
locations moulded Region 10 to be what it is today. The province of Camiguin is
home to century old churches such as the Santo Rosario Church and Old Catarman
Church Ruins. Baylao Church is considered as a miraculous place because a lot of
individuals connect it to how its existence saved numerous lives during the eruption
of Mount HibokHibok. Besides that, there are also a lot of ancestral homes that can
be found in this region that date back all the way to the Spanish era.
http://www.nnc.gov.ph/index.php/regional-offices/region-x-northern-mindanao/54-region-10-
profile/306-region-x-profile.html
if there is a clear
statement of purpose,
position, facts, examples, IDEAS are formed
specific details,
and well-developed ORGANIZATION
definitions, explanation,
justifications or opposing
viewpoints
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A text with coherence has ideas that are logically sequenced in a way that is
easy to follow for the reader. Although without cohesion, no central concept links
all these ideas together. The main point of the text remains unclear for readers.
Example:
My favorite painting is “The Weeping Woman” by Pablo Picasso, which is an
intriguing painting that symbolizes suffering. As a result, I love bright primary colors,
so I wear a lot of shocking yellows, blues, and reds. Also, as an outgoing person, I
enjoy performing for large crowds. In the end, people should not judge an artist’s
talent based on one standard.
Explanation:
Connecting words in the text suggest a sequence of ideas that the writer wants to
convey. “As a result” implies an effect of the previous statement while “in the end”
indicates the conclusion. However, the writer jumps from one topic to another
resulting in a lack of cohesion. For instance, the writer talks about his or her favourite
colors “as a result” of Picasso’s painting even though they are not connected in any
way. It can be inferred that the choice of favourite colors was inspired by the colors
of the painting, but the writer does not make this clear.
Cohesion and Coherence
A text with both cohesion and coherence has a central concept linking all
the ideas in the text, and these ideas are presented in a logical manner. The
main point is clear, and the text is easy to follow and understand.
Example:
International Women’s Day is celebrated on the 8th of March of every year. It
began as a Socialist political event in several Western countries. Then, other
countries also started celebrating the holiday just as a way to express their love for
women. Currently, the United Nations observes the holiday as a way to bring to light
women’s issues around the world.
Explanation:
The main topic of the text is International Women’s Day, which was stated in the
first sentence. The paragraph proceeds to outline the history of the holiday starting
from some Western countries and its spread to other nations. It ends with the current
way that the whole world celebrates the day. The writer can present different ideas
about the holiday in a logical manner and without veering away from the topic.
Remember the following when trying to evaluate if your text has cohesion and
coherence:
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What is it?
In these areas, 70 % of the agricultural land suffers from dryness and lack of
irrigation.
As a result, the crops are usually marginal with hardly enough production to
feed the farmer’s family.
The first fact to consider is that over 60% of the population lives in rural
communities.
In my country, one of the most urgent problems facing the government today
relates to agriculture.
And without irrigation, agricultural production is wholly dependent on the
uncertain rainfall.
To understand the nature of this problem, one has to look at some facts.
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What is it?
Activity 12: Read each of the following paragraphs. Underline the sentence
that does not belong to the paragraph, to make it more coherent and cohesive.
1. Oceans and lakes have much in common, but they are also quite different. Both
are bodies of water, but oceans are very large bodies of salt water, while lakes
are much smaller bodies of fresh water. Lakes are usually surrounded by land,
while oceans are what surround continents. Both have plants and animals living
in them. The ocean is home to the largest animals on the planet, whereas lakes
support much smaller forms of life. When it is time for a vacation, both will make
a great place to visit and enjoy. I want to swim in the lake.
2. Sunset is the time of day when our sky meets the outer space solar winds. There
are blue, pink, and purple swirls, spinning and twisting, like clouds of balloons
caught in a blender. Sunset is the opposite of sunrise. The sun moves slowly to
hide behind the line of horizon, while the moon races to take its place in
prominence atop the night sky. People slow to a crawl, entranced, fully forgetting
the deeds that still must be done. There is a coolness, a calmness, when the sun
does set.
3. Here is the perfect system for cleaning your room. First, move all of the items
that do not have a proper place to the center of the room. Get rid of at least five
things that you have not used within the last year. Take out all of the trash, and
place all of the dirty dishes in the kitchen sink. Now find a location for each of the
items you had placed in the center of the room, for any remaining items, see if
you can squeeze them in under your bed or stuff them into the back of your
closet. 5s is a Japanese cleaning system. See, that was easy!
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Lesson Reading & Thinking Strategies:
2.2 Language Use and Mechanics
It is important that you make good choices when it comes to language use
because how you use language affects the tone of the text and the readers’
interpretation of it. Before writing, you have to think about and consider your
target audience.
What’s New
We asked the secretary to call the professor and get her permission for us to
continue our research.
We requested that the secretary contact the professor and obtain her
permission for us to continue our research.
Explanation:
In the first sentence, the writer used casual words such as asked, call, and get
permission, which made the sentence informal. The second sentence used more
serious words such as requested instead of asked, contact instead of call, and obtain
permission instead of get permission. This sentence is formal and is appropriate to
use when talking or writing to a person of authority.
When you write, you should also make sure that the language you use is
**direct and simple rather than complicated so that readers would easily understand
the text.** If your readers are the youth, then you should use words that are familiar
to young people.
Example:
Why Sunglasses Are a Must-Have for Kids (An Excerpt)
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(NewsUSA) Most parents know how damaging the effects of ultraviolet radiation
(UVR) can be to our skin, which is why they dutifully slather sunscreen on their kids
during the summer. But one thing that often gets overlooked is protecting their
children’s eyes. According to vision-care experts, kids receive three times more UV
exposure than adults annually, yet less than 30 percent of parents currently protect
their children’s eyes with sunglasses. The reason for concern is that children and
adolescents are particularly vulnerable to the sun’s rays because their ocular lenses
are not mature enough to filter UV light as effectively as adults, causing damage to
the retina.
“Everyone buys into what happens to your skin when it comes to sun damage, but
many parents are really surprised to learn about the cumulative UV damage to the
eyes,” Dawn Hartman, an optometrist at Columbus Ophthalmology Associates in
Columbus, Ohio, told the Wall Street Journal in an interview. But the right
sunglasses can help, as parents become more aware that protection from the sun is
not just skin deep.
Source:
(USA, NEWS USA, 2016)
http://www.copyrightfreecontent.com/health/why-sunglasses-are-a-must-have-for-
kids/
Explanation:
The entire text uses simple words. This lets readers easily understand the
significance of letting kids wear sunglasses. There were a few technical scientific
terms that were necessary to mention in the text, such as ultraviolet radiation, ocular
lenses, and retina. However, the message of the text is still easy to grasp.
You should also be sensitive enough to use unbiased language so that you
will not offend any individual or any particular group of people. Unbiased
language is language that is free of racial bias, free of religious bias, and free of
gender bias.
Examples:
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Words with Unwanted Connotations
Technical or Highfalutin Words
Misused Words
A writer might sometimes use a word incorrectly, and this occurs when the
word does not mean what he or she thinks it does. So, it is important to be certain
of the definition of a word before using it; this often happens with words that
sound or look alike.
Example:
There are many behaviors that past societies considered legal but are now
deemed amoral including slavery, sexism, and racism.
Explanation:
The writer confused the word “amoral” with “immoral.” The former means neither
moral nor immoral (without moral quality) while the latter means not moral.
Sometimes, it is easy to guess the correct meaning of a word just by looking at how
it is spelled. The prefix a- signals that something is without such as in “anarachy”
(without a government) or “atypical” (without typical features). On the other hand, the
prefix im- simply means not such as in “imperfect” (not perfect) or “impossible” (not
possible).
REMEMBER
When you use words improperly, readers are left confused as to what you
are trying to say. So, always choose words according to their correct definition
and connotation. Also, keep your language simple enough to make your text
easier for readers to understand.
What is it?
Spelling
When you write, always make sure that you are consistently using one
standard with regard to the spelling of your words. Remember that there are slight
differences in American English spelling and British English spelling.
Punctuation
Punctuation is the act of using a system of symbols such as the comma,
period, quotation marks, question marks, etc. that are used to give structure to and
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organize a text. The use of punctuation guides the reader regarding how the text
should be read.
Examples:
I love to paint portraits I would paint one every day if I had the time
I love to paint portraits. I would paint one every day if I had the time.
This book is dedicated to my parents, Noel and Corazon.
This book is dedicated to my parents, Noel, and Corazon.
Explanation:
The first example does not make use of proper punctuation marks, while the
second example presents two sentences that are correctly punctuated. In the third
example, the sentence denotes that the author’s parents are Noel and Corazon. In
the fourth example, the use of the serial comma denotes that the book is dedicated
to four persons: the author’s mom, the author’s dad, Noel, and Corazon. The simple
act of adding a comma completely changed the meaning of the statement.
Capitalization
Capitalization is the act of writing the first letter of a word in uppercase while the rest
of the letters are in lowercase. There are rules in capitalization that one has to
remember. Below are a few examples of words that require capitalization:
proper nouns
Alex, Manila
proper adjectives
Canadian
days of the week
Sunday
months of the year
January
specific course titles
Theater 101
kinship names used in place of personal names and are followed by personal
names
Grandma, Dad, Aunt Paz, Uncle Alvin
adjectives, verbs, adverbs, nouns, and pronouns in a title and the first and last
word in a title
Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (literature)
historical periods, events, documents
Great Depression, the Renaissance, the Constitution
Source: https://www.academia.edu/34256187/READING_AND_WRITING_First_Quarter_Period_PROPERTIES_OF_A_WELL-WRITTEN_TEXT
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What is it?
Activity 14: Put a () if the phrases or sentences are following the proper
mechanics. If the words or phrases are incorrect, rewrite them below the given
items to make it correct.
_____8. Anna can pass for a movie star as a deadringer of anne Hathaway.
_____9. Being the only daughter, sylvia is the apple of the eye of her father.
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What is it?
Activity 15: In not more than 10 sentences and not less than 5 sentences
explain what you like or don’t like about Senior High School. Your paragraph
will be rated based on the rubric below. You may write your paragraph on the
space provided.
_____________________________________________________________________
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What I Have Learned
Assessment
After our lesson, let us now check what you have learned. Read the statements
carefully, and determine what is being referred to, then write your answers on the
blanks provided before each number.
____________________1. This is the structural framework of writing.
____________________2. This refers to the arranged of paragraph in a logical order
and the sentences are clearly related to each other.
____________________3. It is a set of rules on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate and
capitalize properly.
____________________4. This means that the text is effective because the reader is
able to follow the writer’s train of thought with ease.
____________________5. This refers to the appropriateness of the words that you are
using in your text.
Congratulations!
You have completed your journey in this module. You did a great
job! It’s now time to go on to the next adventure…
Good luck!
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Key to Answers
Mechanics 5.
Cohesion 4.
Pre-test Mechanics 3.
Organization 2.
Coherence 1.
Activity 10
1. Northern Mindanao is a region rich in culture, which can be seen in their
numerous festivals. One of the most popular festivals in the region is the
Higalaay Festival in Cagayan de Oro City. They celebrate the feast day of St.
Augustine every 28th day of August. Another festival is Kaamulan festival in
Bukidnon. It is an ethnic cultural festival wherein people allocate a relative
amount of their time to remember the culture and traditions of the seven
ethnic tribes in their area. It is also considered as a thanksgiving festival to
celebrate their bountiful harvest. Moreover, another famous festival in the
region is the Lanzones festival in Camiguin, which is a 4-day celebration of
this fruit. It is held every 3rd week of October. It is essential to note that the
sweetest Lanzones can be found in the islands of Camiguin. Regularly
celebrating different causes as one whole community shows that the citizens
of Region 10 value camaraderie and friendship.
Some parts of this region are known to have preserved their tribal beliefs and
customs. An example is the Higaunon, a mountain tribe in Bukidnon.
Apparently, they still believe in the existence of spirits and gods. Furthermore,
they have a god for each element. Another superstition is they need to please
the spirits so they will experience something good in return. People in this
tribe still live according to their traditions with farming as their primary source
of income. Additionally, the ancestors of its current inhabitants mentioned that
the region was occupied by four tribes but when northern-central Mindanao
was divided into provinces, migrants from Visayas and Luzon began to
dominate the region. Since that happened, the tribal communities went to the
mountains and forests to continue living out their cultural heritage.
The region’s culture can also be seen in their establishments and churches.
These include: the Immaculate Conception Parish Church in Misamis
Oriental, Macapagal-Macaraeg Heritage House in Lanao Del Norte, General
MacArthur Maker and Saint Augustine Cathedral in Cagayan de Oro. These
places represents a glimpse of Northern Mindanao’s history
because the events that occurred in these locations moulded Region 10 to be
what it is today. The province of Camiguin is home to century old churches
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1. Coherence
2. Organization
3. Mechanics
4. Cohesion
1. San Miguel Corporation 5. Mechanics
Post-Test
2. Joe said, “He is my patient.”
3. Do you believe me?
4. Tom Cruise won the Oscar Award
5.
6. Girlie is one friend I know inside and out.
7. I am from the Philippines
8. Anna can pass for a movie star as a dead ringer of Anne Hathaway.
9. Being the only daughter, Sylvia is the apple of the eye of her father.
10. Please keep an eye on her while I am out. Activity 14
1. He’s gonna be angry.
2. I wanna learn how to ski. 1. I want to swim in the lake
3. Didja like the movie? 2. Sunset is the opposite of sunrise
4. We hafta leave now. 3. 5s is a Japanese cleaning System
5. I bought ya apples and grapes.
Activity 13 Activity 12
1. In my country, one of the most urgent problems facing the government
today relates to agriculture. To understand the nature of this problem,
one has to look at some facts. The first factor to consider is that over
60% of the population lives in rural communities. In these areas, 70%
of the agricultural land suffers from dryness and lack of irrigation. And
without irrigation, agricultural production is wholly dependent on the
uncertain rainfall. As a result, the crops are usually marginal with
hardly enough production to feed the farmer’s family.
2. Zeus, the ruler of the gods, seemed to have realized that the earth was
getting terribly overcrowded. To solve the problem of overpopulation,
he devised a great war, which would sweep like a conflagration over
Greece. This was the Trojan war. Activity 11
can be found in this region that date back all the way to the Spanish era.
Mount HibokHibok. Besides that, there are also a lot of ancestral homes that
connect it to how its existence saved numerous lives during the eruption of
Church is considered as a miraculous place because a lot of individuals
such as the Santo Rosario Church and Old Catarman Church Ruins. Baylao
REFERENCES
https://www.academia.edu/34256187/READING_AND_WRITING_First_Quarter_Period_PR
OPERTIES_OF_A_WELL-WRITTEN_TEXT
https://www.slideshare.net/KatrinaClaireLandich/properties-of-a-well-written-text-88147656
https://prezi.com/no9hl-ogy538/properties-of-a-well-written-text/
https://quizlet.com/168734194/properties-of-a-well-written-text-flash-cards/
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MODULE 1 WRITER’S PROFILE
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Department of Education – (Bureau/Office)
(Office Address)
Telefax:
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