What Is Switchgear?: Quick Links To Fundamentals of Low-Voltage Switchgear
What Is Switchgear?: Quick Links To Fundamentals of Low-Voltage Switchgear
Breaker compartment
Bus compartment
Cable compartment.
Front-accessible switchgear
The cable compartment has hinged doors or removeable covers that enable
access to landing lugs for terminating line and load cables. This compartment
arrangement is the most typical and may be called rear-accessible switchgear
since access to the back of the switchgear enclosure is required.
A variation of this arrangement of compartments is front-accessible
switchgear where the cable compartment is adjacent to the breaker
compartment with the cable compartment doors located on the front of the
equipment. This arrangement results in a much shallower design that requires
no rear access and allows the switchgear to be placed up against a wall, similar
to a switchboard
"Runbacks" run horizontally back from the load side of each feeder breaker,
through the bus compartment (without connecting to the vertical or main bus)
and into the cable compartment to provide lug landings for terminating load
cables. In most cases, insulation or dielectric strength between the three bus
phases is provided via an adequate air gap. In locations where bus clearances
are not sufficient to provide the necessary dielectric strength, insulation is
applied to the bus.
The interrupt rating of the circuit breaker must meet or exceed the short-circuit
withstand current rating of the circuit breaker. In some cases, the interrupt rating
will exceed the short-time current (of the circuit breaker and the switchgear)
resulting in a circuit breaker that will trip instantaneously (within 3-4 cycles),
instead of with a short-time delay, in the presence of particularly high fault
current.
Finally, the interrupt rating of the circuit breaker must meet or exceed the
maximum available fault current that the upstream power source could supply in
the event of a short-circuit fault.
In other words, this rating consists of two quantities: time (typically measured in
cycles) and current (typically measured in kiloamps, kA). For low-voltage
switchgear, the time rating is 30 cycles (0.5 seconds) and the current rating is
the amount of short-circuit fault current that the mechanical assembly, electrical
bus bar and bracing can endure for 30 cycles without sustaining damage at the
tested voltage.
Low-voltage power circuit breakers also have a short-time withstand current
rating and the switchgear must equal the short-time withstand current rating of
the lowest rated breaker used in the switchgear assembly. For example, if the
main circuit breaker has a 100 kA, 30 cycle short-time withstand current rating
but a feeder breaker has a 65 kA, 30 cycle short-time withstand current rating,
the switchgear will carry a 65 kA, 30 cycle rating.
Switchboards are tested per the UL 891 Switchboards standard and are
normally composed of fixed-mounted molded case circuit breakers which
comply with the UL 489 MCCB standard. Switchboards tend to be front-
accessible which means the incoming and outgoing cable terminations can be
accessed from the front so the assembly can be mounted against a wall. These
differences result in a smaller footprint than a similar switchgear assembly that
contains the same number of circuit breakers.
In facilities that consume large amounts of power and facilities that require
reliable power, switchgear and switchboards both play important roles. The
switchgear may provide primary low-voltage power distribution and protection,
often residing at the service entrance or on the secondary of a transformer
substation, feeding power to various switchboards and low-voltage MCCs
located throughout the facility which in turn feed smaller branch circuits such as
lighting, HVAC and process-specific loads.
Intelligent switchgear
Incorporating intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) such as smart circuit
breakers, sensors and microprocessor-based relays and meters can make
switchgear intelligent. This can be accomplished in new switchgear designs as
well as by strategically upgrading certain components in existing switchgear
systems. Networked switchgear enables the facility operator to take advantage
of advanced cloud-computing solutions that can analyze massive amounts of
data and provide actionable insights about the power distribution system to
improve productivity, safety and operational performance.
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¿Qué es la subestación de control?
La subestación de control eléctrica se refiere a una colección centralizada de
disyuntores, fusibles e interruptores (dispositivos de protección de circuito) que
funcionan para proteger, controlar y aislar equipos eléctricos. Los dispositivos
de protección de circuito están montados en estructuras metálicas. Una
colección de una o más de estas estructuras se denomina ensamblaje o subida
de línea de subestación de control.
Subestación de la unidad
La subestación de control de bajo voltaje también está disponible con una amplia
gama de tecnologías avanzadas de seguridad de arco eléctrico que pueden reducir la
energía incidente, limitar el daño por arco eléctrico, aumentar el tiempo de actividad y
mejorar la seguridad, como por ejemplo:
Los disyuntores de energía de bajo voltaje, por otro lado, tienen una
clasificación de resistencia a la corriente de corto plazo que les permite retrasar
la desconexión durante un tiempo preestablecido (hasta 30 ciclos). En
consecuencia, se puede programar un LV-PCB para retrasar la desconexión a
fin de darles a los disyuntores corriente abajo la oportunidad de borrar la falla
primero. Por lo tanto, la subestación de control de bajo voltaje con disyuntores
de energía se puede utilizar para mejorar en gran medida la confiabilidad de un
sistema de distribución de energía. Un sistema correctamente coordinado
también puede aumentar la seguridad del trabajador porque la falla se aislará
corriente abajo, lo que reduce la probabilidad de que el trabajador tenga que
interactuar con el equipo corriente arriba, que normalmente tiene un mayor
riesgo de arco eléctrico.
Los tableros de distribución también tienden a ser menos costosos que las
subestaciones de control. Por ejemplo, los MCCB de montaje fijo son menos
costosos que los disyuntores de energía removible. Sin embargo, los MCCB no
están diseñados para recibir servicio y, si los disyuntores están montados de
forma fija, el tablero de distribución debe desenergizarse para reemplazarlos.
La subestación de control, por otro lado, contiene disyuntores de energía
removible que pueden retirarse del equipo mientras está energizado y están
diseñados para ser totalmente reparados.