The 'preamble' to the Constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out the guiding

purpose and principles of the document, and it indicates the source from which the document
derives its authority, meaning, the people.[1] The hopes and aspiration of the people as well as the
ideals before our nation are described in the preamble in clear cut words. It may be considered as
the soul of Constitution. The preamble can be referred to as the preface which highlights the
essence of the entire Constitution. It was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent
Assembly and came into effect from 26th January, 1950. These are the opening words of the
preamble to the Indian Constitution

“ WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a
SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its
citizens:

JUSTICE, social, economic and political;

LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;

and to promote among them all

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY

ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It is a living document, the permanent
instrument which makes the government system work. [1] It lays down the framework defining
fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers and duties of
government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles and the duties of
citizens. It is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world. [Note 1][2] Dr. Bhimrao
Ramji Ambedkar is regarded as the chief architect of the Indian Constitution, but it was the
Constituent Assembly that worked under Dr Ambedkar and his team that drafted the final copy of the
Indian Constitution.
 Jawaharlal Nehru signing the Constitution

The constitution of India imparts constitutional supremacy and not parliamentary supremacy as it is

not created by the Parliament but created by a constituent assembly and adopted by its people with
a declaration in the preamble to the constitution.[3] Parliament cannot override the constitution.

The Constitution was adopted by the India Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949, and came
into effect on 26 January 1950.[4]The date of 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna
Swaraj declaration of independence of 1930. With its adoption, theUnion of India officially became
the modern and contemporary Republic of India and it replaced the Government of India Act 1935 as
the country's fundamental governing document. To ensure constitutional autochthony, the framers of
constitution inserted Article 395 in the constitution and by this Article, the Government of India Act
1935 and the Indian Independence Act, 1947 were repealed. [5]India celebrates the coming into force
of the constitution on 26 January each year as Republic Day.[6]

The Constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular,[7] democratic republic, assuring its

citizens of justice, equality, andliberty, and endeavors to promote fraternity among them.[8]

Contents
  [hide] 

 1Background
 2Previous legislation used as sources
 3Constituent assembly
o 3.1Drafting
o 3.2Influence of other constitutions
 4Structure
o 4.1Parts
o 4.2Schedules
o 4.3Appendices
 5The constitution and the government
 6The constitution and the legislature
o 6.1Amendment
o 6.2Limitations
 7The constitution and the judiciary
o 7.1Judicial review
 8The constitution - a living document
 9See also
 10Notes
o 10.1Notes on Article 21
 11References
 12Bibliography
 13External links

Background[edit]
Dr. Ambedkar is hailed as the prime architect of the Indian Constitution

The major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947. When the
Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, it repealed the Indian Independence Act.
India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic.

Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393 and 394 came into force on 26
Nov 1949 and remaining articles on 26 Jan 1950.[9]

Previous legislation used as sources[edit]

The Constitution of India is drawn from many sources. Keeping in mind the needs and conditions of
India the framers of the Constitution of India borrowed different features freely from previous
legislation viz. Government of India Act 1858, Indian Councils Act 1861, Indian Councils Act
1892, Indian Councils Act 1909, Government of India Act 1919, Government of India Act 1935 and
the Indian Independence Act 1947. The last legislation which led to the creation of the two
independent nations of India and Pakistan provided for the division of the erstwhile Constituent
Assembly into two, with each new assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it, to enable
each to draft and enact a new constitution, for the separate states.

Constituent assembly[edit]
Main article: Constituent Assembly of India

The Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by the elected
members of the provincial assemblies.[10]The 389 member Constituent Assembly took almost three
years (two years, eleven months and seventeen days to be precise) to complete its historic task of
drafting the Constitution for Independent India. During this period, it held eleven sessions covering a
total of 165 days. Of these, 114 days were spent on the consideration of the Draft Constitution. On
29 August 1947, the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a Draft Constitution for India. While deliberating upon the draft
Constitution, the Assembly moved, discussed and disposed of as many as 2,473 amendments out of
a total of 7,635 tabled.[11] Dr B.R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C.
Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Kanaiyalal Munshi, Purushottam
Mavalankar, Sandipkumar Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Nalini
Ranjan Ghosh, and Balwantrai Mehta were some important figures in the Assembly. There were
more than 30 members of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian
community, and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi. The Chairman of the Minorities
Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a distinguished Christian who represented all
Christians other than Anglo-Indians. Ari Bahadur Gururng represented the Gorkha Community.
Prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau and K. M. Munshi, Ganesh
Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly. Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai
Deshmukh, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and Vijayalakshmi Pandit were important women members.

The first temporary 2-day president of the Constituent Assembly was Dr Sachchidananda Sinha.
Later, Rajendra Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly. [10]The members of the
Constituent Assembly met for the first time on 9 December 1946. [10]

Drafting[edit]
On the 14 August 1947 meeting of the Assembly, a proposal for forming various committees was
presented.[10] Such committees included a Committee on Fundamental Rights, the Union Powers
Committee and Union Constitution Committee. On 29 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was
appointed, with Dr B. R. Ambedkar as the Chairman along with six other members assisted by a
constitutional advisor. These members were Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant, Kanaiyalal Maneklal
Munshi (K M Munshi, Ex- Home Minister, Bombay), Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer (Ex- Advocate
General, Madras State), N Gopalaswami Ayengar (Ex-Prime Minister, J&K and later member of
Nehru Cabinet), B L Mitter (Ex-Advocate General, India), Md. Saadullah (Ex- Chief Minister of
Assam, Muslim League member) and D P Khaitan (Scion of Khaitan Business family and a
renowned lawyer). The constitutional advisor was Sir Benegal Narsing Rau (who became First
Indian Judge in International Court of Justice, 1950–54). Later B L Mitter resigned and was replaced
by Madhav Rao (Legal Advisor of Maharaja of Vadodara). Owing to death of D P Khaitan, T T
Krishnamachari was chosen to be included in the drafting committee. A Draft Constitution was
prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947. Draft constitution
was debated and over 2000 amendments were moved over a period of two years. Finally on 26
November 1949, the process was completed and Constituent assembly adopted the constitution.
284 members signed the document and the process of constitution making was complete. [12] This day
is now celebrated as National Law Day.
The Assembly met in sessions open to the public, for 166 days, spread over a period of 2 years, 11
months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two
copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. The original
Constitution of India is hand-written with beautiful calligraphy, each page beautified and decorated
by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose. Two days
later, on 26 January 1950, the Constitution of India became the law of all the States and territories of
India.[13] Rs.1,00,00,000 was official estimate of expenditure on constituent assembly. The
Constitution has undergonemany amendments since its enactment.[14]

Influence of other constitutions[edit]

British Constitution Australian Constitution

 Parliamentary form of government  Freedom of trade and commerce withi

the country and between the states
 The idea of single citizenship
 Power of the national legislature to ma
 The idea of the Rule of law laws for implementing treaties, even on
matters outside normal Federal jurisdiction
 Institution of Speaker and his role
 Concurrent List[15]
 Lawmaking procedure  Terminology for the Preamble
French Constitution
 Procedure established by Law
United States Constitution  Ideals of Liberty, Equality and Fraternit
Canadian Constitution
 Charter of Fundamental Rights
 A quasi-federal form of government —
 Federal structure of government a federal system with a strong central gove
 Distribution of powers between the ce
 Electoral College government and state governments
 Residual powers retained by the centra
 Independence of the judiciary and separation of powers among the [17]

three branches of the government

Constitution of the Soviet Union

 Judicial review  Fundamental Duties u/a 51-A

 President as supreme commander of  A Constitutionally mandated Planning

armed forces to oversee the development of the econom

 Equal Protection under law

Irish Constitution

 Directive principles of state policy

Structure[edit]
The Indian constitution is the world's longest constitution. [Note 1] At the time of commencement, the
constitution had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules. It consists of almost 80,000 words. The
Constitution, in its current form (September 2012), consists of a preamble, 25[Note 2] parts containing
448[18][Note 3] articles, 12[Note 4] schedules, 5 appendices[19] and 100 amendments, the latest of which came
into force on 13 April 2015.[20]

Parts[edit]
The individual Articles of the Constitution are grouped together into the following Parts:
 Preamble[21]  Part X
with the words "socialist" and "secular" added to it in 1976 by the 42nd constitutional amendment (mini  Part X
constitution).[22][23]  Part X
 Part X
 Part I[24] – Union and its Territory  Part X
 Part II[25] – Citizenship.  Part X
 Part III – Fundamental Rights  Part X
 Part IV[26] – Directive Principles of State Policy  Part X
 Part IVA – Fundamental Duties  Part X
 Part V[27] – The Union  Part X
 Part VI[28] – The States  Part X
 Part VII[29] – States in the B part of the First schedule (repealed)  Part X
 Part VIII[30] – The Union Territories in Hindi an
 Part IX[31] – The Panchayats
 Part IXA[32] – The Municipalities
 Part IXB – The Co-operative Societies.[33]
 Part X – The scheduled and Tribal Areas
 Part XI – Relations between the Union and the States

Schedules[edit]
Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categorize and tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy of
the Government.

 First Schedule (Articles 1 and 4) - This lists the states and territories of India, lists any
changes to their borders and the laws used to make that change.
 Second Schedule (Articles 59(3), 65(3), 75(6), 97, 125, 148(3), 158(3), 164(5), 186 and
221)- – This lists the salaries of officials holding public office, judges, andComptroller and
Auditor General of India.
 Third Schedule (Articles 75(4), 99, 124(6), 148(2), 164(3), 188 and 219)—Forms of Oaths –
This lists the oaths of offices for elected officials and judges.
 Fourth Schedule (Articles 4(1) and 80(2)) – This details the allocation of seats in the Rajya
Sabha (the upper house of Parliament) per State or Union Territory.
 Fifth Schedule (Article 244(1)) – This provides for the administration and control of
Scheduled Areas[Note 5] and Scheduled Tribes[Note 6] (areas and tribes needing special protection due
to disadvantageous conditions).
 Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2) and 275(1))— Provisions made for the administration of
tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
 Seventh Schedule (Article 246) —The union (central government), state, and concurrent
lists of responsibilities.
 Eighth Schedule (Articles 344(1) and 351)—The official languages.
 Ninth Schedule (Article 31-B) – Validation of certain Acts and Regulations. [34]
 Tenth Schedule (Articles 102(2) and 191(2))—"Anti-defection" provisions for Members of
Parliament and Members of the State Legislatures.
 Eleventh Schedule (Article 243-D) —Panchayat Raj (rural local government),
 Twelfth Schedule (Article 243-W) — Municipalities (urban local government).
Appendices[edit]

 Appendix I—The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954.

 Appendix II— Re-statement, with reference to the present text of the Constitution, of the
exceptions and modifications subject to which the Constitution applies to the State of Jammu
and Kashmir.
 Appendix III—Extracts from the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978.
 Appendix IV—The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002.
 Appendix V— The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003.

The constitution and the government[edit]

Institutions of governance, such as the Parliament, the President, the Judiciary, the Executive, etc
did not exist before the adoption of the constitution, by the people of India, and were created by it.

With the aid of the Constitution, India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with
the executive directly accountable to the legislature. It states that there shall be aPresident of
India who shall be the head of the executive, under Articles 52 and 53. The President's duty is to
preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law underArticle 60 of the Indian
constitution. Article 74 provides that there shall be a Prime Minister as the head of union
cabinet which would aid and advice the President in performing his constitutional duty. Union cabinet
is collectively responsible to the House of the People as per Article 75(3).
The Constitution of India is federal in nature but unitary in spirit. The common features of a
federation such as written Constitution, supremacy of Constitution, rigidity of Constitution, two
government, division of powers, bicameralism and independent judiciary as well as unitary features
like single Constitution, single citizenship, integrated judiciary, flexible Constitution, a strong Centre,
appointment of state governor by the Centre, All-India Services, Emergency Provisions etc. can be
seen in Indian Constitution. This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form. [35]

Each state and each Union territory of India has its own government. Analogous to President and
Prime Minister, each has a Governor (in case of states) or Lieutenant Governor(in the case of Union
territories) and a Chief Minister. Article 356 permits the President to dismiss a state government
when a situation has arisen in which the Government of the State cannot be carried on in
accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. This power was abused earlier as state
governments came to be dismissed on the flimsiest of grounds, and more due to the political
discomfiture of the party in power at the centre. Post - Bommai judgment,[36][37] such a course of action
has been rendered rather difficult, as the courts have asserted their right to review it.
[38]
 Consequently, very few state governments have been disbanded since.

The 73rd and 74th Amendment Act also introduced the system of Panchayati Raj in rural areas
and Municipality in urban areas. Also, Article 370 of the Constitution gives special status to the State
of Jammu and Kashmir.

The constitution and the legislature[edit]

Main article: Amendment of the Constitution of India

See also: List of amendments of the Constitution of India

Amendment[edit]
The process of addition, variation or repeal of any part of the constitution by the Parliament under its
constituent powers, is called amendment of the constitution. [39] The procedure is laid out in Article
368. An amendment bill must be passed by each House of the Parliament by a majority of the total
membership of that House when at least two-thirds members are present and voted. In addition to
this, certain amendments which pertain to the federal nature of the Constitution must be ratified by a
majority of state legislatures. Unlike the ordinary bills under legislative powers of Parliament as
per Article 245 (with exception to money bills), there is no provision for joint sitting of the two houses
of the parliament to pass a constitutional amendment bill. During recess of Parliament, President can
not promulgate ordinances under his legislative powers as perArticle 123, Chapter III which needs
constitutional amendment. Deemed amendments to the constitution which can be passed under
legislative powers of Parliament, are no more valid after the addition of Article 368 (1) by Twenty-
fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India.[39]
As of September 2015, there have been 120 amendment bills presented in the Parliament, out of
which 100 have been passed to become Amendment Acts.[40] Most of these amendments address
issues dealt with by statute in other democracies. However, the Constitution is so specific in spelling
out government powers that many of these issues must be addressed by constitutional amendment.
As a result, the document is amended roughly thrice in a two year's duration.

In 2000 the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC) was set up to
look into updating the constitution.[41] Government of India, establishes term based law
commissions to recommend law reforms for maximising justice in society and for promoting good
governance under the rule of law.

Limitations[edit]
Main article: Basic structure doctrine

The Supreme Court has ruled in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case that an amendment
cannot destroy what it seeks to modify, which means while amending anything, it cannot tinker with
the "basic structure" or framework of the constitution, which is immutable. Such an amendment will
be declared invalid even though no part of the constitution is explicitly prevented from being
amended, nor does the Basic Structure Doctrine protect any single provision of the Constitution. Yet,
this "Doctrine of Basic Features" lays down that, the Constitution when "read as a whole", that what
comes to be understood as its basic features cannot be abridged, deleted or abrogated. What these
"basic features" are, have not been defined exhaustively anywhere, and whether a particular
provision of the Constitution of India is a "basic feature" is decided as and when an issue is raised
before a court in an instant case.[42]

In the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case of 1967, the Supreme Court ruled that the State of Punjab
could not restrict any of the Fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine. [43] Extent of
land ownership and practice of profession, in this case, were held to be a fundamental right. [44] The
ruling of the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case was eventually overturned with the ratification of the
24th Amendment in 1971.[44]

The constitution and the judiciary[edit]

The Judiciary interprets the Constitution as its final arbiter. [45] It is its duty as mandated by the
Constitution, to be its watchdog, by calling for scrutiny any act of the legislature or the executive,
who otherwise, are free to enact or implement these, from overstepping bounds set for them by the
Constitution.[46] It acts like a guardian in protecting the fundamental rights of the people, as enshrined
in the Constitution, from infringement by any organ of the state. It also balances the conflicting
exercise of power between the centre and a state or among states, as assigned to them by the
Constitution.
While pronouncing decisions under its constitutional mandate, it is expected to remain unaffected by
pulls and pressures exerted by other branches of the state, citizens or interest groups. And crucially,
independence of the judiciary has been held to be a basic feature of the Constitution, [47][48] and which
being inalienable, has come to mean - that which cannot be taken away from it by any act or
amendment by the legislature or the executive.[49]

Judicial review[edit]
Judicial review is adopted in the Constitution of India from judicial review in the United
States (see[50]). In the Indian constitution, Judicial review is dealt with under Article 43. Judicial
Review refers that the Constitution is the supreme power of the nation and all laws are under its
supremacy. Article 43 states that:

1. All pre-constitutional laws, if in part or completely in conflict with the Constitution, shall have
all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the Constitution ends the
conflict. In such situation the provision of that law will again come into force, if it is
compatible with the constitution as amended. This is called theDoctrine of Eclipse.[51]
2. In a similar manner, laws made after adoption of the Constitution by the Constituent
Assembly must be compatible with the constitution, otherwise the laws and amendments will
be deemed to be void ab initio.
3. In such situations, the Supreme Court or High Court interprets the laws to decide if they are
in conformity with the Constitution. If such an interpretation is not possible because of
inconsistency, and where a separation is possible, the provision that is inconsistent with
constitution is considered to be void. In addition to article 13, articles 32, 226 and 227
provide a constitutional basis to judicial review in India. [52]

Due to the adoption of the thirty-eighth amendment, the Indian Supreme Court was not allowed to
preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency that infringes uponfundamental
rights under article 32 i.e. Right to Constitutional Remedies. [53] Later with the Forty-second
Amendment of the Constitution of India, article 31 C was widened and article 368(4) and 368(5)
were added, which stated that any law passed by the parliament can't be challenged in the court on
any ground. The Supreme court in the Minerva Mills v. Union of India case said that Judicial Review
is one of the basic character of the constitution and therefore can't be taken away quashing Article
368(4)&(5) as well as 31 C.

The constitution - a living document[edit]

"The Indian Constitution is first and foremost a social document, and is aided by its Parts III & IV
(Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy, respectively) acting together, as its chief
instruments and its conscience, in realising the goals set by it for all its people." [Note 7][54]
The Constitution's provisions have consciously been worded in generalities, though not in vague
terms, instead of making them rigid and static with a fixed meaning or content as in an ordinary
statute, so that they may be interpreted by coming generations of citizens with the onward march of
time, to apply to new and ever-changing and demanding situations, making the Constitution a living
and an organic document.[55] Justice Marshall asserts: “It is the nature of (a) Constitution that only its
great outlines be marked”. It is a document intended “to endure for ages” and therefore, it has to be
interpreted not merely on the basis of the intention and understanding of the its framers but on the
experience of its working effectively, in the existing social and political context.

For instance, "right to life" as guaranteed under Article 21, [nb 1] has by interpretation been expanded to
progressively mean a whole lot of human rights [nb 2]

In the conclusion of his Making of India's Constitution, Justice Khanna writes:

"If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we,
the people of India, the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A
constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal vigilance
is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people." [59]

See also[edit]
India portal

Politics portal

 Constitutional economics
 Constitutionalism
 History of democracy
 List of national constitutions
 Magna Carta
 Rule according to higher law
 Uniform civil code of India

Notes[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:a b The Constitution of Yugoslavia briefly held this position from 1974 till the nation
split up in 1990.
2. Jump up^ The Constitution was in 22 Parts originally. Part VII & IX (older) was repealed in
1956, whereas newly added Part IVA, IXA, IXB & XIVA by Amendments to the Constitution in different
times (lastly added IXB by the 97th Amendment).
3. Jump up^ Although the last article of the Constitution is Article 395, the total number, as of
March 2013 is 465. New articles added through amendments have been inserted in the relevant
 location in the original constitution. In order not to disturb the original numbering, the new articles are
inserted with alpha numeric enumerations. For example, Article 21A pertaining to Right to Education
was inserted by the 86th Amendment Act.
4. Jump up^ By 73rd & 74th Amendment, the lists of administrative subjects of Panchayat raj &
Municipality included in the Constitution as Schedule 11 & 12 respectively in the year 1993.
5. Jump up^ Scheduled Areas are autonomous areas within a state, administered federally,
usually populated by a predominant Scheduled Tribe.
6. Jump up^ Scheduled Tribes are groups of indigenous people, identified in the Constitution,
struggling socioeconomically
7. Jump up^ These lines by Granville Austin from his book The Indian Constitution:
Cornerstone of a Nation at p. 50, have been authoritatively quoted many times

Notes on Article 21[edit]

1. Jump up^ Art. 21 - “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except
according to procedure established by law"
2. Jump up^ Right to speedy trial[56]
Right to water[57]
Right to livelihood
Right to health
Right to education[58]

References[edit]
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government/constitution-india/constitution-india-full-text. Government of India. Retrieved5
February  2015.
2. Jump up^ Pylee, M.V. (1997). India's Constitution. S. Chand & Co. p. 3. ISBN 81-219-0403-
X.
3. Jump up^ "Constitutional supremacy vs parliamentary supremacy"  (PDF). Retrieved  12
October2015.
4. Jump up^ "Introduction to Constitution of India". Ministry of Law and Justice of India. 29 July
2008. Retrieved  2008-10-14.
5. Jump up^ Swaminathan, Shivprasad (26 January 2013). "India’s benign constitutional
revolution".The Hindu: opinion. Retrieved  18 February  2013.
6. Jump up^ Das, Hari (2002). Political System of India. Anmol Publications. p. 120.  ISBN  81-
7488-690-7.
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& Ors."  (PDF). Supreme Court of India. p. 18/30. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
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Retrieved29 March 2012.
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10. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "The Constituent Assembly Debates (Proceedings):(9th December,1946 to 24
January 1950)". The Parliament of India Archive. Retrieved  2008-02-22.
11. Jump up^ http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/facts.htm
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prepare a Draft Constitution for India
13. Jump up^ "Original unamended constitution of India, January, 1950". Retrieved 2014-04-17.
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15. Jump up^ Sridhar, Madabhushi.  "Evolution and Philosophy behind the Indian
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16. Jump up^ "Borrowed features of Constitution". Retrieved  15 February  2014.
17. Jump up^ Miglani, Dr. Deepak. "Constitution of India: A ‘Bag of Borrowings’". Retrieved15
February  2014.
18. Jump up^ "10 Facts You Should Know about the Indian constitution". Yahoo! Lifestyle.
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20. Jump up^ "Constitution (Ninety-ninth Amendment) Act, 2014"  (PDF).  1, Law Street.
Retrieved23 June 2015.
21. Jump up^ Baruah, Aparijita (2007).  Preamble of the Constitution of India: An Insight and
Comparison with Other Constitutions. New Delhi: Deep & Deep. p.  177. ISBN 81-7629-996-0.
Retrieved 12 November 2015.
22. Jump up^ Chishti, Seema; Anand, Utkarsh (30 January 2015).  "Legal experts say debating
Preamble of Constitution pointless, needless".  The Indian Express. Retrieved12 November  2015.
23. Jump up^ "Forty-Second Amendment to the Constitution". Ministry of Law and Justice of
India. 28 August 1976. Retrieved  2008-10-14.
24. Jump up^ Part I
25. Jump up^ Part II
26. Jump up^ Part IV
27. Jump up^ Part V
28. Jump up^ Part VI
29. Jump up^ Part VII
30. Jump up^ Part VIII
31. Jump up^ Part IX
32. Jump up^ Part IXA
33. Jump up^ http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend97.pdf
34. Jump up^ Originally Articles mentioned here were immune from judicial review on the ground
that they violated fundamental rights. but in a landmark judgement in 2007, the Supreme Court of
India held in I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu and others that laws included in the 9th schedule can
be subject to judicial review if they violated the fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 14, 15,
19, 21 or the basic structure of the Constitution {(ambiguous)} - I.R. Coelho (dead) by L.Rs. v. State of
Tamil Nadu and others(2007) 2 S.C.C. 1
35. Jump up^ M Laxmikanth. "3".  Indian Polity  (4th ed.). McGraw Hill Education.
p. 3.2. ISBN 978-1-25-906412-8.
36. Jump up^ Krishnakumar, R.  "'Article 356 should be abolished'".  Frontline  (Vol. 15  :: No. 14 ::
July 04 - July 17, 1998). Retrieved  9 November  2015.
37. Jump up^ Rajendra Prasad, R.J. "'Bommai verdict has checked misuse of Article
356'".  Frontline(Vol. 15 :: No. 14  :: July 04 - July 17, 1998). Retrieved 9 November 2015.
38. Jump up^ Swami, Praveen.  "Protecting secularism and federal fair play". Frontline (Vol. 14 ::
No. 22  :: Nov. 1 - 14, 1997). Retrieved  9 November  2015.
39. ^ Jump up to:a b "Pages 311 & 312 of original judgement: A. K. Roy, Etc vs Union Of India And Anr
on 28 December, 1981". Retrieved  23 August 2014.
40. Jump up^ name="amendments"
41. Jump up^ Kuri's blog: National Commission to review the working of the
Constitution(NCRWC). Kurishravan.blogspot.in (2011-02-23). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
 42. Jump up^ Dhamija, Dr. Ashok (2007).  Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic
Features. Wadhwa and Company. p. 568.  ISBN  9788180382536. Retrieved  17 June2014.
43. Jump up^ Jacobsohn, Gary J. (2010).  Constitutional Identity. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard University Press. p. 52.  ISBN  9780674047662.
44. ^ Jump up to:a b Dalal, Milan (2008).  "India's New Constitutionalism: Two Cases That Have
Reshaped Indian Law". Boston College International Comparative Law Review  31  (2): 258–260.
Retrieved 5 March 2015.
45. Jump up^ Mehta, Pratap Bhanu (2002). Hasan, Zoya; Sridharan, E.; Sudarshan, R.,
eds. Article - The Inner Conflict of Constitutionalism: Judicial Review and the 'Basic Structure' (Book -
India's Kiving Constitution: Ideas, Practices, Controversies)  ((2006)Second Impression (2002)First
ed.). Delhi: Permanent Black. p. 187.  ISBN  81-7824-087-4. Retrieved9 November  2015.
46. Jump up^ Bhattacharyya, Bishwajit. "Supreme Court Shows Govt Its LoC". the day
after  (Nov 1-15, 2015). Retrieved  10 November  2015.
47. Jump up^ National Comionmission to Review the Working of the Constitution.  "A
Consultation Paper on the Financial Autonomy of the Indian Judiciary". Chapter 1. New Delhi (26
September 2001). Retrieved 5 November 2015.
48. Jump up^ Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2008).  Indian Politics and Society Since Independence:
Events, Processes and Ideology (First ed.). Oxon(UK), New York (USA): Routledge.
p. 103.ISBN 978-0-415-40867-7. Retrieved  5 November  2015.
49. Jump up^ Sorabjee, Soli J. (1 November 2015).  "A step in the Wrong Direction".  The Week.
Retrieved 12 November 2015.
50. Jump up^ V. Venkatesan - A fresh look at the relevance of three early doctrines that have
defined the Indian Constitution over the years. Front-line (Vol. 29 - Issue 05 :: 10-23 Mar. 2012)
51. Jump up^ Jain, M.P. (2010).  Indian Constitutional Law. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa
Nagpur. p. 921.  ISBN  978-81-8038-621-3.
52. Jump up^ Lectures By Professor Parmanad Singh, Jindal Global Law School.
53. Jump up^ Jacobsohn, Gary (2010).  Constitutional Identity. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard University Press. p. 57.  ISBN  9780674047662.
54. Jump up^ Raghavan, Vikram (2010).  "The biographer of the Indian constitution". Seminar.
Retrieved 13 November 2015.
55. Jump up^ Dharmadhikari, Justice D. M. "Principle of Constitutional Interpretation: Some
Reflections".  (2004) 4 SCC (Jour) 1. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
56. Jump up^ Gaur, K. D. (2002).  Article - Law and the Poor: Some Recent Developments in
India (Book - Criminal Law and Criminology). New Delhi: Deep & Deep. p. 564.  ISBN  81-7629-410-1.
Retrieved 9 November 2015.
57. Jump up^ Narain, Vrinda. "Water as a Fundamental Right: A Perspective from
India"  (PDF).Vermont Law Review. 34:917: 920. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
58. Jump up^ Khosla, Madhav. "Making social rights conditional: Lessons from
India"  (PDF). I•CON (2010)  8 (4): 761.  doi:10.1093/icon/mor005. Retrieved  10 November  2015.
59. Jump up^ H. R. Khanna. Making of India's Constitution. Eastern Book Co, Lucknow,
1981.ISBN 978-81-7012-108-4.

As of August 2015, there have been 100 amendments to the Constitution of India since it was
first enacted in 1950.[1]

There are two types of amendments to the constitution which are governed by article 368.

 The first type includes amendments that can be effected by Parliament of India by a
prescribed ‘special majority’; and
  The second type of amendments includes those that require, in addition to such "special
majority", ratification by at least one half of the State Legislatures. The second type amendments
made to the constitution are amendments # 3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31,
32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 54, 61, 62, 70, 73, 74, 75, 79, 84, 88, 95 and 99. [2]

Contents
  [hide] 

 1List
 2See also
 3References
 4External links

List[edit]

No Enforced
Amendments Objectives
. since

To fully secure the constitutional validity of

zamindari abolition laws and to place
Amend articles 15, 19, 85, 87, reasonable restriction on freedom of speech.
174, 176, 341, 342, 372 and A new constitutional device, called Schedule
18 June
1 376. 9 introduced to protect laws that are contrary
1951
Insert articles 31A and 31B. to the Constitutionally guaranteed
Insert schedule 9. [3]
fundamental rights. These laws encroach
upon property rights, freedom of speech and
equality before law

Removed the upper population limit for a

2 Amend article 81(1)(b). [4]
1 May 1953 parliamentary constituency by amending
Article 81(1)(b).

3 Amend schedule 7.[5] 22 February Re-enacted entry 33 of the Concurrent List in

1955 the Seventh Schedule with relation to include
trade and commerce in, and the production,
supply and distribution of 4 classes of
essential commodities, viz., foodstuffs,
No Enforced
Amendments Objectives
. since

including edible oil seeds and oils; cattle

fodder, including oilcakes and other
concentrates; raw cotton whether ginned or
unginned, and cotton seeds; and raw jute.

Restrictions on property rights and inclusion

Amend articles 31, 35 band 305. 27 April
4 of related bills in Schedule 9 of the
Amend schedule 9.[6] 1955
constitution

Empowered the President to prescribe a time

limit for a State Legislature to convey its
views on proposed Central laws relating to
the formation of new States and alteration of
24
areas, boundaries or names of existing
5 Amend article 3.[7] December
States. Also permitted the President to
1955
extend the prescribed limit, and prohibited
any such bill from being introduced in
Parliament until after the expiry of the
prescribed or extended period.

11
Amend articles 269 and 286. Amend the Union and State Lists with
6 September
Amend schedule 7.[8] respect to raising of taxes
1956

7 Amend articles 1, 3, 49, 80, 81, 1 November Reorganization of states on linguistic lines,
82, 131, 153, 158, 168, 170, 1956 abolition of Class A, B, C, D states and
171, 216, 217, 220, 222, 224, introduction of Union Territories
230, 231 and 232.
Insert articles 258A, 290A, 298,
350A, 350B, 371, 372A and
No Enforced
Amendments Objectives
. since

378A.
Amend part 8.
Amend schedules 1, 2, 4 and 7.
[9]

Extended the period of reservation of seats

for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
5 January
8 Amend article 334. [10]
Tribes and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha
1960
and the State Legislative Assemblies till
1970

Minor adjustments to territory of Indian Union

28
consequent to agreement with Pakistan for
9 Amend schedule 1.[11] December
settlement of disputes by demarcation of
1960
border villages, etc.

Incorporation of Dadra, Nagar and Haveli as

Amend article 240. 11 August
10 a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition
Amend schedule 1.[12] 1961
from Portugal

Election of Vice President by Electoral

College consisting of members of both
Houses of Parliament, instead of election by
19
a Joint Sitting of Parliament. Indemnify the
11 Amend articles 66 and 71.[13] December
President and Vice President Election
1961
procedure from challenge on grounds of
existence of any vacancies in the electoral
college
No Enforced
Amendments Objectives
. since

20 Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu as a

Amend article 240.
12 December Union Territory, consequent to acquisition
Amend schedule 1.[14]
1961 from Portugal

Amend article 170. 1 December Formation of State of Nagaland, with special

13
Insert new article 371A. [15]
1963 protection under Article 371A

Incorporation of Pondicherry into the Union

Amend articles 81 and 240. 28
of India and creation of Legislative
14 Insert article 239A. December
Assemblies for Himachal Pradesh, Tripura,
Amend schedules 1 and 4.[16] 1962
Manipur and Goa

Amend articles 124, 128, 217,

Raise retirement age of High court judges
222, 224, 226, 297, 311 and
5 October from 60 to 62 and other minor amendments
15 316.
1963 for rationalizing interpretation of rules
Insert article 224A.
regarding judges etc.
Amend schedule 7.[17]

Make it obligatory for seekers of public office

Amend articles 19, 84 and 173. 5 October to swear their allegiance to the Indian
16
Amend schedule 3.[18] 1963 Republic and prescribe the various obligtory
templates

To secure the constitutional validity of

Amend article 31A. 20 June acquisition of Estates and place land
17
Amend schedule 9.[19] 1964 acquisition laws in Schedule 9 of the
constitution

18 Amend article 3.[20] 27 August Technical Amendment to include Union

No Enforced
Amendments Objectives
. since

Territories in Article 3 and hence permit

1966
reorganisation of Union Territories

11
Abolish Election Tribunals and enable trial of
19 Amend article 324. [21]
December
election petitions by regular High Courts
1966

Indemnify & validate judgments, decrees,

orders and sentences passed by judges and
to validate the appointment, posting,
22 promotion and transfer of judges barring a
20 Insert article 233A. [22]
December few who were not eligible for appointment
1966 under article 233. Amendment needed to
overcome the effect of judgement
invalidating appointments of certain judges in
the state of Uttar Pradesh

10 April
21 Amend schedule 8.[23] Include Sindhi as an Official Language
1967

25
Amend article 275. Provision to form Autonomous states within
22 September
Insert articles 244A and 371B. [24]
the State of Assam
1969

23 Amend articles 330, 332, 333 23 January Discontinued reservation of seats for the
and 334.[25] 1970 Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, both in the
Lok Sabha and the State Legislative
Assembly and stipulated that not more than
one Anglo-Indian could be nominated by the
No Enforced
Amendments Objectives
. since

Governor to any State Legislative Assembly.

Extend reservation for SC/ST and Anglo
Indian members in the Lok Sabha and State
Assemblies for another ten years, i.e. up to
1980.

Enable parliament to dilute fundamental

5 November
24 Amend articles 13 and 368. [26]
rights through amendments to the
1971
constitution

Amend article 31. 20 April Restrict property rights and compensation in

25
Insert article 31C. [27]
1972 case the state takes over private property

Amend article 366. 28 Abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers

26 Insert article 363A. December of princely states which were incorporated
Remove articles 291 and 362. [28]
1971 into the Indian Republic

Reorganization of Mizoram into a Union

Amend articles 239A and 240. 15 February
27 Territory with a legislature and council of
Insert articles 239B and 371C. [29] 1972
ministers

Rationalize Civil Service rules to make it

Insert article 312A. 29 August
28 uniform across those appointed prior to
Remove article 314.[30] 1972
Independence and post independence

Place land reform acts and amendments to

29 Amend schedule 9. [31]
9 June 1972 these act under Schedule 9 of the
constitution
No Enforced
Amendments Objectives
. since

Change the basis for appeals in Supreme

27 February Court of India in case of Civil Suits from
30 Amend article 133.[32]
1973 value criteria to one involving substantial
question of law

Increase size of Parliament from 525 to 545

seats. Increased seats going to the new
Amend articles 81, 330 and 332. 17 October
31 states formed in North East India and minor
[33]
1973
adjustment consequent to 1971 Delimitation
exercise

Amend article 371. Protection of regional rights in Telangana

32 Insert articles 371D and 371E. 1 July 1974 and Andhra regions of State of Andhra
Amend schedule 7. [34]
Pradesh

Prescribes procedure for resignation by

19 May members of parliament and state legislatures
33 Amend articles 101 and 190.[35]
1974 and the procedure for verification and
acceptance of resignation by house speaker

7 Place land reform acts and amendments to

34 Amend schedule 9.[36] September these act under Schedule 9 of the
1974 constitution

Amend articles 80 and 81.

1 March Terms and Conditions for the Incorporation
35 Insert article 2A.
1975 of Sikkim into the Union of India
Insert schedule 10.[37]

36 Amend articles 80 and 81. 26 April Formation of Sikkim as a State within the
No Enforced
Amendments Objectives
. since

Insert article 371F.

Remove article 2A.
1975 Indian Union
Amend schedules 1 and 4.
Remove schedule 10.[38]

Formation of Arunachal Pradesh legislative

37 Amend articles 239A and 240. [39] 3 May 1975
assembly

Amend articles 123, 213, 239B, 1 August Enhances the powers of President and
38
352, 356, 359 and 360. [40]
1975 Governors to pass ordinances

Amendment designed to negate the

judgement of Allahabad High Court
Amend articles 71 and 329.
10 August invalidating Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's
39 Insert article 329A.
1975 election to parliament. Amendment placed
Amend schedule 9.[41]
restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of
Prime Minister

Enable Parliament to make laws with respect

to Exclusive Economic Zone and vest the
Amend article 297. 27 May mineral wealth with Union of India
40
Amend schedule 9.[42] 1976
Place land reform & other acts and
amendments to these act under Schedule 9
of the constitution

Raise Retirement Age Limit of Chairmen and

7
Members of Joint Public Service
41 Amend article 316.[43] September
Commissions and State Public Service
1976
Commissions from sixty to sixty two.
No Enforced
Amendments Objectives
. since

Amend articles 31, 31C, 39, 55,

74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 100, 102,
103, 105, 118, 145, 150, 166,
170, 172, 189, 191, 192, 194,
Amendment passed during internal
208, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228,
emergency by Indira Gandhi. Provides for
311, 312, 330, 352, 353, 356,
curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes
42 357, 358, 359, 366, 368 and 1 April 1977
fundamental duties and changes to the basic
371F.
structure of the constitution by making India
Insert articles 31D, 32A, 39A,
a "Socialist Secular" Republic
43A, 48A, 131A, 139A, 144A,
226A, 228A and 257A.
Insert parts 4A and 14A.
Amend schedule 7.[44]

Amendment passed after revocation of

Amend articles 145, 226, 228
internal emergency in the Country. Repeals
and 366. 13 April
43 some of the more 'Anti-Freedom'
Remove articles 31D, 32A, 1978
amendments enacted through Amendment
131A, 144A, 226A and 228A.[45]
Bill 42

Amend articles 19, 22, 30, 31A,

31C, 38, 71, 74, 77, 83, 103,
105, 123, 132, 133, 134, 139A,
150, 166, 172, 192, 194, 213, Amendment passed after revocation of
217, 225, 226, 227, 239B, 329, internal emergency in the Country. Provides
6
352, 356, 358, 359, 360 and for human rights safeguards and
44 September
371F. mechanisms to prevent abuse of executive
1978
Insert articles 134A and 361A. and legislative authority. Annuls some
Remove articles 31, 257A and Amendments enacted in Amendment Bill 42
329A.
Amend part 12.
Amend schedule 9.[46]

45 Amend article 334.[47] 25 January Extend reservation for SC / ST and

1980 nomination of Anglo Indian members in
Parliament and State Assemblies for another
No Enforced
Amendments Objectives
. since

ten years i.e. up to 1990

Amend articles 269, 286 and Amendment to negate judicial

2 February
46 366. pronouncements on scope and applicability
1983
Amend schedule 7. [48]
on Sales Tax

Place land reform acts and amendments to

26 August
47 Amend schedule 9.[49] these act under Schedule 9 of the
1984
constitution

Article 356 amended to permit President's

48 Amend article 356.[50] 1 April 1985
rule up to two years in the state of Punjab

11 Recognize Tripura as a Tribal State and

Amend article 244.
49 September enable the creation of a Tripura Tribal Areas
Amend schedules 5 and 6.[51]
1984 Autonomous District Council

Technical Amendment to curtailment of

11 Fundamental Rights as per Part III as
50 Amend article 33.[52] September prescribed in Article 33 to cover Security
1984 Personnel protecting property and
communication infrastructure

Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in

16 June
51 Amend articles 330 and 332.[53] Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
1986
Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies

Amend articles 101, 102, 190 Anti Defection Law - Provide disqualification
1 March
52 and 191. of members from parliament and assembly in
1985
Insert schedule 10. [54]
case of defection from one party to other

20 February Special provision with respect to the State of

53 Insert article 371G.[55]
1987 Mizoram.

Increase the salary of Chief Justice of India

Amend articles 125 and 221. & other Judges and to provide for
54 1 April 1986
Amend schedule 2.[56] determining future increases without the
need for constitutional amendment

20 February Special powers to Governor consequent to

55 Insert article 371H.[57]
1987 formation of state of Arunachal Pradesh
No Enforced
Amendments Objectives
. since

30 May Transition provision to enable formation of

56 Insert article 371I.[58]
1987 state of Goa

21 Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in

57 Amend article 332. [59]
September Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
1987 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies

Provision to publish authentic Hindi

Insert article 394A. 9 December translation of constitution as on date and
58
Amend part 22. [60]
1987 provision to publish authentic Hindi
translation of future amendments

Article 356 amended to permit President's

rule up to three years in the state of Punjab,
Amend article 356. 30 March Articles 352 and Article 359A amended to
59
Insert article 359A. [61]
1988 permit imposing emergency in state of
Punjab or in specific districts of the state of
Punjab

20
Profession Tax increased from a minimum of
60 Amend article 276.[62] December
Rs. 250/- to a maximum of Rs. 2500/-
1988

28 March
61 Amend article 326.[63] Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to 18
1989

Extend reservation for SC / ST and

20
nomination of Anglo Indian members in
62 Amend article 334.[64] December
Parliament and State Assemblies for another
1989
ten years i.e. up to 2000

Emergency powers applicable to State of

Amend article 356. 6 January
63 Punjab, accorded in Article 359A as per
Remove article 359A.[65] 1990
amendment 59 repealed

Article 356 amended to permit President's

16 April
64 Amend article 356.[66] rule up to three years and six months in the
1990
state of Punjab

65 Amend article 338.[67] 12 March National Commission for Scheduled Castes

No Enforced
Amendments Objectives
. since

and Scheduled Tribes formed and its

1990 statutory powers specified in The
Constitution.

Place land reform acts and amendments to

66 Amend schedule 9. [68]
7 June 1990 these act under Schedule 9 of the
constitution

4 October Article 356 amended to permit President's

67 Amend article 356.[69]
1990 rule up to four years in the state of Punjab

12 March Article 356 amended to permit President's

68 Amend article 356.[70]
1991 rule up to five years in the state of Punjab

To provide for a legislative assembly and

Insert articles 239AA and 1 February council of ministers for Federal National
69
239AB.[71] 1992 Capital of Delhi. Delhi continues to be a
Union Territory

21 Include National Capital of Delhi and Union

70 Amend articles 54 and 239AA.[72] December Territory of Pondicherry in electoral college
1991 for Presidential Election

31 August Include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali as

71 Amend schedule 8.[73]
1992 Official Languages

5 December Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in

72 Amend article 332.[74]
1992 Tripura State Legislative Assembly

24 April Statutory provisions for Panchyat Raj as third

73 Insert part 9.[75]
1992 level of administration in villages

Statutory provisions for Local Administrative

74 Insert part 9A. [76]
1 June 1992 bodies as third level of administration in
urban areas such as towns and cities

15 May Provisions for setting up Rent Control

75 Amend article 323B.[77]
1994 Tribunals

76 Amend schedule 9.[78] 31 August Enable continuance of 69% reservation in

1994 Tamil Nadu by including the relevant Tamil
No Enforced
Amendments Objectives
. since

Nadu Act under 9th Schedule of the

constitution

A technical amendment to protect

17 June
77 Amend article 16. [79]
reservation to SC/ST Employees in
1995
promotions

Place land reform acts and amendments to

30 August
78 Amend schedule 9. [80]
these act under Schedule 9 of the
1995
constitution

Extend reservation for SC / ST and

25 January nomination of Anglo Indian members in
79 Amend article 334.[81]
2000 Parliament and State Assemblies for another
ten years i.e. up to 2010

Implement Tenth Finance Commission

Amend articles 269 and 270. recommendation to simplify the tax
80 9 June 2000
Remove article 272. [82]
structures by pooling and sharing all taxes
between states and The Centre

Protect SC / ST reservation in filling backlog

81 Amend article 16.[83] 9 June 2000
of vacancies

8 Permit relaxation of qualifying marks and

82 Amend article 335. [84]
September other criteria in reservation in promotion for
2000 SC / ST candidates

8 Exempt Arunachal Pradesh from reservation

83 Amend article 243M. [85]
September for Scheduled Castes in Panchayati Raj
2000 institutions

Extend the usage of 1971 national census

Amend articles 55, 81, 82, 170, 21 February
84 population figures for statewise distribution of
330 and 332.[86] 2002
parliamentary seats

A technical amendment to protect

4 January
85 Amend article 16. [87]
Consequential seniority in case of
2002
promotions of SC/ST Employees

86 Amend articles 45 and 51A. 12 Provides Right to Education until the age of
No Enforced
Amendments Objectives
. since

December fourteen and Early childhood care until the

Insert article 21A.[88]
2002 age of six

Extend the usage of 2001 national census

Amend articles 81, 82, 170 and 22 June
87 population figures for statewise distribution of
330.[89] 2003
parliamentary seats

Amend article 270.

15 January To extend statutory cover for levy and
88 Insert article 268A.
2004 utilization of Service Tax
Amend schedule 7.[90]

The National Commission for Scheduled

28 Castes and Scheduled Tribes was bifurcated
Amend article 338.
89 September into The National Commission for Scheduled
Insert article 338A.[91]
2003 Castes and The National Commission for
Scheduled Tribes

28
Reservation in Assam Assembly relating to
90 Amend article 332. [92]
September
Bodoland Territory Area
2003

Amend articles 75 and 164. Restrict the size of council of ministers to

1 January
91 Insert article 361B. 15% of legislative members & to strengthen
2004
Amend schedule 10. [93]
Anti Defection laws

7 January Include Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Maithali as

92 Amend schedule 8.[94]
2004 official languages

To enable provision of reservation(27%) for

20 January other backward classes (O.B.C.) in
93 Amend article 15.[95]
2006 government as well as private educational
institutions

To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in

12 June
94 Amend article 164. [96]
newly created Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh
2006
States including Madhyapradesh, Orissa.

95 Amend article 334.[97] 25 January To extend the reservation of seats for SCs
2010 and STs in the Lok Sabha and states
assemblies from Sixty years to Seventy
No Enforced
Amendments Objectives
. since

years

23
96 Amend schedule 8.[98] September Substituted "Odia" for "Oriya"
2011

Added the words "or co-operative societies"

after the word "or unions" in Article 19(l)(c)
and insertion of article 43B i.e., Promotion of
Co-operative Societies and added Part-IXB
i.e., The Co-operative Societies.

Amend Art 19 and added Part 12 January The amendment objective is to encourage
97
IXB. [99]
2012 economic activities of cooperatives which in
turn help progress of rural India. It is
expected to not only ensure autonomous and
democratic functioning of cooperatives, but
also the accountability of the management to
the members and other stakeholders. [100]

To empower the Governor of Karnataka to

To insert Article 371J in the 2 January
98 take steps to develop the Hyderabad-
Constitution[101] 2013
Karnataka Region.[101]

The amendment provides for the formation of

a National Judicial Appointments
Commission. 16 State assemblies out of 29
Insertion of new articles 124A,
States including Goa, Rajasthan, Tripura,
124B and 124C. Amendments to 13 April
99 Gujarat and Telangana ratified the Central
Articles 127, 128, 217, 222, 2015[103]
Legislation, enabling the President of India to
224A, 231.[102]
give assent to the bill.[104] The amendment is
in toto quashed by Supreme Court on 16
October 2015.

100 Amendment of First Schedule to 1 August Exchange of certain enclave territories

Constitution[105] 2015 with Bangladesh and conferment of
citizenship rights to residents of enclaves
consequent to signing of Land Boundary
 No Enforced
Amendments Objectives
. since

Agreement (LBA)Treaty between India and

Bangladesh.

See also[edit]
 List of Acts of the Parliament of India

References[edit]
1. Jump up^ "The Constitution Amendment Acts". Indiacode.nic.in. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
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54. Jump up^ "Fifty Nine Second Amendment". Indiacode.nic.in. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
55. Jump up^ "Fifty Third Amendment". Indiacode.nic.in. Retrieved  2011-11-19.
56. Jump up^ "Fifty Fourth Amendment". Indiacode.nic.in. Retrieved  2011-11-19.
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62. Jump up^ "Sixtieth Amendment". Indiacode.nic.in. Retrieved  2011-11-19.
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84. Jump up^ "Eighty Second Amendment". Indiacode.nic.in. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
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92. Jump up^ "Ninetieth Amendment". Indiacode.nic.in. 2004-09-28. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
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102. Jump up^ "The Constitutions (Ninety-ninth) Amendment) Bill, 2014"  (PDF). Govt, of India.
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