UNDERSTANDING CULTURE,

SOCIETY AND POLITICS

Quarter 4 Module 8:
Education as a Social
Institution

GOVERNMENT PROPERT
NOT FOR SALE
Philippine Politics and Governance -12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 8: Educationas a Social Institution
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: CRISTELYN R. GONZALES

DONNA MAE A. TORRES
BENNY A. RAMOS
Editors: TERESITA S. MALANA
Reviewers:
Illustrators:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Joann A. Corpuz
Joye D. Madalipay
Arnel S. Bandiola
Jenetrix T. Tumaneng
Milagros Sandra G. Malvar

Schools Division of Ilocos Norte

Office Address: Brgy. 7B, Giron Street, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte
Telefax: (077) 771-0960
Telephone No: (077) 770-5963
E-mail Address: [email protected]
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Quarter 4 Module 8:
Education as a Social
Institution
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Education as a Social
Institution!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by
educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher
or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints
in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box
in the body of the module:

Note to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use

this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected
to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the
module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Philippine Politics and Governance Alternative Delivery Mode

(ADM) Module on Social Stratification!
The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is
often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may
learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource
signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully
achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your
academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.

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You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while
being an active learner.

This module has the following parts with their corresponding icons:

What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or

Know competencies you are expected to learn
in the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims

to check what you already know about
the lesson to take. If you get all the
answers correctly, you may decide to
skip this module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you

link the current lesson with the previous
one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such
as a story, a song, a poem, a problem
opener, an activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion

of the lesson. This aims to help you
discover and understand new concepts
and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for

independent practice to strengthen your
understanding and skills of the topic.
You may check the answers in the
exercises using the Answer Key at the
end of the module.
What I Have This includes questions or open-ended
Learned statements to be filled in to process what
you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which

will help you transfer your new
knowledge or skill into real life
situations.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate

your level of mastery in achieving the
learning competency.
Additional In this portion, another activity will be
Activities given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned. This also
develops retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in

the module.

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At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,
do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful
learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was specifically developed and designed to provide you fun and
meaningful learning experience, with your own time and pace.

The module is divided into one lesson, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Education as a Social Institution
After going through this module, you are expected to:
 analyze aspects of social organization
 identify one’s role in social groups and institutions
 recognize other forms of economic transaction such as sharing, gift exchange, and

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 Lesson
Education as a Social
1 Institution

In the previous modules, you have learned about function and importance of
education in the society. This module will discuss the concept, characteristics and forms
of stratification systems using sociological perspectives. Stratification derives from the
geological concept of strata - rock layers created by natural processes. And class is large
set of people regarded by themselves or others as sharing similar status with regard to
wealth, power and prestige. Through with this, how does social stratification affects
individual in the society? Let us take a look at the sociological perspective of the
stratification system.

What I Know

Directions: Read each item carefully. Choose the correct answer from the choices given.
Write your answers on the space provided.

1. Refers to a society’s categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic

tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power.
a. Class
b. Caste Stratification
c. Primitive Communalism
d. Social Stratification
Answer:_________________

2. Primitive communalism characterized by a high degree of sharing and minimal

social inequality.
a. True b. False c. Partly true
Answer:_______________

3. Social stratification may have the following characteristics EXCEPT

a. Social stratification is universal
b. Stratification is social
c. It is broad
d. It is in diverse forms
Answer:_______________

4. How does caste system makes closed?

a. By existing in the only to the remote areas.

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 b. They can also socialize with and marry members of other classes
c. People cannot change their social standing.
d. People have legal rights and duties, privileges and obligations.
Answer:__________________________

Social stratification is consequential. The system leads to two kind of

consequences:
5. __________________
6. __________________

7. A class system is based on both social factors and individual achievement.

a. True b. False c. Partly true
Answer:_______________

8. Who said the social stratification is horizontal division of society into ‘higher’
and ‘lower’ social units?
a. Raymond W. Murray
b. Kurt B. Mayer
c. Lundberg
d. Gilbert
Answer:__________________________

9. What form of social stratification if a person is own by other as a property?

a. Class System
b. Estate System
c. Slavery System
d. Caste System
Answer:__________________________

10. The Caste System of stratification is mostly prominent in India and the Hindu
religion. With this, which of the following belong to Brahmins?
a. Teachers
b. Soldier
c. Traders
d. Servants
Answer:__________________________

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 What’s In

What programs in the Department of Education address the literacy problem of the Out of
School Youth in our country?
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What’s New

LAPU- LAPU
LAPU

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Look at the picture. What can you see on it? What does the picture tell us and how will
affect the education in the society? Explain your answer.
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What is It

Most people equate education with schools, but there is a huge difference
between these two.
Education

Definition: a system consisting of the roles and norms that ensure the transmission
of knowledge, values, and patterns of behavior from one generation to the next. •
Schooling is formal education, which involves instruction by specially trained teachers
who follow officially recognized policies.
A Change in Education • In some preindustrial societies, education is largely
informal and occurs mainly within the family.
The basic purpose of education is the transmission of knowledge. While before
education was a family responsibility, along with the community and the church,
industrial changed it dramatically. • Schools become necessary when cultural
complexity created a need for specialized knowledge and skill which could not be
easily acquired in the family, church or community. • the complexity of modern life
has not diminished the teaching function of the family, but it has added the need for
many types of instruction which require specialized educational agencies like school,
college or university.
Are schools to prepare students for college, for vocation, or to achieve high
scores on standardized tests? • Some say schools come down to either preparing
students to adjust to society or equipping them to change and improve society. • Not
only do people hold widely divergent views regarding the goals of schools, but these
views seem to vary depending on the times.
What are the Functions of Schools? • The primary function is to move young
people in the mainstream of society. • The school is the place for the contemplation of
reality, and our task as teachers, in the simplest terms, is to show this reality to our

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students, who are naturally eager about them. • At home we teach reality to children
in a profoundly personal, informal, and unstructured way. • There are also teachers
who facilitate learning, who teach children and youth certain types of acceptable
behavior, and sees to it that children develop aspects: physically, emotionally, socially
and academically.

basic cognitive skills such as reading writing, and mathematics; to transmit

(patriotism). To teach children the basic laws of society.

prepare students for their later occupational roles and select, train, and allocate
individuals into the division of labor.
It refers to the various ways through which knowledge is passed on to the
other members of the society. This knowledge can be in the form of factual data,
skills, norms, and values. On the other hand, schooling refers to the formal
education one receives under a specially trained teacher.
This was what Mark Twain, author of the novels The Adventures of
Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn meant when he said, “I have
never let my schooling interfere with my education.” Education evolves from time to
time and from country to country. For example, in the Middle Ages in Great
Britain, education was reserved only for the nobility, and the kind of education
they received was focused on classical subjects that had nothing to do with earning
a living. Around the same time in Japan, education was open to the nobility, but it
was the Zen Buddhist monasteries and the Ashikaga Gakko – which focused on
Chinese medicine, Confucianism, and the I Ching – that drove it forward.
Meanwhile, in the 1900s, education became more mainstream and could be
accessed by workers and commoners. In Russia, education became a key
component to becoming an industrial power, hence prompting the creation of a
standardized educational system that was under the control of the government.
Unlike in the earlier years when students had the freedom to choose what
they wanted to learn, teachers were then required to teach based on a predefined
curriculum. Often, that curriculum focused on socialist values and academic
excellence. Industrialization also seems to be a major contributor to the expansion
of education in the United States. Unlike socialist Russia or its mother country
Great Britain, however, education in the US focused on political participation.
According to Thomas Jefferson, allowing education to focus on the value of
freedom and citizen participation in governance would enable Americans to “read
and understand what is going on in the world.” The US was also the first country
to enact mandatory education laws. Because the government paid for education in
the country, it was necessary to produce practical consequences.
As a result, each generation of students received a fixed body of knowledge
which often reflected the concerns and needs of the generation. For example,
modern education in the US is focused on developing skills that students will need
when they enter the job market. Practical arts and art have less room in the
curriculum, but computer science and coding have gained center stage.
From the short discussion, one can already see that education is an
important factor in maintaining the stability of a society. Note, however, that
education can happen on various fronts. There is formal education (or schooling)
which refers to the complete educational ladder all children must go through from

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 childhood up to adulthood. And then there are the alternative forms which are not
controlled by the government (often called private
education, indigenous education, informal learning, and self–directed
learning). With the advance of the internet, a new form of education has
emerged: open education through online courses.

Regardless of these developments in education, formal education remains to be

of paramount importance. Every child, in every country, has to go through it. As such,
its functions remain the same. Formal education performs the following functions:
socialization, social integration, social placement, cultural innovation, and latent
functions such as childcare and the establishment of lasting social ties.

The Five Functions of Formal Education

 Socialization

As has been discussed above, education is used to promote the norms and values of a
society from one generation to the next. In some countries, the transmission function
of education is taken on by families. However, in more advanced countries, social
institutions such as schools become important as the family can no longer provide the
tools and important knowledge needed by the young student. This is the reason why
formal education was developed.

From early childhood, students in formal education learn their native language, as
well as the mathematical skill they will need to function in society. Such learning
expands in secondary and tertiary education, as students are prepared to adapt to his
changing realities.

As can be seen in the example of Russia and the US, education can be used to
promote specific values which may be cultural or political in nature.In many
countries, students are oriented towards competition, as can be evidenced by exams
and the grading system adopted by formal educational institutions.
 Social Integration

Because education is used to transmit norms and values, it can also be regarded as a
unifying force. It promotes desired values and ensures conformity. In cases of
deviance, it provides widely known approaches to convert. For example, mandatory
education laws in the US ensured that all immigrants to the country knew what was
desirable and undesirable in the US society because they had to be educated in the US
schools.
 Social Placement

Formal education helps students to discover approved statuses and roles that will help
the society’s longevity. Educational systems consider the various talents and interests
of students and attempt to provide opportunities that provide a good fit for these
talents and interests. Formal education, in a way, is an equalizer. It focuses on
achievement, rather than educational.

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 Cultural Innovation

Educational institutions are the center of cultural innovation because they stimulate
intellectual inquiry and promote critical thinking. It enables new ideas to develop, as
well as provide bases for new knowledge to become accepted in the mainstream.
Through schools, theories are proven; technologies are improved; and cultures can
adapt to the changing society.
 Latent Functions of Formal Education

As more families have both parents working at the same time, schools tend to become
an institution of child care. As children have to be in school, parents can have time to
perform their economic duties without being burdened with childcare duties. Another
latent function of formal education is the establishment of social relationships that
would have a lasting impact on the life of a child.

We have heard of students ascribing their success to their teachers or successful

businesspeople who rely on their social networks to promote their businesses. Many of
the social ties a child forms in the course of their schooling are lasting social networks
and would impact various aspects of their lives.

Education as a Human Right

The status of education as a human right is no new thing. Many international

conventions such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
Against Women, and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities have reaffirmed this right. Despite the consensus on the importance of
education, human rights advocates continue to campaign for it due to two reasons:

 When children receive basic primary education, they will be able to learn the
basics of literacy and numeracy, and hence, gain the basic social and life skills
they need to be an active member of society and live a fulfilling life; and
 Many children around the world still do not have access even to basic primary
education.

Three Facets of the Right to Education

The right to education goes beyond having the capacity to go to school. Article 26 of
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights underscores three basic rights in relation
to education.

1. Education enables individuals to exercise all their rights. Through basic

education, individuals are able to know about their rights and are able to assert
them. They are able to get good paying jobs, participate fully in the political
process, care for their environment, cooperate with their fellow men, and fight for
equality and justice.

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2. All children have a right to quality education. It is not enough that children are
able to access education. Instead, they must be afforded with an education that
meets their needs and prepares them for future challenges in their adulthood. In
this aspect, learning outcomes are important indicators of success.
3. All children must be given the same educational opportunities. Socio-
economic background, capacities, and location should not be a factor in a child’s
education. Wherever the child is living, there should be schools that are able to
provide him or her with an education that is at par with international standards.
Children with disabilities should be allowed to go to school. The curriculum, their
teachers, and class activities have to be adapted to fit their needs.

Education in the Philippines

As of 2013, the Philippine Statistics Authority shows that there are almost 10,000
private education institutions operating in the country. 20.1% of them are offering pre-
school education; 17.5% of them are engaged in primary education; 25.6% are in
secondary education, and 26% are involved in tertiary education. Because the lack of
teachers and educational facilities are perennial problems in the Philippines, having
these many private schools might sound like a good idea. But Kishore Singh, the UN
special rapporteur on the right to education believes that the rise in private education
is an indication of the government’s failure to meet their obligation in ensuring
universal, free, and high-quality education for their citizens. With private schools,
Singh continues, education becomes a privilege for the well-to-do and could lead to
continued marginalization and exclusion of those who are already marginalized. It
creates social inequality and is a clear infringement of the human rights law.

The problem with privatization of education does not end with basic education. As
state colleges are rare in many countries, there is unequal access to higher education.
In the Philippines, until recently, a family must have at least PHP50, 000 per child per
year in order to send their children to a state university. While free college education
in the country is currently being implemented, there is no assurance as to how long it
will continue. Moreover, most state universities and colleges can only accommodate a
number of students, and a vast majority of secondary school graduates must enter
private universities for tertiary education.

As of 2015, tuition fees in private universities range from PHP 50,000 to almost
PHP200, 000 per semester, depending on the school the students choose to enroll in.
Statistics also show that the average family income for the same year was only at PHP
22,000 per month with 41.9% of the family’s total expenditures allotted for food. If an
average Filipino family has two to three children, it is clear that very few can afford to
send their children to good schools.

Even with the Philippines’ difficulties in providing adequate educational opportunities

for all its citizens, we are still better off compared to other countries. As an example, in
2017, it has been reported that about 1.75 million Syrian children are out of school
due to the continuing hostilities in their country. As refugees flock Turkey, Jordan,
and Lebanon, these countries’ capacities to provide free, basic education are seriously
at risk.

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 What I Have Learned
Answer the Following questions on your activity notebook.

1. Education is the key to success in the Philippine society today.

2. Compulsary Education-Law only keeps individuals in school who
do not have any interest in learning.

Assessment

Direction: How do you see yourself after 10 years? Answer the question through a
drawing.

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 Additional Activities

At present, how does the new normal education affects the lives of the people?
What is the impact? Site on example. Explain your answer in more than 200 words.

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The primary function of educational institution is the socialization of

children and the new members of the society. There are numerous aspects
to the socialization process. Each one of these aspects prepares each child
and the new members of the society for a significant life in the society.

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 Answer Key

Lesson I
What I know, What’s
New, What I have
Learned and What I can
do- It is the discretion of
the teacher on how
many points will s/he
going rate the answers of
the learners

References:

https://www.slideshare.net/NJ_Jamali/role-of-education-in-society

https://quizlet.com/239714937/ucsp-educational-institution-flash-cards/

https://sklthebest.home.blog/2018/10/01/ucsp-module-5-education-as-a-social-
institution/#:~:text=Every%20child%2C%20in%20every%20country,establishment%20of%20lasting%20s
ocial%20ties.

https://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/8-1-systems-of-stratification/

https://quizlet.com/325547316/education-ucsp-flash-cards/
https://www.google.com/search?q=education+and+the+new+normal&rlz=1C1PRFI_enPH800PH800&so
urce=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjx1pv4hujrAhWKzIsBHX_3CNsQ_AUoAnoECA0QBA&biw=136
6&bih=576#imgrc=TjPTT1eGSoSBfM

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