Slide 1

What kind of fuels can be made by ancient trees?

Fossil fuels. There are 3 forms of fossil fuels that is coal, oil and natural gas

Were formed in Carboniferous period, the basic element in the fossil fuels is carbo. The theory
that fossil fuels formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants by exposure to heat and
pressure in the Earth's crust over millions of years
Coming to coal, people have to working in an unhealthy conditional environment to digging the
coal from mineral deposits
Other rocks above the oil were impermeable. The oil could not float upwards through these
rocks and so it gets trapped underneath it. Geologists - rock scientists - can often tell where
oil may be trapped.

Oil companies can drill down through the impermeable rocks to get it out. They are then
able to turn it into products we can use.

Crude oil takes millions of years to form, so when we have used it all, we cannot quickly get
more.
This is why we call crude oil a non-renewable or finite resource.
Our supplies will run out in about 50 years' time.

Hard to exploit, cost an extremely long time to reproduce, it not

enough to serve human necessary, caused environment polluted and
global warming
Basically renewable energy is any form of energy that is going to be around to use again in a reasonable
time frame, while it is true that natural is slowly working away more fossil fuels, like coal or oil, we
probably won’t want to wait to wait the million years or so to re-harvest coal seam

There are variety types of renewable energy such as

Solar energy – photovoltaics, solar thermal

Wind power- vertical and horizontal axis turbines

Hydroelectric energy- dam and river, tidal power, wave power

Geothermal- hot dry rock

Biomass- landfill gas, wood, crop and industrial wastes

SOLAR ENERGY
Photovoltaics use the light of sunshine
The first is to use photovoltaics cells to convert sun light directly to DC electricity. Photovoltaics cells
have a wide range of applications and have been successfully thus far in niche areas like the powering of
electronic watches and calculators. They are increasingly in use in remote areas power supply
applications (RAPS) where the cost of grid connection is high.
In Vietnam, using photovoltaics is encouraged by government, people buy the cells and install it in the
roof to produce family electricity and selling it to the neighborhood or to the GOV

Solar thermal uses the heat of the sunshine.

The second method is to use mirror to reflect sunlight onto thermal collectors. The collectors heat the
fluid that can be used to drive a turbine. This technology is centuries old, and plants of several of kW’s
were built at the term of the last century

ADVANTAGES
Land utilization does not adversely affect the useability of the land and systems can be designed
to fit existing structures. There are no significant residual land effects
Photovoltaics are extremely reliable and life can be expected up to 25 years
Can reduce transmission costs in specific application
Minimal lifetime pollutants no production of greenhouse gases in operation
Fuel/ resource costs after installation are minimal
The cost of solar power is decreasing, whereas the cost of fossil fuel is either station or
decreasing
Plants have minimal mechanical part thereby reducing maintenance costs. However, this has not
been borne out in the case of the Luz Solar Thermal Plants in California
Plants are modular so they can be easily expanded given the availability of area
DISADVANTAGES
Cost – the cost of solar thermal generation is still currently 2 time the cost of gas fired generation
given normal grid connection conditions. Photovoltaics are up to 4 time more expensive
Building materials – more materials are required since the area of collectors is large
Site limitation – plants would require many acres of land to produce the same power of gas
turbine.
Solar radiation is limited by geography, it also limited by daylight hours. Most systems
currently require back-up supplies or energy storage
WIND POWER
Wind is created through the uneven heating of the Earth’s surface. The difference in the
temperatures in the air cause it to move, thereby creating wind. Wind power uses to this wind to
bypass some of the steps in conventional energy production. The wind is used to spin the blades
of the wind turbine. This motion is then converted to the electricity by sending it through a
generator.

1. Turbines – The first part of course, is the turbine. The giant blades and
the rotor (hub) together make up the “turbine”. As wind passes by, it
makes the blades spin around. These blades have an aerodynamic curved
shape so as to capture as much energy from the wind as possible. The
blades are attached to a hub, which spins as the blades turn. As the rotor
turns, it spins a drive shaft which is connected to a generator inside the
housing at the top of the tower.
2. Shaft – The second part, the shaft, is actually a gearbox which
increases the speed of the spinning blades enough to power the
electricity generator.
3. Generator – The third part is the generator, which converts mechanical
energy of the moving wind into electrical energy, with the help of the
spinning shaft.

There are several large wind farm projects being developed in Australia
ADVANTAGES
Energy production costs, once installed, by wind turbines are the closest renewable energy
contender to the traditional methods
Wind generation produces more jobs than any other energy technology.
DISADVANTAGES
Only reliable as wind. While some areas have fairly consistent strong winds, these areas
particularly inland Australia are few and far between
Large costs associated with creating structures necessary
Wind turbines are fairly land - intensive and the must be placed in such a way that the wind is
not obstructed. This mean that they are not hidden and some people tend to think that this
structures are eyesores. They are also noisy and therefore not suited to populated areas.
There may also be risks for wildlife and local aircraft.
HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY
Power from water? not quite Hydroelectric power is the result of the potential energy of water
from a higher geographical point flowing to a lower geographical point.
Hydroelectric power generation is the most commercially used form of renewable energy.
Typically, water is held in a reservoir or lake behind a dam. When water is released from the
reservoir through the dam, the force of water is used to spin the blades of a turbine. The turbine
is connected to a generator that produces electricity. After passing through the turbine, the water
re – enter the river on the downstream side of the dam. The hydrological cycle of the area is what
make it renewable.
ADVANTAGES
Cheap, clean way of producing electrical power after infrastructure is built.
Has benefits for agricultural industries.
DISADVANTAGES
Ecology of site is affected
Downstream problems
High infrastructure costs
GEOTHERMAL

Dry steam plants are the most common types of geothermal power plants, accounting for about
half of the installed geothermal plants. They work by piping hot steam from underground
reservoirs directly into turbines from geothermal reservoirs, which power the generators to
provide electricity. After powering the turbines, the steam condenses into water and is piped
back into the earth via the injection well.

The most promising form of geothermal power in Australia is hot dry rocks. This involve drilling
deep into the earth and creating the fissures in the rock strata. Then by injecting water and using
the returned steam to a turbine.
Problems with geothermal energy as a major contributor to the world energy solution is that it is
very site – specific. In Australia, the potential site for hot dry rocks are limited but extensive
resource mapping works has not been undertaken. The steam from the ground can bring up
various corrosive and toxic chemicals that cause wear on equipment and health hazards for the
workers. Also a lager amount of water required.
Biomass
Derived from plants and animal material
Uses electricity heat gas

Việt Nam will require around US$10 billion annually between now and 2030 to meet the
growing demand of the energy sector, experts said. 

With such high capital requirements, the government has allowed 100 per cent foreign
ownership of Vietnamese companies in the energy sector.

Foreign investors can choose among permitted investment forms such as 100 per cent
foreign-invested company, joint ventures or public-private partnership (PPP).