DISTINGUISING THE ENERGY

CHANGES IN A CHEMICAL
Lesson Objectives:
REACTION
1. To differentiate Endothermic and Exothermic Processes.
2. To explain the First Law of Thermodynamics

• Endothermic vs Exothermic
• First Law of Thermodynamics
• Calorimetry
• Enthalpy of a Chemical Reaction: Thermochemical Equations
• Standard Molar Enthalpy
• Standard Enthalpy of a Reaction

STM006 MODULE 08
 DISTINGUISING THE ENERGY
CHANGES IN A CHEMICAL
Lesson Objectives:
REACTION
1. To differentiate Endothermic and Exothermic Processes.
2. To explain the First Law of Thermodynamics

 Endothermic vs Exothermic
• First Law of Thermodynamics
• Calorimetry
• Enthalpy of a Chemical Reaction: Thermochemical Equations
• Standard Molar Enthalpy
• Standard Enthalpy of a Reaction

STM006 MODULE 08
 ENERGY AND CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
• Chemical reactions always involve energy
changes.
HOW DO THESE WORK? • Making bonds and breaking
bonds involve energy changes

• Chemical Energy – Energy stored in the

chemical bonds of a substance.
• A reaction is EXOTHERMIC if more energy is released than absorbed.
• Energy can be released often in the form of light or heat

– Exothermic: energy is released

• Exo- = “exit”
• Seen in the chemical reaction of burning wood
• Temperature increases
 EXOTHERMIC
• Heat (energy) given off
• Temperature of the substance rises
• Products feel HOT

reaction
 EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS
• You may see an exothermic reaction written
like this…

REACTANTS PRODUCTS + ENERGY

OR
REACTANTS PRODUCTS + HEAT
• If more energy is ABSORBED than is RELEASED then
the reaction is ENDOTHERMIC

– Endothermic: energy is absorbed

• Endo- = “into”
• Seen in chemical reaction of cooking of pancakes
• Temperature decreases
ENDOTHERMIC
• Heat (energy) taken in
• Temperature of the substance drops
• Products feel COLD

reaction
 ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS
• You may see an endothermic reaction written
like this…

REACTANTS + ENERGY PRODUCTS

OR
REACTANTS + HEAT PRODUCTS
ENDOTHERMIC OR EXOTHERMIC?
ENDOTHERMIC OR EXOTHERMIC?

exothermic

endothermic

exothermic

endothermic
endothermic
 ENERGY CHANGES…

Identify the following processes as endothermic or exothermic:

1. Thermal decomposition of limestone to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
2. Explosion of a fire cracker triggered by a spark.
3. Combustion of hydrogen gas.
4. Burning of coal.
5. Neutralization between acid and base.
6. Combustion of gasoline.
7. PbCl2 dissolves only in hot water.
8. Heating causes sodium bicarbonate to decompose.
 ENERGY CHANGES…

Identify the following processes as endothermic or exothermic:

1. Thermal decomposition of limestone to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. endothermic
2. Explosion of a fire cracker triggered by a spark. exothermic
3. Combustion of hydrogen gas. exothermic
4. Burning of coal. exothermic
5. Neutralization between acid and base. exothermic
6. Combustion of gasoline. exothermic
7. PbCl2 dissolves only in hot water. endothermic
8. Heating causes sodium bicarbonate to decompose. endothermic
 DISTINGUISING THE ENERGY
CHANGES IN A CHEMICAL
Lesson Objectives:
REACTION
1. To differentiate Endothermic and Exothermic Processes.
2. To explain the First Law of Thermodynamics

 Endothermic vs Exothermic
 First Law of Thermodynamics
• Calorimetry
• Enthalpy of a Chemical Reaction: Thermochemical Equations
• Standard Molar Enthalpy
• Standard Enthalpy of a Reaction

STM006 MODULE 08
 ENERGY CHANGES…

Thermochemistry – study of heat flow that accompanies a chemical reaction

and/or physical transformation.
Heat – energy transfer due to change/difference in temperature until
equilibrium is reached.
SURROUNDINGS

SURROUNDINGS

SURROUNDINGS
• In thermodynamics, the world is divided into a system and its surroundings
• A system is the part of the world we want to study (e.g. a reaction mixture in a
flask) SYSTEM
• The surroundings consist of everything else outside the system

SURROUNDINGS
 ENERGY CHANGES…

Heat (q) is positive when the process is endothermic.

Heat (q) is negative when the process is exothermic.

 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Thermochemistry is a branch of thermodynamics dealing with the

interconversion of energy between two forms: heat and work.
ΔEsys = -ΔEsurr
ΔEsys = q + w
Where:
q is positive if heat is absorbed, negative if otherwise
w is positive if work is done on the system, negative if otherwise
 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Calculate the change in energy for the following processes and identify if endothermic or
exothermic.
1. A gas releases 35J of heat as 84J of work was done to compress it.
ΔEsys = q + w
ΔEsys = (-35 J) + (+84 J)
 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Calculate the change in energy for the following processes and identify if endothermic or
exothermic.
1. A gas releases 35J of heat as 84J of work was done to compress it.
ΔEsys = q + w
ΔEsys = (-35 J) + (+84 J)
ΔEsys = +49 J

The process is ENDOTHERMIC

 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Calculate the change in energy for the following processes and identify if endothermic or
exothermic.
2. A gas absorbs 48J of heat as it does 72J of work by expanding.
ΔEsys = q + w
ΔEsys = (+48 J) + (-72 J)
 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Calculate the change in energy for the following processes and identify if endothermic or
exothermic.
2. A gas absorbs 48J of heat as it does 72J of work by expanding.
ΔEsys = q + w
ΔEsys = (+48 J) + (-72 J)
ΔEsys = -24 J

The process is EXOTHERMIC

 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Calculate the change in energy for the following processes and identify if endothermic or
exothermic.
3. What is the work done by a system when it absorbs 47J of heat and gain 12J of energy?
ΔEsys = q + w  w = ΔEsys - q

4. How much heat is released by a system when 45J of work is done on it to decrease its energy to
23J? ΔEsys = q + w  q = ΔEsys - w
 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Calculate the change in energy for the following processes and identify if endothermic or
exothermic.
3. What is the work done by a system when it absorbs 47J of heat and gain 12J of energy?
ΔEsys = q + w  w = ΔEsys - q ANSWER: -35 J

4. How much heat is released by a system when 45J of work is done on it to decrease its energy to
23J? ΔEsys = q + w  q = ΔEsys - w ANSWER: -68 J
 DESCRIBING THE HEAT
FLOW AND CALORIMETRY
Lesson Objectives:
1. To calculate the heat flow in a system.

 Endothermic vs Exothermic
 First Law of Thermodynamics
 Calorimetry
• Enthalpy of a Chemical Reaction: Thermochemical Equations
• Standard Molar Enthalpy
• Standard Enthalpy of a Reaction

STM006 MODULE 09
• Heat: the transfer of energy between objects due to a
temperature difference HEAT (Q)
• Flows from higher-temperature object to lower-temperature
object

If T1 > T2
System Heat Surroundings
(T1) (T2) q system = -
exothermic

If T1 < T2
System Heat Surroundings
(T1) (T2) q system = +
endothermic
 CALORIMETRY
Calorimetry – measurement of the flow of heat through a system and its surroundings.
Calorimeter – device used to measure amount of flow of heat

specific heat capacity (C): amt. of heat needed to raise

Formula: q = mCΔT temp. of 1 g of a substance 1 o
C
Where: q = heat energy
m = mass ( in grams)
C = specific heat (J / g ∙ ˚C)
T = temperature
 Thermometer
Much calorimetry is carried out
using a coffee-cup calorimeter,
under constant pressure
Styrofoam
(i.e. atmospheric pressure) cover

Styrofoam
cups

• If we assume that no heat is

lost to the surroundings, then the Stirrer
energy absorbed inside the
calorimeter must be equal to the
energy released inside the calorimeter.
i.e., q absorbed = – q released
qx = – qy
Various Specific Heat Capacities
 USING HEAT CAPACITIES…
q = m  C  ΔT

Alternatively, we can derive the formula by dividing the adjacent values of the
missing value to both sides of the equation.
If  C is missing:
 
If  m is missing:
 

If  is missing:
 
 CALORIMETRY
•1.  How much heat is absorbed by liquid water that
weighs 550 grams as it is heated from 25°C to
95°C?
Given: q = ? m = 550 grams
C = 4.18 T = 70°C

q = mCΔT

𝑞=160930 𝐽
 
 CALORIMETRY
•2. 
How many grams of lead can be heated from
20.0 ˚C to 75 ˚C using 12500.0 Joules?
Given: q = 12500 J m = ?
C = 0.13 T = 55°C

If  m is missing:
 

 
𝑚=1748.25 𝑔
 CALORIMETRY
•3.  Whatis the final temperature after 84000 Joules
is absorbed by 10 kg of basalt at 25.0 ˚C?
Given: q = 84000 J m = 10 kg
C = 0.84 T=?

If  is missing:
 

∆ 𝑇 =10 ˚ C
 

= 35
 STANDARD MOLAR ENTHALPY OF
A REACTION
Enthalpy – amount of heat absorbed or released by chemical reaction
at constant atmospheric pressure.
- it is an extensive property as it depends on the number of moles of
the substances.
Enthalpy of a reaction (∆H˚rxn ) - calculated by subtracting the sum of
the enthalpies of formation of the products and the sum of the
enthalpies of formation of the reactants.
∆H˚rxn = ∑∆H˚f (products) - ∑∆H˚f (reactants)
Co m p o und DHf (kJ/ m o l) Co m p o und DHf (kJ/ m o l) Co m p o und DHf (kJ/ m o l)

C H4 (g )  -7 4 .8   Mn O (s)  -3 8 4 .9   H2 O (g )  -2 4 1 .8  
C O 2 (g )  -3 9 3 .5   Mn O 2 (s)  -5 1 9 .7   SO 2 (g )  -2 9 6 .1  
Na C l(s)  -4 1 1 .0   Na C l(s)  -4 1 1 .0   NH4 C l(s)  -3 1 5 .4  
H2 O (l)  -2 8 5 .8   Na F(s)  -5 6 9 .0   NO (g )  +9 0 .4  

H2 S(g )  -2 0 .1   Na O H(s)  -4 2 6 .7   NO 2 (g )  +3 3 .9  

H2 SO 4 (l)  -8 1 1 .3   NH3 (g )  -4 6 .2   Sn C l4 (l)  -5 4 5 .2  

Mg SO 4 (s)  -1 2 7 8 .2   HC l(g )  -9 2 .3   Sn O (s)  -2 8 6 .2  

Sn O 2 (s)  -5 8 0 .7   SO 3 (g )  -3 9 5 .2   Zn S(s)  -2 0 2 .9  
SO 2 (g )  -2 9 6 .1   Zn O (s)  -3 4 8 .0  

Consider the following reactions:

NaOH(s) + HCl(g) ----> NaCl(s) + H2O(g)
CO(g) + O2(g) ---> CO2(g) 
∆H˚rxn = ∑∆H˚f (products) - ∑∆H˚f (reactants)
CH4(g) + O2(g) ---> CO2(g) + H2O(l) 
H2S(g) + O2(g) ---> H2O(l) + SO2(g)
NO(g) + O2(g) ---> NO2(g) 
 STANDARD MOLAR ENTHALPY

Used in determining the heat absorbed / released in the chemical

reactions or physical transformations that involves two or more
series of steps.

The approach can be summarized by Hess’ Law

- states that the enthalpy of a sum of a series of reactions is
equal to the sum of the enthalpies of those two (or more)
reactions.
 STANDARD MOLAR ENTHALPY

Rules in Hess’ Law:

1. Enthalpy is an extensive property; it depends on the amounts
of the reactants and products.
2. The ∆H for a forward reaction is equal in magnitude but
opposite in sign to its reverse reaction.
3. The ∆H for a reaction is the same whether it occurs in one
step or a series of steps.