Maths IA II
Maths IA II
Maths IA II
Higher level
Internal Assessment
Introduction: .................................................................................................................. 2
Limitations: .................................................................................................................. 10
Conclusion: .................................................................................................................. 10
Bibliography: ............................................................................................................... 11
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Introduction:
The Laplace’s equation is the main concept which is used in my research work.
The Laplace’s equation considered as a second order partial differential equation. In the
study of heat conduction, the Laplace’s equation is known as the steady-state heat
equation. Also, the Fourier series of sines and cosines also comes into the picture at
the end to represent the heat flow in the form of the sum of sines and cosines. But
throughout the research, I will be focusing more on Laplace’s heat equation than
Fourier’s series, solving a problem to find the heat flow of a metal with the given
boundary conditions using Laplace’s heat equation.
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The concept of heat flow:
The two-dimensional heat flow uses differential equations to determine the heat
flow through a metal plate when the metal plate is heated at a particular point.
Assume the heat flow in a metal plate of uniform thickness (cm), density
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(gr/cm ), specific heat s (cal/gr deg) (Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat
energy per unit mass required to raise the temperature by 1o Celsius1) and thermal
conductivity K (cal/cm sec deg) (Thermal conductivity is the amount of heat per unit
time per unit area that can be conducted through a plate of unit thickness of a given
material, the faces of the plate differing by one unit of temperature2). Let XOY plane be
taken in one face of the plate. In the event that the temperature anytime is
unconventional of the z- coordinate and relies only on x and y time t, then the flow is
considered as two dimensional. In this case, the heat flow is in the XY - plane only and
is zero along the normal to the XY - plane.
Figure 1.
1
Helmenstine, Anne Marie, and Helmenstine. “Here's How You Define Specific Heat Capacity.”
Thoughtco., Dotdash, www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-specific-heat-capacity-605672.
2
“Thermal Conductivity.” Dictionary.com, Dictionary.com,
www.dictionary.com/browse/thermal-conductivity.
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Assume a rectangular element ABCD of the plane with all sides. Therefore, the
rate at which heat enters the metal is being given as:
( )
Where ( )a is the rate of change of heat at the plane or point ‘a’ (any point on the
plane).
And the amount of heat entering the element in one second from the side AD
( )
And the quantity of heat flowing out through the side BC per sec.
( )
The quantity of heat flowing out through the side CD per sec.
( )
Hence the total gain of heat by the rectangular element ABCD per second:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
*( ) ( ) + + *( ) ( ) +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
[ ]
Also the rate of heat gained by the element can be given by the equation:
( ) …. (2)
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Dividing both sides by and taking limits as 0, 0, to check the change in
heat within the smallest distance, which is similar in differentiation, we get:
( ) ( )
Hence the equation (3) gives the temperature distribution of the plane transient state.
When the temperature of the metal is said to be at steady state, u is said to be
independent of t, resulting in and the above equation reduces to,
…. (1)
We have assumed so as the solution for (1) as the change in heat is independent in the
x and y directions.
( x y ) ( x y )
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Since x and y are independent variables, (2) can be true only if each side of (2) is equal
to a constant, assume it to be k. Then (2) leads to the differential equations
Case I: when k = 0.
…. (3)
For
cos sin
For
For
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For
cos sin
An infinitely long plane uniform plate is bounded by two parallel edges and an end at right
to them. The breadth is ; this end is maintained at a temperature uo at all points and other
edges are at zero temperature. Determine the temperature at any point of the plate in the
steady-state. (Temperature distribution in long plates)
Figure 2
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As we realize that, in the steady state, the temperature u(x, y) at any point P(x, y) satisfies
the equation
… (i)
The three solutions, which we have found previously by solving the Laplace’s equation, to
solve (i) are
u = (c1x+c2). (c3y+c4) … (vi)
u = (c5e + c6e ). (c7 cos py +c8sin py )
px -px … (vii)
u = (c5 cos px+c6 sin px). (c7e + c8e )
py -py … (viii)
Out of these, we have to choose that solution which is consistent with the physical nature of
the problem.
Equation (vii) cannot be used as it leaves with (c7 cos py +c8sin py) when x= 0,
which does not show any change in the heat flow, thus resulting in u= 0, which is
contradictory.
Equation (vi) cannot be used according to the boundary condition u(x, ) as the
substitution of y= results in a value in terms of infinity, which is also
contradictory as it should be 0, as u(x, )= 0.
Now by solving the equation considering all the boundary conditions, we get:
Hence c1= 0, as (c3epy + c4e-py) = 0 results in non- real values, and reduces (ix) to
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We cannot consider c2 as 0, because u(x, y) ends up resulting in 0 as c1 is also 0, which is
again a contradiction to the question.
Since the equation should also satisfy the boundary condition (iv),i.e., u= 0 as y ,
therefore, not to have an imaginary value, c3= 0.
Hence (x) takes the form u(x, y) = bn sin nx. , where bn= c2c4.
the most general solution satisfying (ii), (iii) and (iv) is of the form:
, ∑ sin
… xi
, ∑ sin
, by putting y= 0. … xiii
In order that the boundary condition (v) may be satisfied, (v) and (xii) must be the same.
This can be done by using the half-range Fourier sine series in (0, ), which is the given
boundary.
Thus,
, ∑ sin ∫ sin [ ]
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Therefore, the heat flow of the metal with the given boundary conditions follows the heat
equation given above u x, y , which is in the form of Fourier’s series
Limitations:
Throughout the research, I have come across new symbols, new concepts and
new mathematicians too. It was interesting working on the Heat Equations. The main
challenge for me was not only to complete this research but also to get a better
understanding about how partial differentials work, as it is not a part of our syllabus. I
had to practice and watch many videos to improve my skills based on partial differential
equations. It was tough for me to learn the concepts as some them were a part of
physics, which is not my subject. My interest is sciences had made me focus and work
on this topic.
Conclusion:
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Bibliography:
Academy, Neso. “Conditions for Existence of Fourier Series (Dirichlet Conditions).” YouTube,
YouTube, 2 Nov. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=blS_OImUJ-c&t=9s.
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