Shell Energy Balance and Temperature Distributions in Solids and Laminar Flows
Shell Energy Balance and Temperature Distributions in Solids and Laminar Flows
Shell Energy Balance and Temperature Distributions in Solids and Laminar Flows
Shell Energy Balance and Temperature Distributions in Solids and Laminar Flows
Conservation law:
Rate of ( ) in – rate of ( ) out + rate of ( ) generation = rate of ( ) accumulation
Conservation of mass:
Continuity equation:
Conservation of momentum:
Cauchy’s Equation:
Navier-Stoke’s Equation:
(for incompressible Newtonian fluid)
Conservation of energy:
Energy equation:
C1 has to be zero.
So , Hence
QED
Three kinds of BC in heat transfer problems: (i ) Constant TW, (ii) constant qw, and (iii) Newton’s
Law of Cooling applies at the solid and fluid boundary.
§ 10.3 Steady State Heat conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source (Fig.10.3-1)
Assume that the heat source can be approximated by (1)
, or (2)
We have = (6)
(7).
and
2 and 2 can be found from BC3: at r = RF, TF = TC; and BC4 at r = RC, TC = T0. The final
temperature distributions are given by Eqns (10.3-20) and (10.3-21).
§ 10.4 Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source (Fig.10.4-1 and 10.4-2)
where (W/m3) arises from viscous dissipation. We know from previous analysis that work flux
(J/m2.s = W/m2) = is a vector and .
What is in this case?
or (3)
the same as before.
On p.341, you will see either or or : .
The relations between those 3 are given by A.4-29 = : + .
Integrating of (3) with vz = vb(x/b) and BC: at x = 0, T = T0 and at x = b, T = Tb gives
dissipation.
Q: Where is the maximum temperature?
Or ;
Equations (10.5-6), (10.5-7) and (10.5-8) for zone I, II and III, respectively.
6 BCs, from (10.5-9) to (10.5-14), are needed since there are three 2nd order ODE to be solved.
Important concept: Continue of temperature and heat flux at interface I, II and II, III.
layers
adjacent layers
(1).
The pertinent BCs are (1) at z = 0, T = Tw; and (2) at z = L, dT/dz = 0 (or more accurately, -kdT/dz
= h(T – Ta)). The solution of (1) with the pertinent BCs is
convection)
Define fin efficiency as = (actual rate of heat loss from the fin)/(ideal rate of heat loss from the
fin). Actual heat loss =
which approaches
2hWL(Tw –Ta) as N0, i.e. k (ideal case!). Note that in ideal case the whole fin will have a
temperature of Tw. Hence = tanhN/N. QED
For circular fin with thickness and radii R and R, shell energy balance results in
, i.e. or
(1).
(2).
Again, this can be obtained directly from . After neglecting viscous
where
From BC (iv) or
so that c2 = -7/24
Or
=
So that
Or (6)
Since we have
(7)
This is the Nusselt number at large for constant wall flux. QED
Alternative approach (The materials presented here is from “Convective Heat and Mass Transfer” by
William M. Kays and Michael E. Crawford)
Hence for FDTP, Nu = hD/k = const. for both const qw and const. Tw.
or .
For const qw, qw =h(Tw – Tb) = const, we have so energy eqn becomes
For const Tw, so energy eqn becomes
Case 1. Const qw
Integrate twice with BCs (i) at r = 0, ∂T/∂r = 0, and (ii) at r = R, T = Tw, we have
, then .
(9)
(a) Assume , substitute T(0) into the RHS of (10) and obtain
NuT = 3.66
where and .
(4)
(6)
If the flow is in an enclosure, then up flow = down flow, and . By noting that the
integration of odd function from –a to +a is zero, we obtain so that
(7)
Note that