ATINER's Conference Paper Series ARC2017-2393: Athens Institute For Education and Research Atiner
ATINER's Conference Paper Series ARC2017-2393: Athens Institute For Education and Research Atiner
ATINER's Conference Paper Series ARC2017-2393: Athens Institute For Education and Research Atiner
Architecture: An Heirloom
in the Context of Chettinad, India
Asmita Patwardhan
Visiting Faculty
VIT’s PVP College of Architecture
India
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An Introduction to
ATINER's Conference Paper Series
ATINER started to publish this conference papers series in 2012. It includes only
the papers submitted for publication after they were presented at one of the
conferences organized by our Institute every year. This paper has been peer
reviewed by at least two academic members of ATINER.
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Abstract
For centuries man has been creating edifices to document his existence on
earth. Globally, we have inherited a large number of such heritage structures. In
most cases, the shelf lives of the buildings are nearing expiration. The
immediate future for these buildings is breakdown, adaptive reuse or downfall.
The ethical high road that is often taken is that architecture is greater than the
sum of its parts, an entirety that cannot be understood or appreciated in
fragments. However, can a piecemeal existence be the future for a heritage
building rather than an impending threat of complete obliteration? Can
architecture exist as a series of fragmented components that can be extracted
singularly and enjoyed as separate entities? Can architecture enjoy a prolonged
shelf life through extracted forms? In south of India, in the state of Tamil Nadu,
near the city of Madurai lies an area called Chettinad. Spreading over seventy
villages, it exhibits homes belonging to the Nattukottai Chettiar community.
Huge 19th century mansions testify the power and community strength through
its architecture. Unfortunately, these mansions now lie desolate in ghost towns
after the mass migration of the community members from their ancestral
villages. Some structures are being subjected to adaptive reuse, while others
will eventually go under the axe. What have emerged as interesting by-products
are huge warehouses situated in prominent towns like Karaikudi and
Kanadukathan that bring down these houses in a systematic format trying to
salvage each and every component in its intact form. These are then sold as
separate components to Southeast Asian countries and within India too. This
paper intends to examine if architecture can be extended beyond its shelf life
through fragmenting its different components, while considering each
component to be an heirloom that can be taken forward to other communities,
regions and purposes.
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Introduction
Aim
Objectives
Scope
Limitation
The paper does not intend to consider town planning or adaptive reuse
policies, but instead focuses on ongoing reconstruction activity that is
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Case Study Conducted at the end of the Paper (Figure 19).
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settled in its current location, but legends, folklore and word of mouth
stories claim that the Nattukottai Chettiars migrated from the coastal areas
of Tamil Nadu towards this arid hinterland hundreds of years ago after
suffering a devastating tsunami (Michell, 2015).
As Chettinad does not have cultivable land, the members of this
community started moving out to other parts of India and abroad to conduct
trade and look for opportunities to establish their businesses in an impactful
way. They had widespread businesses and trade exchanges with Southeast
Asian countries like Burma, Malaysia and Singapore (Evers and Pavadarayan,
2006). It is from these travels that the wealthy merchants sourced exquisite
and expensive materials that went on to become an integral part of the
trademark architectural houses of Chettinad. The mansions of Chettinad are
truly remarkable as they depict an architectural style that is eclectic and
unique. The exterior of these homes are reminiscent of palatial European
buildings, while the interiors are predominantly traditional in character.
Town Planning
Towns in Chettinad mostly adhere to the grid iron pattern. Streets run in
a north-south direction alternating as main streets and utility streets parallel
to each other. Palatial houses span between streets with the depth of the
plots being about 75-100 m (Figure 3). In the north-south direction, houses
are separated by narrow gaps only a meter wide. The placement of houses in
the grid is such that traders and their staff are given priority while allocating
plots. Houses represented families and each house bore a unique abbreviated
name form at the entrance to give information about its occupants (Figure
4). A vision for the future, in terms of planning the towns, is seen in the
integration of systems like drainage and rainwater harvesting as an integral
part of the infrastructure of the town (Michell, 2015).
Source: Author.
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Source: Author.
Temple
The temple has great significance in all stages of life for the Chettiars.
The temple is not necessarily in the town centre like in other towns in Tamil
Nadu (Figure 5). There were ooranis, or manmade water bodies outside
temples, used as sacred waters for religious purposes. There are nine main
temples representing the nine Chettiar clans. These temples are living spaces
visited by the members of the clan for all the lifecycle functions and events.
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Social Order
The Chettiars belong to the Vaishya caste and are devout followers of
Shiva, one of the principal Hindu Gods. There are rules to be followed by
members of the clan, and they are stringently followed. Marriages within the
same clan are prohibited, as well as marrying outside the community. The
home is the centre of all major life events, and hence birth, death, marriages
and coming of age ceremonies are still celebrated only in the ancestral home
with grandeur and fervor. This is one of the primary reasons why houses are
still in use and kept in habitable conditions (Sathappan, 2017). The social
order becomes instrumental in shaping the architecture of the homes, as well
as dictating the rules of design for space making and space allocation within
a house. The boundaries and rules laid down for conducting business and
social behavior are the fundamental principles on which this community is
formed (Meyyappan, 2017).
Residential Unit
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Source: Author.
Source: Author.
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2
Plans of the Chettiar homes vary and this plan is only to represent the different spaces.
The scale of the houses can be determined from the plot area which was approximately 75m
x 100m in most cases.
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3
Table is based on observations and fieldwork of author.
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Source: Author.
Source: Author.
Literary Sources
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social order and lifecycle rituals are major aspects that together shape the
design of the house. These aspects compose together an underlying theme
that connects different houses together to create what is known as the
community model called Chettiar Architecture. In earlier times, the ownership
and maintenance of the homes was clear and easy as joint family and
business structures existed. The subsequent breakdown of the joint family
system and varying economic capacities of the stakeholders make these
units vulnerable and threaten their existence (Michell, 2015).
The construction of the houses and their transformations are directly
linked to the social-political situation influencing the Chettiars within a
given time period. This paper will broadly classify the migration of the
Chettiars into three categories. Each category is significant in terms of
shaping the house designs, building activity and the subsequent dereliction
of the houses.
The first migration occurred in the early 1800’s when they set out to
south-east Asian countries in search of livelihoods (Gopal, 2013). They
established strong businesses outside India and rose to great levels of
affluence. The high aspirations, disciplined behavior and entrepreneurial
qualities of Chettiars abroad allowed them to create enormous wealth, which
in turn supported the opulent building activity of their ancestral homes for
their families. This small community left a significant mark on the world of
trading, economics and banking. It is because of their strict adherence to
rules and structure that the migration, expansion of businesses and
formation of transnational economic network was possible for the Chettiars
outside their homeland (Evers and Payadarayan, 2006).
The political upheavals between the years 1930 to 1945 significantly
disrupted their businesses abroad and caused a sharp decline in their
operations in Singapore and other countries, which sparked an outmigration
to their home country (Gopal, 2013). This was the second migration.
Interestingly a new generation of Chettiars migrated back to Singapore
along with their families this time looking for salaried jobs. The second
migration was the most significant when many families escaped overnight,
empty handed from these places as a repercussion of the Second World War
in 1945.
The third migration took place in the mid-1980’s when the educated
second generation of Chettiars relocated to other parts of the world in search
of better prospects. The steady economic downfall after 1945 led to the
abrupt ending of the building activity of palatial homes in Chettinad.
Breakdown of the joint family structure, litigation and neglect gave rise to a
new trend where houses were torn down, precious materials were sold off,
plots were subdivided between stakeholders according to their shares, and
new construction started taking place. The demolition activity became a
structured business, and contractors started salvaging, repairing and selling
building parts in a piecemeal manner. These expensive materials and
building components were in popular demand as they were exquisite and in
very good condition.
In April 2014, a submission was made by the permanent delegation of
India to UNESCO, titled Chettinad Village Clusters of the Tamil Merchants
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4
Data as per (UNESCO, 2014).
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Italicized portion is an excerpt from the document mentioned (UNESCO, 2014).
6
Italicized portion is an excerpt from the document mentioned (UNESCO, 2014).
7
Italicized portion is an excerpt from the document mentioned (UNESCO, 2014).
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Research Questions
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Italicized portion is an excerpt from the document mentioned (UNESCO, 2014).
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Bhagvada Gita is a religious text in Sanskrit comprising of 700 verses about the epic
called Mahabharata.
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Translation:
Just as we discard old clothes that are worn out and replace them with
new clothes. The soul is ready to give up old bodies to accept and reside in
new bodies.
It means that the world is real and material and not an illusion. Hence, it
is safe to assume that the architectural legacy too is material and tangible. In
the current scenario where the legacy is right now being completely erased
and replaced a presence of even a piecemeal existence of the legacy will
ensure that the new buildings are tied to the context in character. Piecemeal
fragments from old buildings are representatives of the past that narrate the
same stories and echo the same sentiments. The fact that the salvaged
materials find their rightful places in new homes in a meaningful way
demonstrates that architecture is in fact an heirloom that can and is taken
forward. The dictionary meaning of the word “heirloom” is as follows:
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Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist.
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Followers of Shiva.
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Methodology
The methodology can be broadly divided into two parts. The first part is
an investigation that helps establish the idea that this model of community
architecture is unique and has heritage value. The data collected, through
fieldwork, interviews and observations, are instrumental in establishing
links between evolution, adaptation, transformation, demolition and
reconstruction of the houses over a period of time. The secondary source,
which is the literature study, is instrumental in establishing the authenticity
of the information regarding social order, culture, economic capacity,
political influences, influences of styles and building technology that shaped
architectural model.
Part I
Source: Author.
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Source: Author.
Source: Author.
i. The first impressions of the towns in Chettinad are that they seem to
appear like ghost towns that once enjoyed glory and today lie vacant
and deserted (Figures 12, 13 and 14).
ii. The architectural style of the houses is an eclectic mix where the
exteriors of the house have South East Asian influences, Art deco,
Art Nouveau elements, while the interiors are traditional Chettiar style.
iii. There is a marked variation in terms of houses that are well maintained
and in immaculate condition and poorly maintained homes that are
severely derelict. The two primary reasons for this are legal conflicts
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Part II
The second part of the methodology was to understand and study the
demolition process (Figure 15). A study to understand how elements are
derived and salvaged from buildings could be relevant, so as to provide an
insight into how reintegration of components can happen in new buildings.
The difference between classical Chettiar houses and new houses were
studied to understand variation due to factors like altered use, economics,
maintenance and sustainability and aspirations. This part of the study also
examines the lack of architectural value of the existing new construction and
how it impacts the context. A case study was conducted to demonstrate how
a template can be created that provides a pallet for the new builders to build
homes judiciously.
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i. This part of the study was most crucial and forms the basis of the paper.
Houses that undergo demolition have a number of stakeholders
involved. The plot is subdivided between the owners as per their share
and each person builds as per their personal choice (Sathappan, 2017).
ii. The primary difference in old and new homes is the scale of the
houses. Nuclear families need smaller, more compact homes from a
maintenance and economic perspective (Sathappan, 2017).
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12
Refer to Figure 16 with reference to inferences (i), (ii) and (iii).
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13
Plots of houses are about 7,500m². In the reconstruction activity the plot boundary is
maintained.
14
The plans in Figure 16 are only schematic to give a rough idea of the approaches in
reconstruction.
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Source: Author.
Source: Author.
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repurposed to be used as dining table and new elements like windows and
staircase were added keeping in line with the character and aesthetic of the
house (Rao, 2017).
The case study demonstrates how all the questions raised in the beginning
of this paper can be addressed in practical terms. Similar interventions can
work in the context of Chettinad homes and will bring more meaning and
value as they will be executed within the same context.
Conclusions
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Glossary of Terms
Antiques-Items like art, furniture and fittings of high value due to their age
and rarity.
Art Deco-Movement in decorative art and architecture originating in 1920.
Art Nouveau-An international style in art and architecture popular between
1890-1910.
Athangudi tiles-Locally manufactured sun baked cement tiles made in the
town of Athangudi.
Bhojan Salai-A hall used for the purpose of dining. This was either very large
catering to several people or a smaller version used on a daily basis.
Chettinad-An area of 76 villages in Tamil Nadu, near Madurai.
Chettiars-Trading community belonging to the southern state of Tamil Nadu
in India.
Ghost towns-Towns with very less population due to exodus of people to
other places.
Heirloom-A valuable object that has belonged to a family for generations.
Irandan Kattu-Part zone of the house which contains the dining area.
Kalyanakottai-A large hall used for conducting rituals and celebrations.
Maniyadi shastram-Tamil Architectural system for designing of houses.
Moonran Kattu-This is the area of the house occupied and used by women
and servants.
Mugappu-Outermost spaces in a Chettinad home.
Nara document-A document that addresses the need for a cultural diversity
and cultural heritage in relation to conservation to evaluate the value
and authenticity of cultural property more objectively.
Neo-Classical style-An architecture influenced by the neoclassical movement
in the mid eighteenth century.
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Bibliography
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